mqt-core 3.3.2__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

mqt/core/include/mqt-core/boost/multiprecision/detail/default_ops.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,4052 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  Copyright 2011-21 John Maddock.
+//  Copyright 2021 Iskandarov Lev. Distributed under the Boost
+//  Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
+//  LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+#ifndef BOOST_MP_DEFAULT_OPS
+#define BOOST_MP_DEFAULT_OPS
+
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/standalone_config.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/no_exceptions_support.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/number_base.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/assert.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/traits/is_backend.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/fpclassify.hpp>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <complex>
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX17_HDR_STRING_VIEW
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/fpclassify.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/next.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/hypot.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/policies/error_handling.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INSTRUMENT_BACKEND
+#ifndef BOOST_MP_INSTRUMENT
+#define INSTRUMENT_BACKEND(x)
+#else
+#define INSTRUMENT_BACKEND(x) \
+   std::cout << BOOST_STRINGIZE(x) << " = " << x.str(0, std::ios_base::scientific) << std::endl;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+namespace boost {
+namespace multiprecision {
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <class To, class From>
+void generic_interconvert(To& to, const From& from, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_floating_point>& /*to_type*/, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_integer>& /*from_type*/);
+template <class To, class From>
+void generic_interconvert(To& to, const From& from, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_integer>& /*to_type*/, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_integer>& /*from_type*/);
+template <class To, class From>
+void generic_interconvert(To& to, const From& from, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_floating_point>& /*to_type*/, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_floating_point>& /*from_type*/);
+template <class To, class From>
+void generic_interconvert(To& to, const From& from, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_rational>& /*to_type*/, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_rational>& /*from_type*/);
+template <class To, class From>
+void generic_interconvert(To& to, const From& from, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_rational>& /*to_type*/, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_integer>& /*from_type*/);
+
+template <class Integer>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR Integer karatsuba_sqrt(const Integer& x, Integer& r, size_t bits);
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+namespace default_ops {
+
+template <class T>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_backend<T>::value, int>::type eval_signbit(const T& val);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!boost::multiprecision::detail::is_backend<T>::value, int>::type eval_signbit(const T& val) { return val < 0; }
+
+inline int eval_signbit(float val) { return (std::signbit)(val); }
+inline int eval_signbit(double val) { return (std::signbit)(val); }
+inline int eval_signbit(long double val) { return (std::signbit)(val); }
+#ifdef BOOST_HAS_FLOAT128
+extern "C" int signbitq(float128_type) throw();
+inline int            eval_signbit(float128_type val) { return signbitq(val); }
+#endif
+
+template <class T>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool eval_is_zero(const T& val);
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
+// warning C4127: conditional expression is constant
+// warning C4146: unary minus operator applied to unsigned type, result still unsigned
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4127 4146)
+#endif
+//
+// Default versions of mixed arithmetic, these just construct a temporary
+// from the arithmetic value and then do the arithmetic on that, two versions
+// of each depending on whether the backend can be directly constructed from type V.
+//
+// Note that we have to provide *all* the template parameters to class number when used in
+// enable_if as MSVC-10 won't compile the code if we rely on a computed-default parameter.
+// Since the result of the test doesn't depend on whether expression templates are on or off
+// we just use et_on everywhere.  We could use a BOOST_WORKAROUND but that just obfuscates the
+// code even more....
+//
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if< !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_add(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_add(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_add(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_add(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if< !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_subtract(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_subtract(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_subtract(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_subtract(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if< !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_multiply(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_multiply(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_multiply(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_multiply(result, t);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_multiply(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!(!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value)>::type eval_multiply_add(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   T z;
+   eval_multiply(z, u, v);
+   eval_add(t, z);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value>::type eval_multiply_add(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_multiply_add(t, v, u);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!(!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value)>::type eval_multiply_subtract(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   T z;
+   eval_multiply(z, u, v);
+   eval_subtract(t, z);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value>::type eval_multiply_subtract(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_multiply_subtract(t, v, u);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_divide(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_divide(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_divide(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_divide(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_modulus(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_modulus(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_modulus(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_modulus(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_bitwise_and(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_bitwise_and(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_bitwise_and(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_bitwise_and(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_bitwise_or(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_bitwise_or(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_bitwise_or(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_bitwise_or(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_bitwise_xor(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_bitwise_xor(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_bitwise_xor(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_bitwise_xor(result, t);
+}
+
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_complement(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = v;
+   eval_complement(result, t);
+}
+template <class T, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<V, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<V, T>::value>::type
+eval_complement(T& result, V const& v)
+{
+   T t(v);
+   eval_complement(result, t);
+}
+
+//
+// Default versions of 3-arg arithmetic functions, these mostly just forward to the 2 arg versions:
+//
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_add(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_add_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if (&t == &v)
+   {
+      eval_add(t, u);
+   }
+   else if (&t == &u)
+   {
+      eval_add(t, v);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_add(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_add_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_add(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_add_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_add(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value>::type eval_add_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   eval_add(t, v, u);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_add_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::is_same<T, V>::value)
+   {
+      if ((void*)&t == (void*)&v)
+      {
+         eval_add(t, u);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         t = u;
+         eval_add(t, v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_add(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_add(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_add_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+void BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR eval_subtract(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_subtract_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if ((&t == &v) && is_signed_number<T>::value)
+   {
+      eval_subtract(t, u);
+      t.negate();
+   }
+   else if (&t == &u)
+   {
+      eval_subtract(t, v);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_subtract(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_subtract_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_subtract(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_subtract_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_subtract(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && is_signed_number<T>::value && (number_category<T>::value != number_kind_complex)>::type eval_subtract_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   eval_subtract(t, v, u);
+   if(!eval_is_zero(t) || (eval_signbit(u) != eval_signbit(v)))
+      t.negate();
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && is_signed_number<T>::value && (number_category<T>::value == number_kind_complex)>::type eval_subtract_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   eval_subtract(t, v, u);
+   t.negate();
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value && is_unsigned_number<T>::value>::type eval_subtract_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   T temp;
+   temp = u;
+   eval_subtract(t, temp, v);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value && is_unsigned_number<T>::value>::type eval_subtract_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   T temp(u);
+   eval_subtract(t, temp, v);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_subtract_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::is_same<T, V>::value)
+   {
+      if ((void*)&t == (void*)&v)
+      {
+         eval_subtract(t, u);
+         t.negate();
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         t = u;
+         eval_subtract(t, v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_subtract(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_subtract(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_subtract_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_multiply_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if (&t == &v)
+   {
+      eval_multiply(t, u);
+   }
+   else if (&t == &u)
+   {
+      eval_multiply(t, v);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_multiply(t, v);
+   }
+}
+#if !BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, < 1900)
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_multiply_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_multiply(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_multiply_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_multiply(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value>::type eval_multiply_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   eval_multiply(t, v, u);
+}
+#endif
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_multiply_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::is_same<T, V>::value)
+   {
+      if ((void*)&t == (void*)&v)
+      {
+         eval_multiply(t, u);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         t = number<T>::canonical_value(u);
+         eval_multiply(t, v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = number<T>::canonical_value(u);
+      eval_multiply(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_multiply(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_multiply_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_multiply_add(T& t, const T& u, const T& v, const T& x)
+{
+   if ((void*)&x == (void*)&t)
+   {
+      T z;
+      z = number<T>::canonical_value(x);
+      eval_multiply_add(t, u, v, z);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      eval_multiply(t, u, v);
+      eval_add(t, x);
+   }
+}
+
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if< !std::is_same<T, U>::value, T>::type make_T(const U& u)
+{
+   T t;
+   t = number<T>::canonical_value(u);
+   return t;
+}
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR const T& make_T(const T& t)
+{
+   return t;
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V, class X>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!(!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value)>::type eval_multiply_add(T& t, const U& u, const V& v, const X& x)
+{
+   eval_multiply_add(t, make_T<T>(u), make_T<T>(v), make_T<T>(x));
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V, class X>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value>::type eval_multiply_add(T& t, const U& u, const V& v, const X& x)
+{
+   eval_multiply_add(t, v, u, x);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V, class X>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!(!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value)>::type eval_multiply_subtract(T& t, const U& u, const V& v, const X& x)
+{
+   if ((void*)&x == (void*)&t)
+   {
+      T z;
+      z = x;
+      eval_multiply_subtract(t, u, v, z);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      eval_multiply(t, u, v);
+      eval_subtract(t, x);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V, class X>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, U>::value && std::is_same<T, V>::value>::type eval_multiply_subtract(T& t, const U& u, const V& v, const X& x)
+{
+   eval_multiply_subtract(t, v, u, x);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_divide(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_divide_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if (&t == &u)
+      eval_divide(t, v);
+   else if (&t == &v)
+   {
+      T temp;
+      eval_divide(temp, u, v);
+      temp.swap(t);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_divide(t, v);
+   }
+}
+#if !BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, < 1900)
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_divide_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_divide(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_divide_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_divide(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_divide_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   T uu;
+   uu = u;
+   eval_divide(t, uu, v);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_divide_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   T uu(u);
+   eval_divide(t, uu, v);
+}
+#endif
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_divide_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::is_same<T, V>::value)
+   {
+      if ((void*)&t == (void*)&v)
+      {
+         T temp;
+         temp = u;
+         eval_divide(temp, v);
+         t = temp;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         t = u;
+         eval_divide(t, v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_divide(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_divide(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_divide_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_modulus(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_modulus_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if (&t == &u)
+      eval_modulus(t, v);
+   else if (&t == &v)
+   {
+      T temp;
+      eval_modulus(temp, u, v);
+      temp.swap(t);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_modulus(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_modulus_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_modulus(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_modulus_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_modulus(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_modulus_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   T uu;
+   uu = u;
+   eval_modulus(t, uu, v);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_modulus_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   T uu(u);
+   eval_modulus(t, uu, v);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_modulus_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::is_same<T, V>::value)
+   {
+      if ((void*)&t == (void*)&v)
+      {
+         T temp(u);
+         eval_modulus(temp, v);
+         t = temp;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         t = u;
+         eval_modulus(t, v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_modulus(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_modulus(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_modulus_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_and(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_and_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if (&t == &v)
+   {
+      eval_bitwise_and(t, u);
+   }
+   else if (&t == &u)
+   {
+      eval_bitwise_and(t, v);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_bitwise_and(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if< !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_bitwise_and_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_bitwise_and_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value>::type eval_bitwise_and_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, v, u);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, U>::value || std::is_same<T, V>::value>::type eval_bitwise_and_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   t = u;
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, v);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_and(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_bitwise_and_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_or(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_or_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if (&t == &v)
+   {
+      eval_bitwise_or(t, u);
+   }
+   else if (&t == &u)
+   {
+      eval_bitwise_or(t, v);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_bitwise_or(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_bitwise_or_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_bitwise_or(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_bitwise_or_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_bitwise_or(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value>::type eval_bitwise_or_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   eval_bitwise_or(t, v, u);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_or_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::is_same<T, V>::value)
+   {
+      if ((void*)&t == (void*)&v)
+      {
+         eval_bitwise_or(t, u);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         t = u;
+         eval_bitwise_or(t, v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_bitwise_or(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_or(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_bitwise_or_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_xor(T& t, const U& u, const V& v);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_xor_default(T& t, const T& u, const T& v)
+{
+   if (&t == &v)
+   {
+      eval_bitwise_xor(t, u);
+   }
+   else if (&t == &u)
+   {
+      eval_bitwise_xor(t, v);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_bitwise_xor(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && !std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_bitwise_xor_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv;
+   vv = v;
+   eval_bitwise_xor(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value>::type eval_bitwise_xor_default(T& t, const T& u, const U& v)
+{
+   T vv(v);
+   eval_bitwise_xor(t, u, vv);
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, number<T, et_on> >::value>::type eval_bitwise_xor_default(T& t, const U& u, const T& v)
+{
+   eval_bitwise_xor(t, v, u);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_xor_default(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::is_same<T, V>::value)
+   {
+      if ((void*)&t == (void*)&v)
+      {
+         eval_bitwise_xor(t, u);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         t = u;
+         eval_bitwise_xor(t, v);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t = u;
+      eval_bitwise_xor(t, v);
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bitwise_xor(T& t, const U& u, const V& v)
+{
+   eval_bitwise_xor_default(t, u, v);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_increment(T& val)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename std::tuple_element<0, typename T::unsigned_types>::type;
+   eval_add(val, static_cast<ui_type>(1u));
+}
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_decrement(T& val)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename std::tuple_element<0, typename T::unsigned_types>::type;
+   eval_subtract(val, static_cast<ui_type>(1u));
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_left_shift(T& result, const U& arg, const V val)
+{
+   result = arg;
+   eval_left_shift(result, val);
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_right_shift(T& result, const U& arg, const V val)
+{
+   result = arg;
+   eval_right_shift(result, val);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool eval_is_zero(const T& val)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename std::tuple_element<0, typename T::unsigned_types>::type;
+   return val.compare(static_cast<ui_type>(0)) == 0;
+}
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int eval_get_sign(const T& val)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename std::tuple_element<0, typename T::unsigned_types>::type;
+   return val.compare(static_cast<ui_type>(0));
+}
+
+template <class T, class V, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void assign_components_imp2(T& result, const V& v1, const U& v2, const std::false_type&, const std::false_type&)
+{
+   using component_number_type = typename component_type<number<T> >::type;
+
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_precision_options<component_number_type> sp(result);
+   (void)sp;
+
+   component_number_type x(v1), y(v2);
+   assign_components(result, x.backend(), y.backend());
+}
+template <class T, class V, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void assign_components_imp2(T& result, const V& v1, const U& v2, const std::true_type&, const std::false_type&)
+{
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_source_precision<number<V>> scope;
+   (void)scope;
+   assign_components_imp2(result, number<V>(v1), v2, std::false_type(), std::false_type());
+}
+template <class T, class V, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void assign_components_imp2(T& result, const V& v1, const U& v2, const std::true_type&, const std::true_type&)
+{
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_source_precision<number<V>> scope1;
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_source_precision<number<U>> scope2;
+   (void)scope1;
+   (void)scope2;
+   assign_components_imp2(result, number<V>(v1), number<U>(v2), std::false_type(), std::false_type());
+}
+template <class T, class V, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void assign_components_imp2(T& result, const V& v1, const U& v2, const std::false_type&, const std::true_type&)
+{
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_source_precision<number<U>> scope;
+   (void)scope;
+   assign_components_imp2(result, v1, number<U>(v2), std::false_type(), std::false_type());
+}
+
+
+template <class T, class V, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void assign_components_imp(T& result, const V& v1, const U& v2, const std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_rational>&)
+{
+   result = v1;
+   T t;
+   t = v2;
+   eval_divide(result, t);
+}
+
+template <class T, class V, class U, int N>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void assign_components_imp(T& result, const V& v1, const U& v2, const std::integral_constant<int, N>&)
+{
+   assign_components_imp2(result, v1, v2, boost::multiprecision::detail::is_backend<V>(), boost::multiprecision::detail::is_backend<U>());
+}
+
+template <class T, class V, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void assign_components(T& result, const V& v1, const U& v2)
+{
+   return assign_components_imp(result, v1, v2, typename number_category<T>::type());
+}
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX17_HDR_STRING_VIEW
+template <class Result, class Traits>
+inline void assign_from_string_view(Result& result, const std::basic_string_view<char, Traits>& view)
+{
+   // since most (all?) backends require a const char* to construct from, we just
+   // convert to that:
+   std::string s(view);
+   result = s.c_str();
+}
+template <class Result, class Traits>
+inline void assign_from_string_view(Result& result, const std::basic_string_view<char, Traits>& view_x, const std::basic_string_view<char, Traits>& view_y)
+{
+   // since most (all?) backends require a const char* to construct from, we just
+   // convert to that:
+   std::string x(view_x), y(view_y);
+   assign_components(result, x.c_str(), y.c_str());
+}
+#endif
+template <class R, int b>
+struct has_enough_bits
+{
+   template <class T>
+   struct type : public std::integral_constant<bool, !std::is_same<R, T>::value && (std::numeric_limits<T>::digits >= b)>
+   {};
+};
+
+template <class R>
+struct terminal
+{
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR terminal(const R& v) : value(v) {}
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR terminal() {}
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR terminal& operator=(R val)
+   {
+      value = val;
+      return *this;
+   }
+   R value;
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR operator R() const { return value; }
+};
+
+template <class Tuple, int i, class T, bool = (i == std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value)>
+struct find_index_of_type
+{
+   static constexpr int value =
+      std::is_same<T, typename std::tuple_element<static_cast<std::size_t>(i), Tuple>::type>::value
+         ? i
+         : find_index_of_type<Tuple, i + 1, T>::value;
+};
+template <class Tuple, int i, class T>
+struct find_index_of_type<Tuple, i, T, true>
+{
+   static constexpr int value = -1;
+};
+
+
+template <class R, class B>
+struct calculate_next_larger_type
+{
+   // Find which list we're looking through:
+   using list_type = typename std::conditional<
+       boost::multiprecision::detail::is_signed<R>::value && boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<R>::value,
+       typename B::signed_types,
+       typename std::conditional<
+           boost::multiprecision::detail::is_unsigned<R>::value,
+           typename B::unsigned_types,
+           typename B::float_types>::type>::type;
+   static constexpr int start = find_index_of_type<list_type, 0, R>::value;
+   static constexpr int index_of_type = boost::multiprecision::detail::find_index_of_large_enough_type<list_type, start == INT_MAX ? 0 : start + 1, boost::multiprecision::detail::bits_of<R>::value> ::value;
+   using type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::dereference_tuple<index_of_type, list_type, terminal<R> >::type;
+};
+
+template <class R, class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<R>::value, bool>::type check_in_range(const T& t)
+{
+   // Can t fit in an R?
+   if ((t > 0) && std::numeric_limits<R>::is_specialized && std::numeric_limits<R>::is_bounded && (t > (std::numeric_limits<R>::max)()))
+      return true;
+   else
+      return false;
+}
+
+template <class R, class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<R>::value>::type eval_convert_to(R* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   using next_type = typename calculate_next_larger_type<R, B>::type;
+   next_type                                               n = next_type();
+   eval_convert_to(&n, backend);
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(!boost::multiprecision::detail::is_unsigned<R>::value && std::numeric_limits<R>::is_specialized && std::numeric_limits<R>::is_bounded)
+   {
+      if(n > static_cast<next_type>((std::numeric_limits<R>::max)()))
+      {
+         *result = (std::numeric_limits<R>::max)();
+         return;
+      }
+   }
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::numeric_limits<R>::is_specialized&& std::numeric_limits<R>::is_bounded)
+   {
+      if (n < static_cast<next_type>((std::numeric_limits<R>::min)()))
+      {
+         *result = (std::numeric_limits<R>::min)();
+         return;
+      }
+   }
+   *result = static_cast<R>(n);
+}
+
+template <class R, class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if< !boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<R>::value && !std::is_enum<R>::value>::type eval_convert_to(R* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   using next_type = typename calculate_next_larger_type<R, B>::type;
+   next_type                                               n = next_type();
+   eval_convert_to(&n, backend);
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::numeric_limits<R>::is_specialized && std::numeric_limits<R>::is_bounded)
+   {
+      if ((n > (next_type)(std::numeric_limits<R>::max)() || (n < (next_type) - (std::numeric_limits<R>::max)())))
+      {
+         *result = n > 0 ? (std::numeric_limits<R>::max)() : -(std::numeric_limits<R>::max)();
+      }
+      else
+         *result = static_cast<R>(n);
+   }
+   else
+      *result = static_cast<R>(n);
+}
+
+template <class R, class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<R>::value>::type eval_convert_to(R* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   typename std::underlying_type<R>::type t{};
+   eval_convert_to(&t, backend);
+   *result = static_cast<R>(t);
+}
+
+#ifndef BOOST_MP_STANDALONE
+template <class R, class B>
+inline void last_chance_eval_convert_to(terminal<R>* result, const B& backend, const std::integral_constant<bool, false>&)
+{
+   //
+   // We ran out of types to try for the conversion, try
+   // a lexical_cast and hope for the best:
+   //
+   BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR (std::numeric_limits<R>::is_integer && !std::numeric_limits<R>::is_signed)
+      if (eval_get_sign(backend) < 0)
+         BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::range_error("Attempt to convert negative value to an unsigned integer results in undefined behaviour"));
+   BOOST_MP_TRY {
+      result->value = boost::lexical_cast<R>(backend.str(0, std::ios_base::fmtflags(0)));
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_CATCH (const bad_lexical_cast&)
+   {
+      if (eval_get_sign(backend) < 0)
+      {
+         BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::numeric_limits<R>::is_integer && !std::numeric_limits<R>::is_signed)
+            *result = (std::numeric_limits<R>::max)(); // we should never get here, exception above will be raised.
+         else BOOST_IF_CONSTEXPR(std::numeric_limits<R>::is_integer)
+            *result = (std::numeric_limits<R>::min)();
+         else
+            *result = -(std::numeric_limits<R>::max)();
+      }
+      else
+         *result = (std::numeric_limits<R>::max)();
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_CATCH_END
+}
+
+template <class R, class B>
+inline void last_chance_eval_convert_to(terminal<R>* result, const B& backend, const std::integral_constant<bool, true>&)
+{
+   //
+   // Last chance conversion to an unsigned integer.
+   // We ran out of types to try for the conversion, try
+   // a lexical_cast and hope for the best:
+   //
+   if (eval_get_sign(backend) < 0)
+      BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::range_error("Attempt to convert negative value to an unsigned integer results in undefined behaviour"));
+   BOOST_MP_TRY {
+      B t(backend);
+      R mask = ~static_cast<R>(0u);
+      eval_bitwise_and(t, mask);
+      result->value = boost::lexical_cast<R>(t.str(0, std::ios_base::fmtflags(0)));
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_CATCH (const bad_lexical_cast&)
+   {
+      // We should never really get here...
+      *result = (std::numeric_limits<R>::max)();
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_CATCH_END
+}
+#else // Using standalone mode
+
+template <class R, class B>
+inline void last_chance_eval_convert_to(terminal<R>*, const B&, const std::integral_constant<bool, false>&)
+{
+   static_assert(sizeof(R) == 1, "This type can not be used in standalone mode. Please de-activate and file a bug at https://github.com/boostorg/multiprecision/");
+}
+
+template <class R, class B>
+inline void last_chance_eval_convert_to(terminal<R>* result, const B& backend, const std::integral_constant<bool, true>&)
+{
+   static_cast<void>(result);
+   static_cast<void>(backend);
+
+   static_assert(sizeof(R) == 1, "This type can not be used in standalone mode. Please de-activate and file a bug at https://github.com/boostorg/multiprecision/");
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class R, class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_convert_to(terminal<R>* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   using tag_type = std::integral_constant<bool, boost::multiprecision::detail::is_unsigned<R>::value && number_category<B>::value == number_kind_integer>;
+   last_chance_eval_convert_to(result, backend, tag_type());
+}
+
+template <class B1, class B2, expression_template_option et>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_convert_to(terminal<number<B1, et> >* result, const B2& backend)
+{
+   //
+   // We ran out of types to try for the conversion, try
+   // a generic conversion and hope for the best:
+   //
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::generic_interconvert(result->value.backend(), backend, number_category<B1>(), number_category<B2>());
+}
+
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_convert_to(std::string* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   *result = backend.str(0, std::ios_base::fmtflags(0));
+}
+
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_convert_to(std::complex<float>* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   using scalar_type = typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<multiprecision::number<B> >::type;
+   scalar_type                                                                            re, im;
+   eval_real(re.backend(), backend);
+   eval_imag(im.backend(), backend);
+
+   *result = std::complex<float>(re.template convert_to<float>(), im.template convert_to<float>());
+}
+
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_convert_to(std::complex<double>* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   using scalar_type = typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<multiprecision::number<B> >::type;
+   scalar_type                                                                            re, im;
+   eval_real(re.backend(), backend);
+   eval_imag(im.backend(), backend);
+
+   *result = std::complex<double>(re.template convert_to<double>(), im.template convert_to<double>());
+}
+
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_convert_to(std::complex<long double>* result, const B& backend)
+{
+   using scalar_type = typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<multiprecision::number<B> >::type;
+   scalar_type                                                                            re, im;
+   eval_real(re.backend(), backend);
+   eval_imag(im.backend(), backend);
+
+   *result = std::complex<long double>(re.template convert_to<long double>(), im.template convert_to<long double>());
+}
+
+//
+// Functions:
+//
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_abs(T& result, const U& arg)
+{
+   using type_list = typename U::signed_types            ;
+   using front = typename std::tuple_element<0, type_list>::type;
+   result = arg;
+   if (arg.compare(front(0)) < 0)
+      result.negate();
+}
+template <class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_fabs(T& result, const U& arg)
+{
+   static_assert(number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, "The fabs function is only valid for floating point types.");
+   using type_list = typename U::signed_types            ;
+   using front = typename std::tuple_element<0, type_list>::type;
+   result = arg;
+   if (arg.compare(front(0)) < 0)
+      result.negate();
+}
+
+template <class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int eval_fpclassify(const Backend& arg)
+{
+   static_assert(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_floating_point, "The fpclassify function is only valid for floating point types.");
+   return eval_is_zero(arg) ? FP_ZERO : FP_NORMAL;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_fmod(T& result, const T& a, const T& b)
+{
+   static_assert(number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, "The fmod function is only valid for floating point types.");
+   if ((&result == &a) || (&result == &b))
+   {
+      T temp;
+      eval_fmod(temp, a, b);
+      result = temp;
+      return;
+   }
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(a))
+   {
+   case FP_ZERO:
+      result = a;
+      return;
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+   case FP_NAN:
+      result = std::numeric_limits<number<T> >::quiet_NaN().backend();
+      errno  = EDOM;
+      return;
+   }
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(b))
+   {
+   case FP_ZERO:
+   case FP_NAN:
+      result = std::numeric_limits<number<T> >::quiet_NaN().backend();
+      errno  = EDOM;
+      return;
+   }
+   T n;
+   eval_divide(result, a, b);
+   if (eval_get_sign(result) < 0)
+      eval_ceil(n, result);
+   else
+      eval_floor(n, result);
+   eval_multiply(n, b);
+   eval_subtract(result, a, n);
+   if (eval_get_sign(result) != 0)
+   {
+      //
+      // Sanity check, that due to rounding errors in division, 
+      // we haven't accidently calculated the wrong value:
+      // See https://github.com/boostorg/multiprecision/issues/604 for an example.
+      //
+      if (eval_get_sign(result) == eval_get_sign(b))
+      {
+         if (result.compare(b) >= 0)
+         {
+            eval_subtract(result, b);
+         }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         n = b;
+         n.negate();
+         if (result.compare(n) >= 0)
+         {
+            eval_subtract(result, n);
+         }
+      }
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<A>::value, void>::type eval_fmod(T& result, const T& x, const A& a)
+{
+   using canonical_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<A, T>::type         ;
+   using cast_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<A, canonical_type>::value, T, canonical_type>::type;
+   cast_type                                                                      c;
+   c = a;
+   eval_fmod(result, x, c);
+}
+
+template <class T, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<A>::value, void>::type eval_fmod(T& result, const A& x, const T& a)
+{
+   using canonical_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<A, T>::type         ;
+   using cast_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<A, canonical_type>::value, T, canonical_type>::type;
+   cast_type                                                                      c;
+   c = x;
+   eval_fmod(result, c, a);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_round(T& result, const T& a);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_remquo(T& result, const T& a, const T& b, int* pi)
+{
+   static_assert(number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, "The remquo function is only valid for floating point types.");
+   if ((&result == &a) || (&result == &b))
+   {
+      T temp;
+      eval_remquo(temp, a, b, pi);
+      result = temp;
+      return;
+   }
+   T n;
+   eval_divide(result, a, b);
+   eval_round(n, result);
+   eval_convert_to(pi, n);
+   eval_multiply(n, b);
+   eval_subtract(result, a, n);
+   if (eval_is_zero(result))
+   {
+      if (eval_signbit(a))
+         result.negate();
+   }
+}
+template <class T, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<A>::value, void>::type eval_remquo(T& result, const T& x, const A& a, int* pi)
+{
+   using canonical_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<A, T>::type         ;
+   using cast_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<A, canonical_type>::value, T, canonical_type>::type;
+   cast_type                                                                      c = cast_type();
+   c = a;
+   eval_remquo(result, x, c, pi);
+}
+template <class T, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<A>::value, void>::type eval_remquo(T& result, const A& x, const T& a, int* pi)
+{
+   using canonical_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<A, T>::type         ;
+   using cast_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<A, canonical_type>::value, T, canonical_type>::type;
+   cast_type                                                                      c = cast_type();
+   c = x;
+   eval_remquo(result, c, a, pi);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_remainder(T& result, const U& a, const V& b)
+{
+   int i(0);
+   eval_remquo(result, a, b, &i);
+}
+
+template <class B>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool eval_gt(const B& a, const B& b);
+template <class T, class U>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool eval_gt(const T& a, const U& b);
+template <class B>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool eval_lt(const B& a, const B& b);
+template <class T, class U>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool eval_lt(const T& a, const U& b);
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_fdim(T& result, const T& a, const T& b)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   const ui_type                                                                zero = 0u;
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(b))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = zero;
+      return;
+   }
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(a))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+      result = zero;
+      return;
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = a;
+      return;
+   }
+   if (eval_gt(a, b))
+   {
+      eval_subtract(result, a, b);
+   }
+   else
+      result = zero;
+}
+
+template <class T, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<A>::value>::type eval_fdim(T& result, const T& a, const A& b)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   using arithmetic_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<A, T>::type       ;
+   const ui_type                                                                zero        = 0u;
+   arithmetic_type                                                              canonical_b = b;
+   switch (BOOST_MP_FPCLASSIFY(b))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = zero;
+      return;
+   }
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(a))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+      result = zero;
+      return;
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = a;
+      return;
+   }
+   if (eval_gt(a, canonical_b))
+   {
+      eval_subtract(result, a, canonical_b);
+   }
+   else
+      result = zero;
+}
+
+template <class T, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<A>::value>::type eval_fdim(T& result, const A& a, const T& b)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   using arithmetic_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<A, T>::type       ;
+   const ui_type                                                                zero        = 0u;
+   arithmetic_type                                                              canonical_a = a;
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(b))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = zero;
+      return;
+   }
+   switch (BOOST_MP_FPCLASSIFY(a))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+      result = zero;
+      return;
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = std::numeric_limits<number<T> >::infinity().backend();
+      return;
+   }
+   if (eval_gt(canonical_a, b))
+   {
+      eval_subtract(result, canonical_a, b);
+   }
+   else
+      result = zero;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_trunc(T& result, const T& a)
+{
+   static_assert(number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, "The trunc function is only valid for floating point types.");
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(a))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+      errno = EDOM;
+      // fallthrough...
+   case FP_ZERO:
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = a;
+      return;
+   }
+   if (eval_get_sign(a) < 0)
+      eval_ceil(result, a);
+   else
+      eval_floor(result, a);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_modf(T& result, T const& arg, T* pipart)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   int                                                                          c = eval_fpclassify(arg);
+   if (c == static_cast<int>(FP_NAN))
+   {
+      if (pipart)
+         *pipart = arg;
+      result = arg;
+      return;
+   }
+   else if (c == static_cast<int>(FP_INFINITE))
+   {
+      if (pipart)
+         *pipart = arg;
+      result = ui_type(0u);
+      return;
+   }
+   if (pipart)
+   {
+      eval_trunc(*pipart, arg);
+      eval_subtract(result, arg, *pipart);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      T ipart;
+      eval_trunc(ipart, arg);
+      eval_subtract(result, arg, ipart);
+   }
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_round(T& result, const T& a)
+{
+   static_assert(number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, "The round function is only valid for floating point types.");
+   using fp_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<float, T>::type;
+   int                                                                       c = eval_fpclassify(a);
+   if (c == static_cast<int>(FP_NAN))
+   {
+      result = a;
+      errno  = EDOM;
+      return;
+   }
+   if ((c == FP_ZERO) || (c == static_cast<int>(FP_INFINITE)))
+   {
+      result = a;
+   }
+   else if (eval_get_sign(a) < 0)
+   {
+      eval_subtract(result, a, fp_type(0.5f));
+      eval_ceil(result, result);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      eval_add(result, a, fp_type(0.5f));
+      eval_floor(result, result);
+   }
+}
+
+template <class B>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_lcm(B& result, const B& a, const B& b);
+template <class B>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_gcd(B& result, const B& a, const B& b);
+
+template <class T, class Arithmetic>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<Arithmetic>::value >::type eval_gcd(T& result, const T& a, const Arithmetic& b)
+{
+   using si_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<Arithmetic, T>::type;
+   using default_ops::eval_gcd;
+   T t;
+   t = static_cast<si_type>(b);
+   eval_gcd(result, a, t);
+}
+template <class T, class Arithmetic>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<Arithmetic>::value >::type eval_gcd(T& result, const Arithmetic& a, const T& b)
+{
+   eval_gcd(result, b, a);
+}
+template <class T, class Arithmetic>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<Arithmetic>::value >::type eval_lcm(T& result, const T& a, const Arithmetic& b)
+{
+   using si_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<Arithmetic, T>::type;
+   using default_ops::eval_lcm;
+   T t;
+   t = static_cast<si_type>(b);
+   eval_lcm(result, a, t);
+}
+template <class T, class Arithmetic>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<Arithmetic>::value >::type eval_lcm(T& result, const Arithmetic& a, const T& b)
+{
+   eval_lcm(result, b, a);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR std::size_t eval_lsb(const T& val)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   int                                                                          c = eval_get_sign(val);
+   if (c == 0)
+   {
+      BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("No bits were set in the operand."));
+   }
+   if (c < 0)
+   {
+      BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("Testing individual bits in negative values is not supported - results are undefined."));
+   }
+   std::size_t result = 0;
+   T        mask, t;
+   mask = ui_type(1);
+   do
+   {
+      eval_bitwise_and(t, mask, val);
+      ++result;
+      eval_left_shift(mask, 1);
+   } while (eval_is_zero(t));
+
+   return --result;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR std::ptrdiff_t eval_msb(const T& val)
+{
+   int c = eval_get_sign(val);
+   if (c == 0)
+   {
+      BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("No bits were set in the operand."));
+   }
+   if (c < 0)
+   {
+      BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("Testing individual bits in negative values is not supported - results are undefined."));
+   }
+   //
+   // This implementation is really really rubbish - it does
+   // a linear scan for the most-significant-bit.  We should really
+   // do a binary search, but as none of our backends actually needs
+   // this implementation, we'll leave it for now.  In fact for most
+   // backends it's likely that there will always be a more efficient
+   // native implementation possible.
+   //
+   std::size_t result = 0;
+   T        t(val);
+   while (!eval_is_zero(t))
+   {
+      eval_right_shift(t, 1);
+      ++result;
+   }
+   --result;
+
+   return static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(result);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool eval_bit_test(const T& val, std::size_t index)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   T                                                                            mask, t;
+   mask = ui_type(1);
+   eval_left_shift(mask, index);
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, mask, val);
+   return !eval_is_zero(t);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bit_set(T& val, std::size_t index)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   T                                                                            mask;
+   mask = ui_type(1);
+   eval_left_shift(mask, index);
+   eval_bitwise_or(val, mask);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bit_flip(T& val, std::size_t index)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   T                                                                            mask;
+   mask = ui_type(1);
+   eval_left_shift(mask, index);
+   eval_bitwise_xor(val, mask);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_bit_unset(T& val, std::size_t index)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned, T>::type;
+   T                                                                            mask, t;
+   mask = ui_type(1);
+   eval_left_shift(mask, index);
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, mask, val);
+   if (!eval_is_zero(t))
+      eval_bitwise_xor(val, mask);
+}
+
+template <class Backend>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_qr(const Backend& x, const Backend& y, Backend& q, Backend& r);
+
+template <class Backend>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_karatsuba_sqrt(Backend& result, const Backend& x, Backend& r, Backend& t, size_t bits)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_is_zero;
+   using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+   using default_ops::eval_right_shift;
+   using default_ops::eval_left_shift;
+   using default_ops::eval_bit_set;
+   using default_ops::eval_decrement;
+   using default_ops::eval_bitwise_and;
+   using default_ops::eval_add;
+   using default_ops::eval_qr;
+
+   using small_uint = typename std::tuple_element<0, typename Backend::unsigned_types>::type;
+
+   constexpr small_uint zero = 0u;
+
+   // we can calculate it faster with std::sqrt
+#ifdef BOOST_HAS_INT128
+   if (bits <= 128)
+   {
+      uint128_type a{}, b{}, c{};
+      eval_convert_to(&a, x);
+      c = boost::multiprecision::detail::karatsuba_sqrt(a, b, bits);
+      r = number<Backend>::canonical_value(b);
+      result = number<Backend>::canonical_value(c);
+      return;
+   }
+#else
+   if (bits <= std::numeric_limits<std::uintmax_t>::digits)
+   {
+      std::uintmax_t a{ 0 }, b{ 0 }, c{ 0 };
+      eval_convert_to(&a, x);
+      c = boost::multiprecision::detail::karatsuba_sqrt(a, b, bits);
+      r = number<Backend>::canonical_value(b);
+      result = number<Backend>::canonical_value(c);
+      return;
+   }
+#endif
+   // https://hal.inria.fr/file/index/docid/72854/filename/RR-3805.pdf
+   std::size_t  b = bits / 4;
+   Backend q(x);
+   eval_right_shift(q, b * 2);
+   Backend s;
+   eval_karatsuba_sqrt(s, q, r, t, bits - b * 2);
+   t = zero;
+   eval_bit_set(t, static_cast<unsigned>(b * 2));
+   eval_left_shift(r, b);
+   eval_decrement(t);
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, x);
+   eval_right_shift(t, b);
+   eval_add(t, r);
+   eval_left_shift(s, 1u);
+   eval_qr(t, s, q, r);
+   eval_left_shift(r, b);
+   t = zero;
+   eval_bit_set(t, static_cast<unsigned>(b));
+   eval_decrement(t);
+   eval_bitwise_and(t, x);
+   eval_add(r, t);
+   eval_left_shift(s, b - 1);
+   eval_add(s, q);
+   eval_multiply(q, q);
+   // we substract after, so it works for unsigned integers too
+   if (r.compare(q) < 0)
+   {
+      t = s;
+      eval_left_shift(t, 1u);
+      eval_decrement(t);
+      eval_add(r, t);
+      eval_decrement(s);
+   }
+   eval_subtract(r, q);
+   result = s;
+}
+
+template <class B>
+void BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR eval_integer_sqrt_bitwise(B& s, B& r, const B& x)
+{
+   //
+   // This is slow bit-by-bit integer square root, see for example
+   // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing_square_roots#Binary_numeral_system_.28base_2.29
+   // There are better methods such as http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/07/28/54/PDF/RR-3805.pdf
+   // and http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/07/21/13/PDF/RR-4475.pdf which should be implemented
+   // at some point.
+   //
+   using ui_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<unsigned char, B>::type;
+
+   s = ui_type(0u);
+   if (eval_get_sign(x) == 0)
+   {
+      r = ui_type(0u);
+      return;
+   }
+   std::ptrdiff_t g = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(eval_msb(x));
+   if (g <= 1)
+   {
+      s = ui_type(1);
+      eval_subtract(r, x, s);
+      return;
+   }
+
+   B t;
+   r = x;
+   g /= 2;
+   std::ptrdiff_t org_g = g;
+   eval_bit_set(s, static_cast<std::size_t>(g));
+   eval_bit_set(t, static_cast<std::size_t>(2 * g));
+   eval_subtract(r, x, t);
+   --g;
+   if (eval_get_sign(r) == 0)
+      return;
+   std::ptrdiff_t msbr = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(eval_msb(r));
+   do
+   {
+      if (msbr >= org_g + g + 1)
+      {
+         t = s;
+         eval_left_shift(t, static_cast<std::size_t>(g + 1));
+         eval_bit_set(t, static_cast<std::size_t>(2 * g));
+         if (t.compare(r) <= 0)
+         {
+            BOOST_MP_ASSERT(g >= 0);
+            eval_bit_set(s, static_cast<std::size_t>(g));
+            eval_subtract(r, t);
+            if (eval_get_sign(r) == 0)
+               return;
+            msbr = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(eval_msb(r));
+         }
+      }
+      --g;
+   } while (g >= 0);
+}
+
+template <class Backend>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_integer_sqrt(Backend& result, Backend& r, const Backend& x)
+{
+#ifndef BOOST_MP_NO_CONSTEXPR_DETECTION
+   // recursive Karatsuba sqrt can cause issues in constexpr context:
+   if (BOOST_MP_IS_CONST_EVALUATED(result.size()))
+      return eval_integer_sqrt_bitwise(result, r, x);
+#endif
+   using small_uint = typename std::tuple_element<0, typename Backend::unsigned_types>::type;
+
+   constexpr small_uint zero = 0u;
+
+   if (eval_is_zero(x))
+   {
+      r = zero;
+      result = zero;
+      return;
+   }
+   Backend t;
+   eval_karatsuba_sqrt(result, x, r, t, eval_msb(x) + 1);
+}
+
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_conj(B& result, const B& val)
+{
+   result = val; // assume non-complex result.
+}
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_proj(B& result, const B& val)
+{
+   result = val; // assume non-complex result.
+}
+
+//
+// These have to implemented by the backend, declared here so that our macro generated code compiles OK.
+//
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_floor();
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_ceil();
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_trunc();
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_sqrt();
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_ldexp();
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_frexp();
+// TODO implement default versions of these:
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_asinh();
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_acosh();
+template <class T>
+typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) == 0>::type eval_atanh();
+
+//
+// eval_logb and eval_scalbn simply assume base 2 and forward to
+// eval_ldexp and eval_frexp:
+//
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename B::exponent_type eval_ilogb(const B& val)
+{
+   static_assert(!std::numeric_limits<number<B> >::is_specialized || (std::numeric_limits<number<B> >::radix == 2), "The default implementation of ilogb requires a base 2 number type");
+   typename B::exponent_type e(0);
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(val))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+#ifdef FP_ILOGBNAN
+      return FP_ILOGBNAN > 0 ? (std::numeric_limits<typename B::exponent_type>::max)() : (std::numeric_limits<typename B::exponent_type>::min)();
+#else
+      return (std::numeric_limits<typename B::exponent_type>::max)();
+#endif
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      return (std::numeric_limits<typename B::exponent_type>::max)();
+   case FP_ZERO:
+      return (std::numeric_limits<typename B::exponent_type>::min)();
+   }
+   B result;
+   eval_frexp(result, val, &e);
+   return e - 1;
+}
+
+template <class B>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_logb(B& result, const B& val)
+{
+   switch (eval_fpclassify(val))
+   {
+   case FP_NAN:
+      result = val;
+      errno  = EDOM;
+      return;
+   case FP_ZERO:
+      result = std::numeric_limits<number<B> >::infinity().backend();
+      result.negate();
+      errno = ERANGE;
+      return;
+   case FP_INFINITE:
+      result = val;
+      if (eval_signbit(val))
+         result.negate();
+      return;
+   }
+   using max_t = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<std::intmax_t, long>::value, long long, std::intmax_t>::type;
+   result = static_cast<max_t>(eval_ilogb(val));
+}
+template <class B, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_scalbn(B& result, const B& val, A e)
+{
+   static_assert(!std::numeric_limits<number<B> >::is_specialized || (std::numeric_limits<number<B> >::radix == 2), "The default implementation of scalbn requires a base 2 number type");
+   eval_ldexp(result, val, static_cast<typename B::exponent_type>(e));
+}
+template <class B, class A>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_scalbln(B& result, const B& val, A e)
+{
+   eval_scalbn(result, val, e);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool is_arg_nan(const T& val, std::integral_constant<bool, true> const&, const std::integral_constant<bool, false>&)
+{
+   return eval_fpclassify(val) == FP_NAN;
+}
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool is_arg_nan(const T& val, std::integral_constant<bool, false> const&, const std::integral_constant<bool, true>&)
+{
+   return BOOST_MP_ISNAN(val);
+}
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool is_arg_nan(const T&, std::integral_constant<bool, false> const&, const std::integral_constant<bool, false>&)
+{
+   return false;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool is_arg_nan(const T& val)
+{
+   return is_arg_nan(val, std::integral_constant<bool, boost::multiprecision::detail::is_backend<T>::value>(), std::is_floating_point<T>());
+}
+
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_fmax(T& result, const U& a, const V& b)
+{
+   if (is_arg_nan(a))
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(b);
+   else if (is_arg_nan(b))
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(a);
+   else if (eval_lt(number<T>::canonical_value(a), number<T>::canonical_value(b)))
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(b);
+   else
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(a);
+}
+template <class T, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_fmin(T& result, const U& a, const V& b)
+{
+   if (is_arg_nan(a))
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(b);
+   else if (is_arg_nan(b))
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(a);
+   else if (eval_lt(number<T>::canonical_value(a), number<T>::canonical_value(b)))
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(a);
+   else
+      result = number<T>::canonical_value(b);
+}
+
+template <class R, class T, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_hypot(R& result, const T& a, const U& b)
+{
+   //
+   // Normalize x and y, so that both are positive and x >= y:
+   //
+   R x, y;
+   x = number<R>::canonical_value(a);
+   y = number<R>::canonical_value(b);
+   if (eval_get_sign(x) < 0)
+      x.negate();
+   if (eval_get_sign(y) < 0)
+      y.negate();
+
+   // Special case, see C99 Annex F.
+   // The order of the if's is important: do not change!
+   int c1 = eval_fpclassify(x);
+   int c2 = eval_fpclassify(y);
+
+   if (c1 == FP_ZERO)
+   {
+      result = y;
+      return;
+   }
+   if (c2 == FP_ZERO)
+   {
+      result = x;
+      return;
+   }
+   if (c1 == FP_INFINITE)
+   {
+      result = x;
+      return;
+   }
+   if ((c2 == FP_INFINITE) || (c2 == FP_NAN))
+   {
+      result = y;
+      return;
+   }
+   if (c1 == FP_NAN)
+   {
+      result = x;
+      return;
+   }
+
+   if (eval_gt(y, x))
+      x.swap(y);
+
+   eval_multiply(result, x, std::numeric_limits<number<R> >::epsilon().backend());
+
+   if (eval_gt(result, y))
+   {
+      result = x;
+      return;
+   }
+
+   R rat;
+   eval_divide(rat, y, x);
+   eval_multiply(result, rat, rat);
+   eval_increment(result);
+   eval_sqrt(rat, result);
+   eval_multiply(result, rat, x);
+}
+
+template <class R, class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_nearbyint(R& result, const T& a)
+{
+   eval_round(result, a);
+}
+template <class R, class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_rint(R& result, const T& a)
+{
+   eval_nearbyint(result, a);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_backend<T>::value, int>::type eval_signbit(const T& val)
+{
+   return eval_get_sign(val) < 0 ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+//
+// Real and imaginary parts:
+//
+template <class To, class From>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_real(To& to, const From& from)
+{
+   to = from;
+}
+template <class To, class From>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_imag(To& to, const From&)
+{
+   using ui_type = typename std::tuple_element<0, typename To::unsigned_types>::type;
+   to = ui_type(0);
+}
+
+} // namespace default_ops
+namespace default_ops_adl {
+
+template <class To, class From>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_set_real_imp(To& to, const From& from)
+{
+   using to_component_type = typename component_type<number<To> >::type;
+   typename to_component_type::backend_type           to_component;
+   to_component = from;
+   eval_set_real(to, to_component);
+}
+template <class To, class From>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_set_imag_imp(To& to, const From& from)
+{
+   using to_component_type = typename component_type<number<To> >::type;
+   typename to_component_type::backend_type           to_component;
+   to_component = from;
+   eval_set_imag(to, to_component);
+}
+
+} // namespace default_ops_adl
+namespace default_ops {
+
+template <class To, class From>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<To>::value == number_kind_complex>::type eval_set_real(To& to, const From& from)
+{
+   default_ops_adl::eval_set_real_imp(to, from);
+}
+template <class To, class From>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<To>::value != number_kind_complex>::type eval_set_real(To& to, const From& from)
+{
+   to = from;
+}
+
+template <class To, class From>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_set_imag(To& to, const From& from)
+{
+   default_ops_adl::eval_set_imag_imp(to, from);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void eval_set_real(T& to, const T& from)
+{
+   to = from;
+}
+template <class T>
+void BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR eval_set_imag(T&, const T&)
+{
+   static_assert(sizeof(T) == INT_MAX, "eval_set_imag needs to be specialised for each specific backend");
+}
+
+//
+// These functions are implemented in separate files, but expanded inline here,
+// DO NOT CHANGE THE ORDER OF THESE INCLUDES:
+//
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/functions/constants.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/functions/pow.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/functions/trig.hpp>
+
+} // namespace default_ops
+
+//
+// Default versions of floating point classification routines:
+//
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int fpclassify BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   using multiprecision::default_ops::eval_fpclassify;
+   return eval_fpclassify(arg.backend());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int fpclassify BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return fpclassify                                                                     BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isfinite BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   int v = fpclassify BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(arg);
+   return (v != static_cast<int>(FP_INFINITE)) && (v != static_cast<int>(FP_NAN));
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isfinite BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return isfinite                                                                       BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isnan BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   return fpclassify BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(arg) == static_cast<int>(FP_NAN);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isnan BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return isnan                                                                          BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isinf BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   return fpclassify BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(arg) == static_cast<int>(FP_INFINITE);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isinf BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return isinf                                                                          BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isnormal BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   return fpclassify BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(arg) == static_cast<int>(FP_NORMAL);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool isnormal BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return isnormal                                                                       BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg));
+}
+
+// Default versions of sign manipulation functions, if individual backends can do better than this
+// (for example with signed zero), then they should overload these functions further:
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int sign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   return arg.sign();
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int sign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return sign                                                                           BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg));
+}
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool signbit BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_signbit;
+   return static_cast<bool>(eval_signbit(arg.backend()));
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR bool signbit BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return static_cast<bool>(signbit BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg)));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> changesign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   return -arg;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type changesign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return changesign                                                                     BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> copysign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a, const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& b)
+{
+   return (boost::multiprecision::signbit)(a) != (boost::multiprecision::signbit)(b) ? (boost::multiprecision::changesign)(a) : a;
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> copysign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a, const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& b)
+{
+   return copysign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(a, multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(b));
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> copysign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a, const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& b)
+{
+   return copysign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(a), b);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class tagb, class A1b, class A2b, class A3b, class A4b>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type copysign BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a, const multiprecision::detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b>& b)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return copysign                                                                       BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(a), value_type(b));
+}
+//
+// real and imag:
+//
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+real(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_real;
+   using result_type = typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type;
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_default_precision<result_type>                                              precision_guard(a);
+   result_type                                                                                                       result;
+   eval_real(result.backend(), a.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+imag(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_imag;
+   using result_type = typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type;
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_default_precision<result_type>                                              precision_guard(a);
+   result_type                                                                                                       result;
+   eval_imag(result.backend(), a.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+real(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return real(value_type(arg));
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+imag(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return imag(value_type(arg));
+}
+
+//
+// Complex number functions, these are overloaded at the Backend level, we just provide the
+// expression template versions here, plus overloads for non-complex types:
+//
+#ifdef BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_complex, component_type<number<T, ExpressionTemplates>>>::type::type
+abs(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return std::move(boost::math::hypot(real(v), imag(v)));
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_complex, component_type<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>>::type::type
+abs(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(abs(static_cast<number_type>(v)));
+}
+
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_complex, typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type>::type
+arg(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return std::move(atan2(imag(v), real(v)));
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type>::type
+arg(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>&)
+{
+   return 0;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_complex || number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type>::type
+arg(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(arg(static_cast<number_type>(v)));
+}
+#endif // BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_complex, component_type<number<T, ExpressionTemplates>>>::type::type
+norm(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   typename component_type<number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type a(real(v)), b(imag(v));
+   return std::move(a * a + b * b);
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value != number_kind_complex, typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type>::type
+norm(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return v * v;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename scalar_result_from_possible_complex<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+norm(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(norm(static_cast<number_type>(v)));
+}
+
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type polar(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> const& r, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> const& theta)
+{
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * cos(theta)), number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * sin(theta)));
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::value,
+                     typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type>::type
+polar(detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> const& r, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> const& theta)
+{
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * cos(theta)), number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * sin(theta)));
+}
+
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::value,
+                     typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type>::type
+polar(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> const& r, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> const& theta)
+{
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * cos(theta)), number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * sin(theta)));
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class tagb, class A1b, class A2b, class A3b, class A4b>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type, typename detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b>::result_type>::value,
+                     typename complex_result_from_scalar<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type>::type
+polar(detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> const& r, detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b> const& theta)
+{
+   using scalar_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<scalar_type>::type(scalar_type(r * cos(theta)), scalar_type(r * sin(theta)));
+}
+//
+// We also allow the first argument to polar to be an arithmetic type (probably a literal):
+//
+template <class Scalar, class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<Scalar>::value, typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type>::type
+polar(Scalar const& r, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> const& theta)
+{
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * cos(theta)), number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(r * sin(theta)));
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Scalar>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<Scalar>::value,
+                     typename complex_result_from_scalar<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type>::type
+polar(Scalar const& r, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> const& theta)
+{
+   using scalar_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<scalar_type>::type(scalar_type(r * cos(theta)), scalar_type(r * sin(theta)));
+}
+//
+// Single argument overloads:
+//
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type polar(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> const& r)
+{
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type(r);
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename complex_result_from_scalar<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+polar(detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> const& r)
+{
+   return typename complex_result_from_scalar<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type(r);
+}
+
+} // namespace multiprecision
+
+namespace math {
+
+//
+// Import Math functions here, so they can be found by Boost.Math:
+//
+using boost::multiprecision::changesign;
+using boost::multiprecision::copysign;
+using boost::multiprecision::fpclassify;
+using boost::multiprecision::isfinite;
+using boost::multiprecision::isinf;
+using boost::multiprecision::isnan;
+using boost::multiprecision::isnormal;
+using boost::multiprecision::sign;
+using boost::multiprecision::signbit;
+
+#ifndef BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+namespace policies {
+
+template <typename... Args>
+class policy {};
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
+void raise_rounding_error(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5)
+{
+   BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Rounding error"));
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
+void raise_overflow_error(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5)
+{
+   BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::overflow_error("Overflow error"));
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
+void raise_evaluation_error(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5)
+{
+   BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Evaluation error"));
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
+void raise_domain_error(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5)
+{
+   BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("Domain error"));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+struct is_policy
+{
+   static constexpr bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <typename... Args>
+struct is_policy<policy<Args...>>
+{
+   static constexpr bool value = true;
+};
+
+} // namespace policies
+#endif
+
+} // namespace math
+
+namespace multiprecision {
+#ifdef BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+using c99_error_policy = ::boost::math::policies::policy<
+    ::boost::math::policies::domain_error< ::boost::math::policies::errno_on_error>,
+    ::boost::math::policies::pole_error< ::boost::math::policies::errno_on_error>,
+    ::boost::math::policies::overflow_error< ::boost::math::policies::errno_on_error>,
+    ::boost::math::policies::evaluation_error< ::boost::math::policies::errno_on_error>,
+    ::boost::math::policies::rounding_error< ::boost::math::policies::errno_on_error> >;
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value != number_kind_complex, multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+    asinh
+    BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::asinh(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value != number_kind_complex, typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+    asinh
+    BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return asinh(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value != number_kind_complex, multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+    acosh
+    BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::acosh(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value != number_kind_complex, typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+    acosh
+    BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return acosh(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value != number_kind_complex, multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+    atanh
+    BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::atanh(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value != number_kind_complex, typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+    atanh
+    BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return atanh(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> cbrt BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::cbrt(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type cbrt BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return cbrt(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> erf BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::erf(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type erf BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return erf(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> erfc BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::erfc(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type erfc BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return erfc(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> expm1 BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::expm1(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type expm1 BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return expm1(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> lgamma BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>                                    result;
+   result = boost::math::lgamma(arg, c99_error_policy());
+   if ((boost::multiprecision::isnan)(result) && !(boost::multiprecision::isnan)(arg))
+   {
+      result = std::numeric_limits<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::infinity();
+      errno  = ERANGE;
+   }
+   return result;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type lgamma BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return lgamma(value_type(arg));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> tgamma BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   if ((arg == 0) && std::numeric_limits<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >::has_infinity)
+   {
+      errno = ERANGE;
+      return 1 / arg;
+   }
+   return boost::math::tgamma(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type tgamma BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return tgamma(value_type(arg));
+}
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long lrint BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   return lround(arg);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long lrint BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   return lround(arg);
+}
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_LONG_LONG
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long llrint BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   return llround(arg);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long llrint BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   return llround(arg);
+}
+#endif
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> log1p BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(arg);
+   return boost::math::log1p(arg, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type log1p BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(arg);
+   return log1p(value_type(arg));
+}
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> nextafter BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a, const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& b)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   return boost::math::nextafter(a, b, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> nextafter BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a, const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& b)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   return nextafter                                                                        BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(a, multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(b));
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> nextafter BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a, const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& b)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   return nextafter                                                                        BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(a), b);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class tagb, class A1b, class A2b, class A3b, class A4b>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type nextafter BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a, const multiprecision::detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b>& b)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(a, b);
+   return nextafter                                                                      BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(a), value_type(b));
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> nexttoward BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a, const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& b)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   return boost::math::nextafter(a, b, c99_error_policy());
+}
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> nexttoward BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a, const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& b)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   return nexttoward                                                                       BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(a, multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(b));
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> nexttoward BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a, const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& b)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   return nexttoward                                                                       BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>(a), b);
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class tagb, class A1b, class A2b, class A3b, class A4b>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type nexttoward BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(const multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a, const multiprecision::detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b>& b)
+{
+   using value_type = typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<value_type>                                          precision_guard(a, b);
+   return nexttoward                                                                     BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION(value_type(a), value_type(b));
+}
+#endif // BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+
+template <class B1, class B2, class B3, expression_template_option ET1, expression_template_option ET2, expression_template_option ET3>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR number<B1, ET1>& add(number<B1, ET1>& result, const number<B2, ET2>& a, const number<B3, ET3>& b)
+{
+   static_assert((std::is_convertible<B2, B1>::value), "No conversion to the target of a mixed precision addition exists");
+   static_assert((std::is_convertible<B3, B1>::value), "No conversion to the target of a mixed precision addition exists");
+   using default_ops::eval_add;
+   eval_add(result.backend(), a.backend(), b.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class B1, class B2, class B3, expression_template_option ET1, expression_template_option ET2, expression_template_option ET3>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR number<B1, ET1>& subtract(number<B1, ET1>& result, const number<B2, ET2>& a, const number<B3, ET3>& b)
+{
+   static_assert((std::is_convertible<B2, B1>::value), "No conversion to the target of a mixed precision addition exists");
+   static_assert((std::is_convertible<B3, B1>::value), "No conversion to the target of a mixed precision addition exists");
+   using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+   eval_subtract(result.backend(), a.backend(), b.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class B1, class B2, class B3, expression_template_option ET1, expression_template_option ET2, expression_template_option ET3>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR number<B1, ET1>& multiply(number<B1, ET1>& result, const number<B2, ET2>& a, const number<B3, ET3>& b)
+{
+   static_assert((std::is_convertible<B2, B1>::value), "No conversion to the target of a mixed precision addition exists");
+   static_assert((std::is_convertible<B3, B1>::value), "No conversion to the target of a mixed precision addition exists");
+   using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+   eval_multiply(result.backend(), a.backend(), b.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class B, expression_template_option ET, class I>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<I>::value, number<B, ET>&>::type
+add(number<B, ET>& result, const I& a, const I& b)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_add;
+   using canonical_type = typename detail::canonical<I, B>::type;
+   eval_add(result.backend(), static_cast<canonical_type>(a), static_cast<canonical_type>(b));
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class B, expression_template_option ET, class I>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<I>::value, number<B, ET>&>::type
+subtract(number<B, ET>& result, const I& a, const I& b)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+   using canonical_type = typename detail::canonical<I, B>::type;
+   eval_subtract(result.backend(), static_cast<canonical_type>(a), static_cast<canonical_type>(b));
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class B, expression_template_option ET, class I>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<I>::value, number<B, ET>&>::type
+multiply(number<B, ET>& result, const I& a, const I& b)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+   using canonical_type = typename detail::canonical<I, B>::type;
+   eval_multiply(result.backend(), static_cast<canonical_type>(a), static_cast<canonical_type>(b));
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type trunc(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(trunc(number_type(v), pol));
+}
+
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> trunc(const number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy&)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_trunc;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result;
+   eval_trunc(result.backend(), v.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int itrunc(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   number_type                                                           r(trunc(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::itrunc<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, number_type(v), 0, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<int>();
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int itrunc(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   return itrunc(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int itrunc(const number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> r(trunc(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::itrunc<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, v, 0, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<int>();
+}
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int itrunc(const number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return itrunc(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long ltrunc(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   number_type                                                           r(trunc(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::ltrunc<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, number_type(v), 0L, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long>();
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long ltrunc(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   return ltrunc(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long ltrunc(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates> r(trunc(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::ltrunc<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, v, 0L, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long>();
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long ltrunc(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return ltrunc(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_LONG_LONG
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long lltrunc(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   number_type                                                           r(trunc(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::lltrunc<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, number_type(v), 0LL, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long long>();
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long lltrunc(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   return lltrunc(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long lltrunc(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates> r(trunc(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::lltrunc<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, v, 0LL, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long long>();
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long lltrunc(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return lltrunc(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+#endif
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type round(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(round(static_cast<number_type>(v), pol));
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR number<T, ExpressionTemplates> round(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy&)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_round;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result;
+   eval_round(result.backend(), v.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int iround(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   number_type                                                           r(round(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::iround<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, number_type(v), 0, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<int>();
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int iround(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   return iround(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int iround(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates> r(round(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::iround<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, v, 0, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<int>();
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR int iround(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return iround(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long lround(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   number_type                                                           r(round(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::lround<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, number_type(v), 0L, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long>();
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long lround(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   return lround(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long lround(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates> r(round(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::lround<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, v, 0L, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long>();
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long lround(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return lround(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_LONG_LONG
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long llround(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   number_type                                                           r(round(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::iround<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, number_type(v), 0LL, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long long>();
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long llround(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v)
+{
+   return llround(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long llround(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates> r(round(v, pol));
+   if ((r > (std::numeric_limits<long long>::max)()) || r < (std::numeric_limits<long long>::min)() || !BOOST_MP_ISFINITE(v))
+      return boost::math::policies::raise_rounding_error("boost::multiprecision::iround<%1%>(%1%)", nullptr, v, 0LL, pol);
+   return r.template convert_to<long long>();
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR long long llround(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v)
+{
+   return llround(v, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+#endif
+//
+// frexp does not return an expression template since we require the
+// integer argument to be evaluated even if the returned value is
+// not assigned to anything...
+//
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type frexp(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, short* pint)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_frexp;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result;
+   eval_frexp(result.backend(), v.backend(), pint);
+   return result;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+frexp(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, short* pint)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(frexp(static_cast<number_type>(v), pint));
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type frexp(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, int* pint)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_frexp;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result;
+   eval_frexp(result.backend(), v.backend(), pint);
+   return result;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+frexp(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, int* pint)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(frexp(static_cast<number_type>(v), pint));
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type frexp(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, long* pint)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_frexp;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result;
+   eval_frexp(result.backend(), v.backend(), pint);
+   return result;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+frexp(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, long* pint)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(frexp(static_cast<number_type>(v), pint));
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type frexp(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, long long* pint)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_frexp;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result;
+   eval_frexp(result.backend(), v.backend(), pint);
+   return result;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+frexp(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, long long* pint)
+{
+   using number_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   return std::move(frexp(static_cast<number_type>(v), pint));
+}
+//
+// modf does not return an expression template since we require the
+// second argument to be evaluated even if the returned value is
+// not assigned to anything...
+//
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type modf(const number<T, ExpressionTemplates>& v, number<T, ExpressionTemplates>* pipart)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_modf;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result;
+   eval_modf(result.backend(), v.backend(), pipart ? &pipart->backend() : nullptr);
+   return result;
+}
+template <class T, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<T>::value == number_kind_floating_point, number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >::type modf(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& v, number<T, ExpressionTemplates>* pipart)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_modf;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(v);
+   number<T, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    result, arg(v);
+   eval_modf(result.backend(), arg.backend(), pipart ? &pipart->backend() : nullptr);
+   return result;
+}
+
+//
+// Integer square root:
+//
+template <class B, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<B>::value == number_kind_integer, number<B, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+sqrt(const number<B, ExpressionTemplates>& x)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_integer_sqrt;
+   number<B, ExpressionTemplates> s, r;
+   eval_integer_sqrt(s.backend(), r.backend(), x.backend());
+   return s;
+}
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_integer, typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::type
+         sqrt(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_integer_sqrt;
+   using result_type = typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<result_type> precision_guard(arg);
+   result_type                                   result, v(arg), r;
+   eval_integer_sqrt(result.backend(), r.backend(), v.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+//
+// fma:
+//
+
+namespace default_ops {
+
+struct fma_func
+{
+   template <class B, class T, class U, class V>
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(B& result, const T& a, const U& b, const V& c) const
+   {
+      eval_multiply_add(result, a, b, c);
+   }
+};
+
+} // namespace default_ops
+
+template <class Backend, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<number<Backend, et_on> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        (is_number<U>::value || is_number_expression<U>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value) &&
+        (is_number<V>::value || is_number_expression<V>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value),
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, number<Backend, et_on>, U, V> >::type
+fma(const number<Backend, et_on>& a, const U& b, const V& c)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, number<Backend, et_on>, U, V>(
+       default_ops::fma_func(), a, b, c);
+}
+
+template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        (is_number<U>::value || is_number_expression<U>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value) &&
+        (is_number<V>::value || is_number_expression<V>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value),
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, U, V> >::type
+fma(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& a, const U& b, const V& c)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, U, V>(
+       default_ops::fma_func(), a, b, c);
+}
+
+template <class Backend, class U, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<number<Backend, et_off> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        (is_number<U>::value || is_number_expression<U>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value) &&
+        (is_number<V>::value || is_number_expression<V>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value),
+    number<Backend, et_off> >::type
+fma(const number<Backend, et_off>& a, const U& b, const V& c)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_multiply_add;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(a, b, c);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   eval_multiply_add(result.backend(), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(a), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(b), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(c));
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class U, class Backend, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<number<Backend, et_on> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value &&
+        (is_number<V>::value || is_number_expression<V>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value),
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, number<Backend, et_on>, V> >::type
+fma(const U& a, const number<Backend, et_on>& b, const V& c)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, number<Backend, et_on>, V>(
+       default_ops::fma_func(), a, b, c);
+}
+
+template <class U, class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value &&
+        (is_number<V>::value || is_number_expression<V>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value),
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, V> >::type
+fma(const U& a, const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& b, const V& c)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, V>(
+       default_ops::fma_func(), a, b, c);
+}
+
+template <class U, class Backend, class V>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<number<Backend, et_off> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value &&
+        (is_number<V>::value || is_number_expression<V>::value || boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value),
+    number<Backend, et_off> >::type
+fma(const U& a, const number<Backend, et_off>& b, const V& c)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_multiply_add;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(a, b, c);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   eval_multiply_add(result.backend(), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(a), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(b), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(c));
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class U, class V, class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<number<Backend, et_on> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value,
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, V, number<Backend, et_on> > >::type
+fma(const U& a, const V& b, const number<Backend, et_on>& c)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, V, number<Backend, et_on> >(
+       default_ops::fma_func(), a, b, c);
+}
+
+template <class U, class V, class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value,
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, V, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4> > >::type
+fma(const U& a, const V& b, const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& c)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::fma_func, U, V, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4> >(
+       default_ops::fma_func(), a, b, c);
+}
+
+template <class U, class V, class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+        (number_category<number<Backend, et_off> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<U>::value &&
+        boost::multiprecision::detail::is_arithmetic<V>::value,
+        number<Backend, et_off> >::type
+fma(const U& a, const V& b, const number<Backend, et_off>& c)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_multiply_add;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(a, b, c);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   eval_multiply_add(result.backend(), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(a), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(b), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(c));
+   return result;
+}
+
+namespace default_ops {
+
+struct remquo_func
+{
+   template <class B, class T, class U>
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(B& result, const T& a, const U& b, int* pi) const
+   {
+      eval_remquo(result, a, b, pi);
+   }
+};
+
+} // namespace default_ops
+
+template <class Backend, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+    number_category<number<Backend, et_on> >::value == number_kind_floating_point,
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, number<Backend, et_on>, U, int*> >::type
+remquo(const number<Backend, et_on>& a, const U& b, int* pi)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, number<Backend, et_on>, U, int*>(
+       default_ops::remquo_func(), a, b, pi);
+}
+
+template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+    number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point,
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, U, int*> >::type
+remquo(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& a, const U& b, int* pi)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, U, int*>(
+       default_ops::remquo_func(), a, b, pi);
+}
+
+template <class U, class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+    (number_category<number<Backend, et_on> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) && !is_number<U>::value && !is_number_expression<U>::value,
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, U, number<Backend, et_on>, int*> >::type
+remquo(const U& a, const number<Backend, et_on>& b, int* pi)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, U, number<Backend, et_on>, int*>(
+       default_ops::remquo_func(), a, b, pi);
+}
+
+template <class U, class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+    (number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type>::value == number_kind_floating_point) && !is_number<U>::value && !is_number_expression<U>::value,
+    detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, U, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, int*> >::type
+remquo(const U& a, const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& b, int* pi)
+{
+   return detail::expression<detail::function, default_ops::remquo_func, U, detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>, int*>(
+       default_ops::remquo_func(), a, b, pi);
+}
+
+template <class Backend, class U>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+    number_category<number<Backend, et_on> >::value == number_kind_floating_point,
+    number<Backend, et_off> >::type
+remquo(const number<Backend, et_off>& a, const U& b, int* pi)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_remquo;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   eval_remquo(result.backend(), a.backend(), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(b), pi);
+   return result;
+}
+template <class U, class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+    (number_category<number<Backend, et_on> >::value == number_kind_floating_point) && !is_number<U>::value && !is_number_expression<U>::value,
+    number<Backend, et_off> >::type
+remquo(const U& a, const number<Backend, et_off>& b, int* pi)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_remquo;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(a, b);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   eval_remquo(result.backend(), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(a), b.backend(), pi);
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class B, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<B>::value == number_kind_integer, number<B, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+sqrt(const number<B, ExpressionTemplates>& x, number<B, ExpressionTemplates>& r)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_integer_sqrt;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<B, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(x, r);
+   number<B, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    s;
+   eval_integer_sqrt(s.backend(), r.backend(), x.backend());
+   return s;
+}
+template <class B, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<B>::value == number_kind_integer, number<B, ExpressionTemplates> >::type
+sqrt(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& arg, number<B, ExpressionTemplates>& r)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_integer_sqrt;
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<B, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(r);
+   number<B, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    s;
+   number<B, ExpressionTemplates>                                                    x(arg);
+   eval_integer_sqrt(s.backend(), r.backend(), x.backend());
+   return s;
+}
+
+// clang-format off
+//
+// Regrettably, when the argument to a function is an rvalue we must return by value, and not return an
+// expression template, otherwise we can end up with dangling references.
+// See https://github.com/boostorg/multiprecision/issues/175.
+//
+#define UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR_CXX11_RVALUE(func, category)\
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                               \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value == category, number<Backend, et_on> > ::type                                                                      \
+   func(number<Backend, et_on>&& arg)                                                                                                                                                                     \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_on> > precision_guard(arg);                                                                                                    \
+      number<Backend, et_on>                                                    result;                                                                                                                  \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                         \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)(result.backend(), arg.backend());                                                                                                                                                                  \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+
+#define BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_CXX11_RVALUE(func, category)\
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value == category, number<Backend, et_on> >::type func(number<Backend, et_on>&& arg, const number<Backend, et_on>& a)                                                                                              \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_on> > precision_guard(arg, a);                                                                                                                                                  \
+      number<Backend, et_on>                                                    result;                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)(result.backend(), arg.backend(), a.backend());                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value == category, number<Backend, et_on> >::type func(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg, number<Backend, et_on>&& a)                                                                                              \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_on> > precision_guard(arg, a);                                                                                                                                                  \
+      number<Backend, et_on>                                                    result;                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)(result.backend(), arg.backend(), a.backend());                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value == category, number<Backend, et_on> >::type func(number<Backend, et_on>&& arg, number<Backend, et_on>&& a)                                                                                              \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_on> > precision_guard(arg, a);                                                                                                                                                  \
+      number<Backend, et_on>                                                    result;                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)(result.backend(), arg.backend(), a.backend());                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>                                                                                                                                                                             \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<(number_category<Backend>::value == category) && (std::is_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type, number<Backend, et_on> >::value),                           \
+           number<Backend, et_on> > ::type                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   func(number<Backend, et_on>&& arg, const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a)                                                                                    \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             number<Backend, et_on>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>(), arg, a);                                                                                             \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                             \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<(number_category<Backend>::value == category) && (std::is_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type, number<Backend, et_on> >::value),                           \
+           number<Backend, et_on> > ::type                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   func(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg, number<Backend, et_on>&& a)                                                                                    \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, number<Backend, et_on> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>(), arg, a);                                                                                             \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+           is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_on> >::value && (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                     \
+           number<Backend, et_on> >::type                                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+   func(number<Backend, et_on>&& arg, const Arithmetic& a)                                                                                                                                               \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             number<Backend, et_on>, Arithmetic > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>(), arg, a);                                                                                                                         \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+           is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_on> >::value && (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                     \
+           number<Backend, et_on> > ::type                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+   func(const Arithmetic& arg, number<Backend, et_on>&& a)                                                                                                                                              \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_on> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend > (), arg, a);                                                                                                                          \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+
+
+#define UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(func, category)                                                                                                                                                                  \
+   namespace detail {                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                               \
+   struct BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))                                                                                                                                                  \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, const Backend& arg) const                                                                                                                                          \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                      \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                          \
+         (result, arg);                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      template <class U>                                                                                                                                                                                  \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(U& result, const Backend& arg) const                                                                                                                                                \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                      \
+         Backend temp;                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                          \
+         (temp, arg);                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+         result = std::move(temp);                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+   };                                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+   template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>                                                                                                                                           \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::value == category,                                                                     \
+                                                        detail::expression<detail::function,                                                                                                              \
+                                                        detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,            \
+                                                        detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > > ::type                                                                                                \
+   func(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)                                                                    \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                          \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                               \
+             detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type > (), arg); \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                               \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value == category,                                                                                                      \
+          detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>, number<Backend, et_on> > > ::type                                                       \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg)                                                                                                                                                                \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                          \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                     \
+             number<Backend, et_on> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend > (), arg);                                                                                        \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                               \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                    \
+       boost::multiprecision::number_category<Backend>::value == category,                                                                                                                                \
+       number<Backend, et_off> >::type                                                                                                                                                                    \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_off>& arg)                                                                                                                                                               \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg);                                                                                                    \
+      number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;                                                                                                                  \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                         \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)(result.backend(), arg.backend());                                                                                                                                                                  \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   }\
+   UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR_CXX11_RVALUE(func, category)\
+
+#define BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(func, category)                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \
+   namespace detail {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   struct BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))                                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, const Backend& arg, const Backend& a) const                                                                                                                                                                         \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+         (result, arg, a);                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+      template <class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, const Backend& arg, const Arithmetic& a) const                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+         (result, arg, number<Backend>::canonical_value(a));                                                                                                                                                                                               \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+      template <class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, const Arithmetic& arg, const Backend& a) const                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+         (result, number<Backend>::canonical_value(arg), a);                                                                                                                                                                                               \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+      template <class U>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(U& result, const Backend& arg, const Backend& a) const                                                                                                                                                                               \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+         Backend r;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+         (r, arg, a);                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+         result = std::move(r);                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+      template <class U, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                                 \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(U& result, const Backend& arg, const Arithmetic& a) const                                                                                                                                                                            \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+         Backend r;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+         (r, arg, number<Backend>::canonical_value(a));                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         result = std::move(r);                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+      template <class U, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                                 \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(U& result, const Arithmetic& arg, const Backend& a) const                                                                                                                                                                            \
+      {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+         Backend r;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+         (r, number<Backend>::canonical_value(arg), a);                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+         result = std::move(r);                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+   };                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value == category, detail::expression<detail::function, \
+         detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on>, number<Backend, et_on> > > ::type                                                                                                                                                                \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg, const number<Backend, et_on>& a)                                                                                              \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             number<Backend, et_on>, number<Backend, et_on> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>(), arg, a);                                                                                                              \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>                                                                                                                                                                             \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<(number_category<Backend>::value == category) && (std::is_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type, number<Backend, et_on> >::value),                           \
+           detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > > ::type                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg, const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a)                                                                                    \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             number<Backend, et_on>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>(), arg, a);                                                                                             \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                             \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<(number_category<Backend>::value == category) && (std::is_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type, number<Backend, et_on> >::value),                           \
+           detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, number<Backend, et_on> > > ::type                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   func(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg, const number<Backend, et_on>& a)                                                                                    \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, number<Backend, et_on> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>(), arg, a);                                                                                             \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class tagb, class A1b, class A2b, class A3b, class A4b>                                                                                                                                    \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<(number_category<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::value == category) && (number_category<detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b> >::value == category),                                                                          \
+           detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                                                                  \
+           detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b> > > ::type                                                                                                                                                 \
+   func(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg, const detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b>& a)                                        \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                                                                \
+             detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, detail::expression<tagb, A1b, A2b, A3b, A4b> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>(), arg, a); \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+           is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_on> >::value && (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                     \
+           detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                        \
+           number<Backend, et_on>, Arithmetic> > ::type                                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg, const Arithmetic& a)                                                                                                                                               \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             number<Backend, et_on>, Arithmetic > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))<Backend>(), arg, a);                                                                                                                         \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                          \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+           is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value && (number_category<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::value == category),                                              \
+           detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                                                             \
+               detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                                                                  \
+           detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, Arithmetic> > ::type                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+   func(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg, const Arithmetic& a)                                                                                                             \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                                                                \
+             detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, Arithmetic > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type > (), arg, a);                                  \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+           is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_on> >::value && (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                     \
+           detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                                                             \
+               detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                        \
+           Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_on> > > ::type                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+   func(const Arithmetic& arg, const number<Backend, et_on>& a)                                                                                                                                              \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                                                      \
+             Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_on> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend > (), arg, a);                                                                                                                          \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                          \
+       inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+           is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value && (number_category<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::value == category),                                              \
+           detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                                                             \
+               detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                                                                  \
+           Arithmetic, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > > ::type                                                                                                                                                                                   \
+   func(const Arithmetic& arg, const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& a)                                                                                                            \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                                                                \
+             Arithmetic, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type > (), arg, a);                                   \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<(number_category<Backend>::value == category), number<Backend, et_off> >::type                                                                                                                                                                                             \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_off>& arg, const number<Backend, et_off>& a)                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg, a);                                                                                                                                                  \
+      number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)(result.backend(), arg.backend(), a.backend());                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \
+       is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_off> >::value && (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                        \
+       number<Backend, et_off> >::type                                                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_off>& arg, const Arithmetic& a)                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg);                                                                                                                                                     \
+      number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+      (result.backend(), arg.backend(), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(a));                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+   template <class Backend, class Arithmetic>                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \
+       is_compatible_arithmetic_type<Arithmetic, number<Backend, et_off> >::value && (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                        \
+       number<Backend, et_off> >::type                                                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+   func(const Arithmetic& a, const number<Backend, et_off>& arg)                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg);                                                                                                                                                     \
+      number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \
+      (result.backend(), number<Backend, et_off>::canonical_value(a), arg.backend());                                                                                                                                                                      \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \
+   }\
+   BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_CXX11_RVALUE(func, category)
+
+#define HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(func, Arg2, category)                                                                                                                                                            \
+   template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>                                                                                                                                                     \
+       inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                 \
+           (number_category<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::value == category),                                                                                                                          \
+           detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+               detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                           \
+           detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, Arg2> > ::type                                                                                                                                                   \
+                                                           func(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg, Arg2 const& a)                                                                                  \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>,                                         \
+             detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>, Arg2 > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type > (), arg, a); \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                         \
+       inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                 \
+           (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                                                           \
+           detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                      \
+               detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                                 \
+           number<Backend, et_on>, Arg2> > ::type                                                                                                                                                                    \
+                                          func(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg, Arg2 const& a)                                                                                                                    \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+      return detail::expression<                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+                 detail::function, detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend>,                                                                                                               \
+             number<Backend, et_on>, Arg2 > (detail::BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct)) < Backend > (), arg, a);                                                                                        \
+   }                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+   template <class Backend>                                                                                                                                                                                         \
+   inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+       (number_category<Backend>::value == category),                                                                                                                                                               \
+       number<Backend, et_off> >::type                                                                                                                                                                              \
+   func(const number<Backend, et_off>& arg, Arg2 const& a)                                                                                                                                                          \
+   {                                                                                                                                                                                                                \
+      detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg, a);                                                                                                           \
+      number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;                                                                                                                            \
+      using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                                                                                                                                                                   \
+      BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                                                                                                                                                                       \
+      (result.backend(), arg.backend(), a);                                                                                                                                                                         \
+      return result;                                                                                                                                                                                 \
+   }
+
+#define HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(func, Arg2, category)                  \
+   namespace detail {                                                   \
+   template <class Backend>                                             \
+   struct BOOST_JOIN(category, BOOST_JOIN(func, _funct))                \
+   {                                                                    \
+      template <class Arg>                                              \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, Backend const& arg, Arg a) const \
+      {                                                                 \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                    \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                        \
+         (result, arg, a);                                              \
+      }                                                                 \
+      template <class U, class Arg>                                              \
+      BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(U& result, Backend const& arg, Arg a) const \
+      {                                                                 \
+         using default_ops::BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func);                    \
+         Backend temp;                                                  \
+         BOOST_JOIN(eval_, func)                                        \
+         (temp, arg, a);                                                \
+         result = std::move(temp);                                  \
+      }                                                                 \
+   };                                                                   \
+   }                                                                    \
+                                                                        \
+   HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(func, Arg2, category)
+
+// clang-format on
+
+namespace detail {
+template <class Backend>
+struct abs_funct
+{
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, const Backend& arg) const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_abs;
+      eval_abs(result, arg);
+   }
+};
+template <class Backend>
+struct conj_funct
+{
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, const Backend& arg) const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_conj;
+      eval_conj(result, arg);
+   }
+   //
+   // To allow for mixed complex/scalar arithmetic where conj is called on the scalar type (as in Eigen)
+   // we provide an overload that will promote the arg to the distination type:
+   //
+   template <class Other>
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<Other, Backend>::value>::type operator()(Other& result, const Backend& arg) const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_conj;
+      Other t(arg);
+      eval_conj(result, t);
+   }
+};
+template <class Backend>
+struct proj_funct
+{
+   BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Backend& result, const Backend& arg) const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_proj;
+      eval_proj(result, arg);
+   }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<typename detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type>::value != number_kind_complex,
+                                    detail::expression<
+                                        detail::function, detail::abs_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> > >::type
+abs(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   return detail::expression<
+       detail::function, detail::abs_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >(
+       detail::abs_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>(), arg);
+}
+template <class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value != number_kind_complex,
+                             detail::expression<
+                                 detail::function, detail::abs_funct<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on> > >::type
+abs(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg)
+{
+   return detail::expression<
+       detail::function, detail::abs_funct<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on> >(
+       detail::abs_funct<Backend>(), arg);
+}
+template <class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value != number_kind_complex, number<Backend, et_off> >::type
+abs(const number<Backend, et_off>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   using default_ops::eval_abs;
+   eval_abs(result.backend(), arg.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR detail::expression<
+    detail::function, detail::conj_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >
+conj(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   return detail::expression<
+       detail::function, detail::conj_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >(
+       detail::conj_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>(), arg);
+}
+template <class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR detail::expression<
+    detail::function, detail::conj_funct<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on> >
+conj(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg)
+{
+   return detail::expression<
+       detail::function, detail::conj_funct<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on> >(
+       detail::conj_funct<Backend>(), arg);
+}
+template <class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR number<Backend, et_off>
+conj(const number<Backend, et_off>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   using default_ops::eval_conj;
+   eval_conj(result.backend(), arg.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR detail::expression<
+    detail::function, detail::proj_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >
+proj(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& arg)
+{
+   return detail::expression<
+       detail::function, detail::proj_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>, detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >(
+       detail::proj_funct<typename detail::backend_type<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::type>(), arg);
+}
+template <class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR detail::expression<
+    detail::function, detail::proj_funct<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on> >
+proj(const number<Backend, et_on>& arg)
+{
+   return detail::expression<
+       detail::function, detail::proj_funct<Backend>, number<Backend, et_on> >(
+       detail::proj_funct<Backend>(), arg);
+}
+template <class Backend>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR number<Backend, et_off>
+proj(const number<Backend, et_off>& arg)
+{
+   detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, et_off> > precision_guard(arg);
+   number<Backend, et_off>                                                    result;
+   using default_ops::eval_proj;
+   eval_proj(result.backend(), arg.backend());
+   return result;
+}
+
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(fabs, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(sqrt, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(floor, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(ceil, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(trunc, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(round, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(exp, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(exp2, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(log, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(log10, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(cos, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(sin, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(tan, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(asin, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(acos, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(atan, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(cosh, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(sinh, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(tanh, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(log2, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(nearbyint, number_kind_floating_point)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(rint, number_kind_floating_point)
+
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(ldexp, short, number_kind_floating_point)
+//HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(frexp, short*, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(ldexp, int, number_kind_floating_point)
+//HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(frexp, int*, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(ldexp, long, number_kind_floating_point)
+//HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(frexp, long*, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(ldexp, long long, number_kind_floating_point)
+//HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(frexp, long long*, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(pow, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(fmod, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(fmax, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(fmin, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(atan2, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(fdim, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(hypot, number_kind_floating_point)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(remainder, number_kind_floating_point)
+
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(logb, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(scalbn, short, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(scalbln, short, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(scalbn, int, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(scalbln, int, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(scalbn, long, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(scalbln, long, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(scalbn, long long, number_kind_floating_point)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR_B(scalbln, long long, number_kind_floating_point)
+
+//
+// Complex functions:
+//
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(exp, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(log, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(log10, number_kind_complex)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(pow, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(sqrt, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(sin, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(cos, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(tan, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(asin, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(acos, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(atan, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(sinh, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(cosh, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(tanh, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(asinh, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(acosh, number_kind_complex)
+UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR(atanh, number_kind_complex)
+
+//
+// Integer functions:
+//
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(gcd, number_kind_integer)
+BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(lcm, number_kind_integer)
+HETERO_BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR(pow, unsigned, number_kind_integer)
+
+#undef BINARY_OP_FUNCTOR
+#undef UNARY_OP_FUNCTOR
+
+//
+// ilogb:
+//
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename Backend::exponent_type>::type
+ilogb(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& val)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_ilogb;
+   return eval_ilogb(val.backend());
+}
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline BOOST_MP_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<number_category<detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4> >::value == number_kind_floating_point, typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type::backend_type::exponent_type>::type
+ilogb(const detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& val)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_ilogb;
+   typename multiprecision::detail::expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type arg(val);
+   return eval_ilogb(arg.backend());
+}
+
+} //namespace multiprecision
+
+namespace math {
+
+
+//
+// Overload of Boost.Math functions that find the wrong overload when used with number:
+//
+namespace detail {
+
+template <class T>
+T sinc_pi_imp(T);
+template <class T, class Policy>
+T sinhc_pi_imp(T, const Policy&);
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> sinc_pi(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& x)
+{
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(x);
+   return detail::sinc_pi_imp(x);
+}
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> sinc_pi(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& x, const Policy&)
+{
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(x);
+   return detail::sinc_pi_imp(x);
+}
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> sinhc_pi(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& x)
+{
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(x);
+   return detail::sinhc_pi_imp(x, boost::math::policies::policy<>());
+}
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Policy>
+inline multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> sinhc_pi(const multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& x, const Policy& pol)
+{
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::scoped_default_precision<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> > precision_guard(x, pol);
+   return detail::sinhc_pi_imp(x, pol);
+}
+
+using boost::multiprecision::gcd;
+using boost::multiprecision::lcm;
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+} // namespace math
+
+namespace integer {
+
+using boost::multiprecision::gcd;
+using boost::multiprecision::lcm;
+
+} // namespace integer
+
+} // namespace boost
+
+//
+// This has to come last of all:
+//
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/no_et_ops.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/et_ops.hpp>
+//
+// min/max overloads:
+//
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/min_max.hpp>
+
+#endif