moai-adk 0.25.4__py3-none-any.whl → 0.41.0__py3-none-any.whl

moai_adk/templates/.claude/skills/moai-lang-scala/modules/functional-programming.md

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+# Scala 3.4 Functional Programming
+
+Comprehensive coverage of Scala 3.4 functional programming features including Given/Using, Type Classes, Enums, Opaque Types, and Extension Methods.
+
+## Context7 Library Mappings
+
+```
+/scala/scala3 - Scala 3.4 language reference
+/scala/scala-library - Standard library
+/typelevel/cats - Cats 2.10 functional abstractions
+```
+
+---
+
+## Extension Methods
+
+Type-safe extensions without implicit classes:
+
+### Basic Extensions
+
+```scala
+extension (s: String)
+  def words: List[String] = s.split("\\s+").toList
+  def truncate(maxLen: Int): String =
+    if s.length <= maxLen then s else s.take(maxLen - 3) + "..."
+  def isBlank: Boolean = s.trim.isEmpty
+  def toSlug: String = s.toLowerCase.replaceAll("\\s+", "-")
+
+// Usage
+val text = "Hello World"
+text.words      // List("Hello", "World")
+text.truncate(8) // "Hello..."
+text.toSlug     // "hello-world"
+```
+
+### Generic Extensions
+
+```scala
+extension [A](list: List[A])
+  def second: Option[A] = list.drop(1).headOption
+  def penultimate: Option[A] = list.dropRight(1).lastOption
+  def intersperse(separator: A): List[A] =
+    list.flatMap(a => List(separator, a)).drop(1)
+
+extension [A](opt: Option[A])
+  def orElseThrow(msg: => String): A =
+    opt.getOrElse(throw new NoSuchElementException(msg))
+  def toEither[E](error: => E): Either[E, A] =
+    opt.fold(Left(error))(Right(_))
+```
+
+### Conditional Extensions
+
+```scala
+extension [A](value: A)
+  def applyIf(cond: Boolean)(f: A => A): A =
+    if cond then f(value) else value
+  def let[B](f: A => B): B = f(value)
+  def also(f: A => Unit): A = { f(value); value }
+
+// Usage
+val result = "hello"
+  .applyIf(shouldUppercase)(_.toUpperCase)
+  .let(s => s"[$s]")
+  .also(println)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Given and Using (Context Parameters)
+
+Modern replacement for Scala 2 implicits:
+
+### Type Class Pattern
+
+```scala
+trait JsonEncoder[A]:
+  def encode(value: A): String
+
+trait JsonDecoder[A]:
+  def decode(json: String): Either[String, A]
+
+// Type class instances
+given JsonEncoder[String] with
+  def encode(value: String): String = s"\"$value\""
+
+given JsonEncoder[Int] with
+  def encode(value: Int): String = value.toString
+
+given JsonEncoder[Boolean] with
+  def encode(value: Boolean): String = value.toString
+
+// Derived instances
+given [A](using encoder: JsonEncoder[A]): JsonEncoder[List[A]] with
+  def encode(value: List[A]): String =
+    value.map(encoder.encode).mkString("[", ",", "]")
+
+given [A](using encoder: JsonEncoder[A]): JsonEncoder[Option[A]] with
+  def encode(value: Option[A]): String =
+    value.fold("null")(encoder.encode)
+
+given [K, V](using 
+  keyEnc: JsonEncoder[K], 
+  valEnc: JsonEncoder[V]
+): JsonEncoder[Map[K, V]] with
+  def encode(value: Map[K, V]): String =
+    val pairs = value.map { case (k, v) =>
+      s"${keyEnc.encode(k)}:${valEnc.encode(v)}"
+    }
+    pairs.mkString("{", ",", "}")
+```
+
+### Using Context Functions
+
+```scala
+def toJson[A](value: A)(using encoder: JsonEncoder[A]): String =
+  encoder.encode(value)
+
+def fromJson[A](json: String)(using decoder: JsonDecoder[A]): Either[String, A] =
+  decoder.decode(json)
+
+// Context functions for cleaner APIs
+type Encoded[A] = JsonEncoder[A] ?=> String
+
+def encodeAll[A](values: List[A]): Encoded[A] =
+  values.map(v => summon[JsonEncoder[A]].encode(v)).mkString(",")
+
+// Usage
+val json = toJson(List(1, 2, 3))  // "[1,2,3]"
+val encoded = encodeAll(List("a", "b"))  // "\"a\",\"b\""
+```
+
+### Given Priority and Imports
+
+```scala
+// Import all givens from a companion
+import JsonEncoder.given
+
+// Import specific givens
+import JsonEncoder.{given JsonEncoder[String]}
+
+// Define priority with explicit types
+given lowPriority: JsonEncoder[Any] = ???
+given highPriority: JsonEncoder[String] = ???
+
+// Using clauses for multiple contexts
+def process[A](value: A)(using 
+  enc: JsonEncoder[A],
+  ord: Ordering[A],
+  show: Show[A]
+): String = ???
+```
+
+---
+
+## Enum Types and ADTs
+
+Algebraic data types with exhaustive pattern matching:
+
+### Simple Enums
+
+```scala
+enum Color:
+  case Red, Green, Blue
+
+enum DayOfWeek:
+  case Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday
+  
+  def isWeekend: Boolean = this match
+    case Saturday | Sunday => true
+    case _ => false
+```
+
+### Parameterized Enums
+
+```scala
+enum Color(val hex: String):
+  case Red extends Color("#FF0000")
+  case Green extends Color("#00FF00")
+  case Blue extends Color("#0000FF")
+  case Custom(override val hex: String) extends Color(hex)
+
+enum HttpStatus(val code: Int, val message: String):
+  case Ok extends HttpStatus(200, "OK")
+  case Created extends HttpStatus(201, "Created")
+  case BadRequest extends HttpStatus(400, "Bad Request")
+  case NotFound extends HttpStatus(404, "Not Found")
+  case InternalError extends HttpStatus(500, "Internal Server Error")
+```
+
+### Generic Enums (ADTs)
+
+```scala
+enum Result[+E, +A]:
+  case Success(value: A)
+  case Failure(error: E)
+
+  def map[B](f: A => B): Result[E, B] = this match
+    case Success(a) => Success(f(a))
+    case Failure(e) => Failure(e)
+
+  def flatMap[E2 >: E, B](f: A => Result[E2, B]): Result[E2, B] = this match
+    case Success(a) => f(a)
+    case Failure(e) => Failure(e)
+
+  def fold[B](onFailure: E => B, onSuccess: A => B): B = this match
+    case Success(a) => onSuccess(a)
+    case Failure(e) => onFailure(e)
+
+enum Tree[+A]:
+  case Leaf(value: A)
+  case Branch(left: Tree[A], right: Tree[A])
+
+  def map[B](f: A => B): Tree[B] = this match
+    case Leaf(a) => Leaf(f(a))
+    case Branch(l, r) => Branch(l.map(f), r.map(f))
+
+  def fold[B](onLeaf: A => B)(onBranch: (B, B) => B): B = this match
+    case Leaf(a) => onLeaf(a)
+    case Branch(l, r) => onBranch(l.fold(onLeaf)(onBranch), r.fold(onLeaf)(onBranch))
+```
+
+---
+
+## Opaque Types
+
+Zero-cost type abstractions:
+
+### Basic Opaque Types
+
+```scala
+object UserId:
+  opaque type UserId = Long
+  
+  def apply(id: Long): UserId = id
+  def fromString(s: String): Option[UserId] = s.toLongOption
+  
+  extension (id: UserId)
+    def value: Long = id
+    def asString: String = id.toString
+
+export UserId.UserId
+```
+
+### Validated Opaque Types
+
+```scala
+object Email:
+  opaque type Email = String
+  
+  private val emailRegex = "^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$".r
+  
+  def apply(email: String): Either[String, Email] =
+    if emailRegex.matches(email) then Right(email)
+    else Left(s"Invalid email format: $email")
+  
+  def unsafeApply(email: String): Email = email
+  
+  extension (email: Email)
+    def value: String = email
+    def domain: String = email.split("@").last
+    def localPart: String = email.split("@").head
+
+object NonEmptyString:
+  opaque type NonEmptyString = String
+  
+  def apply(s: String): Option[NonEmptyString] =
+    Option.when(s.nonEmpty)(s)
+  
+  def unsafeApply(s: String): NonEmptyString =
+    require(s.nonEmpty, "String must not be empty")
+    s
+  
+  extension (nes: NonEmptyString)
+    def value: String = nes
+    def length: Int = nes.length
+```
+
+### Refined Types Pattern
+
+```scala
+object PositiveInt:
+  opaque type PositiveInt = Int
+  
+  def apply(n: Int): Either[String, PositiveInt] =
+    if n > 0 then Right(n)
+    else Left(s"$n is not positive")
+  
+  extension (n: PositiveInt)
+    def value: Int = n
+    def +(other: PositiveInt): PositiveInt = n + other
+    def *(other: PositiveInt): PositiveInt = n * other
+
+object Percentage:
+  opaque type Percentage = Double
+  
+  def apply(value: Double): Either[String, Percentage] =
+    if value >= 0 && value <= 100 then Right(value)
+    else Left(s"$value is not a valid percentage (0-100)")
+  
+  extension (p: Percentage)
+    def value: Double = p
+    def asFraction: Double = p / 100.0
+```
+
+---
+
+## Union and Intersection Types
+
+### Union Types
+
+```scala
+// Type-safe unions without wrapper types
+type StringOrInt = String | Int
+
+def describe(value: StringOrInt): String = value match
+  case s: String => s"String: $s"
+  case i: Int => s"Int: $i"
+
+// Complex unions
+type JsonPrimitive = String | Int | Double | Boolean | Null
+type JsonValue = JsonPrimitive | List[JsonValue] | Map[String, JsonValue]
+
+def processJson(json: JsonValue): String = json match
+  case s: String => s"string: $s"
+  case n: Int => s"int: $n"
+  case d: Double => s"double: $d"
+  case b: Boolean => s"bool: $b"
+  case null => "null"
+  case l: List[?] => s"array[${l.size}]"
+  case m: Map[?, ?] => s"object[${m.size}]"
+```
+
+### Intersection Types
+
+```scala
+trait HasName:
+  def name: String
+
+trait HasAge:
+  def age: Int
+
+trait HasEmail:
+  def email: String
+
+// Combining traits
+type Person = HasName & HasAge
+type Contact = HasName & HasEmail
+type FullProfile = HasName & HasAge & HasEmail
+
+def greet(person: Person): String =
+  s"Hello ${person.name}, age ${person.age}"
+
+def sendEmail(contact: Contact): Unit =
+  println(s"Sending to ${contact.email}")
+
+// Implementation
+case class User(name: String, age: Int, email: String) 
+  extends HasName, HasAge, HasEmail
+
+val user = User("John", 30, "john@example.com")
+greet(user)      // Works - User is a Person
+sendEmail(user)  // Works - User is a Contact
+```
+
+---
+
+## Match Types
+
+Type-level computation and pattern matching:
+
+```scala
+// Basic match types
+type Elem[X] = X match
+  case String => Char
+  case Array[t] => t
+  case List[t] => t
+  case Iterable[t] => t
+
+val charElem: Elem[String] = 'a'
+val intElem: Elem[List[Int]] = 42
+
+// Recursive match types
+type Flatten[T] = T match
+  case List[List[t]] => Flatten[List[t]]
+  case List[t] => List[t]
+  case t => t
+
+// Head and Tail for tuples
+type Head[T <: Tuple] = T match
+  case h *: t => h
+  case EmptyTuple => Nothing
+
+type Tail[T <: Tuple] = T match
+  case h *: t => t
+  case EmptyTuple => EmptyTuple
+
+// Concat for tuples
+type Concat[T <: Tuple, U <: Tuple] = T match
+  case EmptyTuple => U
+  case h *: t => h *: Concat[t, U]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Inline and Compile-Time Evaluation
+
+```scala
+// Inline methods
+inline def debug(inline msg: String): Unit =
+  if isDebugEnabled then println(s"[DEBUG] $msg")
+
+inline def choose[A](inline cond: Boolean, inline a: A, inline b: A): A =
+  if cond then a else b
+
+// Compile-time operations
+import scala.compiletime.*
+
+inline def typeNameOf[T]: String = constValue[T].toString
+
+inline def sumValues[T <: Tuple]: Int = inline erasedValue[T] match
+  case _: EmptyTuple => 0
+  case _: (h *: t) => constValue[h & Int] + sumValues[t]
+
+// Selective compilation
+inline def platformCode(): Unit =
+  inline if constValue[scala.util.Properties.isWin] then
+    println("Windows")
+  else
+    println("Unix-like")
+```
+
+---
+
+## Best Practices
+
+Extension Methods:
+- Group related extensions in a single extension block
+- Use descriptive names that read naturally with the type
+- Consider providing both safe (Option-returning) and unsafe variants
+
+Given/Using:
+- Prefer given instances in companion objects for automatic discovery
+- Use explicit type annotations for complex derived instances
+- Import givens selectively to avoid ambiguity
+
+Enums:
+- Use simple enums for finite sets of values
+- Use parameterized enums when values carry data
+- Prefer pattern matching over isInstanceOf checks
+
+Opaque Types:
+- Always provide a smart constructor that validates input
+- Export the type alias from the companion object
+- Use extensions for all instance methods
+
+---
+
+Last Updated: 2026-01-06
+Version: 2.0.0