mirascope 1.0.5__py3-none-any.whl → 2.1.1__py3-none-any.whl

mirascope/ops/_internal/instrumentation/llm/common.py

@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+"""Shared utilities and types for OpenTelemetry GenAI instrumentation."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Protocol, TypeAlias, runtime_checkable
+from typing_extensions import TypeIs
+
+from opentelemetry import trace as otel_trace
+from opentelemetry.semconv._incubating.attributes import (
+    gen_ai_attributes as GenAIAttributes,
+)
+from opentelemetry.semconv.attributes import error_attributes as ErrorAttributes
+from opentelemetry.trace import SpanKind, Status, StatusCode
+
+from .....llm import (
+    AnyTools,
+    AnyToolSchema,
+    BaseToolkit,
+    Format,
+    FormatSpec,
+    FormattableT,
+    Jsonable,
+    Message,
+    Model,
+    ModelId,
+    Params,
+    ProviderId,
+    ProviderTool,
+    RootResponse,
+    ToolkitT,
+)
+from ...configuration import get_tracer
+from ...utils import json_dumps
+from .cost import calculate_cost_async, calculate_cost_sync
+from .encode import (
+    map_finish_reason,
+    snapshot_from_root_response,
+    split_request_messages,
+)
+from .serialize import (
+    serialize_mirascope_content,
+    serialize_mirascope_cost,
+    serialize_mirascope_messages,
+    serialize_mirascope_usage,
+    serialize_tools,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Re-export for backwards compatibility
+_calculate_cost_sync = calculate_cost_sync
+_calculate_cost_async = calculate_cost_async
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from opentelemetry.trace import Span, Tracer
+    from opentelemetry.util.types import AttributeValue
+
+    from . import gen_ai_types
+else:
+    AttributeValue = None
+    Span = None
+    Tracer = None
+
+
+FormatParam: TypeAlias = FormatSpec[FormattableT] | None
+ParamsDict: TypeAlias = Mapping[str, str | int | float | bool | Sequence[str] | None]
+SpanAttributes: TypeAlias = Mapping[str, AttributeValue]
+AttributeSetter: TypeAlias = Callable[[str, AttributeValue], None]
+ParamsValue = str | int | float | bool | Sequence[str] | None
+
+
+@dataclass(slots=True)
+class SpanContext:
+    """Container for a GenAI span and its associated dropped parameters."""
+
+    span: Span | None
+    """The active span, if any."""
+
+    dropped_params: dict[str, Jsonable]
+    """Parameters that could not be recorded as span attributes."""
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class Identifiable(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for objects with an optional ID attribute."""
+
+    id: str | None
+    """Optional ID attribute."""
+
+
+_PARAM_ATTRIBUTE_MAP: Mapping[str, str] = {
+    "temperature": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_TEMPERATURE,
+    "max_tokens": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_MAX_TOKENS,
+    "max_output_tokens": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_MAX_TOKENS,
+    "max_completion_tokens": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_MAX_TOKENS,
+    "top_p": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_TOP_P,
+    "top_k": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_TOP_K,
+    "frequency_penalty": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_FREQUENCY_PENALTY,
+    "presence_penalty": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_PRESENCE_PENALTY,
+    "seed": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_SEED,
+    "stop_sequences": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_STOP_SEQUENCES,
+    "stop": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_STOP_SEQUENCES,
+    "n": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_CHOICE_COUNT,
+    "choice_count": GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_CHOICE_COUNT,
+}
+
+
+def record_exception(span: Span, exc: Exception) -> None:
+    """Record exception details on span following OpenTelemetry semantic conventions."""
+    span.record_exception(exc)
+    span.set_attribute(ErrorAttributes.ERROR_TYPE, exc.__class__.__name__)
+    error_message = str(exc)
+    if error_message:
+        span.set_attribute("error.message", error_message)
+    span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.ERROR, error_message))
+
+
+def _infer_output_type(format_obj: FormatParam) -> str:
+    """Infer the GenAI output type from the format parameter."""
+    if format_obj is None:
+        return GenAIAttributes.GenAiOutputTypeValues.TEXT.value
+    return GenAIAttributes.GenAiOutputTypeValues.JSON.value
+
+
+def _apply_param_attributes(
+    attrs: dict[str, AttributeValue], params: ParamsDict
+) -> None:
+    """Apply model parameters as span attributes."""
+    if not params:
+        return
+
+    for key, attr_key in _PARAM_ATTRIBUTE_MAP.items():
+        if key not in params:
+            continue
+        value = params[key]
+        if value is None:
+            continue
+        if key in {"stop", "stop_sequences"} and isinstance(value, str):
+            value = [value]
+        attrs[attr_key] = value
+
+
+def _set_json_attribute(
+    setter: AttributeSetter,
+    *,
+    key: str,
+    payload: (
+        gen_ai_types.SystemInstructions
+        | gen_ai_types.InputMessages
+        | gen_ai_types.OutputMessages
+    ),
+) -> None:
+    """Assign a JSON-serialized attribute to a span."""
+    if not payload:
+        return
+    setter(key, json_dumps(payload))
+
+
+def _assign_request_message_attributes(
+    setter: AttributeSetter,
+    *,
+    messages: Sequence[Message],
+) -> None:
+    """Assign request message attributes to a span."""
+    system_payload, input_payload = split_request_messages(messages)
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        setter,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_SYSTEM_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        payload=system_payload,
+    )
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        setter,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_INPUT_MESSAGES,
+        payload=input_payload,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_request_attributes(
+    *,
+    operation: str,
+    provider: ProviderId,
+    model_id: ModelId,
+    messages: Sequence[Message],
+    tools: AnyTools | None,
+    format: FormatParam,
+    params: ParamsDict,
+) -> dict[str, AttributeValue]:
+    """Build GenAI request attributes for a span."""
+    attrs: dict[str, AttributeValue] = {
+        GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_OPERATION_NAME: operation,
+        GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_PROVIDER_NAME: provider,
+        GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_REQUEST_MODEL: model_id,
+        GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_OUTPUT_TYPE: _infer_output_type(format),
+    }
+    _apply_param_attributes(attrs, params)
+
+    _assign_request_message_attributes(
+        attrs.__setitem__,
+        messages=messages,
+    )
+
+    tool_schemas: list[AnyToolSchema | ProviderTool] = []
+    if tools is None:
+        tool_schemas = []
+    elif isinstance(tools, BaseToolkit):
+        tool_schemas = list(tools.tools)
+    else:
+        tool_schemas = list(tools)
+
+    if isinstance(format, Format) and format.mode == "tool":
+        tool_schemas.append(format.create_tool_schema())
+
+    tool_payload = serialize_tools(tool_schemas)
+    if tool_payload:
+        # The incubating semconv module does not yet expose a constant for this key.
+        attrs["gen_ai.tool.definitions"] = tool_payload
+
+    return attrs
+
+
+def _extract_response_id(
+    raw: dict[str, str | int] | str | Identifiable | None,
+) -> str | None:
+    """Extract response ID from raw response data."""
+    if isinstance(raw, dict):
+        for key in ("id", "response_id", "responseId"):
+            value = raw.get(key)
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                return value
+    elif isinstance(raw, Identifiable):
+        return raw.id
+    return None
+
+
+def attach_response(
+    span: Span,
+    response: RootResponse[ToolkitT, FormattableT | None],
+    *,
+    request_messages: Sequence[Message],
+) -> None:
+    """Attach response attributes to a GenAI span."""
+    span.set_attribute(GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_RESPONSE_MODEL, response.model_id)
+    span.set_attribute(
+        GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_RESPONSE_FINISH_REASONS,
+        [map_finish_reason(response.finish_reason)],
+    )
+    response_id = _extract_response_id(getattr(response, "raw", None))
+    if response_id:
+        span.set_attribute(GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_RESPONSE_ID, response_id)
+
+    snapshot = snapshot_from_root_response(
+        response,
+        request_messages=request_messages,
+    )
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        span.set_attribute,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_SYSTEM_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        payload=snapshot.system_instructions,
+    )
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        span.set_attribute,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_INPUT_MESSAGES,
+        payload=snapshot.inputs,
+    )
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        span.set_attribute,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_OUTPUT_MESSAGES,
+        payload=snapshot.outputs,
+    )
+    if response.usage is not None:
+        span.set_attribute(
+            GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_USAGE_INPUT_TOKENS, response.usage.input_tokens
+        )
+        span.set_attribute(
+            GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_USAGE_OUTPUT_TOKENS, response.usage.output_tokens
+        )
+
+    # Mirascope-specific attributes
+    span.set_attribute(
+        "mirascope.response.messages", serialize_mirascope_messages(request_messages)
+    )
+    span.set_attribute(
+        "mirascope.response.content", serialize_mirascope_content(response.content)
+    )
+    if (usage_json := serialize_mirascope_usage(response.usage)) is not None:
+        span.set_attribute("mirascope.response.usage", usage_json)
+
+    # Calculate and attach cost if usage is available
+    if response.usage is not None:
+        cost = _calculate_cost_sync(
+            response.provider_id, response.model_id, response.usage
+        )
+        if cost is not None:
+            span.set_attribute(
+                "mirascope.response.cost",
+                serialize_mirascope_cost(
+                    input_cost=cost.input_cost_centicents,
+                    output_cost=cost.output_cost_centicents,
+                    total_cost=cost.total_cost_centicents,
+                    cache_read_cost=cost.cache_read_cost_centicents,
+                    cache_write_cost=cost.cache_write_cost_centicents,
+                ),
+            )
+
+
+async def attach_response_async(
+    span: Span,
+    response: RootResponse[ToolkitT, FormattableT | None],
+    *,
+    request_messages: Sequence[Message],
+) -> None:
+    """Attach response attributes to a GenAI span (async version for cost calculation)."""
+    span.set_attribute(GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_RESPONSE_MODEL, response.model_id)
+    span.set_attribute(
+        GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_RESPONSE_FINISH_REASONS,
+        [map_finish_reason(response.finish_reason)],
+    )
+    response_id = _extract_response_id(getattr(response, "raw", None))
+    if response_id:
+        span.set_attribute(GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_RESPONSE_ID, response_id)
+
+    snapshot = snapshot_from_root_response(
+        response,
+        request_messages=request_messages,
+    )
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        span.set_attribute,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_SYSTEM_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        payload=snapshot.system_instructions,
+    )
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        span.set_attribute,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_INPUT_MESSAGES,
+        payload=snapshot.inputs,
+    )
+    _set_json_attribute(
+        span.set_attribute,
+        key=GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_OUTPUT_MESSAGES,
+        payload=snapshot.outputs,
+    )
+    if response.usage is not None:
+        span.set_attribute(
+            GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_USAGE_INPUT_TOKENS, response.usage.input_tokens
+        )
+        span.set_attribute(
+            GenAIAttributes.GEN_AI_USAGE_OUTPUT_TOKENS, response.usage.output_tokens
+        )
+
+    # Mirascope-specific attributes
+    span.set_attribute(
+        "mirascope.response.messages", serialize_mirascope_messages(request_messages)
+    )
+    span.set_attribute(
+        "mirascope.response.content", serialize_mirascope_content(response.content)
+    )
+    if (usage_json := serialize_mirascope_usage(response.usage)) is not None:
+        span.set_attribute("mirascope.response.usage", usage_json)
+
+    # Calculate and attach cost if usage is available (async)
+    if response.usage is not None:
+        cost = await _calculate_cost_async(
+            response.provider_id, response.model_id, response.usage
+        )
+        if cost is not None:
+            span.set_attribute(
+                "mirascope.response.cost",
+                serialize_mirascope_cost(
+                    input_cost=cost.input_cost_centicents,
+                    output_cost=cost.output_cost_centicents,
+                    total_cost=cost.total_cost_centicents,
+                    cache_read_cost=cost.cache_read_cost_centicents,
+                    cache_write_cost=cost.cache_write_cost_centicents,
+                ),
+            )
+
+
+def _is_supported_param_value(value: object) -> TypeIs[ParamsValue]:
+    """Returns True if the value can be exported as an OTEL attribute."""
+    if isinstance(value, str | int | float | bool) or value is None:
+        return True
+    if isinstance(value, Sequence) and not isinstance(value, str | bytes):
+        return all(isinstance(item, str) for item in value)
+    return False
+
+
+def _normalize_dropped_value(value: object) -> Jsonable:
+    """Returns a JSON-safe representation for unsupported param values."""
+    if isinstance(value, str | int | float | bool) or value is None:
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, Mapping):
+        normalized: dict[str, Jsonable] = {}
+        for key, item in value.items():
+            normalized[str(key)] = _normalize_dropped_value(item)
+        return normalized
+    if isinstance(value, Sequence) and not isinstance(value, str | bytes | bytearray):
+        return [_normalize_dropped_value(item) for item in value]
+    try:
+        return str(value)
+    except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+        return f"<{type(value).__name__}>"
+
+
+def _params_as_mapping(params: Params) -> tuple[ParamsDict, dict[str, Jsonable]]:
+    """Returns supported params and a mapping of dropped params."""
+    filtered: dict[str, ParamsValue] = {}
+    dropped: dict[str, Jsonable] = {}
+    for key, value in params.items():
+        if _is_supported_param_value(value):
+            filtered[key] = value
+        else:
+            dropped[key] = _normalize_dropped_value(value)
+    return filtered, dropped
+
+
+def record_dropped_params(
+    span: Span,
+    dropped_params: Mapping[str, Jsonable],
+) -> None:
+    """Emit an event with JSON-encoded params that cannot become attributes.
+
+    See https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otel/common/ for the attribute type limits,
+    https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/semconv/gen-ai/gen-ai-events/ for the GenAI
+    guidance on recording richer payloads via events, and
+    https://opentelemetry.io/blog/2025/complex-attribute-types/ for the recommendation
+    to serialize unsupported complex types instead of dropping them outright.
+    """
+    if not dropped_params:
+        return None
+    payload = json_dumps(dropped_params)
+    span.add_event(
+        "gen_ai.request.params.untracked",
+        attributes={
+            "gen_ai.untracked_params.count": len(dropped_params),
+            "gen_ai.untracked_params.keys": list(dropped_params.keys()),
+            "gen_ai.untracked_params.json": payload,
+        },
+    )
+    return None
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def start_model_span(
+    model: Model,
+    *,
+    messages: Sequence[Message],
+    tools: AnyTools | None,
+    format: FormatParam,
+    activate: bool = True,
+) -> Iterator[SpanContext]:
+    """Context manager that yields a SpanContext for a model call."""
+    params, dropped_params = _params_as_mapping(model.params)
+    tracer = get_tracer()
+
+    if tracer is None or otel_trace is None:
+        yield SpanContext(None, dropped_params)
+        return
+
+    operation = GenAIAttributes.GenAiOperationNameValues.CHAT.value
+    attrs = _build_request_attributes(
+        operation=operation,
+        provider=model.provider_id,
+        model_id=model.model_id,
+        messages=messages,
+        tools=tools,
+        format=format,
+        params=params,
+    )
+    span_name = f"{operation} {model.model_id}"
+
+    if activate:
+        with tracer.start_as_current_span(
+            name=span_name,
+            kind=SpanKind.CLIENT,
+        ) as active_span:
+            for key, value in attrs.items():
+                active_span.set_attribute(key, value)
+            try:
+                yield SpanContext(active_span, dropped_params)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                record_exception(active_span, exc)
+                raise
+        return
+
+    span = tracer.start_span(
+        name=span_name,
+        kind=SpanKind.CLIENT,
+    )
+    for key, value in attrs.items():
+        span.set_attribute(key, value)
+    try:
+        yield SpanContext(span, dropped_params)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        record_exception(span, exc)
+        raise
+    finally:
+        span.end()

mirascope/ops/_internal/instrumentation/llm/cost.py

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+"""Cost calculation utilities for LLM instrumentation."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+from .....api._generated.token_cost import (
+    TokenCostCalculateRequestUsage,
+    TokenCostCalculateResponse,
+)
+from .....api.client import get_async_client, get_sync_client
+from .....llm.providers import get_provider_for_model
+from .....llm.providers.mirascope import MirascopeProvider
+from .....llm.responses.usage import Usage
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _is_via_router(model_id: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if the model_id routes through MirascopeProvider (Mirascope Router).
+
+    Args:
+        model_id: The full model ID (e.g., "openai/gpt-4o").
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the registered provider for this model is MirascopeProvider.
+    """
+    try:
+        provider = get_provider_for_model(model_id)
+        return isinstance(provider, MirascopeProvider)
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+def _normalize_model_id(model_id: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize model_id by stripping provider prefix and any :suffix.
+
+    Args:
+        model_id: The full model ID (e.g., "openai/gpt-4o:responses").
+
+    Returns:
+        The base model name (e.g., "gpt-4o").
+    """
+    # Strip provider prefix (e.g., "openai/gpt-4o" -> "gpt-4o")
+    if "/" in model_id:
+        model_id = model_id.split("/", 1)[1]
+    # Strip any :suffix (e.g., ":responses", ":completions")
+    return re.sub(r":.*$", "", model_id)
+
+
+def extract_cache_write_breakdown(usage: Usage) -> dict[str, float] | None:
+    """Extract cache write breakdown from Anthropic's raw usage data.
+
+    Returns a dict like {"ephemeral5m": 100, "ephemeral1h": 50} if available,
+    or None if the breakdown isn't available.
+    """
+    raw = usage.raw
+    if raw is None:
+        return None
+
+    # Check for Anthropic's cache_creation breakdown
+    cache_creation = getattr(raw, "cache_creation", None)
+    if cache_creation is None:
+        return None
+
+    ephemeral_5m = getattr(cache_creation, "ephemeral_5m_input_tokens", None)
+    ephemeral_1h = getattr(cache_creation, "ephemeral_1h_input_tokens", None)
+
+    if ephemeral_5m is None and ephemeral_1h is None:
+        return None
+
+    breakdown: dict[str, float] = {}
+    if ephemeral_5m is not None and ephemeral_5m > 0:
+        breakdown["ephemeral5m"] = float(ephemeral_5m)
+    if ephemeral_1h is not None and ephemeral_1h > 0:
+        breakdown["ephemeral1h"] = float(ephemeral_1h)
+
+    return breakdown if breakdown else None
+
+
+def calculate_cost_sync(
+    provider_id: str,
+    model_id: str,
+    usage: Usage,
+) -> TokenCostCalculateResponse | None:
+    """Calculate cost synchronously. Returns None on any failure."""
+    normalized_model = _normalize_model_id(model_id)
+    via_router = _is_via_router(model_id)
+    logger.debug(
+        "Calculating cost for provider=%s, model=%s (normalized=%s), "
+        "via_router=%s, usage=(input=%s, output=%s, cache_read=%s, cache_write=%s)",
+        provider_id,
+        model_id,
+        normalized_model,
+        via_router,
+        usage.input_tokens,
+        usage.output_tokens,
+        usage.cache_read_tokens,
+        usage.cache_write_tokens,
+    )
+    try:
+        client = get_sync_client()
+        logger.debug("Got sync client, making API request")
+        cache_breakdown = extract_cache_write_breakdown(usage)
+        if cache_breakdown:
+            logger.debug("Cache write breakdown: %s", cache_breakdown)
+        # Build usage kwargs, only including optional fields if they have values
+        usage_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "input_tokens": usage.input_tokens,
+            "output_tokens": usage.output_tokens,
+        }
+        if usage.cache_read_tokens:
+            usage_kwargs["cache_read_tokens"] = usage.cache_read_tokens
+        if usage.cache_write_tokens:
+            usage_kwargs["cache_write_tokens"] = usage.cache_write_tokens
+        if cache_breakdown:
+            usage_kwargs["cache_write_breakdown"] = cache_breakdown
+        result = client.token_cost.calculate(
+            provider=provider_id,
+            model=normalized_model,
+            usage=TokenCostCalculateRequestUsage(**usage_kwargs),
+            via_router=via_router,
+        )
+        logger.debug(
+            "Cost calculation result: input=%s, output=%s, total=%s centicents",
+            result.input_cost_centicents,
+            result.output_cost_centicents,
+            result.total_cost_centicents,
+        )
+        return result
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug("Failed to calculate cost", exc_info=True)
+        return None
+
+
+async def calculate_cost_async(
+    provider_id: str,
+    model_id: str,
+    usage: Usage,
+) -> TokenCostCalculateResponse | None:
+    """Calculate cost asynchronously. Returns None on any failure."""
+    normalized_model = _normalize_model_id(model_id)
+    via_router = _is_via_router(model_id)
+    logger.debug(
+        "Calculating cost (async) for provider=%s, model=%s (normalized=%s), "
+        "via_router=%s, usage=(input=%s, output=%s, cache_read=%s, cache_write=%s)",
+        provider_id,
+        model_id,
+        normalized_model,
+        via_router,
+        usage.input_tokens,
+        usage.output_tokens,
+        usage.cache_read_tokens,
+        usage.cache_write_tokens,
+    )
+    try:
+        client = get_async_client()
+        logger.debug("Got async client, making API request")
+        cache_breakdown = extract_cache_write_breakdown(usage)
+        if cache_breakdown:
+            logger.debug("Cache write breakdown: %s", cache_breakdown)
+        # Build usage kwargs, only including optional fields if they have values
+        usage_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "input_tokens": usage.input_tokens,
+            "output_tokens": usage.output_tokens,
+        }
+        if usage.cache_read_tokens:
+            usage_kwargs["cache_read_tokens"] = usage.cache_read_tokens
+        if usage.cache_write_tokens:
+            usage_kwargs["cache_write_tokens"] = usage.cache_write_tokens
+        if cache_breakdown:
+            usage_kwargs["cache_write_breakdown"] = cache_breakdown
+        result = await client.token_cost.calculate(
+            provider=provider_id,
+            model=normalized_model,
+            usage=TokenCostCalculateRequestUsage(**usage_kwargs),
+            via_router=via_router,
+        )
+        logger.debug(
+            "Cost calculation result (async): input=%s, output=%s, total=%s centicents",
+            result.input_cost_centicents,
+            result.output_cost_centicents,
+            result.total_cost_centicents,
+        )
+        return result
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug("Failed to calculate cost (async)", exc_info=True)
+        return None