langfun 0.1.2.dev202509120804__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.2.dev202512150805__py3-none-any.whl

langfun/env/interface.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1640 @@
+# Copyright 2025 The Langfun Authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Interfaces for environments, sandboxes and features."""
+
+import abc
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import enum
+import functools
+import os
+from typing import Annotated, Any, Callable, ContextManager, ClassVar, Iterator, Optional, Sequence, Type
+
+import pyglove as pg
+
+#
+# Environment errors.
+#
+
+
+class EnvironmentError(RuntimeError):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+  """Base class for environment errors."""
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      message: str,
+      *args,
+      environment: 'Environment',
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    self.environment = environment
+    super().__init__(f'[{environment.id}] {message}.', *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class EnvironmentOutageError(EnvironmentError):
+  """Error that indicates environment is offline."""
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      message: str | None = None,
+      *args,
+      offline_duration: float,
+      **kwargs
+  ):
+    self.offline_duration = offline_duration
+    super().__init__(
+        message or f'Environment is offline for {offline_duration} seconds.',
+        *args,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+
+class EnvironmentOverloadError(EnvironmentError):
+  """Error that indicates environment is overloaded."""
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      message: str | None = None,
+      *args,
+      **kwargs
+  ):
+    super().__init__(
+        message or 'All sandboxes in the pool are either busy or dead.',
+        *args, **kwargs
+    )
+
+
+class SandboxError(RuntimeError):
+  """Base class for sandbox errors."""
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      message: str,
+      *args,
+      sandbox: 'Sandbox',
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    self.sandbox = sandbox
+    super().__init__(f'[{sandbox.id}] {message}.', *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class SandboxStateError(SandboxError):
+  """Error that indicates sandbox is in an unexpected state.
+
+  This error is raised when the sandbox is in an unexpected state and cannot
+  be recovered. As a result, the sandbox will be shutdown and user session
+  will be terminated.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      message: str | None = None,
+      *args,
+      code: str | None = None,
+      **kwargs
+  ):
+    default_message = 'Sandbox is in an unexpected state'
+    if code is not None:
+      default_message = (
+          f'Sandbox is in an unexpected state after executing code: {code!r}'
+      )
+    super().__init__(message or default_message, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class FeatureTeardownError(SandboxError):
+  """Base class for feature errors."""
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      message: str | None = None,
+      *args,
+      errors: dict[str, BaseException],
+      **kwargs
+  ):
+    self.errors = errors
+    super().__init__(
+        (message or
+         f'Feature teardown failed with user-defined errors: {errors}.'),
+        *args,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+  @property
+  def has_non_sandbox_state_error(self) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the feature teardown error has non-sandbox state error."""
+    return any(
+        not isinstance(e, SandboxStateError) for e in self.errors.values()
+    )
+
+
+class SessionTeardownError(SandboxError):
+  """Base class for session errors."""
+
+  def __init__(
+      self,
+      message: str | None = None,
+      *args,
+      errors: dict[str, BaseException],
+      **kwargs
+  ):
+    self.errors = errors
+    super().__init__(
+        (message or
+         f'Session teardown failed with user-defined errors: {errors}.'),
+        *args,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+  @property
+  def has_non_sandbox_state_error(self) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the feature teardown error has non-sandbox state error."""
+    return any(
+        not isinstance(e, SandboxStateError) for e in self.errors.values()
+    )
+
+#
+# Interface for sandbox-based environment.
+#
+
+
+class Environment(pg.Object):
+  """Base class for an environment.
+
+  An **Environment** is the central component for managing sandboxes and
+  **Features**. It acts as an abstraction layer, hiding the implementation
+  details of the underlying container/sandboxing system
+  (e.g., Docker, virtual machines).
+
+  The core goal is to enable the development of features that are **agnostic**
+  to how or where they are executed (sandboxed or not).
+
+  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  ## Core Concepts
+
+  1.  **Sandbox-Based Features:** Features that require isolated execution
+      contexts (sandboxes). They become available as properties of the sandbox
+      object (e.g., `sandbox.feature1`). Applicability is determined by an image
+      ID regex.
+  2.  **Non-Sandbox-Based Features:** Features that run directly within the host
+      process or manage their own execution context outside of the Environment's
+      managed sandboxes. They are accessed directly via the Environment (e.g.,
+      `env.feature3()`).
+
+  How to Use:
+
+  The primary usage patterns are creating a **sandbox session** or directly
+  accessing a specific **Feature**, which transparently handles sandbox creation
+  if needed.
+
+  ```python
+  env = MyEnvironment(
+      image_ids=['image1', 'image2'],
+      features={
+          'feature1': Feature1(applicable_images=['image1.*']),
+          'feature2': Feature2(applicable_images=['image2.*']),
+          'feature3': Feature3(is_sandbox_based=False)
+      })
+
+  # Context manager for the Environment lifetime.
+  with env:
+
+    # 1. Access a specific sandbox directly.
+    # Upon exiting the context, the sandbox will be shutdown or returned to
+    # the pool for reuse.
+    with env.sandbox(image_id='image1') as sandbox:
+      # Execute a shell command inside the sandbox.
+      sandbox.shell('echo "hello world"')
+
+      # Access a sandbox-based feature (feature1 is applicable to image1).
+      sandbox.feature1.feature_method()
+
+      # Attempts to access inapplicable features will raise AttributeError:
+      # sandbox.feature2  # Not applicable to image1.
+      # sandbox.feature3  # Not sandbox-based.
+
+    # 2. Access a sandbox-based feature and let the Environment manage the
+    # sandbox. A suitable sandbox (e.g., one built from an image matching
+    # 'image1.*') will be provisioned, and the feature instance will be yielded.
+    with env.feature1() as feature1:
+      feature1.feature_method()
+
+    # 3. Access a non-sandbox-based feature.
+    with env.feature3() as feature3:
+      feature3.feature_method()
+  ```
+
+  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  ## Multi-tenancy and Pooling
+
+  The Environment supports multi-tenancy (working with multiple image types) and
+  pooling (reusing sandboxes) to amortize setup costs across different user
+  requests. Pooling is configured via the pool_size parameter.
+
+  | pool_size Value           | Behavior                                       |
+  |---------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
+  | 0 or (0, 0)	              | No pooling. Sandboxes are created and shut down|
+  |                           | on demand (useful for local development).      |
+  |---------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
+  | (MIN, MAX) tuple          | Global Pool: Applies the same minimum and      |
+  |                           | maximum pool size to sandboxes created from all|
+  |                           | specified images.                              |
+  |---------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
+  | {image_regex: (MIN, MAX)} | Per-Image Pool: Allows customizing pool        |
+  |                           | settings based on image ID regular expressions.|
+  |                           | (e.g., 'image1.*': (64, 256), '.*': (0, 256)). |
+
+
+  **Example 1: No Pooling (pool_size=0)**
+  Sandboxes are created and shutdown immediately upon session end.
+
+  ```python
+  env = MyEnvironment(image_ids=['image1', 'image2'], pool_size=0)
+
+  # Sandbox created and shutdown on demand.
+  with env.sandbox(image_id='image1') as sandbox1:
+    ...
+  ```
+
+  **Exaxmple 2: Global Pooling (pool_size=(0, 256))**
+  Up to 256 sandboxes will be created and pooled across both images as needed.
+  None are created initially.
+
+  ```python
+  env = MyEnvironment(
+      image_ids=['image1', 'image2'],
+      pool_size=(0, 256)
+  )
+  ```
+
+  **Example 3: Per-Image Custom Pooling**:
+  For images matching 'image1.*': 64 sandboxes are pre-created (MIN=64) and
+  pooled, up to a MAX of 256.
+  For all other images ('.*'): Sandboxes are created and pooled on demand
+  (MIN=0), up to a MAX of 256.
+
+  ```python
+  env = MyEnvironment(
+      image_ids=['image1', 'image2'],
+      pool_size={
+          'image1.*': (64, 256),
+          '.*': (0, 256),
+      }
+  )
+  ```
+
+  ## Handling Sandbox Failures
+
+  Sandboxes often run in distributed, ephemeral environments and must be treated
+  as fault-tolerant. Langfun provides a protocol for handling unexpected sandbox
+  state issues.
+
+  ### Communicating Errors
+  If a feature encounters an unexpected state in its sandbox (e.g., a process
+  died), it should raise `lf.env.SandboxStateError`.
+
+  The sandbox will be automatically shut down when its context manager exits.
+  The Environment handles replacement and ensures future requests are routed to
+  healthy sandboxes.
+
+  For example:
+  ```
+  with env:
+    with env.sandbox() as sb:
+      # If SandboxStateError is raised within this block, the sandbox
+      # will be forcefully shut down upon block exit.
+      sb.shell('echo hi')
+  ```
+
+  ### Robust User Code
+  A simple strategy for robust user code is to wrap critical operations in a
+  retry loop:
+  ```
+  while True:
+    try:
+      result = do_something_that_involves_sandbox()
+      break  # Success!
+    except lf.env.SandboxStateError:
+      # The sandbox failed; a new, healthy one will be provisioned on the next
+      # iteration.
+      # Wait briefly to avoid resource thrashing.
+      time.sleep(1)
+    except lf.env.EnvironmentOutageError:
+      # If the Environment is down for too long
+      # (past BaseEnvironment.outage_grace_period)
+      # and cannot provision a healthy replacement, this error is raised.
+      # The retry loop should be broken or an outer failure reported.
+      raise
+  ```
+  """
+
+  # Disable symbolic comparison and hashing for environment objects.
+  use_symbolic_comparison = False
+
+  @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+  class Id:
+    """Identifier for an environment."""
+    environment_id: str
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+      return self.environment_id
+
+    def working_dir(self, root_dir: str | None) -> str | None:
+      """Returns the download directory for the service."""
+      if root_dir is None:
+        return None
+      return os.path.join(root_dir, _make_path_compatible(self.environment_id))
+
+  class Status(enum.Enum):
+    """Environment state.
+
+    State transitions:
+
+    +---------------+               +-----------+
+    |  <CREATED>    | --(start)---> |  ONLINE   | -(shutdown or outage detected)
+    +---------------+      |        +-----------+              |
+                           |        +-----------+              |
+                           +------> | <OFFLINE> | <------------+
+                                    +-----------+
+    """
+    CREATED = 'created'
+    ONLINE = 'online'
+    SHUTTING_DOWN = 'shutting_down'
+    OFFLINE = 'offline'
+
+  features: Annotated[
+      dict[str, 'Feature'],
+      'Features to be exposed by the environment.'
+  ] = {}
+
+  _ENV_STACK: Annotated[
+      ClassVar[list['Environment']],
+      'Recording the environments stacked through context managers.'
+  ] = []
+
+  #
+  # Subclasses must implement:
+  #
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def id(self) -> Id:
+    """Returns the identifier for the environment."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def image_ids(self) -> list[str]:
+    """Returns the non-dynamic image IDs served by the environment."""
+
+  def image_id_for(self, feature: 'Feature') -> str:
+    """Returns the default image ID for the environment."""
+    for image_id in self.image_ids:
+      if feature.is_applicable(image_id):
+        return image_id
+    raise ValueError(
+        f'No image ID found for feature {feature.name} in {self.image_ids}.'
+    )
+
+  def non_sandbox_based_features(self) -> Iterator['Feature']:
+    """Returns non-sandbox-based features."""
+    for feature in self.features.values():
+      if not feature.is_sandbox_based:
+        yield feature
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def event_handler(self) -> 'EventHandler':
+    """Returns the event handler for the environment."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def status(self) -> Status:
+    """Returns the status of the environment."""
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def stats(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Returns the stats of the environment."""
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def start(self) -> None:
+    """Starts the environment.
+
+    Raises:
+      EnvironmentError: If the environment is not available.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def shutdown(self) -> None:
+    """Shuts down the environment.
+
+    IMPORTANT: This method shall not raise any exceptions.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def acquire(
+      self,
+      image_id: str | None = None,
+  ) -> 'Sandbox':
+    """Acquires a free sandbox from the environment.
+
+    Args:
+      image_id: The image ID to use for the sandbox. If None, it will be
+        automatically determined by the environment.
+
+    Returns:
+      A free sandbox from the environment.
+
+    Raises:
+      EnvironmentOutageError: If the environment is out of service.
+      EnvironmentOverloadError: If the environment is overloaded.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def new_session_id(self, feature_hint: str | None = None) -> str:
+    """Generates a new session ID."""
+
+  #
+  # Environment lifecycle.
+  #
+
+  @property
+  def is_online(self) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the environment is alive."""
+    return self.status == self.Status.ONLINE
+
+  def __enter__(self) -> 'Environment':
+    """Enters the environment and sets it as the current environment."""
+    self.start()
+    Environment._ENV_STACK.append(self)
+    return self
+
+  def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+    """Exits the environment and reset the current environment."""
+    assert Environment._ENV_STACK
+    Environment._ENV_STACK.pop()
+    self.shutdown()
+
+  @classmethod
+  def current(cls) -> Optional['Environment']:
+    """Returns the current environment."""
+    if not Environment._ENV_STACK:
+      return None
+    return Environment._ENV_STACK[-1]
+
+  #
+  # Environment operations.
+  #
+
+  def sandbox(
+      self,
+      session_id: str | None = None,
+      image_id: str | None = None,
+  ) -> ContextManager['Sandbox']:
+    """Gets a sandbox from the environment and starts a new user session."""
+    return self.acquire(image_id=image_id).new_session(
+        session_id or self.new_session_id()
+    )
+
+  def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+    """Gets a feature session from a free sandbox from the environment.
+
+    Example:
+      ```
+      with XboxEnvironment(
+          features={'selenium': SeleniumFeature()}
+      ) as env:
+        with env.selenium() as selenium:
+          driver = selenium.get_driver()
+      ```
+
+    Args:
+      name: The name of the feature.
+
+    Returns:
+      A callable `(image_id, *, session_id) -> ContextManager[Feature]` that
+      creates a context manager for the requested feature under a new client
+      session.
+    """
+    if name in self.features:
+      return _feature_session_creator(self, self.features[name])
+    raise AttributeError(name)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _sandbox_session_for_feature(
+    environment: Environment,
+    feature: 'Feature',
+    image_id: str | None = None,
+    session_id: str | None = None,
+) -> Iterator['Feature']:
+  """Returns a context manager for a session for a feature."""
+  assert feature.is_sandbox_based
+  if image_id is None:
+    image_id = environment.image_id_for(feature)
+  elif not feature.is_applicable(image_id):
+    raise ValueError(
+        f'Feature {feature.name!r} is not applicable to image {image_id!r}.'
+    )
+  sandbox = environment.acquire(image_id=image_id)
+  with sandbox.new_session(
+      session_id=session_id or environment.new_session_id(feature.name)
+  ):
+    yield sandbox.features[feature.name]
+
+
+def _feature_session_creator(environment: Environment, feature: 'Feature'):
+  """Returns a callable that returns a context manager for a feature session."""
+  def fn(session_id: str | None = None, image_id: str | None = None):
+    if feature.is_sandbox_based:
+      return _sandbox_session_for_feature(
+          environment, feature, image_id, session_id
+      )
+    assert image_id is None, (
+        'Non-sandbox based feature does not support image ID.'
+    )
+    return feature.new_session(
+        session_id or environment.new_session_id(feature.name)
+    )
+  return fn
+
+
+# Enable automatic conversion from str to Environment.Id.
+pg.typing.register_converter(str, Environment.Id, Environment.Id)
+
+
+class Sandbox(pg.Object):
+  """Interface for sandboxes.
+
+  A sandbox is a container that runs a single image with a set of features.
+  It will be brought up by the environment, setup the features, fullfill user
+  requests, and then tear down features and finally the sandbox itself.
+  """
+
+  # Disable symbolic comparison and hashing for sandbox objects.
+  use_symbolic_comparison = False
+
+  @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+  class Id:
+    """Identifier for a sandbox."""
+    environment_id: Environment.Id
+    image_id: str
+    sandbox_id: str
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+      return f'{self.environment_id}/{self.image_id}:{self.sandbox_id}'
+
+    def working_dir(self, root_dir: str | None) -> str | None:
+      """Returns the download directory for the sandbox."""
+      if root_dir is None:
+        return None
+      return os.path.join(
+          self.environment_id.working_dir(root_dir),
+          _make_path_compatible(self.image_id),
+          _make_path_compatible(self.sandbox_id)
+      )
+
+  class Status(enum.Enum):
+    r"""Sandbox state.
+
+    State transitions:
+
+                    (sandbox / feature
+    +------------+   teardown)            +---------------+
+    | <OFFLINE>  | <--------------------- | SHUTTING_DOWN |
+    +------------+                        +---------------+
+                                            ^     ^
+                                           /       \
+                          (setup failed)  /         \
+                                         /           \
+    +-----------+   (start)  +------------+           \
+    | <CREATED> | -------->  | SETTING_UP |            \
+    +-----------+         ^  +------------+             \
+                         /        |                      \
+                        /         | (sandbox /            \
+                       /          |  feature /session      \
+                      /           v  setup succeeded)       \
+                     /        +---------+                    \
+                    /         |  READY  |                     \
+                   /          +---------+                      \
+                  /                |                            \
+                 /                 |  (acquire)                  \
+                /                  v                              \
+               /              +----------+                         \
+              |               | ACQUIRED |                          \
+              |               +----------+                           |
+              |                    |                                 |
+              |                    |  (start_session)                |
+              |               +------------+                         |
+              |               | SETTING_UP |-- (setup failed) ------>+
+              |               +------------+                         |
+              |                    |                                 |
+              |                    v  (succeeded)                    |
+              |               +--------------+                       |
+              |               |  IN_SESSION  |- (op failed) -------->+
+              |               +--------------+                       |
+              |                    |                                 |
+              |                    |  (end_session)                  |
+              |                    |                                 |
+              |                    v             (session teardown   |
+      (setup next            +-----------------+  failed OR          |
+      session for  <---------| EXITING_SESSION |- non-reusable  -----+
+      reusable sandbox)      +-----------------+  sandbox)
+
+    """
+
+    # The sandbox is created, but not yet started.
+    CREATED = 'created'
+
+    # The sandbox is being setting up to serve user sessions.
+    SETTING_UP = 'setting_up'
+
+    # The sandbox is set up and free to be acquired by the user.
+    READY = 'ready'
+
+    # The sandbox is acquired by a thread, but not yet in a user session.
+    ACQUIRED = 'acquired'
+
+    # The sandbox is in a user session.
+    IN_SESSION = 'in_session'
+
+    # The sandbox is exiting a user session.
+    EXITING_SESSION = 'exiting_session'
+
+    # The sandbox is being shut down.
+    SHUTTING_DOWN = 'shutting_down'
+
+    # The sandbox is offline.
+    OFFLINE = 'offline'
+
+    @property
+    def is_online(self) -> bool:
+      """Returns True if the sandbox is online."""
+      return self in (
+          Sandbox.Status.SETTING_UP,
+          Sandbox.Status.READY,
+          Sandbox.Status.ACQUIRED,
+          Sandbox.Status.IN_SESSION,
+      )
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def id(self) -> Id:
+    """Returns the identifier for the sandbox."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def image_id(self) -> str:
+    """Returns the image ID used for bootstrapping the sandbox."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def environment(self) -> Environment:
+    """Returns the environment for the sandbox."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def features(self) -> dict[str, 'Feature']:
+    """Returns the features in the sandbox."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def status(self) -> Status:
+    """Returns the status of the sandbox."""
+
+  @property
+  def is_online(self) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the sandbox is online."""
+    return self.status.is_online
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def report_state_error(self, error: SandboxStateError) -> None:
+    """Reports state error the sandbox.
+
+    If state errors are reported, the sandbox will be forcefully shutdown when
+    `Sandbox.end_session()` is called, even if the sandbox is set to be
+    reusable.
+
+    Args:
+      error: SandboxStateError to report.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def start(self) -> None:
+    """Starts the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      CREATED -> SETTING_UP -> READY: When all sandbox and feature setup
+        succeeds.
+      CREATED -> SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When sandbox or feature
+        setup fails.
+
+    `start` and `shutdown` should be called in pairs, even when the sandbox
+    fails to start. This ensures proper cleanup.
+
+    Start may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If sandbox or feature setup fail due to enviroment
+       outage or sandbox state errors.
+    2. BaseException: If feature setup failed with user-defined errors, this
+       could happen when there is bug in the user code or non-environment code
+       failure.
+
+    In both cases, the sandbox will be shutdown automatically, and the error
+    will be add to `errors`. The sandbox is considered dead and will not be
+    further used.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state.
+      BaseException: If feature setup failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def shutdown(self) -> None:
+    """Shuts down the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      SHUTTING_DOWN -> SHUTTING_DOWN: No operation.
+      OFFLINE -> OFFLINE: No operation.
+      SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When sandbox and feature
+        setup fails.
+      IN_SESSION -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When user session exits while
+        sandbox is set not to reuse, or session teardown fails.
+      FREE -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When sandbox is shutdown when the
+        environment is shutting down, or housekeeping loop shuts down the
+        sandbox due to housekeeping failures.
+
+
+    Please be aware that `shutdown` will be called whenever an operation on the
+    sandbox encounters a critical error. This means, `shutdown` should not make
+    the assumption that the sandbox is in a healthy state, even `start` could
+    fail. As a result, `shutdown` must allow re-entry and be thread-safe with
+    other sandbox operations.
+
+    Shutdown may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state, and feature teardown
+       logic depending on a healthy sandbox may fail. In such case, we do not
+       raise error to the user as the user session is considered completed. The
+       sandbox is abandoned and new user sessions will be served on other
+       sandboxes.
+
+    2. BaseException: The sandbox is in good state, but user code raises error
+       due to bug or non-environment code failure. In such case, errors will be
+       raised to the user so the error could be surfaced and handled properly.
+       The sandbox is treated as shutdown and will not be further used.
+
+    Raises:
+      BaseException: If feature teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def start_session(
+      self,
+      session_id: str,
+  ) -> None:
+    """Begins a user session with the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      ACQUIRED -> SETTING_UP -> IN_SESSION: When session setup succeeds.
+      ACQUIRED -> SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When session setup
+        fails.
+
+    A session is a sequence of stateful interactions with the sandbox.
+    Across different sessions the sandbox are considered stateless.
+    `start_session` and `end_session` should always be called in pairs, even
+    when the session fails to start. `Sandbox.new_session` context manager is
+    the recommended way to use `start_session` and `end_session` in pairs.
+
+    Starting a session may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state or session setup
+       failed.
+
+    2. BaseException: If session setup failed with user-defined errors.
+
+    In both cases, the sandbox will be shutdown automatically and the
+    session will be considered ended. The error will be added to `errors`.
+    Future session will be served on other sandboxes.
+
+    Args:
+      session_id: The identifier for the user session.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is already in a bad state or session
+        setup failed.
+      BaseException: If session setup failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def end_session(self) -> None:
+    """Ends the user session with the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> READY: When user session exits normally,
+        and sandbox is set to reuse.
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When user
+        session exits while
+        sandbox is set not to reuse, or session teardown fails.
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> SETTING_UP -> READY: When user session
+        exits normally, and sandbox is set to reuse, and proactive session setup
+        is enabled.
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE:
+        When user session exits normally, and proactive session setup is enabled
+        but fails.
+      EXITING_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION: No operation.
+      not IN_SESSION -> same state: No operation
+
+    `end_session` should always be called for each `start_session` call, even
+    when the session fails to start, to ensure proper cleanup.
+
+    When `end_session` is called with state errors reported, the sandbox will be
+    forcefully shutdown even if the sandbox is set to be reusable.
+
+    `end_session` may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state or session teardown
+       failed.
+
+    2. BaseException: If session teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+
+    In both cases, the sandbox will be shutdown automatically and the
+    session will be considered ended. The error will be added to `errors`.
+    Future session will be served on other sandboxes.
+
+    However, SandboxStateError encountered during `end_session` will NOT be
+    raised to the user as the user session is considered completed.
+
+    Raises:
+      BaseException: If session teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def session_id(self) -> str | None:
+    """Returns the current user session identifier."""
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def track_activity(
+      self,
+      name: str,
+      **kwargs: Any
+  ) -> ContextManager[None]:
+    """Context manager that tracks a sandbox activity.
+
+    Args:
+      name: The name of the activity.
+      **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the activity handler.
+
+    Returns:
+      A context manager that tracks the activity, including duration and error.
+    """
+
+  #
+  # API related to a user session.
+  # A sandbox could be reused across different user sessions.
+  # A user session is a sequence of stateful interactions with the sandbox,
+  # Across different sessions the sandbox are considered stateless.
+  #
+
+  @contextlib.contextmanager
+  def new_session(self, session_id: str) -> Iterator['Sandbox']:
+    """Context manager for obtaining a sandbox for a user session.
+
+    State transitions:
+      ACQUIRED -> IN_SESSION -> READY: When session setup and teardown succeed.
+      ACQUIRED -> IN_SESSINO -> OFFLINE: When session setup or teardown fails.
+
+    Args:
+      session_id: The identifier for the user session.
+
+    Yields:
+      The sandbox for the user session.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If a session cannot be started on the sandbox.
+      BaseException: If session setup or teardown failed with user-defined
+        errors.
+    """
+    self.start_session(session_id)
+    try:
+      yield self
+    except SandboxStateError as e:
+      self.report_state_error(e)
+      raise
+    finally:
+      self.end_session()
+
+  def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+    """Gets a feature from current sandbox.
+
+    Example:
+      ```
+      with MyEnvironment(
+          features={'feature1': Feature1()}
+      ) as env:
+        with env.sandbox('session1') as sb:
+          driver = sb.feature1.feature_method()
+      ```
+
+    Args:
+      name: The name of the feature.
+
+    Returns:
+      A feature from current sandbox.
+    """
+    if name in self.features:
+      return self.features[name]
+    raise AttributeError(name)
+
+
+class Feature(pg.Object):
+  """Interface for features that run in a Langfun environment.
+
+  There are two type of features: sandbox-based and non-sandbox-based.
+  Sandbox-based features run in a sandbox, which is emulated in a separate
+  process. Non-sandbox-based features do not run in a sandbox.
+
+  Features can be directly accessed through the environment, for example:
+
+  ```python
+  env = MyEnvironment(
+      feature={
+          'feature1': SandboxBasedFeature(),
+          'feature2': NonSandboxBasedFeature(),
+      }
+  )
+  # Start the environment.
+  with env:
+    # Access feature1, which involves acquiring a sandbox and return the feature
+    # associated with the sandbox.
+    with env.feature1() as f1:
+      f1.feature_method()
+
+    # Access feature2, which does not involve acquiring a sandbox.
+    with env.feature2() as f2:
+      f2.feature_method()
+  ```
+
+  Sandbox-based features can also be accessed through the sandbox, for example:
+
+  ```python
+  with env.sandbox('session1') as sb:
+    # Access feature1 within the sandbox.
+    sb.feature1.feature_method()
+
+    # Attribute error.
+    sb.feature2
+  ```
+  """
+
+  @dataclasses.dataclass
+  class Id:
+    container_id: Environment.Id | Sandbox.Id
+    feature_name: str
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+      return f'{self.container_id}/{self.feature_name}'
+
+    def working_dir(self, root_dir: str | None) -> str | None:
+      """Returns the working directory for the feature."""
+      if root_dir is None:
+        return None
+      return os.path.join(
+          self.container_id.working_dir(root_dir),
+          _make_path_compatible(self.feature_name)
+      )
+
+  # Disable symbolic comparison and hashing for sandbox objects.
+  allow_symbolic_comparison = False
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def name(self) -> str:
+    """Name of the feature, which will be used as key to access the feature."""
+
+  @functools.cached_property
+  def id(self) -> Id:
+    """Returns the identifier of the feature."""
+    if self.is_sandbox_based:
+      return Feature.Id(self.sandbox.id, self.name)
+    return Feature.Id(self.environment.id, self.name)
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def environment(self) -> Environment:
+    """Returns the environment that the feature is running in."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def is_sandbox_based(self) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the feature is sandbox-based."""
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def sandbox(self) -> Sandbox | None:
+    """Returns the sandbox that the feature is running in.
+
+    Returns:
+      The sandbox that the feature is running in. None if the feature is not
+      sandbox-based or not yet bound with a sandbox.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def is_applicable(self, image_id: str) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the feature is applicable to the given image."""
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def setup(self, sandbox: Sandbox | None = None) -> None:
+    """Sets up the feature.
+
+    For sandbox-based features, the setup will be called when a sandbox is
+    started for the first time.
+
+    For non-sandbox-based features, the setup will be called when the
+    environment starts.
+
+    When a feature's `setup` is called, its `teardown` is guaranteed to be
+    called.
+
+    State transitions:
+      SETTING_UP -> READY: When setup succeeds.
+      SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When setup fails.
+
+    `setup` is called when a sandbox is started for the first time. When a
+    feature's `setup` is called, its `teardown` is guaranteed to be called.
+
+    Args:
+      sandbox: The sandbox that the feature is running in.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If setup failed due to sandbox state errors.
+      BaseException: If setup failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def teardown(self) -> None:
+    """Teardowns the feature, which is called once when the sandbox is down.
+
+    State transitions:
+      SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When teardown succeeds or fails.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def setup_session(self) -> None:
+    """Sets up the feature for the upcoming user session.
+
+    State transitions:
+      SETTING_UP -> READY: When session setup succeeds.
+      SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When sessino setup fails.
+
+    `setup_session` is called when a new user session starts for per-session
+    setup. `setup_session` and `teardown_session` will be called in pairs, even
+    `setup_session` fails.
+
+    `setup_session` may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state or session setup
+       failed.
+    2. BaseException: If session setup failed with user-defined errors.
+
+    In both cases, the error will be raised to the user and the session will be
+    ended. The sandbox will shutdown automatically and will not be further used.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state or session setup
+        failed.
+      BaseException: If session setup failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def teardown_session(self) -> None:
+    """Teardowns the feature for an ending user session.
+
+    State transitions:
+      SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When session teardown succeeds or fails.
+
+    `teardown_session` is called when a user session ends for per-
+    session teardown. `teardown_session` will always be called upon a feature
+    whose `setup_session` is called.
+
+    `teardown_session` may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state or session teardown
+       failed.
+    2. BaseException: If session teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+
+    In both cases, the session will be closed and the sandbox will be shutdown.
+    However, SandboxStateError encountered during `teardown_session` will NOT be
+    raised to the user as the user session is considered completed. Other errors
+    will be raised to the user for proper error handling.
+
+    Raises:
+      BaseException: If session teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def housekeep(self) -> None:
+    """Performs housekeeping for the feature.
+
+    State transitions:
+      (no state change): When housekeeping succeeds.
+      original state -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When housekeeping fails.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state.
+    """
+
+  @property
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def housekeep_interval(self) -> int | None:
+    """Returns the interval in seconds for feature housekeeping.
+
+    Returns:
+      The interval in seconds for feature housekeeping. If None, the feature
+      will not be housekeeping.
+    """
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def track_activity(
+      self,
+      name: str,
+      **kwargs: Any
+  ) -> ContextManager[None]:
+    """Context manager that tracks a feature activity.
+
+    Args:
+      name: The name of the activity.
+      **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the activity handler.
+
+    Returns:
+      A context manager that tracks the activity, including duration and error.
+    """
+
+  @property
+  def session_id(self) -> str | None:
+    """Returns the current user session identifier."""
+    if self.is_sandbox_based:
+      return self.sandbox.session_id
+    return self._non_sandbox_based_session_id
+
+  @contextlib.contextmanager
+  def new_session(self, session_id: str) -> Iterator['Feature']:
+    """Context manager for obtaining a non-sandbox-based feature session."""
+    assert not self.is_sandbox_based, (
+        'Applicable only to non-sandbox-based features. '
+        'For sandbox-based features, use `Sandbox.new_session` instead.'
+    )
+    try:
+      self._non_sandbox_based_session_id = session_id
+      self.setup_session()
+      yield self
+    finally:
+      try:
+        # Since the session is ended, we don't want to raise any errors during
+        # session teardown to the user. So we catch all exceptions here.
+        # However the event handler will still be notified and log the error.
+        self.teardown_session()
+      except BaseException:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+        pass
+      self._non_sandbox_based_session_id = None
+
+  def _on_bound(self) -> None:
+    """Called when the feature is bound to a sandbox."""
+    super()._on_bound()
+    self._non_sandbox_based_session_id = None
+
+
+def _make_path_compatible(id_str: str) -> str:
+  """Makes a path compatible with CNS."""
+  return id_str.translate(
+      str.maketrans({
+          '@': '_',
+          ':': '_',
+          '#': '_',
+          ' ': '',
+          '<': '',
+          '>': '',
+      })
+  )
+
+
+def treat_as_sandbox_state_error(
+    errors: Sequence[
+        Type[BaseException] | tuple[Type[BaseException], str]
+    ] | None = None
+) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+  """Decorator for Sandbox/Feature methods to convert errors to SandboxStateError.
+
+  Args:
+    errors: A sequence of exception types or tuples of (error_type, msg_regex).
+      when matched, treat the error as SandboxStateError, which will lead to
+      a sandbox shutdown when caught by `Sandbox.new_session()` context manager.
+
+  Returns:
+    The decorator function.
+  """
+
+  def decorator(func):
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def method_wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Any:
+      """Helper function to safely execute logics in the sandbox."""
+
+      assert isinstance(self, (Sandbox, Feature)), self
+      sandbox = self.sandbox if isinstance(self, Feature) else self
+
+      try:
+        # Execute the service function.
+        return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
+      except BaseException as e:
+        if pg.match_error(e, errors):
+          state_error = SandboxStateError(
+              'Sandbox encountered an unexpected error executing '
+              f'`{func.__name__}` (args={args!r}, kwargs={kwargs!r}): {e}',
+              sandbox=sandbox
+          )
+          raise state_error from e
+        raise
+    return method_wrapper
+  return decorator
+
+
+def log_activity(name: str | None = None):
+  """Decorator for Sandbox/Feature methods to log sandbox/feature activity."""
+
+  def decorator(func):
+    signature = pg.typing.get_signature(func)
+    def to_kwargs(*args, **kwargs):
+      num_non_self_args = len(signature.arg_names) - 1
+      if len(args) > num_non_self_args:
+        assert signature.varargs is not None, (signature, args)
+        kwargs[signature.varargs.name] = tuple(args[num_non_self_args:])
+        args = args[:num_non_self_args]
+      for i in range(len(args)):
+        # The first argument is `self`.
+        kwargs[signature.arg_names[i + 1]] = args[i]
+      return kwargs
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def method_wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Any:
+      """Helper function to safely execute logics in the sandbox."""
+
+      assert isinstance(self, (Sandbox, Feature)), self
+      with self.track_activity(
+          name or func.__name__,
+          **to_kwargs(*args, **kwargs)
+      ):
+        return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    return method_wrapper
+  return decorator
+
+
+#
+# Interface for event handlers.
+#
+
+
+class _EnvironmentEventHandler:
+  """Base class for event handlers of an environment."""
+
+  def on_environment_starting(self, environment: Environment) -> None:
+    """Called when the environment is getting started.
+
+    Args:
+      environment: The environment.
+    """
+
+  def on_environment_start(
+      self,
+      environment: Environment,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the environment is started.
+
+    Args:
+      environment: The environment.
+      duration: The environment start duration in seconds.
+      error: The error that failed the environment start. If None, the
+        environment started normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_environment_housekeep(
+      self,
+      environment: Environment,
+      counter: int,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None,
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the environment finishes a round of housekeeping.
+
+    Args:
+      environment: The environment.
+      counter: Zero-based counter of the housekeeping round.
+      duration: The environment start duration in seconds.
+      error: The error that failed the housekeeping. If None, the
+        housekeeping succeeded.
+      **kwargs: Environment-specific properties computed during housekeeping.
+    """
+
+  def on_environment_shutting_down(
+      self,
+      environment: Environment,
+      offline_duration: float,
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the environment is shutting down.
+
+    Args:
+      environment: The environment.
+      offline_duration: The environment offline duration in seconds.
+    """
+
+  def on_environment_shutdown(
+      self,
+      environment: Environment,
+      duration: float,
+      lifetime: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the environment is shutdown.
+
+    Args:
+      environment: The environment.
+      duration: The environment shutdown duration in seconds.
+      lifetime: The environment lifetime in seconds.
+      error: The error that caused the environment to shutdown. If None, the
+        environment shutdown normally.
+    """
+
+
+class _SandboxEventHandler:
+  """Base class for sandbox event handlers."""
+
+  def on_sandbox_start(
+      self,
+      sandbox: Sandbox,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox is started.
+
+    Args:
+      sandbox: The sandbox.
+      duration: The time spent on starting the sandbox.
+      error: The error that caused the sandbox to start. If None, the sandbox
+        started normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_sandbox_status_change(
+      self,
+      sandbox: Sandbox,
+      old_status: 'Sandbox.Status',
+      new_status: 'Sandbox.Status',
+      span: float,
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox status changes.
+
+    Args:
+      sandbox: The sandbox.
+      old_status: The old sandbox status.
+      new_status: The new sandbox status.
+      span: Time spent on the old status in seconds.
+    """
+
+  def on_sandbox_shutdown(
+      self,
+      sandbox: Sandbox,
+      duration: float,
+      lifetime: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox is shutdown.
+
+    Args:
+      sandbox: The sandbox.
+      duration: The time spent on shutting down the sandbox.
+      lifetime: The sandbox lifetime in seconds.
+      error: The error that caused the sandbox to shutdown. If None, the
+        sandbox shutdown normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_sandbox_session_start(
+      self,
+      sandbox: Sandbox,
+      session_id: str,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox session starts.
+
+    Args:
+      sandbox: The sandbox.
+      session_id: The session ID.
+      duration: The time spent on starting the session.
+      error: The error that caused the session to start. If None, the session
+        started normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_sandbox_session_end(
+      self,
+      sandbox: Sandbox,
+      session_id: str,
+      duration: float,
+      lifetime: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox session ends.
+
+    Args:
+      sandbox: The sandbox.
+      session_id: The session ID.
+      duration: The time spent on ending the session.
+      lifetime: The session lifetime in seconds.
+      error: The error that caused the session to end. If None, the session
+        ended normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_sandbox_activity(
+      self,
+      name: str,
+      sandbox: Sandbox,
+      session_id: str | None,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None,
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox activity is performed.
+
+    Args:
+      name: The name of the sandbox activity.
+      sandbox: The sandbox.
+      session_id: The session ID.
+      duration: The sandbox activity duration in seconds.
+      error: The error that caused the sandbox activity to perform. If None,
+        the sandbox activity performed normally.
+      **kwargs: The keyword arguments of the sandbox activity.
+    """
+
+  def on_sandbox_housekeep(
+      self,
+      sandbox: Sandbox,
+      counter: int,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None,
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox finishes a round of housekeeping.
+
+    Args:
+      sandbox: The sandbox.
+      counter: Zero-based counter of the housekeeping round.
+      duration: The sandbox housekeeping duration in seconds.
+      error: The error that caused the sandbox to housekeeping. If None, the
+        sandbox housekeeping normally.
+      **kwargs: Sandbox-specific properties computed during housekeeping.
+    """
+
+
+class _FeatureEventHandler:
+  """Base class for feature event handlers."""
+
+  def on_feature_setup(
+      self,
+      feature: Feature,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox feature is setup.
+
+    Applicable to both sandbox-based and non-sandbox-based features.
+
+    Args:
+      feature: The feature.
+      duration: The feature setup duration in seconds.
+      error: The error happened during the feature setup. If None,
+        the feature setup performed normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_feature_teardown(
+      self,
+      feature: Feature,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox feature is teardown.
+
+    Applicable to both sandbox-based and non-sandbox-based features.
+
+    Args:
+      feature: The feature.
+      duration: The feature teardown duration in seconds.
+      error: The error happened during the feature teardown. If None,
+        the feature teardown performed normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_feature_teardown_session(
+      self,
+      feature: Feature,
+      session_id: str,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a feature is teardown with a session.
+
+    Applicable to both sandbox-based and non-sandbox-based features.
+
+    Args:
+      feature: The feature.
+      session_id: The session ID.
+      duration: The feature teardown session duration in seconds.
+      error: The error happened during the feature teardown session. If
+        None, the feature teardown session performed normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_feature_setup_session(
+      self,
+      feature: Feature,
+      session_id: str | None,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None,
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a feature is setup with a session.
+
+    Applicable to both sandbox-based and non-sandbox-based features.
+
+    Args:
+      feature: The feature.
+      session_id: The session ID.
+      duration: The feature setup session duration in seconds.
+      error: The error happened during the feature setup session. If
+        None, the feature setup session performed normally.
+    """
+
+  def on_feature_activity(
+      self,
+      name: str,
+      feature: Feature,
+      session_id: str | None,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None,
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a feature activity is performed.
+
+    Applicable to both sandbox-based and non-sandbox-based features.
+
+    Args:
+      name: The name of the feature activity.
+      feature: The feature.
+      session_id: The session ID. Session ID could be None if a feature
+        activity is performed when setting up a session
+        (e.g. BaseEnvironment.proactive_session_setup is on)
+      duration: The feature activity duration in seconds.
+      error: The error happened during the feature activity. If None,
+        the feature activity performed normally.
+      **kwargs: The keyword arguments of the feature activity.
+    """
+
+  def on_feature_housekeep(
+      self,
+      feature: Feature,
+      counter: int,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None,
+      **kwargs,
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox feature is housekeeping.
+
+    Applicable to both sandbox-based and non-sandbox-based features.
+
+    Args:
+      feature: The feature.
+      counter: Zero-based counter of the housekeeping round.
+      duration: The feature housekeeping duration in seconds.
+      error: The error happened during the feature housekeeping. If None, the
+        feature housekeeping normally.
+      **kwargs: Feature-specific properties computed during housekeeping.
+    """
+
+
+class EventHandler(
+    _EnvironmentEventHandler,
+    _SandboxEventHandler,
+    _FeatureEventHandler,
+):
+  """Base class for langfun/env handlers."""