langfun 0.1.2.dev202509120804__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.2.dev202512040805__py3-none-any.whl

langfun/env/base_sandbox.py

@@ -0,0 +1,842 @@
+# Copyright 2025 The Langfun Authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Common base class for sandboxes.
+
+This module provides an base class `BaseSandbox` for sandboxes, which takes care
+of the sandbox lifecycle and housekeeping. It also provides a decorator for
+sandbox service methods to handle errors and trigger shutdowns. Please note that
+this base class is intended to provide a convenient way to implement sandboxes,
+and not all sandbox implementations need to subclass it. Also `BaseSandbox`
+is not coupled with `BaseEnvironment` and `BaseFeature`, and is expected to
+work with the `Environment` and `Feature` interfaces directly.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import threading
+import time
+from typing import Annotated, Any, Iterator
+
+from langfun.env import interface
+import pyglove as pg
+
+
+class BaseSandbox(interface.Sandbox):
+  """Base class for a sandbox."""
+
+  id: Annotated[
+      interface.Sandbox.Id,
+      'The identifier for the sandbox.'
+  ]
+
+  image_id: Annotated[
+      str,
+      'The image id for the sandbox.'
+  ]
+
+  environment: Annotated[
+      pg.Ref[interface.Environment],
+      'The parent environment.'
+  ]
+
+  reusable: Annotated[
+      bool,
+      (
+          'If True, the sandbox can be reused for multiple user sessions at '
+          'different times.'
+      )
+  ] = False
+
+  keepalive_interval: Annotated[
+      float | None,
+      'Interval to ping the sandbox for keeping it alive..'
+  ] = 60.0
+
+  proactive_session_setup: Annotated[
+      bool,
+      (
+          'If True, the sandbox will perform setup work before a user session '
+          'is started. This is useful for sandboxes that need to perform '
+          'heavy setup work, which could block the user thread for a long '
+          'time. Applicable only when `reusable` is True.'
+      )
+  ] = True
+
+  #
+  # There is no required methods that subclasses must implement.
+  # Subclasses can override the following methods:
+  #
+
+  def _start(self) -> None:
+    """Implementation of start(). Subclasses can override.
+
+    Raises:
+      interface.SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state.
+    """
+
+  def _shutdown(self) -> None:
+    """Implementation of shutdown(). Subclasses can override.
+
+    Raises:
+      interface.SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state.
+    """
+
+  def _set_status(self, status: interface.Sandbox.Status) -> None:
+    """Sets the status of the sandbox."""
+    assert self._status != status, (self._status, status)
+    self.on_status_change(self._status, status)
+    self._status = status
+    self._status_start_time = time.time()
+
+  def report_state_error(self, e: interface.SandboxStateError) -> None:
+    """Reports sandbox state errors."""
+    if e not in self._state_errors:
+      self._state_errors.append(e)
+
+  def _setup_features(self) -> None:
+    """Starts the features in the sandbox."""
+    # We keep track of the features that have setup called so we can teardown
+    # the features when the sandbox is shutdown.
+    self._features_with_setup_called.clear()
+
+    for feature in self._features.values():
+      self._features_with_setup_called.add(feature.name)
+      feature.setup(self)
+
+  def _setup_session(self) -> None:
+    """Sets up a new session for the sandbox."""
+    # We keep track of the features that have setup_session called so we can
+    # teardown the session for them when the session ends.
+    self._features_with_setup_session_called.clear()
+
+    for feature in self._features.values():
+      self._features_with_setup_session_called.add(feature.name)
+      feature.setup_session()
+
+  def _teardown_features(self) -> interface.FeatureTeardownError | None:
+    """Tears down the features in the sandbox.
+
+    IMPORTANT: This method shall not raise any exceptions.
+
+    Returns:
+      FeatureTeardownError: If feature teardown failed with errors.
+        Otherwise None.
+    """
+    errors = {}
+    for feature in self._features.values():
+      if feature.name in self._features_with_setup_called:
+        try:
+          feature.teardown()
+        except BaseException as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+          if isinstance(e, interface.SandboxStateError):
+            self.report_state_error(e)
+          errors[feature.name] = e
+    if errors:
+      return interface.FeatureTeardownError(sandbox=self, errors=errors)
+    return None
+
+  def _start_session(self) -> None:
+    """Starts a user session.
+
+    Raises:
+      BaseException: If feature setup failed with user-defined errors.
+      SandboxStateError: If sandbox or feature setup fail due sandbox state
+        errors.
+    """
+    # When pre-session setup is enabled, the session setup is performed
+    # before the session is started. Otherwise we setup the session here.
+    if not self._enable_pre_session_setup:
+      self._setup_session()
+
+  def _end_session(self) -> interface.SessionTeardownError | None:
+    """Ends a user session.
+
+    IMPORTANT: This method shall not raise any exceptions.
+
+    Returns:
+      SessionTeardownError: If session teardown failed with errors.
+        Otherwise None.
+    """
+    feature_teardown_errors = {}
+    for name, feature in self._features.items():
+      if name in self._features_with_setup_session_called:
+        try:
+          feature.teardown_session()
+        except BaseException as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+          if isinstance(e, interface.SandboxStateError):
+            self.report_state_error(e)
+          feature_teardown_errors[name] = e
+
+    return interface.SessionTeardownError(
+        sandbox=self, errors=feature_teardown_errors
+    ) if feature_teardown_errors else None
+
+  def _ping(self) -> None:
+    """Implementation of ping for health checking."""
+
+  #
+  # Sandbox basics.
+  #
+
+  def _on_bound(self) -> None:
+    """Called when the sandbox is bound."""
+    super()._on_bound()
+    self._features = pg.Dict({
+        name: pg.clone(feature)
+        for name, feature in self.environment.features.items()
+        if feature.is_applicable(self.image_id)
+    })
+    self._event_handler = self.environment.event_handler
+    self._enable_pre_session_setup = (
+        self.reusable and self.proactive_session_setup
+    )
+    self._enables_housekeep = (
+        self.keepalive_interval is not None
+        or any(
+            feature.housekeep_interval is not None
+            for feature in self._features.values()
+        )
+    )
+    self._housekeep_thread = None
+    self._housekeep_counter = 0
+
+    # Runtime state.
+    self._status = self.Status.CREATED
+    self._status_start_time = time.time()
+
+    self._start_time = None
+    self._state_errors = []
+
+    self._features_with_setup_called = set()
+    self._features_with_setup_session_called = set()
+
+    self._session_id = None
+    self._session_start_time = None
+
+    # Thread local state for this sandbox.
+    self._tls_state = threading.local()
+
+  @functools.cached_property
+  def working_dir(self) -> str | None:
+    """Returns the working directory for the sandbox."""
+    return self.id.working_dir(self.environment.root_dir)
+
+  @property
+  def status(self) -> interface.Sandbox.Status:
+    """Returns the state of the sandbox."""
+    return self._status
+
+  def set_acquired(self) -> None:
+    """Marks the sandbox as acquired."""
+    self._set_status(self.Status.ACQUIRED)
+
+  @property
+  def housekeep_counter(self) -> int:
+    """Returns the housekeeping counter."""
+    return self._housekeep_counter
+
+  @property
+  def state_errors(self) -> list[interface.SandboxStateError]:
+    """Returns all errors encountered during sandbox lifecycle."""
+    return self._state_errors
+
+  @property
+  def is_shutting_down(self) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the sandbox is shutting down."""
+    return self._status == self.Status.SHUTTING_DOWN or (
+        self._state_errors and self._status == self.Status.EXITING_SESSION
+    )
+
+  @property
+  def features(self) -> dict[str, interface.Feature]:
+    """Returns the features in the sandbox."""
+    return self._features
+
+  #
+  # Sandbox start/shutdown.
+  #
+
+  def start(self) -> None:
+    """Starts the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      CREATED -> SETTING_UP -> READY: When all sandbox and feature setup
+        succeeds.
+      CREATED -> SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When sandbox or feature
+        setup fails.
+
+    `start` and `shutdown` should be called in pairs, even when the sandbox
+    fails to start. This ensures proper cleanup.
+
+    Start may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If sandbox or feature setup fail due to enviroment
+       outage or sandbox state errors.
+    2. BaseException: If feature setup failed with user-defined errors, this
+       could happen when there is bug in the user code or non-environment code
+       failure.
+
+    In both cases, the sandbox will be shutdown automatically, and the error
+    will be added to `errors`. The sandbox is considered dead and will not be
+    further used.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state.
+      BaseException: If feature setup failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+    assert self._status == self.Status.CREATED, (
+        f'Sandbox {self.id} cannot be started because '
+        f'it is in {self._status} status.'
+    )
+
+    starting_time = time.time()
+    self._state = self.Status.SETTING_UP
+
+    try:
+      # Start the sandbox.
+      self._start()
+
+      # Setup the features.
+      self._setup_features()
+
+      # Setup the first session if pre-session setup is enabled.
+      if self._enable_pre_session_setup:
+        self._setup_session()
+
+      if self._enables_housekeep:
+        self._housekeep_thread = threading.Thread(
+            target=self._housekeep_loop, daemon=True
+        )
+        self._housekeep_thread.start()
+
+      self._start_time = time.time()
+
+      # Mark the sandbox as ready when all setup succeeds.
+      self._set_status(self.Status.READY)
+
+      duration = time.time() - starting_time
+      self.on_start(duration)
+    except BaseException as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+      duration = time.time() - starting_time
+      pg.logging.error(
+          '[%s]: Sandbox failed to start in %.2f seconds: %s',
+          self.id, duration, e
+      )
+      if isinstance(e, interface.SandboxStateError):
+        self.report_state_error(e)
+      self.on_start(duration, e)
+      self.shutdown()
+      raise e
+
+  def shutdown(self) -> None:
+    """Shuts down the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      SHUTTING_DOWN -> SHUTTING_DOWN: No operation.
+      OFFLINE -> OFFLINE: No operation.
+      SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When sandbox and feature
+        setup fails.
+      IN_SESSION -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When user session exits while
+        sandbox is set not to reuse, or session teardown fails.
+      FREE -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When sandbox is shutdown when the
+        environment is shutting down, or housekeeping loop shuts down the
+        sandbox due to housekeeping failures.
+
+    Please be aware that `shutdown` will be called whenever an operation on the
+    sandbox encounters a critical error. This means, `shutdown` should not make
+    the assumption that the sandbox is in a healthy state, even `start` could
+    fail. As a result, `shutdown` must allow re-entry and be thread-safe with
+    other sandbox operations.
+
+    Shutdown may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state, and feature teardown
+       logic depending on a healthy sandbox may fail. In such case, we do not
+       raise error to the user as the user session is considered completed. The
+       sandbox is abandoned and new user sessions will be served on other
+       sandboxes.
+
+    2. BaseException: The sandbox is in good state, but user code raises error
+       due to bug or non-environment code failure. In such case, errors will be
+       raised to the user so the error could be surfaced and handled properly.
+       The sandbox is treated as shutdown and will not be further used.
+
+    Raises:
+      BaseException: If feature teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+
+    # Allow re-entry.
+    if self._status in (
+        interface.Sandbox.Status.SHUTTING_DOWN,
+        interface.Sandbox.Status.OFFLINE
+    ):
+      return
+
+    # End current session and shutdown the sandbox if the sandbox is in session.
+    if self._status == self.Status.IN_SESSION:
+      self.end_session(shutdown_sandbox=True)
+      return
+
+    shutting_down_time = time.time()
+    self._set_status(interface.Sandbox.Status.SHUTTING_DOWN)
+
+    if (self._housekeep_thread is not None
+        and threading.current_thread() is not self._housekeep_thread):
+      self._housekeep_thread.join()
+      self._housekeep_thread = None
+
+    teardown_error = self._teardown_features()
+    try:
+      self._shutdown()
+      self._set_status(interface.Sandbox.Status.OFFLINE)
+      self.on_shutdown(
+          duration=time.time() - shutting_down_time,
+          error=teardown_error
+      )
+      shutdown_error = None
+    except BaseException as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+      shutdown_error = e
+      if isinstance(e, interface.SandboxStateError):
+        self.report_state_error(e)
+      self._set_status(interface.Sandbox.Status.OFFLINE)
+      pg.logging.error(
+          '[%s]: Sandbox shutdown with error: %s',
+          self.id, e
+      )
+      self.on_shutdown(
+          duration=time.time() - shutting_down_time,
+          error=teardown_error or shutdown_error
+      )
+
+    # We raise non-state errors to the user following timely order, so the user
+    # code could be surfaced and handled properly.
+    if (teardown_error is not None
+        and teardown_error.has_non_sandbox_state_error):
+      raise teardown_error
+
+    if shutdown_error is not None and not isinstance(
+        shutdown_error, interface.SandboxStateError
+    ):
+      raise shutdown_error
+
+  def ping(self) -> None:
+    """Pings the sandbox to check if it is alive."""
+    self._ping()
+
+  #
+  # API related to a user session.
+  # A sandbox could be reused across different user sessions.
+  # A user session is a sequence of stateful interactions with the sandbox,
+  # Across different sessions the sandbox are considered stateless.
+  #
+
+  @property
+  def session_id(self) -> str | None:
+    """Returns the current user session identifier.
+
+    session_id is set to None when the sandbox is free, and set to 'pending'
+    when the sandbox is acquired by a thread, before a user session is started.
+
+    Returns:
+      The current user session identifier or None if the sandbox is not busy.
+    """
+    return self._session_id
+
+  def start_session(
+      self,
+      session_id: str,
+  ) -> None:
+    """Begins a user session with the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      ACQUIRED -> SETTING_UP -> IN_SESSION: When session setup succeeds.
+      ACQUIRED -> SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When session setup
+        fails.
+
+    A session is a sequence of stateful interactions with the sandbox.
+    Across different sessions the sandbox are considered stateless.
+    `start_session` and `end_session` should always be called in pairs, even
+    when the session fails to start. `Sandbox.new_session` context manager is
+    the recommended way to use `start_session` and `end_session` in pairs.
+
+    Starting a session may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state or session setup
+       failed.
+
+    2. BaseException: If session setup failed with user-defined errors.
+
+    In both cases, the sandbox will be shutdown automatically and the
+    session will be considered ended. The error will be added to `errors`.
+    Future session will be served on other sandboxes.
+
+    Args:
+      session_id: The identifier for the user session.
+
+    Raises:
+      SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is already in a bad state or session
+        setup failed.
+      BaseException: If session setup failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+    assert self._status == self.Status.ACQUIRED, (
+        f'Sandbox {self.id} is not in acquired state (status={self._status}).'
+    )
+    assert self._session_id is None, (
+        f'A user session {self._session_id} is already active '
+        f'for sandbox {self.id}.'
+    )
+    self._set_status(self.Status.SETTING_UP)
+
+    self._session_id = session_id
+    self._session_start_time = time.time()
+
+    try:
+      self._start_session()
+      self._set_status(self.Status.IN_SESSION)
+      self.on_session_start(session_id, time.time() - self._session_start_time)
+    except BaseException as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+      if isinstance(e, interface.SandboxStateError):
+        self.report_state_error(e)
+      self.on_session_start(
+          session_id, time.time() - self._session_start_time, e
+      )
+      self.shutdown()
+      raise e
+
+  def end_session(self, shutdown_sandbox: bool = False) -> None:
+    """Ends the user session with the sandbox.
+
+    State transitions:
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> READY: When user session exits normally,
+        and sandbox is set to reuse.
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE: When user
+        session exits while
+        sandbox is set not to reuse, or session teardown fails.
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> SETTING_UP -> READY: When user session
+        exits normally, and sandbox is set to reuse, and proactive session setup
+        is enabled.
+      IN_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION -> SETTING_UP -> SHUTTING_DOWN -> OFFLINE:
+        When user session exits normally, and proactive session setup is enabled
+        but fails.
+      EXITING_SESSION -> EXITING_SESSION: No operation.
+      not IN_SESSION -> same state: No operation
+
+    `end_session` should always be called for each `start_session` call, even
+    when the session fails to start, to ensure proper cleanup.
+
+    `end_session` may fail with two sources of errors:
+
+    1. SandboxStateError: If the sandbox is in a bad state or session teardown
+       failed.
+
+    2. BaseException: If session teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+
+    In both cases, the sandbox will be shutdown automatically and the
+    session will be considered ended. The error will be added to `errors`.
+    Future session will be served on other sandboxes.
+
+    However, SandboxStateError encountered during `end_session` will NOT be
+    raised to the user as the user session is considered completed.
+
+    Args:
+      shutdown_sandbox: If True, the sandbox will be shutdown after session
+        teardown.
+
+    Raises:
+      BaseException: If session teardown failed with user-defined errors.
+    """
+    if self._status == self.Status.EXITING_SESSION:
+      return
+
+    if self._status not in (
+        self.Status.IN_SESSION,
+    ):
+      return
+
+    assert self._session_id is not None, (
+        'No user session is active for this sandbox'
+    )
+    # Set sandbox status to EXITING_SESSION to avoid re-entry.
+    self._set_status(self.Status.EXITING_SESSION)
+    shutdown_sandbox = shutdown_sandbox or not self.reusable
+    ending_time = time.time()
+
+    # Teardown features for the current session.
+    end_session_error = self._end_session()
+    previous_session_id = self._session_id
+    self._session_id = None
+    self._features_with_setup_session_called.clear()
+
+    # If there is no state error, and proactive session setup is enabled,
+    # set up the next session proactively.
+    if not self.state_errors:
+      if not shutdown_sandbox and self._enable_pre_session_setup:
+        def _setup_next_session():
+          try:
+            self._setup_session()
+            self._set_status(interface.Sandbox.Status.READY)
+          except BaseException as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+            pg.logging.error(
+                '[%s]: Shutting down sandbox due to practively setting up '
+                'next session failed: %s',
+                self.id,
+                e
+            )
+            if isinstance(e, interface.SandboxStateError):
+              self.report_state_error(e)
+            self.shutdown()
+
+        # End session before setting up the next session.
+        self.on_session_end(
+            previous_session_id, duration=time.time() - ending_time
+        )
+
+        # Mark the sandbox as setting up to prevent it from being acquired by
+        # other threads.
+        self._set_status(interface.Sandbox.Status.SETTING_UP)
+
+        # TODO(daiyip): Consider using a thread pool to perform next session
+        # setup.
+        threading.Thread(target=_setup_next_session).start()
+      else:
+        # End session before reporting sandbox status change.
+        self.on_session_end(
+            previous_session_id, duration=time.time() - ending_time
+        )
+
+        # If shutdown is requested, mark the sandbox as acquired to prevent it
+        # from being acquired by other threads.
+        self._set_status(
+            interface.Sandbox.Status.ACQUIRED if shutdown_sandbox else
+            interface.Sandbox.Status.READY
+        )
+
+    # Otherwise, shutdown the sandbox.
+    else:
+      self.on_session_end(
+          previous_session_id,
+          duration=time.time() - ending_time,
+          error=self.state_errors[0]
+      )
+      self._set_status(interface.Sandbox.Status.ACQUIRED)
+      shutdown_sandbox = True
+
+    self._session_start_time = None
+
+    if shutdown_sandbox:
+      self.shutdown()
+
+    # We only raise errors if teardown error contains non-sandbox-state error,
+    # meaning that the user code may have bug or other non-environment
+    # failures.
+    if (end_session_error is not None
+        and end_session_error.has_non_sandbox_state_error):
+      raise end_session_error  # pylint: disable=raising-bad-type
+
+  @contextlib.contextmanager
+  def track_activity(
+      self,
+      name: str,
+      **kwargs: Any
+  ) -> Iterator[None]:
+    """Tracks an activity for the sandbox."""
+    start_time = time.time()
+    error = None
+    try:
+      yield None
+    except BaseException as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+      error = e
+      raise
+    finally:
+      self.on_activity(
+          name=name,
+          duration=time.time() - start_time,
+          error=error,
+          **kwargs
+      )
+
+  #
+  # Housekeeping.
+  #
+
+  def _housekeep_loop(self) -> None:
+    """Sandbox housekeeping loop."""
+    now = time.time()
+    last_ping = now
+    last_housekeep_time = {name: now for name in self._features.keys()}
+
+    def _next_housekeep_wait_time() -> float:
+      # Decide how long to sleep for the next housekeeping.
+      next_housekeep_time = None
+      if self.keepalive_interval is not None:
+        next_housekeep_time = last_ping + self.keepalive_interval
+
+      for name, feature in self._features.items():
+        if feature.housekeep_interval is None:
+          continue
+        next_feature_housekeep_time = (
+            last_housekeep_time[name] + feature.housekeep_interval
+        )
+        if (next_housekeep_time is None
+            or next_housekeep_time > next_feature_housekeep_time):
+          next_housekeep_time = next_feature_housekeep_time
+
+      # Housekeep loop is installed when at least one feature requires
+      # housekeeping or the sandbox has a keepalive interval.
+      assert next_housekeep_time is not None
+      return max(0, next_housekeep_time - time.time())
+
+    while self._status not in (self.Status.SHUTTING_DOWN, self.Status.OFFLINE):
+      housekeep_start = time.time()
+      if self.keepalive_interval is not None:
+        if time.time() - last_ping > self.keepalive_interval:
+          try:
+            self.ping()
+          except interface.SandboxStateError as e:
+            pg.logging.error(
+                '[%s]: Shutting down sandbox because ping failed '
+                'with error: %s.',
+                self.id,
+                str(e)
+            )
+            self._housekeep_counter += 1
+            self.report_state_error(e)
+            self.on_housekeep(time.time() - housekeep_start, e)
+            self.shutdown()
+            break
+          last_ping = time.time()
+
+      for name, feature in self._features.items():
+        if feature.housekeep_interval is not None and (
+            time.time() - last_housekeep_time[name]
+            > feature.housekeep_interval
+        ):
+          try:
+            feature.housekeep()
+            last_housekeep_time[name] = time.time()
+          except interface.SandboxStateError as e:
+            pg.logging.error(
+                '[%s/%s]: Feature housekeeping failed with error: %s. '
+                'Shutting down sandbox...',
+                self.id,
+                feature.name,
+                e,
+            )
+            self.report_state_error(e)
+            self._housekeep_counter += 1
+            self.on_housekeep(time.time() - housekeep_start, e)
+            self.shutdown()
+            break
+
+      self._housekeep_counter += 1
+      self.on_housekeep(time.time() - housekeep_start)
+      time.sleep(_next_housekeep_wait_time())
+
+  #
+  # Event handlers subclasses can override.
+  #
+
+  def on_start(
+      self,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None = None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the sandbox is started."""
+    self._event_handler.on_sandbox_start(self, duration, error)
+
+  def on_status_change(
+      self,
+      old_status: interface.Sandbox.Status,
+      new_status: interface.Sandbox.Status,
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the sandbox status changes."""
+    status_duration = time.time() - self._status_start_time
+    self._event_handler.on_sandbox_status_change(
+        self, old_status, new_status, status_duration
+    )
+
+  def on_shutdown(
+      self,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None = None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the sandbox is shutdown."""
+    self._event_handler.on_sandbox_shutdown(
+        sandbox=self,
+        duration=duration,
+        lifetime=(0.0 if self._start_time is None
+                  else (time.time() - self._start_time)),
+        error=error
+    )
+
+  def on_housekeep(
+      self,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None = None,
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the sandbox finishes a round of housekeeping."""
+    self._event_handler.on_sandbox_housekeep(
+        sandbox=self,
+        counter=self._housekeep_counter,
+        duration=duration,
+        error=error,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+  def on_session_start(
+      self,
+      session_id: str,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None = None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the user session starts."""
+    self._event_handler.on_sandbox_session_start(
+        sandbox=self,
+        session_id=session_id,
+        duration=duration,
+        error=error
+    )
+
+  def on_activity(
+      self,
+      name: str,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None = None,
+      **kwargs
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when a sandbox activity is performed."""
+    self._event_handler.on_sandbox_activity(
+        name=name,
+        sandbox=self,
+        session_id=self.session_id,
+        duration=duration,
+        error=error,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+  def on_session_end(
+      self,
+      session_id: str,
+      duration: float,
+      error: BaseException | None = None
+  ) -> None:
+    """Called when the user session ends."""
+    self._event_handler.on_sandbox_session_end(
+        sandbox=self,
+        session_id=session_id,
+        duration=duration,
+        lifetime=time.time() - self._session_start_time,
+        error=error
+    )