hpcflow 0.1.15__py3-none-any.whl → 0.2.0a271__py3-none-any.whl

hpcflow/models.py

@@ -1,2595 +0,0 @@
-"""`hpcflow.models.py`"""
-
-
-import re
-import os
-import enum
-from datetime import datetime
-from math import ceil, floor
-from pathlib import Path
-from pprint import pprint
-from subprocess import run, PIPE
-from time import sleep
-
-from sqlalchemy import (Column, Integer, DateTime, JSON, ForeignKey, Boolean,
-                        Enum, String, select, Float)
-from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, deferred, Session, reconstructor
-from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError, OperationalError
-
-from hpcflow.config import Config as CONFIG
-from hpcflow._version import __version__
-from hpcflow.archive.archive import Archive, TaskArchiveStatus
-from hpcflow.base_db import Base
-from hpcflow.archive.cloud.cloud import CloudProvider
-from hpcflow.nesting import NestingType
-from hpcflow.scheduler import SunGridEngine
-from hpcflow.utils import coerce_same_length, zeropad, format_time_delta, get_random_hex, datetime_to_dict, timedelta_to_dict
-from hpcflow.validation import validate_task_multiplicity
-from hpcflow.variables import (
-    select_cmd_group_var_names, select_cmd_group_var_definitions,
-    extract_variable_names, resolve_variable_values, UnresolvedVariableError
-)
-
-SCHEDULER_MAP = {
-    'sge': SunGridEngine,
-}
-
-
-class IterationStatus(enum.Enum):
-
-    pending = 'pending'
-    active = 'active'
-    complete = 'complete'
-
-
-class Workflow(Base):
-    """Class to represent a Workflow."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'workflow'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    create_time = Column(DateTime)
-    pre_commands = Column(JSON)
-    _directory = Column('directory', String(255))
-    root_archive_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('archive.id'), nullable=True)
-    root_archive_excludes = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
-    root_archive_directory = Column(String(255), nullable=True)
-    _profile_files = Column('profile_files', JSON, nullable=True)
-    loop = Column(JSON)
-    parallel_modes = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
-
-    command_groups = relationship(
-        'CommandGroup',
-        back_populates='workflow',
-        order_by='CommandGroup.exec_order',
-    )
-    submissions = relationship('Submission', back_populates='workflow')
-    variable_definitions = relationship('VarDefinition', back_populates='workflow')
-    root_archive = relationship('Archive', back_populates='workflow', uselist=False)
-    iterations = relationship(
-        'Iteration', back_populates='workflow', order_by='Iteration.order_id')
-
-    def __init__(self, directory, command_groups, var_definitions=None,
-                 pre_commands=None, archives=None, root_archive_idx=None,
-                 root_archive_excludes=None, profile_files=None, loop=None,
-                 parallel_modes=None):
-        """Method to initialise a new Workflow.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        directory : str or Path
-            Directory in which the Workflow resides.
-        command_groups : list of dict
-            List of dictionaries that each represent a command group.
-        var_definitions : dict, optional
-            Dictionary whose keys are variable names and values are
-            dictionaries that define variable definitions. By default, set to
-            `None`, in which case it is assumed there are no variable
-            references in any of the command groups.
-        pre_commands : list of str
-            List of commands to execute on creation of the Workflow.
-        archives : list of dict
-            List of dicts representing archive locations. Each dict in
-            `command_groups` may contain keys `archive_idx` (which is an
-            index into `archives`) and `archive_excludes` (which is a list
-            of glob patterns to ignore when archiving). Each item in `archives`
-            contains the following keys:
-                name : str
-                host : str
-                path : str
-        root_archive_idx : int
-            Index into `archives` that sets the root archive for the workflow.
-        root_archive_excludes : list of str
-            File patterns to exclude from the root archive.
-        profile_files : list of Path, optional
-            If specified, the list of absolute file paths to the profile files used to
-            generate this workflow.
-        loop : dict, optional
-            If specified, keys are:
-                max_iterations : int
-                    Maximum number of loop iterations to submit.
-                groups : list of int, optional
-                    Which command groups to include in iterations beyond the first. If not
-                    specified, all command groups are included in the loop.
-        parallel_modes : dict, optional
-            If specified, (case-insensitive) keys are one or more of: 'MPI', 'OpenMP'.
-            Each is a dict with allowed keys:
-                env : list of str
-                    Environment set up required for a given parallel mode.
-                command : str
-                    Command to prepend to any command group commands that use this
-                    parallel mode.
-
-        """
-
-        if loop is None:
-            loop = {
-                'max_iterations': 1,
-                'groups': [],
-            }
-
-        # Command group directories must be stored internally as variables:
-        for idx, i in enumerate(command_groups):
-
-            dir_var_value = '.'
-
-            if 'directory' in i:
-
-                var_names = extract_variable_names(
-                    i['directory'], CONFIG.get('variable_delimiters'))
-                if len(var_names) > 1:
-                    raise NotImplementedError()
-                elif not var_names:
-                    # Value is set but is not a variable
-                    dir_var_value = i['directory'] or dir_var_value
-                else:
-                    # Value is already a variable; no action.
-                    continue
-
-            dir_var_defn_name = CONFIG.get('default_cmd_group_dir_var_name')
-
-            command_groups[idx]['directory'] = '{1:}{0:}{2:}'.format(
-                dir_var_defn_name,
-                *CONFIG.get('variable_delimiters')
-            )
-
-            # Add new variable definition:
-            var_definitions.update({
-                dir_var_defn_name: {
-                    'value': dir_var_value,
-                }
-            })
-
-        self._directory = str(directory)
-        self.profile_files = [i.relative_to(self.directory) for i in profile_files]
-        self.create_time = datetime.now()
-        self.pre_commands = pre_commands
-        self.variable_definitions = [
-            VarDefinition(name=k, **v) for k, v in var_definitions.items()
-        ]
-
-        # Generate Archive objects:
-        archive_objs = []
-        archive_dir_names = []
-        if archives:
-            for i in archives:
-                arch_i = Archive(**i)
-                archive_objs.append(arch_i)
-                archive_dir_names.append(arch_i.get_archive_dir(self))
-
-        if root_archive_idx is not None:
-            self.root_archive = archive_objs[root_archive_idx]
-            self.root_archive_excludes = root_archive_excludes
-            self.root_archive_directory = archive_dir_names[root_archive_idx]
-
-        cmd_groups = []
-        for i in command_groups:
-
-            dir_var_name = extract_variable_names(
-                i['directory'], CONFIG.get('variable_delimiters'))[0]
-
-            dir_var_defn = [i for i in self.variable_definitions
-                            if i.name == dir_var_name][0]
-
-            i.pop('directory')
-            i.update({
-                'directory_var': dir_var_defn,
-            })
-            arch_idx = i.pop('archive_idx', None)
-            if arch_idx is not None:
-                i.update({
-                    'archive': archive_objs[arch_idx],
-                    'archive_directory': archive_dir_names[arch_idx],
-                })
-            cmd_groups.append(CommandGroup(**i))
-
-        self.command_groups = cmd_groups
-        self.parallel_modes = parallel_modes
-
-        self.loop = loop
-        for i in range(self.loop['max_iterations']):
-            self.iterations.append(Iteration(i))
-
-        self.validate(archive_objs)
-        self._execute_pre_commands()
-        self.do_root_archive()
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = ('{}('
-               'id={}, '
-               'directory={}, '
-               'pre_commands={}, '
-               'root_archive_id={}, '
-               'loop={}'
-               ')').format(
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.id_,
-            self.directory,
-            self.pre_commands,
-            self.root_archive_id,
-            self.loop,
-        )
-
-        return out
-
-    def get_variable_definition_by_name(self, variable_name):
-        """Get the VarDefintion object using the variable name."""
-
-        for i in self.variable_definitions:
-            if i.name == variable_name:
-                return i
-
-        msg = ('Cannot find variable definition with '
-               'name "{}"'.format(variable_name))
-        raise ValueError(msg)
-
-    @property
-    def first_iteration(self):
-        return self.iterations[0]
-
-    @property
-    def profile_files(self):
-        if self._profile_files:
-            return [Path(i) for i in self._profile_files]
-        else:
-            return []
-
-    @profile_files.setter
-    def profile_files(self, profile_files):
-        if profile_files:
-            self._profile_files = [str(i) for i in profile_files]
-
-    @property
-    def has_alternate_scratch(self):
-        return bool(self.all_alternate_scratch)
-
-    @property
-    def all_alternate_scratch(self):
-        out = list(set([i.alternate_scratch for i in self.command_groups
-                        if i.alternate_scratch]))
-        return out
-
-    @property
-    def directory(self):
-        return Path(self._directory)
-
-    def validate(self, archive_objs):
-        cmd_group_list = []
-        for i in self.command_groups:
-            cmd_group_list.append({
-                'is_job_array': i.is_job_array,
-                'exec_order': i.exec_order,
-                'nesting': i.nesting,
-            })
-
-        err = '[Workflow instantiation error]'
-        cmd_group_list = validate_task_multiplicity(cmd_group_list, err)
-
-        for i_idx, i in enumerate(cmd_group_list):
-            cmd_group = self.command_groups[i_idx]
-            cmd_group.is_job_array = i['is_job_array']
-            cmd_group.exec_order = i['exec_order']
-            cmd_group.nesting = i['nesting']
-
-        # If using an Archive with a cloud provider, check access:
-        for i in archive_objs:
-            if i.cloud_provider != CloudProvider.null:
-                msg = f'Checking access to cloud storage ({i.name})...'
-                print(msg, end='', flush=True)
-                i.cloud_provider.check_access()
-
-    def add_submission(self, project, task_range=None):
-        """Add a new submission to this Workflow.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        project : Project
-        task_ranges : list, optional
-            If specified, must be a list of length equal to the number of
-            channels in the Workflow. Each list element specifies which tasks
-            to submit from each Workflow channel. Each element may be either a
-            list, a string "all", or `None`. If an element is a string "all",
-            all tasks within the specified channel will be submitted. If an
-            element is `None`, no tasks within the specified channel will be
-            submitted. If an element is a list, it must have either two or
-            three elements; if it has two elements, these signify the first and
-            last tasks, inclusively, to submit from that channel. By default,
-            the task step size is one, but this can be chosen as a third list
-            entry. By default, set to `None`, in which case all tasks from all
-            channels are included.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        We are temporarily restricting the number of channels to 1, since
-        supporting multiple channels requires some more technical work. This
-        restriction is enforced in the `validation.validate_task_multiplicity`
-        function.
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        Submit all tasks from all channels:
-        >>> workflow.add_submission()
-
-        Submit tasks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 from the first and only channel:
-        >>> workflow.add_submission([[1, 5]])
-
-        Submit tasks 1 and 3 from the first channel, and tasks 2, 3 and 4 from
-        the second channel:
-        >>> workflow.add_submission([[1, 4, 2], [2, 4]])
-
-        Submit all tasks from the first channel, and tasks 2 and 7 from the
-        second channel:
-        >>> workflow.add_submission(['all', (2, 7, 5)])
-
-        Submit all tasks from the first channel and no tasks from the second
-        channel:
-        >>> workflow.add_submission(['all', None])
-
-
-        What to do:
-        -----------
-
-        0.  Firstly, resolve variable values for the first command group.
-        1.  Need to identify which command groups must have their
-            var_multiplicity resolved at submit time, and raise if it cannot
-            be done. For `is_job_array=False` command groups, var_multiplicity
-            does not need to be known at submit-time, since the number of
-            output tasks will be known (either one [for `nesting=hold`], or
-            equal to number of input tasks [for `nesting=None`]).
-        2.  To do this, organise command groups into scheduler groups,
-            which are delineated by command groups with `nesting=hold`.
-        3.  For each scheduler group, go through the command groups in order
-            and resolve the `var_multiplicity` if it is required. This is not
-            the same as actually resolving the variable values. And we don't
-            need to do that at submit-time, except for the very first command
-            group! (Or rather, since submit-time and run-time coincide for
-            the first command group, we have the *opportunity* to resolve
-            variable values for the first command group; in general, variable
-            values in a given command group may depend on the commands run in
-            a previous command group, so this cannot be done.)
-
-        """
-
-        # print('Workflow.add_submission: task_range: {}'.format(task_range), flush=True)
-
-        submission = Submission(self, task_range)  # Generate CGSs and Tasks
-        submission.write_submit_dirs(project.hf_dir)
-        js_paths = submission.write_jobscripts(project.hf_dir)
-        submission.submit_jobscripts(js_paths)
-
-        return submission
-
-    def get_num_channels(self, exec_order=0):
-        """Get the number of command groups with a given execution order.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        exec_order : int, optional
-            The execution order at which to count command groups.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        num_channels : int
-            The number of command groups at the given execution order.
-
-        """
-
-        num_channels = 0
-        for i in self.command_groups:
-            if i.exec_order == exec_order:
-                num_channels += 1
-
-        return num_channels
-
-    def _validate_task_ranges(self, task_ranges):
-        """Validate task ranges.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        task_ranges : list
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        task_ranges_valid : list
-
-        """
-
-        # Check length equal to num_channels:
-        if len(task_ranges) != self.get_num_channels():
-            msg = ('The number of task ranges specified must be equal to the '
-                   'number of channels in the workflow, which is {}, but {} '
-                   'task ranges were specified.')
-            raise ValueError(msg.format(self.get_num_channels(),
-                                        len(task_ranges)))
-
-        task_range_msg = (
-            'Each task range must be specified as either a list with two or '
-            'three elements, representing the first and last task and '
-            '(optionally) the step size, `None`, or the string "all".'
-        )
-
-        task_ranges_valid = []
-        for i in task_ranges:
-
-            # Validate:
-            if isinstance(i, list):
-                if len(i) not in [2, 3]:
-                    raise ValueError(task_range_msg)
-            elif i not in ['all', None]:
-                raise ValueError(task_range_msg)
-
-            task_range_i = i
-            if i == 'all':
-                # Replace "all" with [n, m, s]
-                task_range_i = [1, -1, 1]
-
-            elif isinstance(i, list) and len(i) == 2:
-                # Add step size of 1:
-                task_range_i += [1]
-
-            if task_range_i[1] != -1:
-                # For known number of tasks, check m >= n >= 1:
-                if task_range_i[0] < 1:
-                    msg = 'Starting task, `n`, must be >= 1.'
-                    raise ValueError(msg)
-                if task_range_i[1] < task_range_i[0]:
-                    msg = 'Ending task, `m`, must be >= starting task, `n`.'
-                    raise ValueError(msg)
-
-            task_ranges_valid.append(task_range_i)
-
-        return task_ranges_valid
-
-    def _execute_pre_commands(self):
-
-        for i in self.pre_commands:
-
-            proc = run(i, shell=True, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
-            pre_cmd_out = proc.stdout.decode()
-            pre_cmd_err = proc.stderr.decode()
-
-    def do_root_archive(self):
-        """Copy the workflow directory to the root archive location."""
-
-        if self.root_archive:
-            self.root_archive.execute(self.root_archive_excludes,
-                                      self.root_archive_directory)
-
-    def get_stats(self, jsonable=True, datetime_dicts=False):
-        """Get task statistics for this workflow."""
-        out = {
-            'workflow_id': self.id_,
-            'submissions': [i.get_stats(jsonable=jsonable, datetime_dicts=datetime_dicts)
-                            for i in self.submissions]
-        }
-        return out
-
-    def kill_active(self):
-        """Kill any active scheduled jobs associated with the workflow."""
-
-        kill_scheduler_ids = []
-        for sub in self.submissions:
-            for cg_sub in sub.command_group_submissions:
-                for iteration in self.iterations:
-                    cg_sub_iter = cg_sub.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-                    if cg_sub_iter:
-                        if cg_sub_iter.scheduler_job_id is not None:
-                            kill_scheduler_ids.append(cg_sub_iter.scheduler_job_id)
-                        if cg_sub_iter.scheduler_stats_job_id is not None:
-                            kill_scheduler_ids.append(cg_sub_iter.scheduler_stats_job_id)
-
-        print('Need to kill: {}'.format(kill_scheduler_ids))
-        del_cmd = ['qdel'] + [str(i) for i in kill_scheduler_ids]
-        proc = run(del_cmd, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
-        qdel_out = proc.stdout.decode()
-        qdel_err = proc.stderr.decode()
-        print(qdel_out)
-
-
-class CommandGroup(Base):
-    """Class to represent a command group, which is roughly translated into a
-    job script."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'command_group'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    workflow_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('workflow.id'))
-    directory_variable_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('var_definition.id'))
-    archive_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('archive.id'), nullable=True)
-
-    name = Column(String(255), nullable=True)
-    stats_name = Column(String(255), nullable=True)
-    commands = Column(JSON)
-    is_job_array = Column(Boolean)
-    exec_order = Column(Integer)
-    nesting = Column(Enum(NestingType), nullable=True)
-    environment = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
-    _scheduler = Column('scheduler', JSON)
-    profile_name = Column(String(255), nullable=True)
-    profile_order = Column(Integer, nullable=True)
-    archive_excludes = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
-    archive_directory = Column(String(255), nullable=True)
-    _alternate_scratch = Column('alternate_scratch', String(255), nullable=True)
-    stats = Column(Boolean)
-
-    archive = relationship('Archive', back_populates='command_groups')
-    workflow = relationship('Workflow', back_populates='command_groups')
-    command_group_submissions = relationship('CommandGroupSubmission',
-                                             back_populates='command_group')
-
-    directory_variable = relationship('VarDefinition')
-
-    _scheduler_obj = None
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = (
-            '{}('
-            'commands={!r}, '
-            'is_job_array={!r}, '
-            'nesting={!r}'
-            ')'
-        ).format(
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.commands,
-            self.is_job_array,
-            self.nesting,
-        )
-        return out
-
-    def __init__(self, commands, directory_var, is_job_array=True,
-                 exec_order=None, nesting=None, environment=None, scheduler=None,
-                 profile_name=None, profile_order=None, archive=None,
-                 archive_excludes=None, archive_directory=None, alternate_scratch=None,
-                 stats=None, name=None, stats_name=None):
-        """Method to initialise a new CommandGroup.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        commands : list of dict
-            List of dicts containing commands to execute.
-        directory_var : VarDefinition
-            The working directory for this command group. TODO...
-        is_job_array : bool, optional
-            If True, the command group is executed as a job array. True by
-            default.
-        exec_order : int, optional
-            Execution order of this command relative to other command groups in
-            the Workflow. By default, `None`.
-        nesting : str, optional
-            Either "nest" or "hold". This determines how the task multiplicity
-            of this command group joins together with the task multiplicity of
-            the previous command group (i.e. the command group with the lower
-            execution order as determined by `exec_order`). If "nest", each
-            task from the previous command group, once completed, will fork
-            into multiple tasks in the current command group. If "hold", all
-            tasks in the current command group will only begin once all tasks
-            in the previous command group have completed. If `None`, the number
-            of tasks in the previous and current command groups must match,
-            since a given task in the current command group will only begin
-            once its corresponding task in the previous command group has
-            completed. By default, set to `None`.
-        environment : list of str, optional
-            List of commands to be run to set up the environment for the command group. By
-            default set to `None`.
-        scheduler : dict, optional
-            Scheduler type and options to be passed directly to the scheduler. By default,
-            `None`, in which case the DirectExecution scheduler is used and no additional
-            options are passed.
-        profile_name : str, optional
-            If the command group was generated as part of a job profile file,
-            the profile name should be passed here.
-        profile_order : int, optional
-            If the command group was generated as part of a job profile file,
-            the profile order should be passed here.
-        archive : Archive, optional
-            The Archive object associated with this command group.
-        archive_excludes : list of str
-            List of glob patterns representing files that should be excluding
-            when archiving this command group.
-        archive_directory : str or Path, optional
-            Name of the directory in which the archive for this command group will reside.
-        alternate_scratch : str, optional
-            Location of alternate scratch in which to run commands.
-
-        TODO: document how `nesting` interacts with `is_job_array`.
-
-        """
-
-        self.commands = commands
-        self.is_job_array = is_job_array
-        self.exec_order = exec_order
-        self.nesting = nesting
-        self.environment = environment
-        self.scheduler = scheduler
-        self.directory_variable = directory_var
-        self.profile_name = profile_name
-        self.profile_order = profile_order
-        self.stats = stats
-        self.name = name
-        self.stats_name = stats_name
-
-        self.archive = archive
-        self.archive_excludes = archive_excludes
-        self.archive_directory = archive_directory
-
-        self._alternate_scratch = alternate_scratch
-
-        self.validate()
-
-    @reconstructor
-    def init_on_load(self):
-        self.scheduler = self._scheduler
-
-    def validate(self):
-
-        # Check at least one command:
-        if not self.commands:
-            msg = 'At least one command must be specified.'
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-
-        self.nesting = NestingType[self.nesting] if self.nesting else None
-
-        # Check alternate scratch exists
-        if self.alternate_scratch:
-            if not self.alternate_scratch.is_dir():
-                msg = 'Alternate scratch "{}" is not an existing directory.'
-                raise ValueError(msg.format(self.alternate_scratch))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def get_command_lines(commands):
-        """Get all lines in the commands list."""
-        out = []
-        for i in commands:
-            if 'line' in i:
-                out.append(i['line'])
-            elif 'subshell' in i:
-                out.extend(CommandGroup.get_command_lines(i['subshell']))
-        return out
-
-    @property
-    def scheduler(self):
-        return self._scheduler_obj
-
-    @scheduler.setter
-    def scheduler(self, scheduler):
-
-        if 'name' not in scheduler:
-            msg = 'Scheduler must have a name that is one of: {}'
-            raise ValueError(msg.format(list(SCHEDULER_MAP.keys())))
-
-        sch_name = scheduler['name']
-        if sch_name not in SCHEDULER_MAP.keys():
-            msg = 'Scheduler "{}" is not known.'.format(scheduler)
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-
-        sch_class = SCHEDULER_MAP[sch_name]
-        self._scheduler_obj = sch_class(
-            options=scheduler['options'],
-            output_dir=scheduler['output_dir'],
-            error_dir=scheduler['error_dir'],
-        )
-        self._scheduler = scheduler
-
-    @property
-    def alternate_scratch(self):
-        if self._alternate_scratch:
-            return Path(self._alternate_scratch)
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    @property
-    def variable_names(self):
-        """Get those variable names associated with this command group."""
-
-        var_names = select_cmd_group_var_names(
-            self.get_command_lines(self.commands),
-            self.directory_variable.value
-        )
-        return var_names
-
-    @property
-    def variable_definitions(self):
-        """Get those variable definitions associated with this command group,
-        excluding those that appear embedded within other variables."""
-
-        var_names = self.variable_names
-        var_defns = []
-        for i in self.workflow.variable_definitions:
-            if i.name in var_names:
-                var_defns.append(i)
-
-        return var_defns
-
-    @property
-    def variable_definitions_recursive(self):
-        """Get those variable definitions associated with this command group,
-        including those that appear embedded within other variables."""
-
-        var_defns_dict = {
-            i.name: {
-                'data': i.data,
-                'file_regex': i.file_regex,
-                'file_contents': i.file_contents,
-                'value': i.value,
-            }
-            for i in self.workflow.variable_definitions
-        }
-
-        cmd_group_var_defns = select_cmd_group_var_definitions(
-            var_defns_dict,
-            self.get_command_lines(self.commands),
-            self.directory_variable.value,
-        )
-
-        var_defns = [
-            i for i in self.workflow.variable_definitions
-            if i.name in cmd_group_var_defns
-        ]
-
-        return var_defns
-
-
-class VarDefinition(Base):
-    """Class to represent a variable definition."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'var_definition'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    workflow_id = Column('workflow_id', Integer, ForeignKey('workflow.id'))
-
-    name = Column(String(255))
-    data = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
-    file_regex = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
-    file_contents = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
-    value = Column(String(255), nullable=True)
-
-    workflow = relationship('Workflow', back_populates='variable_definitions')
-    variable_values = relationship(
-        'VarValue',
-        back_populates='variable_definition',
-        order_by='VarValue.order_id',
-    )
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = ('{}('
-               'name={!r}, '
-               'data={!r}, '
-               'file_regex={!r}, '
-               'value={!r}'
-               ')').format(
-                   self.__class__.__name__,
-                   self.name,
-                   self.data,
-                   self.file_regex,
-                   self.value,
-        )
-        return out
-
-    def __init__(self, name, data=None, file_regex=None, value=None, file_contents=None):
-
-        self.name = name
-        self.data = data
-        self.file_regex = file_regex
-        self.file_contents = file_contents
-        self.value = value
-
-    def is_base_variable(self):
-        """Check if the variable depends on any other variables."""
-
-        if extract_variable_names(self.value,
-                                  CONFIG.get('variable_delimiters')):
-            return False
-        else:
-            return True
-
-    def get_dependent_variable_names(self):
-        """Get the names of variables on which this variable depends."""
-        return extract_variable_names(self.value,
-                                      CONFIG.get('variable_delimiters'))
-
-    def get_multiplicity(self, submission):
-        """Get the value multiplicity of this variable for a given
-        submission.
-
-        TODO: this should first try to get multiplicity from values (as a
-        function of cmd group directory?)
-
-        """
-
-        # First check if the variable is resolved.
-
-        var_values = {}
-        for i in self.variable_values:
-            if i.submission == submission:
-                if i.directory_value.value not in var_values:
-                    var_values.update({i.directory_value.value: []})
-                var_values[i.directory_value.value].append(i)
-
-        var_lengths = {}
-        for directory_path, var_vals in var_values.items():
-
-            if var_vals:
-                var_length = len(var_vals)
-
-            else:
-                var_length = None
-
-                if self.data:
-                    var_length = len(self.data)
-
-                elif self.file_regex:
-
-                    if 'subset' in self.file_regex:
-                        var_length = len(self.file_regex['subset'])
-
-                    elif 'expected_multiplicity' in self.file_regex:
-                        var_length = self.file_regex['expected_multiplicity']
-
-                elif self.file_contents:
-
-                    if 'expected_multiplicity' in self.file_contents:
-                        var_length = self.file_contents['expected_multiplicity']
-
-                elif self.is_base_variable():
-                    var_length = 1
-
-                else:
-                    raise ValueError('bad 3!')
-
-            var_lengths.update({directory_path: var_length})
-
-        return var_lengths
-
-    def get_values(self, directory):
-        """Get the values of this variable.
-
-        TODO: refactor repeated code blocks.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        directory : Path
-            Directory within which to resolve variable.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        UnresolvedVariableError
-            If the variable...
-
-        """
-
-        vals = []
-
-        if self.file_regex:
-
-            if self.file_regex.get('is_dir'):
-
-                for root, _, _ in os.walk(directory):
-                    root_rel = Path(root).relative_to(directory).as_posix()
-
-                    match = re.search(self.file_regex['pattern'], root_rel)
-                    if match:
-                        match_groups = match.groups()
-                        if match_groups:
-                            match = match_groups[self.file_regex['group']]
-                            val_fmt = self.value.format(match)
-                            vals.append(val_fmt)
-
-            else:
-                # Search files in the given directory
-                for i in directory.iterdir():
-                    match = re.search(self.file_regex['pattern'], i.name)
-                    if match:
-                        match_groups = match.groups()
-                        if match_groups:
-                            match = match_groups[self.file_regex['group']]
-                            val_fmt = self.value.format(match)
-                            vals.append(val_fmt)
-
-        elif self.file_contents:
-
-            path = Path(directory).joinpath(self.file_contents['path'])
-            with path.open('r') as handle:
-                for i in handle.readlines():
-                    vals.append(i.strip())
-
-        elif self.data:
-            for i in self.data:
-                vals.append(self.value.format(i))
-
-        else:
-            vals.append(self.value)
-
-        if not vals:
-            msg = ('Cannot resolve variable value with name: {}')
-            raise UnresolvedVariableError(msg.format(self.name))
-
-        vals = sorted(vals)
-
-        return vals
-
-
-class Submission(Base):
-    """Class to represent the submission of (part of) a workflow."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'submission'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    order_id = Column(Integer)
-    workflow_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('workflow.id'))
-    submit_time = Column(DateTime)
-    alt_scratch_dir_name = Column(String(255), nullable=True)
-
-    workflow = relationship('Workflow', back_populates='submissions')
-    command_group_submissions = relationship(
-        'CommandGroupSubmission',
-        back_populates='submission',
-        order_by='CommandGroupSubmission.command_group_exec_order',
-    )
-
-    variable_values = relationship('VarValue', back_populates='submission')
-
-    def __init__(self, workflow, task_range):
-
-        self.submit_time = datetime.now()
-        self.order_id = len(workflow.submissions)
-        self.workflow = workflow
-
-        # print('Submission.__init__: task_range: {}'.format(task_range), flush=True)
-
-        self.resolve_variable_values(self.workflow.directory, self.first_iteration)
-
-        cg_subs = []
-        for i in self.workflow.command_groups:
-            task_range = [1, -1, 1]  # TEMP
-            cg_sub = CommandGroupSubmission(i, self, task_range)
-            cg_subs.append(cg_sub)
-
-        session = Session.object_session(self)
-        session.commit()
-
-        # `SchedulerGroup`s must be generated after `CommandGroupSubmission`s and
-        # `resolve_variable_values`:
-        self._scheduler_groups = self.get_scheduler_groups()
-
-        if self.workflow.has_alternate_scratch:
-            self._make_alternate_scratch_dirs()
-
-        # `Task`s must be generated after `SchedulerGroup`s:
-        cg_sub_iters = []
-        for cg_sub in self.command_group_submissions:
-
-            for iteration in self.workflow.iterations:
-
-                if iteration.order_id > 0 and self.workflow.loop.get('groups'):
-                    # For > first iteration, not all command groups need be run:
-                    if cg_sub.command_group_exec_order not in self.workflow.loop['groups']:
-                        continue
-
-                cg_sub_iter = CommandGroupSubmissionIteration(iteration, cg_sub)
-                cg_sub_iters.append(cg_sub_iter)
-
-        session.commit()
-        # `cg_sub_iter.num_outputs` requires all cg_sub_iters to be generated:
-        for cg_sub_iter in cg_sub_iters:
-            for task_num in range(cg_sub_iter.num_outputs):
-                Task(cg_sub_iter, task_num)
-
-        self.first_iteration.status = IterationStatus('active')
-
-    @reconstructor
-    def init_on_load(self):
-        self._scheduler_groups = self.get_scheduler_groups()
-
-    def _make_alternate_scratch_dirs(self):
-        """Create a new directory on each alternate scratch for this submission."""
-
-        alt_scratches = self.workflow.all_alternate_scratch
-
-        # Find a suitable alternate scratch directory name for this submission:
-        count = 0
-        MAX_COUNT = 10
-        hex_length = 10
-        alt_dirname = get_random_hex(hex_length)
-        while True:
-            if all([not i.joinpath(alt_dirname).exists() for i in alt_scratches]):
-                break
-            alt_dirname = get_random_hex(hex_length)
-            count += 1
-            if count > MAX_COUNT:
-                msg = ('Could not find a suitable alternate scratch directory name '
-                       'in {} iterations.')
-                raise RuntimeError(msg.format(MAX_COUNT))
-
-        # Make alternate scratch "root" directories:
-        for alt_scratch in alt_scratches:
-            alt_scratch_root = alt_scratch.joinpath(alt_dirname)
-            alt_scratch_root.mkdir(parents=False, exist_ok=False)
-
-        self.alt_scratch_dir_name = alt_dirname
-
-    def get_working_directories(self, iteration):
-        dirs = []
-        for cg_sub in self.command_group_submissions:
-            cg_sub_iter = cg_sub.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-            for i in cg_sub_iter.get_directories():
-                if i not in dirs:
-                    dirs.append(i)
-        return dirs
-
-    @property
-    def first_iteration(self):
-        return self.workflow.first_iteration
-
-    @property
-    def scheduler_groups(self):
-        return self._scheduler_groups
-
-    def get_scheduler_groups(self):
-        """Get scheduler groups for this workflow submission."""
-        return SchedulerGroup.get_scheduler_groups(self)
-
-    def get_scheduler_group_index(self, command_group_submission):
-        """Get the position of a command group submission within the submission's
-        scheduler groups.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        command_group_submission : CommandGroupSubmission
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        tuple (int, int)
-            First integer identifies which scheduler group. Second integer identifies
-            the relative position of the command group within the scheduler group.
-
-        """
-
-        if command_group_submission not in self.command_group_submissions:
-            msg = 'Command group submission {} is not part of the submission.'
-            raise ValueError(msg.format(command_group_submission))
-
-        for i in self.scheduler_groups:
-            if i.has(command_group_submission):
-                return (i.order_id, i.index(command_group_submission))
-
-        msg = 'Command group submission {} is not part of the scheduler group.'
-        raise ValueError(msg.format(command_group_submission))
-
-    def get_scheduler_group(self, command_group_submission):
-
-        sch_group_idx, _ = self.get_scheduler_group_index(command_group_submission)
-        return self.scheduler_groups[sch_group_idx]
-
-    def is_variable_resolved(self, variable_definition, iteration, directory_var_val=None):
-        """Returns True if the passed variable_definition has been resolved
-        for this Submission and iteration."""
-        # Check the variable definition is part of the workflow:
-        if variable_definition not in self.workflow.variable_definitions:
-            msg = ('Passed variable_definition object is not in the '
-                   ' workflow of this submission.')
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-
-        for i in self.variable_values:
-            if i.variable_definition == variable_definition:
-                if i.iteration == iteration:
-                    if directory_var_val:
-                        if i.directory_value == directory_var_val:
-                            return True
-                    else:
-                        return True
-
-        return False
-
-    def resolve_variable_values(self, root_directory, iteration):
-        """Attempt to resolve as many variable values in the Workflow as
-        possible."""
-
-        session = Session.object_session(self)
-
-        # Loop through CommandGroupSubmissions in order:
-        for i in self.workflow.command_groups:
-
-            dir_var = i.directory_variable
-
-            # VarValues representing the resolved command group working directories:
-            cg_dirs_var_vals = []
-            cg_dirs_var_vals_other_val = []
-            for j in dir_var.variable_values:
-                if j.iteration == iteration:
-                    cg_dirs_var_vals.append(j)
-                else:
-                    cg_dirs_var_vals_other_val.append(j.value)
-
-            if cg_dirs_var_vals:
-                pass
-                # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: found existing resolved '
-                #        'directory variables: {}').format(cg_dirs_var_vals), flush=True)
-
-            else:
-
-                # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: trying to resolve directory '
-                #        'variable values.'), flush=True)
-
-                # Directory variable has not yet been resolved; try:
-                try:
-                    dir_var_vals_dat = dir_var.get_values(root_directory)
-                    # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: found directories with '
-                    #        'values: {}.'.format(dir_var_vals_dat)), flush=True)
-
-                except UnresolvedVariableError:
-                    # Move on to next command group:
-                    continue
-
-                dir_var_vals_dat_new = [
-                    j for j in dir_var_vals_dat
-                    if (j not in cg_dirs_var_vals_other_val or j == '.')
-                ]
-
-                # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: new directories are: '
-                #        '{}.'.format(dir_var_vals_dat_new)), flush=True)
-
-                # Add VarVals:
-                for val_idx, val in enumerate(dir_var_vals_dat_new):
-                    cg_dirs_var_vals.append(
-                        VarValue(
-                            value=val,
-                            order_id=val_idx,
-                            var_definition=dir_var,
-                            submission=self,
-                            iteration=iteration,
-                        )
-                    )
-
-            var_defns_rec = i.variable_definitions_recursive
-
-            # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: cg_dirs_var_vals: '
-            #        '{}.'.format(cg_dirs_var_vals)), flush=True)
-
-            for j in cg_dirs_var_vals:
-
-                # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: dir var val: '
-                #        '{}.'.format(j)), flush=True)
-
-                var_vals_dat = resolve_variable_values(
-                    var_defns_rec,
-                    root_directory.joinpath(j.value)
-                )
-
-                # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: var_vals_dat: '
-                #        '{}.'.format(var_vals_dat)), flush=True)
-
-                for k, v in var_vals_dat.items():
-
-                    # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: var_vals_dat k: '
-                    #        '{}; v: {}.'.format(k, v)), flush=True)
-
-                    vals_dat = v['vals']
-                    var_defn = self.workflow.get_variable_definition_by_name(k)
-
-                    # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: vals_dat '
-                    #        '{}.'.format(vals_dat)), flush=True)
-                    # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: var_defn '
-                    #        '{}.'.format(var_defn)), flush=True)
-
-                    if not self.is_variable_resolved(var_defn, iteration, j):
-
-                        # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: {} not resolved...'.format(
-                        #     var_defn)), flush=True)
-
-                        for val_idx, val in enumerate(vals_dat):
-
-                            # print(('Submission.resolve_variable_values: val: {}...'.format(
-                            #     val)), flush=True)
-
-                            VarValue(
-                                value=val,
-                                order_id=val_idx,
-                                var_definition=var_defn,
-                                submission=self,
-                                iteration=iteration,
-                                directory_value=j
-                            )
-                            session.commit()
-
-    def write_submit_dirs(self, hf_dir):
-        """Write the directory structure necessary for this submission."""
-
-        # Ensure scheduler output and error directories exist, if specified:
-        for cg_sub in self.command_group_submissions:
-            root_dir = self.workflow.directory
-            out_dir = root_dir.joinpath(cg_sub.command_group.scheduler.output_dir)
-            err_dir = root_dir.joinpath(cg_sub.command_group.scheduler.error_dir)
-            if not out_dir.is_dir():
-                out_dir.mkdir()
-            if not err_dir.is_dir():
-                err_dir.mkdir()
-
-        # Make the workflow directory if it does not exist:
-        wf_path = hf_dir.joinpath('workflow_{}'.format(self.workflow_id))
-        if not wf_path.exists():
-            wf_path.mkdir()
-
-        # Make the submit directory:
-        submit_path = wf_path.joinpath('submit_{}'.format(self.order_id))
-        submit_path.mkdir()
-
-        num_dir_vals_first_iter = {}  # keys are cg_sub_idx
-        for iteration in self.workflow.iterations:
-
-            # Make the iteration directory for each iteration:
-            iter_path = submit_path.joinpath('iter_{}'.format(iteration.order_id))
-            iter_path.mkdir()
-
-            for idx, i in enumerate(self.scheduler_groups):
-
-                max_num_tasks = i.get_max_num_tasks(self.first_iteration)
-                step_size = i.get_step_size(self.first_iteration)
-
-                # Make the scheduler group directory for each scheduler group:
-                sg_path = iter_path.joinpath('scheduler_group_{}'.format(idx))
-                sg_path.mkdir()
-
-                # Loop through cmd groups in this scheduler group:
-                for cg_sub_idx, cg_sub in enumerate(i.command_group_submissions):
-
-                    cg_sub_iter = cg_sub.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-                    if not cg_sub_iter:
-                        continue
-
-                    cg_sub_first_iter = cg_sub.get_command_group_submission_iteration(
-                        self.first_iteration
-                    )
-                    num_dir_vals = cg_sub_first_iter.num_directories
-                    all_dir_slots = [''] * max_num_tasks
-
-                    # Distribute dirs over num_dir_slots:
-                    for k in range(0, max_num_tasks, step_size[cg_sub_idx]):
-                        dir_idx = round((k / max_num_tasks) * num_dir_vals)
-                        all_dir_slots[k] = 'REPLACE_WITH_DIR_{}'.format(dir_idx)
-
-                    wk_dirs_path = iter_path.joinpath('working_dirs_{}{}'.format(
-                        cg_sub.command_group_exec_order, CONFIG.get('working_dirs_file_ext')))
-
-                    # Make the working directory template files for each cmd group:
-                    with wk_dirs_path.open('w') as handle:
-                        for dir_path in all_dir_slots:
-                            handle.write('{}\n'.format(dir_path))
-
-                # Make the variable values directories for each scheduler group:
-                var_values_path = sg_path.joinpath('var_values')
-                var_values_path.mkdir()
-                for j in range(1, max_num_tasks + 1):
-                    j_fmt = zeropad(j, max_num_tasks)
-                    vv_j_path = var_values_path.joinpath(j_fmt)
-                    vv_j_path.mkdir()
-
-    def write_jobscripts(self, hf_dir):
-
-        wf_path = hf_dir.joinpath('workflow_{}'.format(self.workflow_id))
-        submit_path = wf_path.joinpath('submit_{}'.format(self.order_id))
-        js_paths = []
-        js_stats_paths = []
-        for cg_sub in self.command_group_submissions:
-            js_paths_i = cg_sub.write_jobscript(dir_path=submit_path)
-            js_paths.append(js_paths_i['jobscript'])
-            js_stats_paths.append(js_paths_i['stats_jobscript'])
-
-        return js_paths, js_stats_paths
-
-    def submit_jobscripts(self, jobscript_paths):
-
-        loop_groups = self.workflow.loop['groups']
-        cmd_group_idx = range(len(self.workflow.command_groups))
-
-        if loop_groups:
-
-            pre_loop_idx = [i for i in cmd_group_idx if i < min(loop_groups)]
-            post_loop_idx = [i for i in cmd_group_idx if i > max(loop_groups)]
-
-            # List of tuples mapping jobscript path index (i.e. command group order id) to
-            # iteration index:
-            js_submissions = [(i, 0) for i in pre_loop_idx]
-
-            for iteration in self.workflow.iterations:
-                for i in loop_groups:
-                    js_submissions.append((i, iteration.order_id))
-
-            for i in post_loop_idx:
-                js_submissions.append((i, 0))
-
-        else:
-            js_submissions = [(i, 0) for i in cmd_group_idx]
-
-        sumbit_cmd = os.getenv('HPCFLOW_QSUB_CMD', 'qsub')
-        last_submit_id = None
-        js_paths, js_stat_paths = jobscript_paths
-
-        for cg_sub_idx, iter_idx in js_submissions:
-
-            iter_idx_var = 'ITER_IDX={}'.format(iter_idx)
-            cg_sub = self.command_group_submissions[cg_sub_idx]
-            iteration = self.workflow.iterations[iter_idx]
-            cg_sub_iter = cg_sub.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-            js_path_i, js_stat_path_i = js_paths[cg_sub_idx], js_stat_paths[cg_sub_idx]
-
-            qsub_cmd = [sumbit_cmd]
-
-            if last_submit_id:
-
-                # Add conditional submission:
-                if iteration.order_id > 0:
-                    hold_arg = '-hold_jid'
-                elif cg_sub.command_group.nesting == NestingType('hold'):
-                    hold_arg = '-hold_jid'
-                else:
-                    hold_arg = '-hold_jid_ad'
-
-                qsub_cmd += [hold_arg, last_submit_id]
-
-            qsub_cmd += ['-v', iter_idx_var]
-            qsub_cmd.append(str(js_path_i))
-
-            # Submit the jobscript:
-            job_id_str = self.submit_jobscript(qsub_cmd, js_path_i, iteration)
-            cg_sub_iter.scheduler_job_id = int(job_id_str)
-            last_submit_id = job_id_str
-
-            # Submit the stats jobscript:
-            if js_stat_path_i:
-                st_cmd = [sumbit_cmd, '-hold_jid_ad', last_submit_id, '-v', iter_idx_var]
-                st_cmd.append(str(js_stat_path_i))
-
-                job_id_str = self.submit_jobscript(st_cmd, js_stat_path_i, iteration)
-                cg_sub_iter.scheduler_stats_job_id = int(job_id_str)
-                last_submit_id = job_id_str
-
-    def submit_jobscript(self, cmd, js_path, iteration):
-
-        cwd = str(self.workflow.directory)
-        proc = run(cmd, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, cwd=cwd)
-        qsub_out = proc.stdout.decode().strip()
-        qsub_err = proc.stderr.decode().strip()
-        if qsub_out:
-            print(qsub_out, flush=True)
-        if qsub_err:
-            print(qsub_err, flush=True)
-
-        # Extract newly submitted job ID:
-        pattern = r'[0-9]+'
-        job_id_search = re.search(pattern, qsub_out)
-        try:
-            job_id_str = job_id_search.group()
-        except AttributeError:
-            msg = ('Could not retrieve the job ID from the submitted jobscript '
-                   'found at {}. No more jobscripts will be submitted.')
-            raise ValueError(msg.format(js_path))
-
-        return job_id_str
-
-    def get_stats(self, jsonable=True, datetime_dicts=False):
-        """Get task statistics for this submission."""
-        out = {
-            'submission_id': self.id_,
-            'command_group_submissions': [
-                i.get_stats(jsonable=jsonable, datetime_dicts=datetime_dicts)
-                for i in self.command_group_submissions]
-        }
-        return out
-
-
-class CommandGroupSubmission(Base):
-    """Class to represent the submission of a single command group."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'command_group_submission'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    command_group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('command_group.id'))
-    submission_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('submission.id'))
-    task_start = Column(Integer)
-    task_stop = Column(Integer)
-    task_step = Column(Integer)
-    commands_written = Column(Boolean)
-    # _task_multiplicity = Column('task_multiplicity', Integer, nullable=True)
-
-    command_group = relationship('CommandGroup',
-                                 back_populates='command_group_submissions')
-
-    submission = relationship('Submission', back_populates='command_group_submissions')
-
-    command_group_exec_order = deferred(
-        select([CommandGroup.exec_order]).where(
-            CommandGroup.id_ == command_group_id))
-
-    is_command_writing = relationship(
-        'IsCommandWriting',
-        uselist=False,
-        cascade='all, delete, delete-orphan'
-    )
-
-    command_group_submission_iterations = relationship(
-        'CommandGroupSubmissionIteration',
-        back_populates='command_group_submission',
-    )
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = (
-            '{}('
-            'command_group={!r}, '
-            'submission_id={!r})').format(
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.command_group,
-            self.submission_id,
-        )
-        return out
-
-    def __init__(self, command_group, submission, task_range):
-
-        # print('CommandGroupSubmission.__init__: task_range: {}'.format(task_range), flush=True)
-
-        self.command_group = command_group
-        self.submission = submission
-        self.task_range = task_range
-
-    @property
-    def task_range(self):
-        return (self.task_start, self.task_stop, self.task_step)
-
-    @task_range.setter
-    def task_range(self, task_range):
-        self.task_start = task_range[0]
-        self.task_stop = task_range[1]
-        if len(task_range) == 3:
-            self.task_step = task_range[2]
-        else:
-            self.task_step = 1
-
-    @property
-    def task_range_idx(self):
-        return list(range(*self.task_range))
-
-    @property
-    def variable_values(self):
-
-        var_values = []
-        for i in self.command_group.variable_definitions:
-            if i.variable_values:
-                var_values.append(i)
-
-        return var_values
-
-    @property
-    def num_submitted_tasks(self):
-        """Get the number of submitted tasks based on the task range.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        num : int
-            If the number of tasks is as yet undetermined, `None` is returned.
-
-        """
-
-        if self.task_stop == -1:
-            return None
-
-        num = ceil((self.task_stop - (self.task_start - 1)) / self.task_step)
-
-        return num
-
-    @property
-    def scheduler_group_index(self):
-        """Get the position of this command group submission within the submission's
-        scheduler groups.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        tuple (int, int)
-            First integer identifies which scheduler group. Second integer identifies
-            the relative position of the command group within the scheduler group.
-
-        """
-        return self.submission.get_scheduler_group_index(self)
-
-    @property
-    def scheduler_group(self):
-        """Get the scheduler group to which this command group belongs."""
-        return self.submission.get_scheduler_group(self)
-
-    def get_command_group_submission_iteration(self, iteration):
-
-        for i in self.command_group_submission_iterations:
-            if i.iteration == iteration:
-                return i
-
-    @property
-    def alternate_scratch_dir(self):
-        if self.command_group.alternate_scratch:
-            return self.command_group.alternate_scratch.joinpath(
-                self.submission.alt_scratch_dir_name)
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    def get_var_definition_by_name(self, var_name):
-        """"""
-
-        for i in self.command_group.var_definitions:
-            if i.name == var_name:
-                return i
-
-    def write_jobscript(self, dir_path):
-        """Write the jobscript."""
-
-        cg_sub_first_iter = self.get_command_group_submission_iteration(
-            self.submission.first_iteration)
-
-        js_path = self.command_group.scheduler.write_jobscript(
-            dir_path=dir_path,
-            workflow_directory=self.submission.workflow.directory,
-            command_group_order=self.command_group_exec_order,
-            max_num_tasks=self.scheduler_group.get_max_num_tasks(
-                self.submission.first_iteration),
-            task_step_size=cg_sub_first_iter.step_size,
-            environment=self.command_group.environment,
-            archive=self.command_group.archive is not None,
-            alternate_scratch_dir=self.alternate_scratch_dir,
-            command_group_submission_id=self.id_,
-            name=self.command_group.name,
-        )
-
-        js_stats_path = None
-        if self.command_group.stats:
-            js_stats_path = self.command_group.scheduler.write_stats_jobscript(
-                dir_path=dir_path,
-                workflow_directory=self.submission.workflow.directory,
-                command_group_order=self.command_group_exec_order,
-                max_num_tasks=self.scheduler_group.get_max_num_tasks(
-                    self.submission.first_iteration),
-                task_step_size=cg_sub_first_iter.step_size,
-                command_group_submission_id=self.id_,
-                name=self.command_group.stats_name,
-            )
-
-        out = {
-            'jobscript': js_path,
-            'stats_jobscript': js_stats_path,
-        }
-
-        return out
-
-    def write_runtime_files(self, project, task_idx, iter_idx):
-        iteration = self.get_iteration(iter_idx)
-        self.queue_write_command_file(project, task_idx, iteration)
-        self.write_variable_files(project, task_idx, iteration)
-
-    def queue_write_command_file(self, project, task_idx, iteration):
-        """Ensure the command file for this command group submission is written, ready
-        to be invoked by the jobscript, and also refresh the resolved variable values
-        so that when the variable files are written, they are up to date."""
-
-        session = Session.object_session(self)
-
-        sleep_time = 5
-        context = 'CommandGroupSubmission.write_cmd'
-        block_msg = ('{{}} {}: Writing command file blocked. Sleeping for {} '
-                     'seconds'.format(context, sleep_time))
-        unblock_msg = ('{{}} {}: Commands not written and writing available. Writing '
-                       'command file.'.format(context))
-        written_msg = '{{}} {}: Command files already written.'.format(context)
-        refresh_vals_msg = '{{}} {}: Refreshing resolved variable values.'.format(context)
-        write_dirs_msg = ('{{}} {}: Writing working directory files for '
-                          'iteration {}').format(context, iteration)
-        write_as_msg = ('{{}} {}: Writing alternate scratch exclusion list for '
-                        'task_idx {}.').format(context, task_idx)
-        make_alt_msg = ('{{}} {}: Making alternate scratch working '
-                        'directories.'.format(context))
-
-        blocked = True
-        while blocked:
-
-            try:
-                session.refresh(self)
-            except OperationalError:
-                # Database is likely locked.
-                print(block_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                sleep(sleep_time)
-                continue
-
-            if self.is_command_writing:
-                print(block_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                sleep(sleep_time)
-
-            else:
-                try:
-                    self.is_command_writing = IsCommandWriting()
-                    session.commit()
-                    blocked = False
-
-                except IntegrityError:
-                    # Another process has already set `is_command_writing`
-                    session.rollback()
-                    print(block_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                    sleep(sleep_time)
-
-                except OperationalError:
-                    # Database is likely locked.
-                    session.rollback()
-                    print(block_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                    sleep(sleep_time)
-
-                if not blocked:
-
-                    if iteration.status == IterationStatus('pending'):
-                        iteration.status = IterationStatus('active')
-
-                    # This needs to happen once *per task* per CGS:
-                    print(refresh_vals_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                    self.submission.resolve_variable_values(project.dir_path, iteration)
-
-                    # This needs to happen once *per task* per CGS (if it has AS):
-                    if self.command_group.alternate_scratch:
-                        print(write_as_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                        task = self.get_task(task_idx, iteration)
-                        self.write_alt_scratch_exclusion_list(project, task, iteration)
-
-                    cg_sub_iter = self.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-                    if not cg_sub_iter.working_dirs_written:
-
-                        # These need to happen once *per iteration* per CGS:
-
-                        print(write_dirs_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                        cg_sub_iter.write_working_directories(project)
-
-                        if self.command_group.alternate_scratch:
-                            print(make_alt_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                            self.make_alternate_scratch_dirs(project, iteration)
-
-                        cg_sub_iter.working_dirs_written = True
-
-                    if not self.commands_written:
-                        # This needs to happen once per CGS:
-                        print(unblock_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-                        self.write_command_file(project)
-                        self.commands_written = True
-                    else:
-                        print(written_msg.format(datetime.now()), flush=True)
-
-                    self.is_command_writing = None
-                    session.commit()
-
-    def write_variable_files(self, project, task_idx, iteration):
-
-        task = self.get_task(task_idx, iteration)
-        var_vals_normed = task.get_variable_values_normed()
-
-        print('CGS.write_variable_files: task: {}'.format(task), flush=True)
-        print('CGS.write_variable_files: var_vals_normed: {}'.format(
-            var_vals_normed), flush=True)
-
-        max_num_tasks = self.scheduler_group.get_max_num_tasks(
-            self.submission.first_iteration)
-
-        var_values_task_dir = project.hf_dir.joinpath(
-            'workflow_{}'.format(self.submission.workflow.id_),
-            'submit_{}'.format(self.submission.order_id),
-            'iter_{}'.format(iteration.order_id),
-            'scheduler_group_{}'.format(self.scheduler_group_index[0]),
-            'var_values',
-            zeropad(task.scheduler_id, max_num_tasks),
-        )
-
-        for var_name, var_val_all in var_vals_normed.items():
-            var_fn = 'var_{}{}'.format(var_name, CONFIG.get('variable_file_ext'))
-            var_file_path = var_values_task_dir.joinpath(var_fn)
-            with var_file_path.open('w') as handle:
-                for i in var_val_all:
-                    handle.write('{}\n'.format(i))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def get_formatted_commands(commands, num_cores, parallel_modes, indent=''):
-
-        # TODO: what about parallel mode env?
-        delims = CONFIG.get('variable_delimiters')
-        lns_cmd = []
-        for i in commands:
-            if 'line' in i:
-                cmd_ln = indent
-                para_mode = i.get('parallel_mode')
-                if para_mode:
-                    para_mode_config = parallel_modes.get(
-                        para_mode.lower())  # todo raise on miss
-                    para_command = para_mode_config.get('command')
-                    if para_command:
-                        cmd_ln += para_command.replace('<<num_cores>>', num_cores) + ' '
-                line = i['line']
-                for var_name in extract_variable_names(line, delims):
-                    line = line.replace(delims[0] + var_name + delims[1], f'${var_name}')
-                cmd_ln += line
-                lns_cmd.append(cmd_ln)
-            elif 'subshell' in i:
-                sub_cmds = CommandGroupSubmission.get_formatted_commands(
-                    i['subshell'],
-                    num_cores,
-                    parallel_modes,
-                    indent=(indent+'\t'),
-                )
-                lns_cmd.extend([f'{indent}('] + sub_cmds + [f'{indent})'])
-
-        return lns_cmd
-
-    def write_command_file(self, project):
-
-        lns_cmd = self.get_formatted_commands(
-            self.command_group.commands,
-            num_cores=self.command_group.scheduler.NUM_CORES_VAR,
-            parallel_modes=self.command_group.workflow.parallel_modes,
-            indent=('\t' if self.command_group.variable_definitions else ''),
-        )
-
-        lns_while_start = ['while true', 'do']
-        lns_while_end = ['done \\']
-
-        dt_stamp = datetime.now().strftime(r'%Y.%m.%d at %H:%M:%S')
-        about_msg = ['# --- commands file generated by `hpcflow` (version: {}) '
-                     'on {} ---'.format(__version__, dt_stamp)]
-
-        max_num_tasks = self.scheduler_group.get_max_num_tasks(
-            self.submission.first_iteration)
-
-        lns_task_id_pad = [
-            'MAX_NUM_TASKS={}'.format(max_num_tasks),
-            'MAX_NUM_DIGITS="${#MAX_NUM_TASKS}"',
-            'ZEROPAD_TASK_ID=$(printf "%0${MAX_NUM_DIGITS}d" $SGE_TASK_ID)',
-        ]
-
-        lns_read = []
-        lns_fds = []
-
-        for idx, i in enumerate(self.command_group.variable_definitions):
-
-            fd_idx = idx + 3
-
-            var_fn = 'var_{}{}'.format(i.name, CONFIG.get('variable_file_ext'))
-            var_file_path = ('$ITER_DIR/scheduler_group_{}/var_values'
-                             '/$ZEROPAD_TASK_ID/{}').format(
-                                 self.scheduler_group_index[0], var_fn)
-
-            lns_read.append('\tread -u{} {} || break'.format(fd_idx, i.name))
-
-            if idx > 0:
-                lns_fds[-1] += ' \\'
-
-            lns_fds.append('\t{}< {}'.format(fd_idx, var_file_path))
-
-        lns_cmd_print = ['printf "Running command: \\"{}\\"\\n" >> $LOG_PATH 2>&1'.format(
-            i.strip('\t').replace('"', r'\\\\\"')) for i in lns_cmd]
-
-        if self.command_group.variable_definitions:
-            lns_cmd_print = ['\t{}'.format(i) for i in lns_cmd_print]
-            cmd_lns = (about_msg + [''] +
-                       lns_task_id_pad + [''] +
-                       lns_while_start + [''] +
-                       lns_read + [''] +
-                       lns_cmd_print + [''] +
-                       lns_cmd + [''] +
-                       lns_while_end +
-                       lns_fds + [''])
-        else:
-            cmd_lns = (about_msg + [''] +
-                       lns_cmd_print + [''] +
-                       lns_cmd + [''])
-
-        cmd_lns = '\n'.join(cmd_lns)
-
-        cmd_path = project.hf_dir.joinpath(
-            'workflow_{}'.format(self.submission.workflow.id_),
-            'submit_{}'.format(self.submission.order_id),
-            'cmd_{}{}'.format(self.command_group_exec_order, CONFIG.get('jobscript_ext')),
-        )
-        with cmd_path.open('w') as handle:
-            handle.write(cmd_lns)
-
-    def write_alt_scratch_exclusion_list(self, project, task, iteration):
-        """Write alternate scratch exclusion files (for e.g. rsync)"""
-
-        # List of Paths to exclude, relative to `self.submission.workflow.directory`:
-        excluded_paths = [
-            Path(CONFIG.get('hpcflow_directory'))] + self.submission.workflow.profile_files
-
-        out_dir = Path(self.command_group.scheduler.output_dir)
-        err_dir = Path(self.command_group.scheduler.error_dir)
-        if out_dir not in excluded_paths:
-            excluded_paths.append(out_dir)
-        if err_dir not in excluded_paths:
-            excluded_paths.append(err_dir)
-
-        working_dir_path = Path(task.get_working_directory_value())
-        alt_scratch_exclusions = []
-        for exc_path in excluded_paths:
-            try:
-                exc_path.relative_to(working_dir_path)
-            except ValueError:
-                continue
-            alt_scratch_exclusions.append(exc_path)
-
-        exc_list_path = project.hf_dir.joinpath(
-            'workflow_{}'.format(self.submission.workflow.id_),
-            'submit_{}'.format(self.submission.order_id),
-            'iter_{}'.format(iteration.order_id),
-            '{}_{}_{}{}'.format(
-                CONFIG.get('alt_scratch_exc_file'),
-                self.command_group_exec_order,
-                task.order_id,
-                CONFIG.get('alt_scratch_exc_file_ext'),
-            ),
-        )
-
-        working_dir_abs = self.submission.workflow.directory.joinpath(working_dir_path)
-        about = (
-            '# Alternate scratch exclusion list. Patterns are relative '
-            'to task #{} working directory:\n'
-            '#   "{}"\n\n'
-        )
-        with exc_list_path.open('w') as handle:
-            handle.write(about.format(task.order_id, working_dir_abs))
-            for exc_path in alt_scratch_exclusions:
-                handle.write(str(exc_path) + '\n')
-
-    def make_alternate_scratch_dirs(self, project, iteration):
-        """Generate task working directories on the alternate scratch."""
-
-        # Get task working directories:
-        cg_sub_iter = self.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-        working_dirs = [task.get_working_directory() for task in cg_sub_iter.tasks]
-
-        alt_scratch_root = self.command_group.alternate_scratch.joinpath(
-            self.submission.alt_scratch_dir_name)
-
-        for working_dir in working_dirs:
-            if working_dir.value == '.':
-                # Already made "root" dir.
-                continue
-            alt_scratch_w_dir = alt_scratch_root.joinpath(working_dir.value)
-            alt_scratch_w_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    def get_iteration(self, iter_idx):
-        for i in self.submission.workflow.iterations:
-            if i.order_id == iter_idx:
-                return i
-
-    def get_task(self, task_idx, iteration):
-        cg_sub_iter = self.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-        for i in cg_sub_iter.tasks:
-            if i.order_id == task_idx and i.iteration == iteration:
-                return i
-
-    def set_task_start(self, task_idx, iter_idx):
-        context = 'CommandGroupSubmission.set_task_start'
-        msg = '{{}} {}: Task index {} started.'.format(context, task_idx)
-        start_time = datetime.now()
-        print(msg.format(start_time), flush=True)
-        iteration = self.get_iteration(iter_idx)
-        task = self.get_task(task_idx, iteration)
-        task.start_time = start_time
-        print('task: {}'.format(task))
-
-    def set_task_end(self, task_idx, iter_idx):
-        context = 'CommandGroupSubmission.set_task_end'
-        msg = '{{}} {}: Task index {} ended.'.format(context, task_idx)
-        end_time = datetime.now()
-        print(msg.format(end_time), flush=True)
-        iteration = self.get_iteration(iter_idx)
-        task = self.get_task(task_idx, iteration)
-        task.end_time = end_time
-        print('task: {}'.format(task))
-
-    def do_archive(self, task_idx, iter_idx):
-        """Archive the working directory associated with a given task in this command
-        group submission."""
-
-        # Adding a small delay increases the chance that `Task.is_archive_required` will
-        # be False (and so save some time overall), in the case where all tasks start at
-        # roughly the same time:
-        sleep(10)
-
-        iteration = self.get_iteration(iter_idx)
-        task = self.get_task(task_idx, iteration)
-        self.command_group.archive.execute_with_lock(task)
-
-    def get_stats(self, jsonable=True, datetime_dicts=False):
-        """Get task statistics for this command group submission."""
-        out = {
-            'command_group_submission_id': self.id_,
-            'command_group_id': self.command_group.id_,
-            'commands': self.command_group.commands,
-            'name': self.command_group.name,
-            'tasks': [task.get_stats(jsonable=jsonable, datetime_dicts=datetime_dicts)
-                      for cgsub_iter in self.command_group_submission_iterations
-                      for task in cgsub_iter.tasks
-                      if task.iteration.status != IterationStatus('pending')]
-        }
-        return out
-
-    def get_scheduler_stats(self, task_idx, iter_idx):
-
-        # Get scheduler job ID and scheduler task ID:
-        iteration = self.get_iteration(iter_idx)
-        cg_sub_iter = self.get_command_group_submission_iteration(iteration)
-        scheduler_job_id = cg_sub_iter.scheduler_job_id
-        task = self.get_task(task_idx, iteration)
-        task_id = task.scheduler_id
-
-        info = self.command_group.scheduler.get_scheduler_stats(scheduler_job_id, task_id)
-
-        if 'MB' in info['maxvmem']:
-            maxvmem = float(info['maxvmem'].split('MB')[0])
-        elif 'GB' in info['maxvmem']:
-            maxvmem = float(info['maxvmem'].split('GB')[0])
-        hostname = info['hostname']
-        wallclock = int(info['ru_wallclock'].split('s')[0])
-
-        task.memory = maxvmem
-        task.hostname = hostname
-        task.wallclock = wallclock
-
-
-class VarValue(Base):
-    """Class to represent the evaluated value of a variable."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'var_value'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    var_definition_id = Column(
-        Integer,
-        ForeignKey('var_definition.id'),
-    )
-    submission_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('submission.id'))
-    value = Column(String(255))
-    order_id = Column(Integer)
-    directory_value_id = Column('directory_value_id', Integer, ForeignKey('var_value.id'))
-    iteration_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('iteration.id'))
-
-    variable_definition = relationship('VarDefinition', back_populates='variable_values')
-    submission = relationship('Submission', back_populates='variable_values')
-    directory_value = relationship('VarValue', uselist=False, remote_side=id_)
-    iteration = relationship('Iteration', uselist=False)
-
-    def __init__(self, value, order_id, var_definition, submission, iteration,
-                 directory_value=None):
-
-        self.value = value
-        self.order_id = order_id
-        self.iteration = iteration
-        self.variable_definition = var_definition
-        self.submission = submission
-        self.directory_value = directory_value
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = (
-            '{}('
-            'variable_name={}, '
-            'value={}, '
-            'order_id={}, '
-            'iteration={}, '
-            'directory={}'
-            ')').format(
-                self.__class__.__name__,
-                self.variable_definition.name,
-                self.value,
-                self.order_id,
-                self.iteration,
-                self.directory_value.value if self.directory_value else None,
-        )
-        return out
-
-
-class IsCommandWriting(Base):
-    """Class to represent active writing of a command file."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'is_command_writing'
-
-    command_group_submission_id = Column(
-        Integer,
-        ForeignKey('command_group_submission.id'),
-        primary_key=True,
-        unique=True
-    )
-
-
-class Task(Base):
-    """Class to represent a single task."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'task'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    order_id = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
-    start_time = Column(DateTime)
-    end_time = Column(DateTime)
-    memory = Column(Float)
-    hostname = Column(String(255))
-    wallclock = Column(Integer)
-    archive_status = Column(Enum(TaskArchiveStatus), nullable=True)
-    _archive_start_time = Column('archive_start_time', DateTime, nullable=True)
-    _archive_end_time = Column('archive_end_time', DateTime, nullable=True)
-    archived_task_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('task.id'), nullable=True)
-
-    command_group_submission_iteration_id = Column(
-        Integer, ForeignKey('command_group_submission_iteration.id'))
-
-    command_group_submission_iteration = relationship(
-        'CommandGroupSubmissionIteration', back_populates='tasks', uselist=False)
-
-    archived_task = relationship('Task', uselist=False, remote_side=id_)
-
-    def __init__(self, command_group_submission_iteration, order_id):
-        self.order_id = order_id
-        self.command_group_submission_iteration = command_group_submission_iteration
-        self.start_time = None
-        self.end_time = None
-
-        if self.command_group_submission_iteration.command_group_submission.command_group.archive:
-            self.archive_status = TaskArchiveStatus('pending')
-
-    @property
-    def iteration(self):
-        return self.command_group_submission_iteration.iteration
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = (
-            '{}('
-            'order_id={}, '
-            'command_group_submission_iteration_id={}, '
-            'start_time={}, '
-            'end_time={}'
-            ')').format(
-                self.__class__.__name__,
-                self.order_id,
-                self.command_group_submission_iteration_id,
-                self.start_time,
-                self.end_time,
-        )
-        return out
-
-    @property
-    def duration(self):
-        if self.start_time and self.end_time:
-            return self.end_time - self.start_time
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    @property
-    def scheduler_id(self):
-        """Get the task ID, as understood by the scheduler."""
-        num_tasks = self.command_group_submission_iteration.num_outputs
-        step_size = self.command_group_submission_iteration.step_size
-        scheduler_range = range(1, 1 + (num_tasks * step_size), step_size)
-        scheduler_id = scheduler_range[self.order_id]
-
-        return scheduler_id
-
-    @property
-    def archive_start_time(self):
-        if self.archived_task:
-            # Archive for this task was handled by another task with the same working dir:
-            return self.archived_task.archive_start_time
-        else:
-            return self._archive_start_time
-
-    @archive_start_time.setter
-    def archive_start_time(self, start_time):
-        self._archive_start_time = start_time
-
-    @property
-    def archive_end_time(self):
-        if self.archived_task:
-            # Archive for this task was handled by another task with the same working dir:
-            return self.archived_task.archive_end_time
-        else:
-            return self._archive_end_time
-
-    @archive_end_time.setter
-    def archive_end_time(self, end_time):
-        self._archive_end_time = end_time
-
-    @property
-    def archive_duration(self):
-        if self.archive_start_time and self.archive_end_time:
-            return self.archive_end_time - self.archive_start_time
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    def get_working_directory(self):
-        """Get the "working directory" of this task."""
-        dir_vals = self.command_group_submission_iteration.get_directories()
-        dirs_per_task = len(dir_vals) / \
-            self.command_group_submission_iteration.num_outputs
-        dir_idx = floor(self.order_id * dirs_per_task)
-        working_dir = dir_vals[dir_idx]
-
-        return working_dir
-
-    def get_working_directory_value(self):
-        return self.get_working_directory().value
-
-    def get_stats(self, jsonable=True, datetime_dicts=False):
-        """Get statistics for this task."""
-        out = {
-            'task_id': self.id_,
-            'order_id': self.order_id,
-            'scheduler_id': self.scheduler_id,
-            'start_time': self.start_time,
-            'end_time': self.end_time,
-            'duration': self.duration,
-            'archive_start_time': self.archive_start_time,
-            'archive_end_time': self.archive_end_time,
-            'archive_duration': self.archive_duration,
-            'archived_task_id': self.archived_task_id,
-            'memory': self.memory,
-            'hostname': self.hostname,
-            'wallclock': self.wallclock,
-            'working_directory': self.get_working_directory_value(),
-            'archive_status': self.archive_status,
-            'iteration': self.iteration.order_id,
-        }
-
-        if datetime_dicts:
-            if self.duration:
-                out['duration'] = timedelta_to_dict(out['duration'])
-            if self.archive_duration:
-                out['archive_duration'] = timedelta_to_dict(out['archive_duration'])
-            if self.start_time:
-                out['start_time'] = datetime_to_dict(out['start_time'])
-            if self.end_time:
-                out['end_time'] = datetime_to_dict(out['end_time'])
-            if self.archive_start_time:
-                out['archive_start_time'] = datetime_to_dict(out['archive_start_time'])
-            if self.archive_end_time:
-                out['archive_end_time'] = datetime_to_dict(out['archive_end_time'])
-
-        if jsonable:
-
-            if not datetime_dicts:
-
-                if self.duration:
-                    out['duration'] = format_time_delta(out['duration'])
-                if self.archive_duration:
-                    out['archive_duration'] = format_time_delta(out['archive_duration'])
-
-                dt_fmt = r'%Y.%m.%d %H:%M:%S'
-
-                if self.start_time:
-                    out['start_time'] = out['start_time'].strftime(dt_fmt)
-                if self.end_time:
-                    out['end_time'] = out['end_time'].strftime(dt_fmt)
-                if self.archive_start_time:
-                    out['archive_start_time'] = out['archive_start_time'].strftime(dt_fmt)
-                if self.archive_end_time:
-                    out['archive_end_time'] = out['archive_end_time'].strftime(dt_fmt)
-
-            if self.archive_status:
-                out['archive_status'] = self.archive_status.value
-
-        return out
-
-    def get_same_directory_tasks(self):
-        """Get a list of other Tasks within the same command group that share the same
-        working directory and iteration."""
-        same_dir_tasks = []
-        for i in self.command_group_submission_iteration.tasks:
-            if i is self:
-                continue
-            elif i.iteration == self.iteration:
-                if i.get_working_directory() is self.get_working_directory():
-                    same_dir_tasks.append(i)
-
-        print('Task.get_same_directory_tasks: same_dir_tasks: {}'.format(same_dir_tasks),
-              flush=True)
-
-        return same_dir_tasks
-
-    def is_archive_required(self):
-        """Check if archive of this task is required. It is not required if a different
-        task in the same command group submission with the same working directory begun
-        its own archive after the commands of this command completed."""
-
-        if not self.end_time:
-            msg = ('`Task.is_archive_required` should not be called unit the task has '
-                   'completed; {} has not completed.'.format(self))
-            raise RuntimeError(msg)
-
-        for i in self.get_same_directory_tasks():
-            print('Checking if other task {} archived started after this task '
-                  '({}) finished.'.format(i, self), flush=True)
-            if i.archive_start_time:
-                if i.archive_start_time > self.end_time:
-                    self.archived_task = i
-                    return False
-
-        return True
-
-    def get_variable_values(self):
-        """Get the values of variables that are resolved in this task's working
-        directory.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        var_vals : dict of (str: list of str)
-            Keys are the variable definition name and values are list of variable
-            values as strings.
-
-        """
-
-        task_directory = self.get_working_directory()
-        cg_sub = self.command_group_submission_iteration.command_group_submission
-        sub_var_vals = cg_sub.submission.variable_values
-        cmd_group_var_names = cg_sub.command_group.variable_names
-        var_vals = {}
-
-        print('Task.get_variable_values: sub_var_vals:', flush=True)
-        pprint(sub_var_vals)
-
-        print('Task.get_variable_values: cmd_group_var_names:', flush=True)
-        pprint(cmd_group_var_names)
-
-        for i in sub_var_vals:
-            if i.directory_value == task_directory:
-                var_defn_name = i.variable_definition.name
-                if var_defn_name in cmd_group_var_names:
-                    if var_defn_name in var_vals:
-                        var_vals[var_defn_name].append(i.value)
-                    else:
-                        var_vals.update({var_defn_name: [i.value]})
-
-        return var_vals
-
-    def get_variable_values_normed(self):
-        """Get the values of variables that are resolved in this task's working
-        directory, where all variable values have the same, normalised multiplicity.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        var_vals_normed : dict of (str: list of str)
-            Keys are the variable definition name and values are list of variable
-            values as strings. The list of variable values is the same length for
-            each variable definition name.
-
-        """
-
-        var_vals = self.get_variable_values()
-        if not var_vals:
-            return {}
-
-        only_names, only_vals = zip(*var_vals.items())
-        only_vals_uniform = coerce_same_length(list(only_vals))
-
-        cg_sub = self.command_group_submission_iteration.command_group_submission
-        if cg_sub.command_group.is_job_array:
-            val_idx = self.order_id % len(only_vals_uniform[0])
-            only_vals_uniform = [[i[val_idx]] for i in only_vals_uniform]
-
-        var_vals_normed = dict(zip(only_names, only_vals_uniform))
-
-        return var_vals_normed
-
-
-class Iteration(Base):
-    """Class to represent a workflow iteration."""
-
-    __tablename__ = 'iteration'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    workflow_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('workflow.id'))
-    order_id = Column(Integer)
-    status = Column(Enum(IterationStatus), default=IterationStatus('pending'))
-
-    workflow = relationship('Workflow', back_populates='iterations', uselist=False)
-    command_group_submission_iterations = relationship(
-        'CommandGroupSubmissionIteration',
-        back_populates='iteration',
-    )
-
-    def __init__(self, order_id):
-        self.order_id = order_id
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = (
-            '{}('
-            'id={}, '
-            'workflow_id={}, '
-            'order_id={}'
-            ')'
-        ).format(
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.id_,
-            self.workflow_id,
-            self.order_id,
-        )
-        return out
-
-
-class CommandGroupSubmissionIteration(Base):
-
-    __tablename__ = 'command_group_submission_iteration'
-
-    id_ = Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
-    working_dirs_written = Column(Boolean, default=False)
-    iteration_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('iteration.id'))
-    scheduler_job_id = Column(Integer, nullable=True)
-    scheduler_stats_job_id = Column(Integer, nullable=True)
-    command_group_submission_id = Column(
-        Integer, ForeignKey('command_group_submission.id'))
-
-    iteration = relationship(
-        'Iteration',
-        back_populates='command_group_submission_iterations',
-        uselist=False,
-    )
-    command_group_submission = relationship(
-        'CommandGroupSubmission',
-        back_populates='command_group_submission_iterations',
-    )
-    tasks = relationship('Task', back_populates='command_group_submission_iteration')
-
-    def __init__(self, iteration, command_group_submission):
-        self.iteration = iteration
-        self.command_group_submission = command_group_submission
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = (
-            '{}('
-            'iteration_id={}, '
-            'command_group_submission_id={}, '
-            'scheduler_job_id={}, '
-            'scheduler_stats_job_id={}'
-            ')'
-        ).format(
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.iteration_id,
-            self.command_group_submission_id,
-            self.scheduler_job_id,
-            self.scheduler_stats_job_id,
-        )
-        return out
-
-    def get_directory_values(self):
-
-        dir_vals = [i.value for i in self.get_directories()]
-        return dir_vals
-
-    def get_directories(self):
-        """Get the directory variable values associated with this command group
-        submission and iteration."""
-
-        dir_vars_all = self.command_group_submission.command_group.directory_variable.variable_values
-        # Get only those with correct submission and iteration
-
-        dirs = []
-        for i in dir_vars_all:
-            if i.iteration == self.iteration:
-                if i.submission == self.command_group_submission.submission:
-                    dirs.append(i)
-
-        # dirs = [i for idx, i in enumerate(dirs) if idx in self.task_range_idx]
-
-        return dirs
-
-    @property
-    def num_directories(self):
-        return len(self.get_directories())
-
-    def get_task_multiplicity(self):
-        """Get the number of tasks associated with this command group submission."""
-
-        # TODO: move get_task_multiplicity to CommandGroupSubmissionIteration !
-
-        dirs = self.get_directory_values()
-
-        sub = self.command_group_submission.submission
-
-        var_lengths = {}
-        for directory in dirs:
-            var_lengths.update({directory: {}})
-            for i in self.command_group_submission.command_group.variable_definitions:
-                var_lengths_i = i.get_multiplicity(sub)  # as a func of dir
-                for var_dir, num in var_lengths_i.items():
-                    if var_dir == directory:
-                        var_lengths[directory].update({i.name: num})
-
-        var_lengths_combined = {}
-        for directory, var_nums in var_lengths.items():
-            if var_nums:
-                uniq_lens = set(var_nums.values())
-                num_uniq_lens = len(uniq_lens)
-                if num_uniq_lens == 1:
-                    combined_len = min(uniq_lens)
-                elif num_uniq_lens == 2:
-                    if min(uniq_lens) != 1:
-                        raise ValueError('bad 4!')
-                    combined_len = max(uniq_lens)
-                else:
-                    raise ValueError('bad 5!')
-            else:
-                combined_len = 1
-
-            var_lengths_combined.update({directory: combined_len})
-
-        return var_lengths_combined
-
-    @property
-    def num_outputs(self):
-        """Get the number of outputs for this command group submission."""
-        iteration = self.command_group_submission.submission.workflow.first_iteration
-        return self.command_group_submission.scheduler_group.get_num_outputs(iteration)[
-            self.command_group_submission.scheduler_group_index[1]]
-
-    @property
-    def step_size(self):
-        """Get the scheduler step size for this command group submission."""
-        iteration = self.command_group_submission.submission.workflow.first_iteration
-        return self.command_group_submission.scheduler_group.get_step_size(iteration)[
-            self.command_group_submission.scheduler_group_index[1]]
-
-    @property
-    def num_tasks(self):
-        return len(self.tasks)
-
-    def write_working_directories(self, project):
-        """Replace lines in the working_dirs files with actual directory paths."""
-
-        dir_vals = self.get_directories()
-
-        cg_sub = self.command_group_submission
-
-        wk_dirs_path = project.hf_dir.joinpath(
-            'workflow_{}'.format(cg_sub.submission.workflow.id_),
-            'submit_{}'.format(cg_sub.submission.order_id),
-            'iter_{}'.format(self.iteration.order_id),
-            'working_dirs_{}{}'.format(
-                cg_sub.command_group_exec_order, CONFIG.get('working_dirs_file_ext')),
-        )
-
-        with wk_dirs_path.open() as handle:
-            file_lns = handle.readlines()
-
-        for idx, i in enumerate(file_lns):
-            new_val = i.strip()
-            if 'REPLACE_WITH_DIR_' in i:
-                dir_idx = int(i.split('REPLACE_WITH_DIR_')[1])
-                new_val = dir_vals[dir_idx].value
-            file_lns[idx] = new_val
-
-        with wk_dirs_path.open('w') as handle:
-            for i in file_lns:
-                handle.write(i + '\n')
-
-
-class SchedulerGroup(object):
-    """Class to represent a collection of consecutive command group submissions that have
-    the same scheduler task range."""
-
-    def __init__(self, order_id, command_groups_submissions):
-
-        self.order_id = order_id
-        self.command_group_submissions = command_groups_submissions
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = ('{}('
-               'order_id={}, '
-               'command_group_submissions={}, '
-               ')').format(
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.order_id,
-            self.command_group_submissions,
-        )
-        return out
-
-    def get_max_num_tasks(self, iteration):
-        return max(self.get_num_outputs(iteration))
-
-    def get_step_size(self, iteration):
-        return [int(self.get_max_num_tasks(iteration) / i)
-                for i in self.get_num_outputs(iteration)]
-
-    def get_num_outputs(self, iteration):
-
-        num_outs = 1
-        num_outs_prev = num_outs
-        num_outs_all = []
-
-        # Get num_outputs for all previous cg subs in this scheduler group
-        for idx, cg_sub in enumerate(self.command_group_submissions):
-
-            # print('SchedulerGroup.get_num_outputs: cg_sub idx: {}'.format(idx), flush=True)
-
-            # print('SchedulerGroup.get_num_outputs: cg_sub_iters: ')
-            # pprint(cg_sub.command_group_submission_iterations)
-
-            cg_sub_iter = None
-            for i in cg_sub.command_group_submission_iterations:
-                if i.iteration == iteration:
-                    cg_sub_iter = i
-                    break
-            if not cg_sub_iter:
-                raise ValueError('Could not find CommandGroupSubmissionIteration object.')
-
-            # Number of outputs depend on task multiplicity, `is_job_array` and `nesting`
-            is_job_array = cg_sub.command_group.is_job_array
-            nesting = cg_sub.command_group.nesting
-
-            # print('SchedulerGroup.get_num_outputs: is_job_array: {}'.format(
-            #     is_job_array), flush=True)
-            # print('SchedulerGroup.get_num_outputs: nesting: {}'.format(nesting), flush=True)
-
-            if nesting == NestingType('nest'):  # or first_cmd_group:
-                num_outs = num_outs_prev
-            elif nesting == NestingType('hold'):
-                num_outs = 1
-            elif nesting is None:
-                num_outs = 1
-
-            if is_job_array:
-                # if nesting in [NestingType('hold'), None]:
-                #     num_outs *= cg_sub.num_directories
-                #     print('SchedulerGroup._get_num_outputs: cg_sub.num_directories: {}'.format(
-                #         cg_sub.num_directories), flush=True)
-
-                # cg_sub.task_multiplicity is a dict of directory keys
-                num_outs *= sum(cg_sub_iter.get_task_multiplicity().values())
-
-                # print('SchedulerGroup.get_num_outputs: cg_sub_iter.task_multiplicity: {}'.format(
-                #     cg_sub_iter.get_task_multiplicity()), flush=True)
-
-            # print('SchedulerGroup.get_num_outputs: num_outs: {}'.format(num_outs), flush=True)
-
-            num_outs_all.append(num_outs)
-            num_outs_prev = num_outs
-
-        # print('SchedulerGroup.get_num_outputs: num_outs_all: {}'.format(
-        #     num_outs_all), flush=True)
-
-        return num_outs_all
-
-    def has(self, command_group_submission):
-        return command_group_submission in self.command_group_submissions
-
-    def index(self, command_group_submission):
-        if not self.has(command_group_submission):
-            msg = '{} is not in the scheduler group.'
-            raise ValueError(msg.format(command_group_submission))
-        return self.command_group_submissions.index(command_group_submission)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def get_scheduler_groups(cls, submission):
-        """Split the command group submissions up into scheduler groups."""
-
-        cmd_groups_split = []
-        sch_group_idx = 0
-
-        for cg_sub in submission.command_group_submissions:
-
-            if cg_sub.command_group.nesting == NestingType('hold'):
-                sch_group_idx += 1
-            if len(cmd_groups_split) == sch_group_idx + 1:
-                cmd_groups_split[sch_group_idx].append(cg_sub)
-            else:
-                cmd_groups_split.append([cg_sub])
-
-        return [cls(idx, i) for idx, i in enumerate(cmd_groups_split)]