emerge 0.4.7__py3-none-any.whl → 0.4.8__py3-none-any.whl

emerge/_emerge/geo/pcb.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1244 @@
+# EMerge is an open source Python based FEM EM simulation module.
+# Copyright (C) 2025  Robert Fennis.
+
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+# of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, see
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.optimize import root, fmin
+import gmsh
+
+from ..cs import CoordinateSystem, GCS, Axis
+from ..geometry import GeoPolygon, GeoVolume, GeoSurface
+from ..material import Material, AIR, COPPER
+from .shapes import Box, Plate, Cyllinder
+from .polybased import XYPolygon
+from .operations import change_coordinate_system
+from .pcb_tools.macro import parse_macro
+from .pcb_tools.calculator import PCBCalculator
+from loguru import logger
+from typing import Literal, Callable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+import math
+
+
+SizeNames = Literal['0402','0603','1005','1608','2012','3216','3225','4532','5025','6332']
+_SMD_SIZE_DICT = {x: (float(x[:2])*0.05, float(x[2:])*0.1) for x in ['0402','0603','1005','1608','2012','3216','3225','4532','5025','6332']}
+
+def approx(a,b):
+    return abs(a-b) < 1e-8
+
+def normalize(vector: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+    norm = np.linalg.norm(vector)
+    if norm == 0:
+        return vector
+    return vector / norm
+
+def _rot_mat(angle):
+    ang = -angle * np.pi/180
+    return np.array([[np.cos(ang), -np.sin(ang)], [np.sin(ang), np.cos(ang)]])
+
+class RouteException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class PCBPoly:
+
+    def __init__(self, 
+                 xs: list[float],
+                 ys: list[float],
+                 z: float = 0,
+                 material: Material = COPPER):
+        self.xs: list[float] = xs
+        self.ys: list[float] = ys
+        self.z: float = z
+        self.material: Material = material
+
+    @property
+    def xys(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
+        return list([(x,y) for x,y in zip(self.xs, self.ys)])
+
+@dataclass
+class Via:
+    x: float
+    y: float
+    z1: float
+    z2: float
+    radius: float
+    segments: int
+
+class RouteElement:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.width: float = None
+        self.x: float = None
+        self.y: float = None
+        self.direction: np.ndarray = None
+        self.dirright: np.ndarray = None
+    
+    @property
+    def nr(self) -> tuple[float,float]:
+        return (self.x + self.dirright[0]*self.width/2, self.y + self.dirright[1]*self.width/2)
+    
+    @property
+    def nl(self) -> tuple[float,float]:
+        return (self.x - self.dirright[0]*self.width/2, self.y - self.dirright[1]*self.width/2)
+    
+    @property
+    def right(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def left(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
+        pass
+    
+    def __eq__(self, other: RouteElement) -> bool:
+        return approx(self.x, other.x) and approx(self.y, other.y) and (1-abs(np.sum(self.direction*other.direction)))<1e-8
+    
+class StripLine(RouteElement):
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 x: float,
+                 y: float,
+                 width: float,
+                 direction: tuple[float, float]):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+        self.width = width
+        self.direction = normalize(np.array(direction))
+        self.dirright = np.array([self.direction[1], -self.direction[0]])
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f'StripLine[{self.x},{self.y},w={self.width},d=({self.direction})]'
+    @property
+    def right(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
+        return [(self.x + self.width/2 * self.dirright[0], self.y + self.width/2 * self.dirright[1])]
+
+    @property
+    def left(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
+        return [(self.x - self.width/2 * self.dirright[0], self.y - self.width/2 * self.dirright[1])]
+      
+class StripTurn(RouteElement):
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 x: float,
+                 y: float,
+                 width: float,
+                 direction: tuple[float, float],
+                 angle: float,
+                 corner_type: str = 'round',
+                 champher_distance: float = None):
+        self.xold: float = x
+        self.yold: float = y
+        self.width: float = width
+        self.old_direction: np.ndarray = normalize(np.array(direction))
+        self.direction: np.ndarray = _rot_mat(angle) @ self.old_direction
+        self.angle: float = angle
+        self.corner_type: str = corner_type
+        self.dirright: np.ndarray = np.array([self.old_direction[1], -self.old_direction[0]])
+        
+        if champher_distance is None:
+            self.champher_distance: float = 0.75 * self.width*np.tan(np.abs(angle)/2*np.pi/180)
+        else:
+            self.champher_distance: float = champher_distance
+
+        turnvec = _rot_mat(angle) @ self.dirright * self.width/2
+
+        if angle > 0:
+            self.x = x + width/2 * self.dirright[0] - turnvec[0]
+            self.y = y + width/2 * self.dirright[1] - turnvec[1]
+        else:
+            self.x = x - width/2 * self.dirright[0] + turnvec[0]
+            self.y = y - width/2 * self.dirright[1] + turnvec[1]
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f'StripTurn[{self.x},{self.y},w={self.width},d=({self.direction})]'
+    
+    @property
+    def right(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
+        if self.angle > 0:
+            return []
+        
+        #turning left
+        xl = self.xold - self.width/2 * self.dirright[0]
+        yl = self.yold - self.width/2 * self.dirright[1]
+        xr = self.xold + self.width/2 * self.dirright[0]
+        yr = self.yold + self.width/2 * self.dirright[1]
+
+        dist = min(self.width*np.sqrt(2), self.width * np.tan(np.abs(self.angle)/2*np.pi/180))        
+
+        dcorner = self.width*(_rot_mat(self.angle) @ self.dirright)
+
+        xend = xl + dcorner[0]
+        yend = yl + dcorner[1]
+
+        out = [(xend, yend)]
+
+        if self.corner_type == 'champher':
+            dist = max(0.0, dist - self.champher_distance)
+        
+        if dist==0:
+            return  out
+        
+        x1 = xr + dist * self.old_direction[0]
+        y1 = yr + dist * self.old_direction[1]
+
+        if self.corner_type == 'square':
+            return [(x1, y1), (xend, yend)]
+        if self.corner_type == 'champher':
+            x2 = xend - dist * self.direction[0]
+            y2 = yend - dist * self.direction[1]
+
+            return [(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (xend, yend)]
+    
+    @property
+    def left(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
+        if self.angle < 0:
+            return []
+        
+        #turning right
+        xl = self.xold - self.width/2 * self.dirright[0]
+        yl = self.yold - self.width/2 * self.dirright[1]
+        xr = self.xold + self.width/2 * self.dirright[0]
+        yr = self.yold + self.width/2 * self.dirright[1]
+        
+        dist = min(self.width*np.sqrt(2), self.width * np.tan(np.abs(self.angle)/2*np.pi/180))        
+
+        dcorner = self.width*(_rot_mat(self.angle) @ -self.dirright)
+
+        xend = xr + dcorner[0]
+        yend = yr + dcorner[1]
+
+        out = [(xend, yend)]
+
+        if self.corner_type == 'champher':
+            dist =max(0.0, dist - self.champher_distance)
+        
+        if dist==0:
+            return  out
+        
+        x1 = xl + dist * self.old_direction[0]
+        y1 = yl + dist * self.old_direction[1]
+
+        if self.corner_type == 'square':
+            return [(xend, yend), (x1, y1)]
+        if self.corner_type == 'champher':
+            x2 = xend - dist * self.direction[0]
+            y2 = yend - dist * self.direction[1]
+
+            return [(xend, yend), (x2, y2), (x1, y1)]
+ 
+class StripPath:
+
+    def __init__(self, pcb: PCBLayouter):
+        self.pcb: PCBLayouter = pcb
+        self.path: list[RouteElement] = []
+        self.z: float = 0
+
+    def _has(self, element: RouteElement) -> bool:
+        if element in self.path:
+            return True
+        return False
+    
+    @property
+    def xs(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [elem.x for elem in self.path]
+    
+    @property
+    def ys(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [elem.y for elem in self.path]
+
+    @property
+    def start(self) -> RouteElement:
+        """ The start of the stripline. """
+        return self.path[0]
+    
+    @property
+    def end(self) -> RouteElement:
+        """ The end of the stripline """
+        return self.path[-1]
+    
+    def _check_loops(self) -> None:
+        if self.path[0]==self.path[-1]:
+            raise RouteException('Loops are currently not supported. To fix this problem, implement a single .cut() call before a .straight() call to break the loop.')
+        return None
+    
+    def init(self, 
+             x: float, 
+             y: float, 
+             width: float, 
+             direction: tuple[float, float],
+             z: float = 0) -> StripPath:
+        """ Initializes the StripPath object for routing. """
+        self.path.append(StripLine(x, y, width, direction))
+        self.z = z
+        return self
+    
+    def _add_element(self, element: RouteElement) -> StripPath:
+        """ Adds the provided RouteElement to the path. """
+        self.path.append(element)
+        self._check_loops()
+        return self
+    
+    def straight(self, distance: 
+                 float, width: float = None, 
+                 dx: float = 0, 
+                 dy: float = 0) -> StripPath:
+        """Add A straight section to the stripline.
+
+        Adds a straight section with a length determined by "distance". Optionally, a 
+        different "width" can be provided. The start of the straight section will be
+        at the end of the last section. The optional dx, dy arguments can be used to offset
+        the starting coordinate of the straight segment.
+
+        Args:
+            distance (float): The length of the stripline
+            width (float, optional): The width of the stripline. Defaults to None.
+            dx (float, optional): An x-direction offset. Defaults to 0.
+            dy (float, optional): A y-direction offset. Defaults to 0.
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The current StripPath object.
+        """
+        
+        x = self.end.x + dx
+        y = self.end.y + dy
+
+        dx_2, dy_2 = self.end.direction
+        x1 = x + distance * dx_2
+        y1 = y + distance * dy_2
+
+        if width is not None:
+            if width != self.end.width:
+                self._add_element(StripLine(x, y, width, (dx_2, dy_2)))
+
+        self._add_element(StripLine(x1, y1, self.end.width, (dx_2, dy_2)))
+        return self
+    
+    def taper(self, distance: float, 
+                 width: float) -> StripPath:
+        """Add A taper section to the stripline.
+
+        Adds a taper section with a length determined by "distance". Optionally, a 
+        different "width" can be provided. The start of the straight section will be
+        at the end of the last section. The optional dx, dy arguments can be used to offset
+        the starting coordinate of the straight segment.
+
+        Args:
+            distance (float): The length of the stripline
+            width (float, optional): The width of the stripline. Defaults to None.
+            dx (float, optional): An x-direction offset. Defaults to 0.
+            dy (float, optional): A y-direction offset. Defaults to 0.
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The current StripPath object.
+        """
+        
+        x = self.end.x 
+        y = self.end.y 
+
+        dx_2, dy_2 = self.end.direction
+        x1 = x + distance * dx_2
+        y1 = y + distance * dy_2
+
+        self._add_element(StripLine(x1, y1, width, (dx_2, dy_2)))
+        
+        return self
+    
+    def turn(self, angle: float, 
+             width: float = None, 
+             corner_type: Literal['champher','square'] = 'champher') -> StripPath:
+        """Adds a turn to the strip path.
+
+        The angle is specified in degrees. The width of the turn will be the same as the last segment.
+        optionally, a different width may be provided. 
+        By default, all corners will be cut using the "champher" type. Other options are not yet provided.
+
+        Args:
+            angle (float): The turning angle
+            width (float, optional): The stripline width. Defaults to None.
+            corner_type (str, optional): The corner type. Defaults to 'champher'.
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The current StripPath object
+        """
+        x, y = self.end.x, self.end.y
+        dx, dy = self.end.direction
+        
+        if width is not None:
+            if width != self.end.width:
+                self._add_element(StripLine(x, y, width, (dx, dy)))
+        else:
+            width=self.end.width
+        self._add_element(StripTurn(x, y, width, (dx, dy), angle, corner_type))
+        return self
+    
+    def store(self, name: str) -> StripPath:
+        """ Store the current x,y coordinate labeled in the PCB object.
+
+        The stored coordinate can be accessed by calling the .load() method on the PCBRouter class.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): The coordinate label
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The current StripPath object.
+        """
+        self.pcb.store(name, self.end.x, self.end.y)
+        self.pcb.stored_striplines[name] = self.end
+        return self
+    
+    def split(self, 
+              direction: tuple[float, float] = None,
+              width: float = None) -> StripPath:
+        """Split the current path in N new paths given by a new departure direction
+
+        Args:
+            directions (list[tuple[float, float]]): a list of directions example: [(1,0),(-1,0)]
+            widths (list[float], optional): The width for each new path. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[StripPath]: A list of new StripPath objects
+        """
+        if width is None:
+            width = self.end.width
+        if direction is None:
+            direction = self.end.direction
+        x = self.end.x
+        y = self.end.y
+        z = self.z
+        paths = self.pcb.new(x,y,width, direction, z)
+        self.pcb._checkpoint = self
+        return paths
+
+    def lumped_element(self, impedance_function: Callable, size: SizeNames | tuple) -> StripPath:
+        """Adds a lumped element to the PCB.
+
+        The first argument should be the impedance function as function of frequency. For a capacitor this would be:
+        Z(f) = 1/(j2πfC).
+        The second argument specifies the size of the element (length x width) as a tuple or it can be a string for a
+        package. For example "0402". The size of the lumped component does not inlcude the footprint.
+
+        For example a 0602 pacakge has timensions: length=0.6mm, width=0.3mm. The actual length of the component
+        not overlapping with the solder pad is 0.3mm (always half) so the component size added is 0.3mm x 0.3mm.
+        
+        After creation, the trace continues after the lumped component.
+        
+        You can add the components to your model as following:
+
+        >>> lumped_elements = pcb.lumped_elments
+        for le in lumped_elements:
+            model.mw.bc.LumpedElement(le)
+        
+        The impedance function and geometry is automatically passed on with the lumped element added.
+
+        Args:
+            impedance_function (Callable): A function that computes the component impedance as a function of frequency.
+            size (SizeNames | tuple): The dimensions of the lumped element on PCB.
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The same strip path object
+        """
+        if size in _SMD_SIZE_DICT:
+            length, width = _SMD_SIZE_DICT[size]
+        else:
+            length, width = size
+        
+        dx, dy = self.end.direction
+        x, y = self.end.x, self.end.y
+        rx, ry = self.end.dirright
+        wh = width/2
+        xs = np.array([x+rx*wh, x+rx*wh+length*dx, x-rx*wh+length*dx, x-rx*wh])*self.pcb.unit
+        ys = np.array([y+ry*wh, y+ry*wh+length*dy, y-ry*wh+length*dy, y-ry*wh])*self.pcb.unit
+        poly = XYPolygon(xs, ys)
+        
+        self.pcb._lumped_element(poly, impedance_function, width, length)
+        return self.pcb.new(x+dx*length, y+dy*length, self.end.width, self.end.direction, self.z)
+
+
+    def cut(self) -> StripPath:
+        """Split the current path in N new paths given by a new departure direction
+
+        Args:
+            directions (list[tuple[float, float]]): a list of directions example: [(1,0),(-1,0)]
+            widths (list[float], optional): The width for each new path. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[StripPath]: A list of new StripPath objects
+        """
+        width = self.end.width
+        direction = self.end.direction
+        x = self.end.x
+        y = self.end.y
+        z = self.z
+        paths = self.pcb.new(x,y,width, direction, z)
+        return paths
+    
+    def stub(self, direction: tuple[float, float],
+             width: float,
+             length: float, 
+             mirror: bool = False) -> StripPath:
+        """ Add a single rectangular strip line section at the current coordinate"""
+        self.pcb.new(self.end.x, self.end.y, width, direction, self.z).straight(length)
+        if mirror:
+            self.pcb.new(self.end.x, self.end.y, width, (-direction[0], -direction[1]), self.z).straight(length)
+        return self
+    
+    def merge(self) -> StripPath:
+        """Continue at the last point where .split() is called"""
+        if self.pcb._checkpoint is None:
+            raise RouteException('No checkpoint known. Make sure to call .check() first')
+        return self.pcb._checkpoint
+    
+    def via(self,
+            znew: float,
+            radius: float,
+            proceed: bool = True,
+            direction: tuple[float, float] = None,
+            width: float = None,
+            extra: float = None,
+            segments: int = 6) -> StripPath:
+        """Adds a via to the circuit
+
+        If proceed is set to True, a new StripPath will be started. The width and direction properties
+        will be inherited from the current one if not specified.
+        The extra parameter specifies how much extra stripline is added beyond the current point and before
+        the new segment to include the via. If not specifies it defaults to width/2.
+        
+        Args:
+            znew (float): The new Z-height for the stripline
+            radius (float): The via radius
+            proceed (bool, optional): Wether to continue with a new trace. Defaults to True.
+            direction (tuple[float, float], optional): The new direction. Defaults to None.
+            width (float, optional): The new width. Defaults to None.
+            extra (float, optional): How much extra stripline to add around the via. Defaults to None.
+            segments (int, optional): The number of via polygon sections. Defaults to 6.
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The new StripPath object
+        """
+        
+        if extra is None:
+            extra = self.end.width/2
+        x, y = self.end.x, self.end.y
+        z1 = self.z
+        z2 = znew
+        if extra > 0:
+            self.straight(extra)
+        self.pcb.vias.append(Via(x,y,z1,z2,radius, segments))
+        if proceed:
+            if width is None:
+                width = self.end.width
+            if direction is None:
+                direction = self.end.direction
+            dx = direction[0]*extra
+            dy = direction[1]*extra
+            return self.pcb.new(x-dx, y-dy, width, direction, z2)
+        return self
+    
+    def short(self) -> StripPath:
+        self.via(self.pcb.z(1), self.end.width/3, False)
+        return self
+
+    def jump(self, 
+             dx: float = None,
+             dy: float = None,
+             width: float = None,
+             direction: tuple[float, float] = None,
+             gap: float = None,
+             side: Literal['left','right'] = None,
+             reverse: float = None) -> StripPath:
+        """Add an unconnected jump to the currenet stripline.
+
+        The last stripline path will be terminated and a new one will be started based on the 
+        displacement provided by dx and dy. The new path will proceed in the same direction or
+        another one based ont the "direction" argument.
+        An alternative one can define a "gap", "side" and "reverse" argument. The stripline
+        will make a lateral jump ensuring a gap between the current and new line. The direction
+        of the jump is either "left" or "right" as seen from the direction of the stripline.
+        The reverse argument is a distance by which the stripline moves back.
+
+        Args:
+            dx (float, optional): The jumps dx distance. Defaults to None.
+            dy (float, optional): The jumps dy distance. Defaults to None.
+            width (float, optional): The new stripline width. Defaults to None.
+            direction (tuple[float, float], optional): The new stripline direction. Defaults to None.
+            gap (float, optional): The gap between the current and next stripline. Defaults to None.
+            side (Literal[left, right], optional): The lateral jump direction. Defaults to None.
+            reverse (float, optional): How much to move back if a lateral jump is made. Defaults to None.
+
+        Example:
+        The current example would yield a coupled line filter parallel jump.
+        >>> StripPath.jump(gap=1, side="left", reverse=quarter_wavelength).straight(...)
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The new StripPath object
+        """
+        if width is None:
+            width = self.end.width
+        if direction is None:
+            direction = self.end.direction
+        else:
+            direction = np.array(direction)
+
+        ending = self.end
+
+        if gap is not None and side is not None and reverse is not None:
+            Q = 1
+            if side=='left':
+                Q = -1
+            x = ending.x - reverse*ending.direction[0] + Q*ending.dirright[0]*(width/2 + ending.width/2 + gap)
+            y = ending.y - reverse*ending.direction[1] + Q*ending.dirright[1]*(width/2 + ending.width/2 + gap)
+        else:
+            x = ending.x + dx
+            y = ending.y + dy
+        return self.pcb.new(x, y, width, direction)
+    
+    def to(self, dest: tuple[float, float], 
+           arrival_dir: tuple[float, float] = None,
+           arrival_margin: float = None,
+           angle_step: float = 90):
+        """
+        Extend the path from current end point to dest (x, y).
+        Optionally ensure arrival in arrival_dir after a straight segment of arrival_margin.
+        Turns are quantized to multiples of angle_step (divisor of 360, <=90).
+        """
+        # Validate angle_step
+        if 360 % angle_step != 0 or angle_step > 90 or angle_step <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"angle_step must be a positive divisor of 360 <= 90, got {angle_step}")
+
+        # Current state
+        x0, y0 = self.end.x, self.end.y
+        vx, vy = self.end.direction  # unit heading
+        tx, ty = dest
+
+        # Compute unit arrival direction
+        if arrival_dir is not None:
+            adx, ady = arrival_dir
+            mag = math.hypot(adx, ady)
+            if mag == 0:
+                raise ValueError("arrival_dir must be non-zero")
+            ux, uy = adx/mag, ady/mag
+        else:
+            # if no arrival_dir, just head to point
+            ux, uy = 0.0, 0.0
+        arrival_margin += self.end.width
+        # Compute base point: destination minus arrival margin
+        bx = tx - ux * arrival_margin
+        by = ty - uy * arrival_margin
+
+        # Parametric search along negative arrival direction
+        # we seek t >= 0 such that angle from (vx,vy) to (bx - x0 - ux*t, by - y0 - uy*t)
+        # quantizes exactly to a multiple of angle_step
+        atol = angle_step/10
+        dtol = 0.01
+        t = 0.0
+        max_t = math.hypot(bx - x0, by - y0) + arrival_margin + 1e-3
+        dt = max_t / 1000.0  # resolution of search
+        found = False
+        desired_q = None
+        cand_dx = cand_dy = 0.0
+        
+        while t <= max_t:
+            # candidate intercept point
+            cx = bx - ux * t
+            cy = by - uy * t
+            dx = cx - x0
+            dy = cy - y0
+            if abs(dx) < dtol and abs(dy) < dtol:
+                # reached start; skip
+                t += dt
+                continue
+            # compute angle
+            cross = vx*dy - vy*dx
+            dot = vx*dx + vy*dy
+            ang = math.degrees(math.atan2(cross, dot))
+            # quantize
+            q_ang = math.ceil(ang / angle_step) * angle_step
+            if abs(ang - q_ang) <= atol:
+                found = True
+                desired_q = q_ang
+                break
+            t += dt
+
+        if not found:
+            raise RuntimeError("Could not find an intercept angle matching quantization")
+
+        # 1) Perform initial quantized turn
+        if abs(desired_q) > atol:
+            self.turn(-desired_q)
+        x0 = self.end.x
+        y0 = self.end.y
+        # compute new heading vector after turn
+        theta = math.radians(desired_q)
+        nvx = math.cos(theta) * vx - math.sin(theta) * vy
+        nvy = math.sin(theta) * vx + math.cos(theta) * vy
+
+        # 2) Compute exact intercept distance via line intersection:
+        # Solve: (x0,y0) + s*(nvx,nvy) = (bx,by) - t*(ux,uy)
+        # Unknowns s,t (we reuse t from above as initial guess, but solve fresh):
+        tol_dist = 1e-6
+        A11, A12 = nvx, ux
+        A21, A22 = nvy, uy
+        B1 = bx - x0
+        B2 = by - y0
+        det = A11 * A22 - A12 * A21
+        if abs(det) < tol_dist:
+            raise RuntimeError("Initial heading parallel to arrival line, no unique intercept")
+        s = (B1 * A22 - B2 * A12) / det
+        t_exact = (A11 * B2 - A21 * B1) / det
+        if s < -tol_dist or (arrival_dir is not None and t_exact < -tol_dist):
+            raise RuntimeError("Computed intercept lies behind start or before arrival point")
+
+        
+        # 3) Turn into arrival direction (if provided)
+    
+        # we need to rotate from current heading (vx,vy) by desired_q to (nvx,nvy)
+        theta = math.radians(desired_q)
+        nvx = math.cos(theta)*vx - math.sin(theta)*vy
+        nvy = math.sin(theta)*vx + math.cos(theta)*vy
+        # target heading is (ux,uy)
+        cross2 = nvx*uy - nvy*ux
+        dot2 = nvx*ux + nvy*uy
+        back_ang = math.degrees(math.atan2(cross2, dot2))
+        
+        backoff = math.tan(abs(back_ang)*np.pi/360)*self.end.width/2
+        self.straight(s - backoff)
+        
+
+        self.turn(-back_ang)
+
+        x0 = self.end.x
+        y0 = self.end.y
+        D = math.hypot(tx-x0, ty-y0)
+        # 4) Final straight into destination by arrival_margin + t
+        self.straight(D)
+        
+
+        return self
+
+    def macro(self, path: str, width: float = None, start_dir: tuple[float, float] = None) -> StripPath:
+        """Parse an EMerge macro command string
+
+        The start direction by default is the abslute current heading. If a specified heading is provided
+        the macro language will assume that as the current heading and generate commands accordingly. 
+
+        The language is specified by a symbol plus a number.
+        Symbols:
+        - = X: Move X units forward
+        - \> X: Turn to right and move X forward
+        - < X: Turn to left and move X forward
+        - v X: Turn to down and move X forward
+        - ^ X: Turn to up and move X forward
+        - T X,Y: Taper X forward to width Y
+        - \ X: Turn relative right 90 degrees and X forward
+        - / X: Turn relative left 90 degrees and X forward
+
+        (*) All commands X can also be provided as X,Y to change the width
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): The path command string
+            width (float, optional): The width to start width. Defaults to None.
+            start_dir (tuple[float, float], optional): The start direction to assume. Defaults to None.
+
+        Example:
+        >>> my_pcb.macro("= 5 v 4,1.2 > 5 ^ 2 > 3 T 4, 2.1")
+        
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: The strippath object
+        """
+        if start_dir is None:
+            start_dir = self.end.direction
+        if width is None:
+            width = self.end.width
+        for instr in parse_macro(path, width, start_dir):
+            getattr(self, instr.instr)(*instr.args, **instr.kwargs)
+        return self
+    
+    def __call__(self, element_nr: int) -> RouteElement:
+        if element_nr >= len(self.path):
+            self.path.append(RouteElement())
+        return self.path[element_nr]
+    
+class PCBLayouter:
+    def __init__(self,
+                 thickness: float,
+                 unit: float = 0.001,
+                 cs: CoordinateSystem = None,
+                 material: Material = AIR,
+                 layers: int = 2,
+                 ):
+
+        self.thickness: float = thickness
+        self._zs: np.ndarray = np.linspace(-self.thickness, 0, layers)
+        self.material: Material = material
+        self.width: float = None
+        self.length: float = None
+        self.origin: np.ndarray = None
+        self.paths: list[StripPath] = []
+        self.polies: list[PCBPoly] = []
+
+        self.lumped_ports: list[StripLine] = []
+        self.lumped_elements: list[GeoPolygon] = []
+
+        self.unit = unit
+
+        self.cs: CoordinateSystem = cs
+        if self.cs is None:
+            self.cs = GCS
+
+        self.traces: list[GeoPolygon] = []
+        self.ports: list[GeoPolygon] = []
+        self.vias: list[Via] = []
+
+        self.xs: list[float] = []
+        self.ys: list[float] = []
+        self.zs: list[float] = []
+
+        self.stored_coords: dict[str,tuple[float, float]] = dict()
+        self.stored_striplines: dict[str, StripLine] = dict()
+        self._checkpoint: StripPath = None
+
+        self.calc: PCBCalculator = PCBCalculator(self.thickness, self._zs, self.material, self.unit)
+
+    @property
+    def trace(self) -> GeoPolygon:
+        tags = []
+        for trace in self.traces:
+            tags.extend(trace.tags)
+        return GeoPolygon(tags)
+    
+    
+    @property
+    def all_objects(self) -> list[GeoPolygon]:
+        return self.traces + self.ports
+    
+
+    def z(self, layer: int) -> float:
+        """Returns the z-height of the given layer number counter from 1 (bottom) to N (top)
+
+        Args:
+            layer (int): The layer number (1 to N)
+
+        Returns:
+            float: the z-height
+        """
+        return self._zs[layer-1]
+    
+    def _get_z(self, element: RouteElement) -> float:
+        """Return the z-height of a given Route Element
+
+        Args:
+            element (RouteElement): The requested route element
+
+        Returns:
+            float: The z-height.
+        """
+        for path in self.paths:
+            if path._has(element):
+                return path.z
+        return None
+
+    def store(self, name: str, x: float, y:float):
+        """Store the x,y coordinate pair one label provided by name
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): The corodinate label name
+            x (float): The x-coordinate
+            y (float): The y-coordinate
+        """
+        self.stored_coords[name] = (x,y)
+
+    def load(self, name: str) -> tuple[float, float] | StripLine:
+        """Acquire the x,y, coordinate associated with the label name.
+        
+        Args:
+            name (str): The name of the x,y coordinate
+            
+        """
+        if name in self.stored_striplines and name in self.stored_coords:
+            logger.warning(f'There is both a coordinate and stripline under the name {name}.')
+            return self.stored_striplines[name]
+        elif name in self.stored_striplines:
+            return self.stored_striplines[name]
+        elif name in self.stored_coords:
+            return self.stored_coords[name]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'There is no stripline or coordinate under the name of {name}')
+    
+    def __call__(self, path_nr: int) -> StripPath:
+        if path_nr >= len(self.paths):
+            self.paths.append(StripPath())
+        return self.paths[path_nr]
+    
+    def determine_bounds(self, 
+                         leftmargin: float = 0,
+                         topmargin: float = 0,
+                         rightmargin: float = 0,
+                         bottommargin: float = 0):
+        """Defines the rectangular boundary of the PCB.
+
+        Args:
+            leftmargin (float, optional): The left margin. Defaults to 0.
+            topmargin (float, optional): The top margin. Defaults to 0.
+            rightmargin (float, optional): The right margin. Defaults to 0.
+            bottommargin (float, optional): The bottom margin. Defaults to 0.
+        """
+        if len(self.xs) == 0:
+            raise ValueError('PCB path is not compiled. Compile before defining boundaries.')
+        minx = min(self.xs)
+        maxx = max(self.xs)
+        miny = min(self.ys)
+        maxy = max(self.ys)
+        ml = leftmargin
+        mt = topmargin
+        mr = rightmargin
+        mb = bottommargin
+        self.width = (maxx - minx + mr + ml)
+        self.length = (maxy - miny + mt + mb)
+        self.origin = np.array([-ml+minx, -mb+miny, 0])
+    
+    def set_bounds(self,
+                   xmin: float,
+                   ymin: float,
+                   xmax: float,
+                   ymax: float) -> None:
+        """Define the bounds of the PCB
+
+        Args:
+            xmin (float): The minimum x-coordinate
+            ymin (float): The minimum y-coordinate
+            xmax (float): The maximum x-coordinate
+            ymax (float): The maximum y-coordinate
+        """
+        self.origin = np.array([xmin, ymin, 0])
+        self.width = xmax-xmin
+        self.length = ymax-ymin
+
+    def plane(self,
+              z: float,
+              width: float = None,
+              height: float = None,
+              origin: tuple[float, float] = None,
+              alignment: Literal['corner','center'] = 'corner') -> GeoSurface:
+        """Generates a generic rectangular plate in the XY grid.
+        If no size is provided, it defaults to the entire PCB size assuming that the bounds are determined.
+
+        Args:
+            z (float): The Z-height for the plate.
+            width (float, optional): The width of the plate. Defaults to None.
+            height (float, optional): The height of the plate. Defaults to None.
+            origin (tuple[float, float], optional): The origin of the plate. Defaults to None.
+            alignment (['corner','center], optional): The alignment of the plate. Defaults to 'corner'.
+
+        Returns:
+            GeoSurface: _description_
+        """
+        if width is None or height is None or origin is None:
+            width = self.width
+            height = self.length
+            origin = (self.origin[0]*self.unit, self.origin[1]*self.unit)
+        origin = origin + (z*self.unit, )
+
+        if alignment == 'center':
+            origin = (origin[0] - width*self.unit/2, origin[1]-height*self.unit/2, origin[2])
+
+        plane = Plate(origin, (width*self.unit, 0, 0), (0, height*self.unit, 0))
+        plane = change_coordinate_system(plane, self.cs)
+        return plane
+    
+    def gen_pcb(self, 
+                split_z: bool = True,
+                layer_tolerance: float = 1e-6,
+                merge: bool = True) -> GeoVolume:
+        """Generate the PCB Block object
+
+        Returns:
+            GeoVolume: The PCB Block
+        """
+        x0, y0, z0 = self.origin*self.unit
+
+        if split_z:
+            zvalues = sorted(list(set(self.zs + [-self.thickness, 0.0])))
+            zvalues_isolated = [zvalues[0],]
+            for z in zvalues[1:]:
+                if (z-zvalues_isolated[-1]) <= layer_tolerance:
+                    continue
+                zvalues_isolated.append(z)
+            boxes = []
+            for z1, z2 in zip(zvalues_isolated[:-1],zvalues_isolated[1:]):
+                h = z2-z1
+                box = Box(self.width*self.unit,
+                          self.length*self.unit,
+                          h*self.unit,
+                          position=(x0, y0, z0+z1*self.unit))
+                box.material = self.material
+                box = change_coordinate_system(box, self.cs)
+                boxes.append(box)
+            if merge:
+                return GeoVolume.merged(boxes)
+            return boxes
+        
+        box = Box(self.width*self.unit, 
+                  self.length*self.unit, 
+                  self.thickness*self.unit, 
+                  position=(x0,y0,z0-self.thickness*self.unit))
+        box.material = self.material
+        box = change_coordinate_system(box, self.cs)
+        return box
+
+    def gen_air(self, height: float) -> GeoVolume:
+        """Generate the Air Block object
+
+        This requires that the width, depth and origin are deterimed. This 
+        can either be done manually or via the .determine_boudns() method.
+
+        Returns:
+            GeoVolume: The PCB Block
+        """
+        x0, y0, z0 = self.origin*self.unit
+        box = Box(self.width*self.unit, 
+                  self.length*self.unit, 
+                  height*self.unit, 
+                  position=(x0,y0,z0))
+        box = change_coordinate_system(box, self.cs)
+        return box
+
+    def new(self, 
+            x: float, 
+            y: float, 
+            width: float, 
+            direction: tuple[float, float],
+            z: float = 0) -> StripPath:
+        """Start a new trace
+
+        The trace is started at the provided x,y, coordinates with a width "width".
+        The direction must be provided as an (dx,dy) vector provided as tuple.
+
+        Args:
+            x (float): The starting X-coordinate (local)
+            y (float): The starting Y-coordinate (local)
+            width (float): The (micro)-stripline width
+            direction (tuple[float, float]): The direction.
+
+        Returns:
+            StripPath: A StripPath object that can be extended with method chaining.
+
+        Example:
+        >>> PCB.new(...).straight(...).turn(...).straight(...) etc.
+
+        """
+        path = StripPath(self)
+        path.init(x, y, width, direction, z=z)
+        self.paths.append(path)  
+        return path
+    
+    def lumped_port(self, stripline: StripLine, z_ground: float = None) -> GeoPolygon:
+        """Generate a lumped-port object to be created.
+
+        Args:
+            stripline (StripLine): _description_
+        """
+        
+        xy1 = stripline.right[0]
+        xy2 = stripline.left[0]
+        z = self._get_z(stripline)
+        if z_ground is None:
+            z_ground = -self.thickness
+        height = z-z_ground
+        x1, y1, z1 = self.cs.in_global_cs(xy1[0]*self.unit, xy1[1]*self.unit, z*self.unit - height*self.unit)
+        x2, y2, z2 = self.cs.in_global_cs(xy1[0]*self.unit, xy1[1]*self.unit, z*self.unit )
+        x3, y3, z3 = self.cs.in_global_cs(xy2[0]*self.unit, xy2[1]*self.unit, z*self.unit )
+        x4, y4, z4 = self.cs.in_global_cs(xy2[0]*self.unit, xy2[1]*self.unit, z*self.unit - height*self.unit)
+        
+        ptag1 = gmsh.model.occ.addPoint(x1, y1, z1)
+        ptag2 = gmsh.model.occ.addPoint(x2, y2, z2)
+        ptag3 = gmsh.model.occ.addPoint(x3, y3, z3)
+        ptag4 = gmsh.model.occ.addPoint(x4, y4, z4)
+        
+        ltag1 = gmsh.model.occ.addLine(ptag1, ptag2)
+        ltag2 = gmsh.model.occ.addLine(ptag2, ptag3)
+        ltag3 = gmsh.model.occ.addLine(ptag3, ptag4)
+        ltag4 = gmsh.model.occ.addLine(ptag4, ptag1)
+        
+        ltags = [ltag1, ltag2, ltag3, ltag4]
+        
+        tag_wire = gmsh.model.occ.addWire(ltags)
+        planetag = gmsh.model.occ.addPlaneSurface([tag_wire,])
+        poly = GeoPolygon([planetag,])
+        poly._aux_data['width'] = stripline.width*self.unit
+        poly._aux_data['height'] = height*self.unit
+        poly._aux_data['vdir'] = self.cs.zax
+        poly._aux_data['idir'] = Axis(self.cs.xax.np*stripline.dirright[0] + self.cs.yax.np*stripline.dirright[1])
+        
+        return poly
+
+    def _lumped_element(self, poly: XYPolygon, function: Callable, width: float, length: float) -> None:
+
+        geopoly = poly._finalize(self.cs)
+        geopoly._aux_data['func'] = function
+        geopoly._aux_data['width'] = width
+        geopoly._aux_data['height'] = length
+        self.lumped_elements.append(geopoly)
+
+
+    def modal_port(self,
+                  point: StripLine,
+                  height: float,
+                  width_multiplier: float = 5.0,
+                  ) -> GeoSurface:
+        """Generate a wave-port as a GeoSurface.
+
+        The port is placed at the coordinate of the provided stripline. The width
+        is determined as a multiple of the stripline width. The height will be 
+        extended to the air height from the bottom of the PCB unless a different height is specified.
+
+        Args:
+            point (StripLine): The location of the port.
+            width_multiplier (float, optional): The width of the port in stripline widths. Defaults to 5.0.
+            height (float, optional): The height of the port. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            GeoSurface: The GeoSurface object that can be used for the waveguide.
+        """
+        
+        height = (self.thickness + height)
+        
+        ds = point.dirright
+        x0 = point.x - ds[0]*point.width*width_multiplier/2
+        y0 = point.y - ds[1]*point.width*width_multiplier/2
+        z0 =  - self.thickness
+        ax1 = np.array([ds[0], ds[1], 0])*self.unit*point.width*width_multiplier
+        ax2 = np.array([0,0,1])*height*self.unit
+
+        plate = Plate(np.array([x0,y0,z0])*self.unit, ax1, ax2)
+        plate = change_coordinate_system(plate, self.cs)
+        return plate
+
+    def generate_vias(self, merge=False) -> list[Cyllinder] | Cyllinder:
+        """Generates the via objects.
+
+        Args:
+            merge (bool, optional): Whether to merge the result into a final object. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[Cyllinder] | Cyllinder: Either al ist of cylllinders or a single one (merge=True)
+        """
+        vias = []
+        for via in self.vias:
+            x0 = via.x*self.unit
+            y0 = via.y*self.unit
+            z0 = via.z1*self.unit
+            xg, yg, zg = self.cs.in_global_cs(x0, y0, z0)
+            cs = CoordinateSystem(self.cs.xax, self.cs.yax, self.cs.zax, np.array([xg, yg, zg]))
+            cyl = Cyllinder(via.radius*self.unit, (via.z2-via.z1)*self.unit, cs, via.segments)
+            cyl.material = COPPER
+            vias.append(cyl)
+        if merge:
+            
+            return GeoVolume.merged(vias)
+        return vias   
+
+    def add_poly(self, 
+                 xs: list[float],
+                 ys: list[float],
+                 z: float = 0,
+                 material: Material = COPPER):
+        """Add a custom polygon to the PCB
+
+        Args:
+            xs (list[float]): A list of x-coordinates
+            ys (list[float]): A list of y-coordinates
+            z (float, optional): The z-height. Defaults to 0.
+            material (Material, optional): The material. Defaults to COPPER.
+        """
+        self.polies.append(PCBPoly(xs, ys, z, material))
+
+    def _gen_poly(self, xys: list[tuple[float, float]], z: float) -> GeoPolygon:
+        """ Generates a GeoPoly out of a list of (x,y) coordinate tuples"""
+        ptags = []
+        for x,y in xys:
+            px, py, pz = self.cs.in_global_cs(x*self.unit, y*self.unit, z*self.unit)
+            ptags.append(gmsh.model.occ.addPoint(px, py, pz))
+        
+        ltags = []
+        for t1, t2 in zip(ptags[:-1], ptags[1:]):
+            ltags.append(gmsh.model.occ.addLine(t1, t2))
+        ltags.append(gmsh.model.occ.addLine(ptags[-1], ptags[0]))
+        
+        tag_wire = gmsh.model.occ.addWire(ltags)
+        planetag = gmsh.model.occ.addPlaneSurface([tag_wire,])
+        poly = GeoPolygon([planetag,])
+        return poly
+    
+    def compile_paths(self, merge: bool = False) -> list[GeoPolygon] | GeoSurface:
+        """Compiles the striplines and returns a list of polygons or asingle one.
+
+        The Z=0 argument determines the height of the striplines. Z=0 corresponds to the top of
+        the PCB.
+
+        Args:
+            merge (bool, optional): Whether to merge the Polygons into a single. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[Polygon] | GeoSurface: The output stripline polygons possibly merged if merge = True.
+        """
+        polys = []
+        allx = []
+        ally = []
+
+        for path in self.paths:
+            z = path.z
+            self.zs.append(z)
+            xys = []
+            for elemn in path.path:
+                xys.extend(elemn.right)
+            for element in path.path[::-1]:
+                xys.extend(element.left)
+
+            xm, ym = xys[0]
+            xys2 = [(xm,ym),]
+            
+            for x,y in xys[1:]:
+                if ((x-xm)**2 + (y-ym)**2)>1e-6:
+                    xys2.append((x,y))
+                    xm, ym = x, y
+                    allx.append(x)
+                    ally.append(y)
+            
+            poly = self._gen_poly(xys2, z)
+            poly.material = COPPER
+            polys.append(poly)
+
+        for pcbpoly in self.polies:
+            self.zs.append(pcbpoly.z)
+            poly = self._gen_poly(pcbpoly.xys, pcbpoly.z)
+            poly.material = pcbpoly.material
+            polys.append(poly)
+
+        self.xs = allx
+        self.ys = ally
+
+        self.traces = polys
+        if merge:
+            tags = []
+            for p in polys:
+                tags.extend(p.tags)
+                if p.material != COPPER:
+                    logger.warning(f'Merging a polygon with material {p.material} into a single polygon that will be COPPER.')
+            polys = GeoSurface(tags)
+            polys.material = COPPER
+        return polys
+