edsl 0.1.38.dev2__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.38.dev3__py3-none-any.whl

edsl/surveys/Survey.py

@@ -1,1787 +1,1787 @@
-"""A Survey is collection of questions that can be administered to an Agent."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-import re
-import tempfile
-import requests
-
-from typing import Any, Generator, Optional, Union, List, Literal, Callable
-from uuid import uuid4
-from edsl.Base import Base
-from edsl.exceptions import SurveyCreationError, SurveyHasNoRulesError
-from edsl.exceptions.surveys import SurveyError
-
-from edsl.questions.QuestionBase import QuestionBase
-from edsl.surveys.base import RulePriority, EndOfSurvey
-from edsl.surveys.DAG import DAG
-from edsl.surveys.descriptors import QuestionsDescriptor
-from edsl.surveys.MemoryPlan import MemoryPlan
-from edsl.surveys.Rule import Rule
-from edsl.surveys.RuleCollection import RuleCollection
-from edsl.surveys.SurveyExportMixin import SurveyExportMixin
-from edsl.surveys.SurveyFlowVisualizationMixin import SurveyFlowVisualizationMixin
-from edsl.utilities.decorators import add_edsl_version, remove_edsl_version
-
-from edsl.agents.Agent import Agent
-
-from edsl.surveys.instructions.InstructionCollection import InstructionCollection
-from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
-from edsl.surveys.instructions.ChangeInstruction import ChangeInstruction
-
-
-class ValidatedString(str):
-    def __new__(cls, content):
-        if "<>" in content:
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                "The expression contains '<>', which is not allowed. You probably mean '!='."
-            )
-        return super().__new__(cls, content)
-
-
-class Survey(SurveyExportMixin, SurveyFlowVisualizationMixin, Base):
-    """A collection of questions that supports skip logic."""
-
-    questions = QuestionsDescriptor()
-    """
-    A collection of questions that supports skip logic.
-
-    Initalization:
-    - `questions`: the questions in the survey (optional)
-    - `question_names`: the names of the questions (optional)
-    - `name`: the name of the survey (optional)
-
-    Methods:
-    -
-
-    Notes:
-    - The presumed order of the survey is the order in which questions are added.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        questions: Optional[
-            list[Union[QuestionBase, Instruction, ChangeInstruction]]
-        ] = None,
-        memory_plan: Optional[MemoryPlan] = None,
-        rule_collection: Optional[RuleCollection] = None,
-        question_groups: Optional[dict[str, tuple[int, int]]] = None,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
-    ):
-        """Create a new survey.
-
-        :param questions: The questions in the survey.
-        :param memory_plan: The memory plan for the survey.
-        :param rule_collection: The rule collection for the survey.
-        :param question_groups: The groups of questions in the survey.
-        :param name: The name of the survey - DEPRECATED.
-
-
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> q1 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your name?", question_name = "name")
-        >>> q2 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your favorite color?", question_name = "color")
-        >>> q3 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "Is a hot dog a sandwich", question_name = "food")
-        >>> s = Survey([q1, q2, q3], question_groups = {"demographics": (0, 1), "substantive":(3)})
-
-
-        """
-
-        self.raw_passed_questions = questions
-
-        (
-            true_questions,
-            instruction_names_to_instructions,
-            self.pseudo_indices,
-        ) = self._separate_questions_and_instructions(questions or [])
-
-        self.rule_collection = RuleCollection(
-            num_questions=len(true_questions) if true_questions else None
-        )
-        # the RuleCollection needs to be present while we add the questions; we might override this later
-        # if a rule_collection is provided. This allows us to serialize the survey with the rule_collection.
-
-        self.questions = true_questions
-        self.instruction_names_to_instructions = instruction_names_to_instructions
-
-        self.memory_plan = memory_plan or MemoryPlan(self)
-        if question_groups is not None:
-            self.question_groups = question_groups
-        else:
-            self.question_groups = {}
-
-        # if a rule collection is provided, use it instead
-        if rule_collection is not None:
-            self.rule_collection = rule_collection
-
-        if name is not None:
-            import warnings
-
-            warnings.warn("name parameter to a survey is deprecated.")
-
-    # region: Suvry instruction handling
-    @property
-    def relevant_instructions_dict(self) -> InstructionCollection:
-        """Return a dictionary with keys as question names and values as instructions that are relevant to the question.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example(include_instructions=True)
-        >>> s.relevant_instructions_dict
-        {'q0': [Instruction(name="attention", text="Please pay attention!")], 'q1': [Instruction(name="attention", text="Please pay attention!")], 'q2': [Instruction(name="attention", text="Please pay attention!")]}
-
-        """
-        return InstructionCollection(
-            self.instruction_names_to_instructions, self.questions
-        )
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _separate_questions_and_instructions(questions_and_instructions: list) -> tuple:
-        """
-        The 'pseudo_indices' attribute is a dictionary that maps question names to pseudo-indices
-        that are used to order questions and instructions in the survey.
-        Only questions get real indices; instructions get pseudo-indices.
-        However, the order of the pseudo-indices is the same as the order questions and instructions are added to the survey.
-
-        We don't have to know how many instructions there are to calculate the pseudo-indices because they are
-        calculated by the inverse of one minus the sum of 1/2^n for n in the number of instructions run so far.
-
-        >>> from edsl import Instruction
-        >>> i = Instruction(text = "Pay attention to the following questions.", name = "intro")
-        >>> i2 = Instruction(text = "How are you feeling today?", name = "followon_intro")
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText; q1 = QuestionFreeText.example()
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionMultipleChoice; q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice.example()
-        >>> s = Survey([q1, i, i2, q2])
-        >>> len(s.instruction_names_to_instructions)
-        2
-        >>> s.pseudo_indices
-        {'how_are_you': 0, 'intro': 0.5, 'followon_intro': 0.75, 'how_feeling': 1}
-
-        >>> from edsl import ChangeInstruction
-        >>> q3 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your favorite color?", question_name = "color")
-        >>> i_change = ChangeInstruction(drop = ["intro"])
-        >>> s = Survey([q1, i, q2, i_change, q3])
-        >>> [i.name for i in s.relevant_instructions(q1)]
-        []
-        >>> [i.name for i in s.relevant_instructions(q2)]
-        ['intro']
-        >>> [i.name for i in s.relevant_instructions(q3)]
-        []
-
-        >>> i_change = ChangeInstruction(keep = ["poop"], drop = [])
-        >>> s = Survey([q1, i, q2, i_change])
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: ChangeInstruction change_instruction_0 references instruction poop which does not exist.
-        """
-        from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
-        from edsl.surveys.instructions.ChangeInstruction import ChangeInstruction
-
-        true_questions = []
-        instruction_names_to_instructions = {}
-
-        num_change_instructions = 0
-        pseudo_indices = {}
-        instructions_run_length = 0
-        for entry in questions_and_instructions:
-            if isinstance(entry, Instruction) or isinstance(entry, ChangeInstruction):
-                if isinstance(entry, ChangeInstruction):
-                    entry.add_name(num_change_instructions)
-                    num_change_instructions += 1
-                    for prior_instruction in entry.keep + entry.drop:
-                        if prior_instruction not in instruction_names_to_instructions:
-                            raise ValueError(
-                                f"ChangeInstruction {entry.name} references instruction {prior_instruction} which does not exist."
-                            )
-                instructions_run_length += 1
-                delta = 1 - 1.0 / (2.0**instructions_run_length)
-                pseudo_index = (len(true_questions) - 1) + delta
-                entry.pseudo_index = pseudo_index
-                instruction_names_to_instructions[entry.name] = entry
-            elif isinstance(entry, QuestionBase):
-                pseudo_index = len(true_questions)
-                instructions_run_length = 0
-                true_questions.append(entry)
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Entry {repr(entry)} is not a QuestionBase or an Instruction."
-                )
-
-            pseudo_indices[entry.name] = pseudo_index
-
-        return true_questions, instruction_names_to_instructions, pseudo_indices
-
-    def relevant_instructions(self, question) -> dict:
-        """This should be a dictionry with keys as question names and values as instructions that are relevant to the question.
-
-        :param question: The question to get the relevant instructions for.
-
-        # Did the instruction come before the question and was it not modified by a change instruction?
-
-        """
-        return self.relevant_instructions_dict[question]
-
-    @property
-    def max_pseudo_index(self) -> float:
-        """Return the maximum pseudo index in the survey.
-
-        Example:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.max_pseudo_index
-        2
-        """
-        if len(self.pseudo_indices) == 0:
-            return -1
-        return max(self.pseudo_indices.values())
-
-    @property
-    def last_item_was_instruction(self) -> bool:
-        """Return whether the last item added to the survey was an instruction.
-        This is used to determine the pseudo-index of the next item added to the survey.
-
-        Example:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.last_item_was_instruction
-        False
-        >>> from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
-        >>> s = s.add_instruction(Instruction(text="Pay attention to the following questions.", name="intro"))
-        >>> s.last_item_was_instruction
-        True
-        """
-        return isinstance(self.max_pseudo_index, float)
-
-    def add_instruction(
-        self, instruction: Union["Instruction", "ChangeInstruction"]
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """
-        Add an instruction to the survey.
-
-        :param instruction: The instruction to add to the survey.
-
-        >>> from edsl import Instruction
-        >>> i = Instruction(text="Pay attention to the following questions.", name="intro")
-        >>> s = Survey().add_instruction(i)
-        >>> s.instruction_names_to_instructions
-        {'intro': Instruction(name="intro", text="Pay attention to the following questions.")}
-        >>> s.pseudo_indices
-        {'intro': -0.5}
-        """
-        import math
-
-        if instruction.name in self.instruction_names_to_instructions:
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                f"""Instruction name '{instruction.name}' already exists in survey. Existing names are {self.instruction_names_to_instructions.keys()}."""
-            )
-        self.instruction_names_to_instructions[instruction.name] = instruction
-
-        # was the last thing added an instruction or a question?
-        if self.last_item_was_instruction:
-            pseudo_index = (
-                self.max_pseudo_index
-                + (math.ceil(self.max_pseudo_index) - self.max_pseudo_index) / 2
-            )
-        else:
-            pseudo_index = self.max_pseudo_index + 1.0 / 2.0
-        self.pseudo_indices[instruction.name] = pseudo_index
-
-        return self
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Simulation methods
-
-    @classmethod
-    def random_survey(self):
-        """Create a random survey."""
-        from edsl.questions import QuestionMultipleChoice, QuestionFreeText
-        from random import choice
-
-        num_questions = 10
-        questions = []
-        for i in range(num_questions):
-            if choice([True, False]):
-                q = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-                    question_text="nothing",
-                    question_name="q_" + str(i),
-                    question_options=list(range(3)),
-                )
-                questions.append(q)
-            else:
-                questions.append(
-                    QuestionFreeText(
-                        question_text="nothing", question_name="q_" + str(i)
-                    )
-                )
-        s = Survey(questions)
-        start_index = choice(range(num_questions - 1))
-        end_index = choice(range(start_index + 1, 10))
-        s = s.add_rule(f"q_{start_index}", "True", f"q_{end_index}")
-        question_to_delete = choice(range(num_questions))
-        s.delete_question(f"q_{question_to_delete}")
-        return s
-
-    def simulate(self) -> dict:
-        """Simulate the survey and return the answers."""
-        i = self.gen_path_through_survey()
-        q = next(i)
-        num_passes = 0
-        while True:
-            num_passes += 1
-            try:
-                answer = q._simulate_answer()
-                q = i.send({q.question_name: answer["answer"]})
-            except StopIteration:
-                break
-
-            if num_passes > 100:
-                print("Too many passes.")
-                raise Exception("Too many passes.")
-        return self.answers
-
-    def create_agent(self) -> "Agent":
-        """Create an agent from the simulated answers."""
-        answers_dict = self.simulate()
-
-        def construct_answer_dict_function(traits: dict) -> Callable:
-            def func(self, question: "QuestionBase", scenario=None):
-                return traits.get(question.question_name, None)
-
-            return func
-
-        return Agent(traits=answers_dict).add_direct_question_answering_method(
-            construct_answer_dict_function(answers_dict)
-        )
-
-    def simulate_results(self) -> "Results":
-        """Simulate the survey and return the results."""
-        a = self.create_agent()
-        return self.by([a]).run()
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Access methods
-    def _get_question_index(
-        self, q: Union[QuestionBase, str, EndOfSurvey.__class__]
-    ) -> Union[int, EndOfSurvey.__class__]:
-        """Return the index of the question or EndOfSurvey object.
-
-        :param q: The question or question name to get the index of.
-
-        It can handle it if the user passes in the question name, the question object, or the EndOfSurvey object.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s._get_question_index("q0")
-        0
-
-        This doesnt' work with questions that don't exist:
-
-        >>> s._get_question_index("poop")
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyError: Question name poop not found in survey. The current question names are {'q0': 0, 'q1': 1, 'q2': 2}.
-        ...
-        """
-        if q == EndOfSurvey:
-            return EndOfSurvey
-        else:
-            question_name = q if isinstance(q, str) else q.question_name
-            if question_name not in self.question_name_to_index:
-                raise SurveyError(
-                    f"""Question name {question_name} not found in survey. The current question names are {self.question_name_to_index}."""
-                )
-            return self.question_name_to_index[question_name]
-
-    def get(self, question_name: str) -> QuestionBase:
-        """
-        Return the question object given the question name.
-
-        :param question_name: The name of the question to get.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.get_question("q0")
-        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
-        """
-        if question_name not in self.question_name_to_index:
-            raise SurveyError(f"Question name {question_name} not found in survey.")
-        index = self.question_name_to_index[question_name]
-        return self._questions[index]
-
-    def get_question(self, question_name: str) -> QuestionBase:
-        """Return the question object given the question name."""
-        # import warnings
-        # warnings.warn("survey.get_question is deprecated. Use subscript operator instead.")
-        return self.get(question_name)
-
-    def question_names_to_questions(self) -> dict:
-        """Return a dictionary mapping question names to question attributes."""
-        return {q.question_name: q for q in self.questions}
-
-    @property
-    def question_names(self) -> list[str]:
-        """Return a list of question names in the survey.
-
-        Example:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.question_names
-        ['q0', 'q1', 'q2']
-        """
-        return [q.question_name for q in self.questions]
-
-    @property
-    def question_name_to_index(self) -> dict[str, int]:
-        """Return a dictionary mapping question names to question indices.
-
-        Example:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.question_name_to_index
-        {'q0': 0, 'q1': 1, 'q2': 2}
-        """
-        return {q.question_name: i for i, q in enumerate(self.questions)}
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: serialization methods
-    def __hash__(self) -> int:
-        """Return a hash of the question."""
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import dict_hash
-
-        return dict_hash(self.to_dict(add_edsl_version=False))
-
-    def to_dict(self, add_edsl_version=True) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """Serialize the Survey object to a dictionary.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.to_dict(add_edsl_version = False).keys()
-        dict_keys(['questions', 'memory_plan', 'rule_collection', 'question_groups'])
-        """
-        return {
-            "questions": [
-                q.to_dict(add_edsl_version=add_edsl_version)
-                for q in self.recombined_questions_and_instructions()
-            ],
-            "memory_plan": self.memory_plan.to_dict(add_edsl_version=add_edsl_version),
-            "rule_collection": self.rule_collection.to_dict(
-                add_edsl_version=add_edsl_version
-            ),
-            "question_groups": self.question_groups,
-        }
-
-    @classmethod
-    @remove_edsl_version
-    def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> Survey:
-        """Deserialize the dictionary back to a Survey object.
-
-        :param data: The dictionary to deserialize.
-
-        >>> d = Survey.example().to_dict()
-        >>> s = Survey.from_dict(d)
-        >>> s == Survey.example()
-        True
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example(include_instructions = True)
-        >>> d = s.to_dict()
-        >>> news = Survey.from_dict(d)
-        >>> news == s
-        True
-
-        """
-
-        def get_class(pass_dict):
-            if (class_name := pass_dict.get("edsl_class_name")) == "QuestionBase":
-                return QuestionBase
-            elif class_name == "Instruction":
-                from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
-
-                return Instruction
-            elif class_name == "ChangeInstruction":
-                from edsl.surveys.instructions.ChangeInstruction import (
-                    ChangeInstruction,
-                )
-
-                return ChangeInstruction
-            else:
-                return QuestionBase
-
-        questions = [
-            get_class(q_dict).from_dict(q_dict) for q_dict in data["questions"]
-        ]
-        memory_plan = MemoryPlan.from_dict(data["memory_plan"])
-        survey = cls(
-            questions=questions,
-            memory_plan=memory_plan,
-            rule_collection=RuleCollection.from_dict(data["rule_collection"]),
-            question_groups=data["question_groups"],
-        )
-        return survey
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Survey template parameters
-    @property
-    def scenario_attributes(self) -> list[str]:
-        """Return a list of attributes that admissible Scenarios should have.
-
-        Here we have a survey with a question that uses a jinja2 style {{ }} template:
-
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> s = Survey().add_question(QuestionFreeText(question_text="{{ greeting }}. What is your name?", question_name="name"))
-        >>> s.scenario_attributes
-        ['greeting']
-
-        >>> s = Survey().add_question(QuestionFreeText(question_text="{{ greeting }}. What is your {{ attribute }}?", question_name="name"))
-        >>> s.scenario_attributes
-        ['greeting', 'attribute']
-
-
-        """
-        temp = []
-        for question in self.questions:
-            question_text = question.question_text
-            # extract the contents of all {{ }} in the question text using regex
-            matches = re.findall(r"\{\{(.+?)\}\}", question_text)
-            # remove whitespace
-            matches = [match.strip() for match in matches]
-            # add them to the temp list
-            temp.extend(matches)
-        return temp
-
-    @property
-    def parameters(self):
-        """Return a set of parameters in the survey.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.parameters
-        set()
-        """
-        return set.union(*[q.parameters for q in self.questions])
-
-    @property
-    def parameters_by_question(self):
-        """Return a dictionary of parameters by question in the survey.
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> q = QuestionFreeText(question_name = "example", question_text = "What is the capital of {{ country}}?")
-        >>> s = Survey([q])
-        >>> s.parameters_by_question
-        {'example': {'country'}}
-        """
-        return {q.question_name: q.parameters for q in self.questions}
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Survey construction
-
-    # region: Adding questions and combining surveys
-    def __add__(self, other: Survey) -> Survey:
-        """Combine two surveys.
-
-        :param other: The other survey to combine with this one.
-        >>> s1 = Survey.example()
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> s2 = Survey([QuestionFreeText(question_text="What is your name?", question_name="yo")])
-        >>> s3 = s1 + s2
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: ...
-        ...
-        >>> s3 = s1.clear_non_default_rules() + s2
-        >>> len(s3.questions)
-        4
-
-        """
-        if (
-            len(self.rule_collection.non_default_rules) > 0
-            or len(other.rule_collection.non_default_rules) > 0
-        ):
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                "Cannot combine two surveys with non-default rules. Please use the 'clear_non_default_rules' method to remove non-default rules from the survey.",
-            )
-
-        return Survey(questions=self.questions + other.questions)
-
-    def move_question(self, identifier: Union[str, int], new_index: int):
-        if isinstance(identifier, str):
-            if identifier not in self.question_names:
-                raise SurveyError(
-                    f"Question name '{identifier}' does not exist in the survey."
-                )
-            index = self.question_name_to_index[identifier]
-        elif isinstance(identifier, int):
-            if identifier < 0 or identifier >= len(self.questions):
-                raise SurveyError(f"Index {identifier} is out of range.")
-            index = identifier
-        else:
-            raise SurveyError(
-                "Identifier must be either a string (question name) or an integer (question index)."
-            )
-
-        moving_question = self._questions[index]
-
-        new_survey = self.delete_question(index)
-        new_survey.add_question(moving_question, new_index)
-        return new_survey
-
-    def delete_question(self, identifier: Union[str, int]) -> Survey:
-        """
-        Delete a question from the survey.
-
-        :param identifier: The name or index of the question to delete.
-        :return: The updated Survey object.
-
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionMultipleChoice, Survey
-        >>> q1 = QuestionMultipleChoice(question_text="Q1", question_options=["A", "B"], question_name="q1")
-        >>> q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice(question_text="Q2", question_options=["C", "D"], question_name="q2")
-        >>> s = Survey().add_question(q1).add_question(q2)
-        >>> _ = s.delete_question("q1")
-        >>> len(s.questions)
-        1
-        >>> _ = s.delete_question(0)
-        >>> len(s.questions)
-        0
-        """
-        if isinstance(identifier, str):
-            if identifier not in self.question_names:
-                raise SurveyError(
-                    f"Question name '{identifier}' does not exist in the survey."
-                )
-            index = self.question_name_to_index[identifier]
-        elif isinstance(identifier, int):
-            if identifier < 0 or identifier >= len(self.questions):
-                raise SurveyError(f"Index {identifier} is out of range.")
-            index = identifier
-        else:
-            raise SurveyError(
-                "Identifier must be either a string (question name) or an integer (question index)."
-            )
-
-        # Remove the question
-        deleted_question = self._questions.pop(index)
-        del self.pseudo_indices[deleted_question.question_name]
-
-        # Update indices
-        for question_name, old_index in self.pseudo_indices.items():
-            if old_index > index:
-                self.pseudo_indices[question_name] = old_index - 1
-
-        # Update rules
-        new_rule_collection = RuleCollection()
-        for rule in self.rule_collection:
-            if rule.current_q == index:
-                continue  # Remove rules associated with the deleted question
-            if rule.current_q > index:
-                rule.current_q -= 1
-            if rule.next_q > index:
-                rule.next_q -= 1
-
-            if rule.next_q == index:
-                if index == len(self.questions):
-                    rule.next_q = EndOfSurvey
-                else:
-                    rule.next_q = index
-
-            new_rule_collection.add_rule(rule)
-        self.rule_collection = new_rule_collection
-
-        # Update memory plan if it exists
-        if hasattr(self, "memory_plan"):
-            self.memory_plan.remove_question(deleted_question.question_name)
-
-        return self
-
-    def add_question(
-        self, question: QuestionBase, index: Optional[int] = None
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """
-        Add a question to survey.
-
-        :param question: The question to add to the survey.
-        :param question_name: The name of the question. If not provided, the question name is used.
-
-        The question is appended at the end of the self.questions list
-        A default rule is created that the next index is the next question.
-
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionMultipleChoice
-        >>> q = QuestionMultipleChoice(question_text = "Do you like school?", question_options=["yes", "no"], question_name="q0")
-        >>> s = Survey().add_question(q)
-
-        >>> s = Survey().add_question(q).add_question(q)
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: Question name 'q0' already exists in survey. Existing names are ['q0'].
-        ...
-        """
-        if question.question_name in self.question_names:
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                f"""Question name '{question.question_name}' already exists in survey. Existing names are {self.question_names}."""
-            )
-        if index is None:
-            index = len(self.questions)
-
-        if index > len(self.questions):
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                f"Index {index} is greater than the number of questions in the survey."
-            )
-        if index < 0:
-            raise SurveyCreationError(f"Index {index} is less than 0.")
-
-        interior_insertion = index != len(self.questions)
-
-        # index = len(self.questions)
-        # TODO: This is a bit ugly because the user
-        # doesn't "know" about _questions - it's generated by the
-        # descriptor.
-        self._questions.insert(index, question)
-
-        if interior_insertion:
-            for question_name, old_index in self.pseudo_indices.items():
-                if old_index >= index:
-                    self.pseudo_indices[question_name] = old_index + 1
-
-        self.pseudo_indices[question.question_name] = index
-
-        ## Re-do question_name to index - this is done automatically
-        # for question_name, old_index in self.question_name_to_index.items():
-        #     if old_index >= index:
-        #         self.question_name_to_index[question_name] = old_index + 1
-
-        ## Need to re-do the rule collection and the indices of the questions
-
-        ## If a rule is before the insertion index and next_q is also before the insertion index, no change needed.
-        ## If the rule is before the insertion index but next_q is after the insertion index, increment the next_q by 1
-        ## If the rule is after the insertion index, increment the current_q by 1 and the next_q by 1
-
-        # using index + 1 presumes there is a next question
-        if interior_insertion:
-            for rule in self.rule_collection:
-                if rule.current_q >= index:
-                    rule.current_q += 1
-                if rule.next_q >= index:
-                    rule.next_q += 1
-
-        # add a new rule
-        self.rule_collection.add_rule(
-            Rule(
-                current_q=index,
-                expression="True",
-                next_q=index + 1,
-                question_name_to_index=self.question_name_to_index,
-                priority=RulePriority.DEFAULT.value,
-            )
-        )
-
-        # a question might be added before the memory plan is created
-        # it's ok because the memory plan will be updated when it is created
-        if hasattr(self, "memory_plan"):
-            self.memory_plan.add_question(question)
-
-        return self
-
-    def recombined_questions_and_instructions(
-        self,
-    ) -> list[Union[QuestionBase, "Instruction"]]:
-        """Return a list of questions and instructions sorted by pseudo index."""
-        questions_and_instructions = self._questions + list(
-            self.instruction_names_to_instructions.values()
-        )
-        return sorted(
-            questions_and_instructions, key=lambda x: self.pseudo_indices[x.name]
-        )
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Memory plan methods
-    def set_full_memory_mode(self) -> Survey:
-        """Add instructions to a survey that the agent should remember all of the answers to the questions in the survey.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example().set_full_memory_mode()
-
-        """
-        self._set_memory_plan(lambda i: self.question_names[:i])
-        return self
-
-    def set_lagged_memory(self, lags: int) -> Survey:
-        """Add instructions to a survey that the agent should remember the answers to the questions in the survey.
-
-        The agent should remember the answers to the questions in the survey from the previous lags.
-        """
-        self._set_memory_plan(lambda i: self.question_names[max(0, i - lags) : i])
-        return self
-
-    def _set_memory_plan(self, prior_questions_func: Callable):
-        """Set memory plan based on a provided function determining prior questions.
-
-        :param prior_questions_func: A function that takes the index of the current question and returns a list of prior questions to remember.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s._set_memory_plan(lambda i: s.question_names[:i])
-
-        """
-        for i, question_name in enumerate(self.question_names):
-            self.memory_plan.add_memory_collection(
-                focal_question=question_name,
-                prior_questions=prior_questions_func(i),
-            )
-
-    def add_targeted_memory(
-        self,
-        focal_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
-        prior_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """Add instructions to a survey than when answering focal_question.
-
-        :param focal_question: The question that the agent is answering.
-        :param prior_question: The question that the agent should remember when answering the focal question.
-
-        Here we add instructions to a survey than when answering q2 they should remember q1:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_targeted_memory("q2", "q0")
-        >>> s.memory_plan
-        {'q2': Memory(prior_questions=['q0'])}
-
-        The agent should also remember the answers to prior_questions listed in prior_questions.
-        """
-        focal_question_name = self.question_names[
-            self._get_question_index(focal_question)
-        ]
-        prior_question_name = self.question_names[
-            self._get_question_index(prior_question)
-        ]
-
-        self.memory_plan.add_single_memory(
-            focal_question=focal_question_name,
-            prior_question=prior_question_name,
-        )
-
-        return self
-
-    def add_memory_collection(
-        self,
-        focal_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
-        prior_questions: List[Union[QuestionBase, str]],
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """Add prior questions and responses so the agent has them when answering.
-
-        This adds instructions to a survey than when answering focal_question, the agent should also remember the answers to prior_questions listed in prior_questions.
-
-        :param focal_question: The question that the agent is answering.
-        :param prior_questions: The questions that the agent should remember when answering the focal question.
-
-        Here we have it so that when answering q2, the agent should remember answers to q0 and q1:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_memory_collection("q2", ["q0", "q1"])
-        >>> s.memory_plan
-        {'q2': Memory(prior_questions=['q0', 'q1'])}
-        """
-        focal_question_name = self.question_names[
-            self._get_question_index(focal_question)
-        ]
-
-        prior_question_names = [
-            self.question_names[self._get_question_index(prior_question)]
-            for prior_question in prior_questions
-        ]
-
-        self.memory_plan.add_memory_collection(
-            focal_question=focal_question_name, prior_questions=prior_question_names
-        )
-        return self
-
-    # endregion
-    # endregion
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Question groups
-    def add_question_group(
-        self,
-        start_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
-        end_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
-        group_name: str,
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """Add a group of questions to the survey.
-
-        :param start_question: The first question in the group.
-        :param end_question: The last question in the group.
-        :param group_name: The name of the group.
-
-        Example:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q0", "q1", "group1")
-        >>> s.question_groups
-        {'group1': (0, 1)}
-
-        The name of the group must be a valid identifier:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q0", "q2", "1group1")
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: Group name 1group1 is not a valid identifier.
-        ...
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q0", "q1", "q0")
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: ...
-        ...
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q1", "q0", "group1")
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: ...
-        ...
-        """
-
-        if not group_name.isidentifier():
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                f"Group name {group_name} is not a valid identifier."
-            )
-
-        if group_name in self.question_groups:
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                f"Group name {group_name} already exists in the survey."
-            )
-
-        if group_name in self.question_name_to_index:
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                f"Group name {group_name} already exists as a question name in the survey."
-            )
-
-        start_index = self._get_question_index(start_question)
-        end_index = self._get_question_index(end_question)
-
-        if start_index > end_index:
-            raise SurveyCreationError(
-                f"Start index {start_index} is greater than end index {end_index}."
-            )
-
-        for existing_group_name, (
-            existing_start_index,
-            existing_end_index,
-        ) in self.question_groups.items():
-            if start_index < existing_start_index and end_index > existing_end_index:
-                raise SurveyCreationError(
-                    f"Group {group_name} contains the questions in the new group."
-                )
-            if start_index > existing_start_index and end_index < existing_end_index:
-                raise SurveyCreationError(
-                    f"Group {group_name} is contained in the new group."
-                )
-            if start_index < existing_start_index and end_index > existing_start_index:
-                raise SurveyCreationError(
-                    f"Group {group_name} overlaps with the new group."
-                )
-            if start_index < existing_end_index and end_index > existing_end_index:
-                raise SurveyCreationError(
-                    f"Group {group_name} overlaps with the new group."
-                )
-
-        self.question_groups[group_name] = (start_index, end_index)
-        return self
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Survey rules
-    def show_rules(self) -> None:
-        """Print out the rules in the survey.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.show_rules()
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ current_q ┃ expression  ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ 0         │ True        │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 0         │ q0 == 'yes' │ 2      │ 0        │ False       │
-        │ 1         │ True        │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 2         │ True        │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
-        └───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
-        """
-        self.rule_collection.show_rules()
-
-    def add_stop_rule(
-        self, question: Union[QuestionBase, str], expression: str
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """Add a rule that stops the survey.
-        The rule is evaluated *after* the question is answered. If the rule is true, the survey ends.
-
-        :param question: The question to add the stop rule to.
-        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
-
-        If this rule is true, the survey ends.
-
-        Here, answering "yes" to q0 ends the survey:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_stop_rule("q0", "q0 == 'yes'")
-        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "yes"})
-        EndOfSurvey
-
-        By comparison, answering "no" to q0 does not end the survey:
-
-        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "no"}).question_name
-        'q1'
-
-        >>> s.add_stop_rule("q0", "q1 <> 'yes'")
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: The expression contains '<>', which is not allowed. You probably mean '!='.
-        ...
-        """
-        expression = ValidatedString(expression)
-        prior_question_appears = False
-        for prior_question in self.questions:
-            if prior_question.question_name in expression:
-                prior_question_appears = True
-
-        if not prior_question_appears:
-            import warnings
-
-            warnings.warn(
-                f"The expression {expression} does not contain any prior question names. This is probably a mistake."
-            )
-        self.add_rule(question, expression, EndOfSurvey)
-        return self
-
-    def clear_non_default_rules(self) -> Survey:
-        """Remove all non-default rules from the survey.
-
-        >>> Survey.example().show_rules()
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ current_q ┃ expression  ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ 0         │ True        │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 0         │ q0 == 'yes' │ 2      │ 0        │ False       │
-        │ 1         │ True        │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 2         │ True        │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
-        └───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
-        >>> Survey.example().clear_non_default_rules().show_rules()
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ current_q ┃ expression ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ 0         │ True       │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 1         │ True       │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 2         │ True       │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
-        └───────────┴────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
-        """
-        s = Survey()
-        for question in self.questions:
-            s.add_question(question)
-        return s
-
-    def add_skip_rule(
-        self, question: Union[QuestionBase, str], expression: str
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """
-        Adds a per-question skip rule to the survey.
-
-        :param question: The question to add the skip rule to.
-        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
-
-        This adds a rule that skips 'q0' always, before the question is answered:
-
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> q0 = QuestionFreeText.example()
-        >>> q0.question_name = "q0"
-        >>> q1 = QuestionFreeText.example()
-        >>> q1.question_name = "q1"
-        >>> s = Survey([q0, q1]).add_skip_rule("q0", "True")
-        >>> s.next_question("q0", {}).question_name
-        'q1'
-
-        Note that this is different from a rule that jumps to some other question *after* the question is answered.
-
-        """
-        question_index = self._get_question_index(question)
-        self._add_rule(question, expression, question_index + 1, before_rule=True)
-        return self
-
-    def _get_new_rule_priority(
-        self, question_index: int, before_rule: bool = False
-    ) -> int:
-        """Return the priority for the new rule.
-
-        :param question_index: The index of the question to add the rule to.
-        :param before_rule: Whether the rule is evaluated before the question is answered.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s._get_new_rule_priority(0)
-        1
-        """
-        current_priorities = [
-            rule.priority
-            for rule in self.rule_collection.applicable_rules(
-                question_index, before_rule
-            )
-        ]
-        if len(current_priorities) == 0:
-            return RulePriority.DEFAULT.value + 1
-
-        max_priority = max(current_priorities)
-        # newer rules take priority over older rules
-        new_priority = (
-            RulePriority.DEFAULT.value
-            if len(current_priorities) == 0
-            else max_priority + 1
-        )
-        return new_priority
-
-    def add_rule(
-        self,
-        question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
-        expression: str,
-        next_question: Union[QuestionBase, int],
-        before_rule: bool = False,
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """
-        Add a rule to a Question of the Survey.
-
-        :param question: The question to add the rule to.
-        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
-        :param next_question: The next question to go to if the rule is true.
-        :param before_rule: Whether the rule is evaluated before the question is answered.
-
-        This adds a rule that if the answer to q0 is 'yes', the next question is q2 (as opposed to q1)
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example().add_rule("q0", "{{ q0 }} == 'yes'", "q2")
-        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "yes"}).question_name
-        'q2'
-
-        """
-        return self._add_rule(
-            question, expression, next_question, before_rule=before_rule
-        )
-
-    def _add_rule(
-        self,
-        question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
-        expression: str,
-        next_question: Union[QuestionBase, str, int],
-        before_rule: bool = False,
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """
-        Add a rule to a Question of the Survey with the appropriate priority.
-
-        :param question: The question to add the rule to.
-        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
-        :param next_question: The next question to go to if the rule is true.
-        :param before_rule: Whether the rule is evaluated before the question is answered.
-
-
-        - The last rule added for the question will have the highest priority.
-        - If there are no rules, the rule added gets priority -1.
-        """
-        question_index = self._get_question_index(question)
-
-        # Might not have the name of the next question yet
-        if isinstance(next_question, int):
-            next_question_index = next_question
-        else:
-            next_question_index = self._get_question_index(next_question)
-
-        new_priority = self._get_new_rule_priority(question_index, before_rule)
-
-        self.rule_collection.add_rule(
-            Rule(
-                current_q=question_index,
-                expression=expression,
-                next_q=next_question_index,
-                question_name_to_index=self.question_name_to_index,
-                priority=new_priority,
-                before_rule=before_rule,
-            )
-        )
-
-        return self
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Forward methods
-    def by(self, *args: Union["Agent", "Scenario", "LanguageModel"]) -> "Jobs":
-        """Add Agents, Scenarios, and LanguageModels to a survey and returns a runnable Jobs object.
-
-        :param args: The Agents, Scenarios, and LanguageModels to add to the survey.
-
-        This takes the survey and adds an Agent and a Scenario via 'by' which converts to a Jobs object:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example(); from edsl import Agent; from edsl import Scenario
-        >>> s.by(Agent.example()).by(Scenario.example())
-        Jobs(...)
-        """
-        from edsl.jobs.Jobs import Jobs
-
-        job = Jobs(survey=self)
-        return job.by(*args)
-
-    def to_jobs(self):
-        """Convert the survey to a Jobs object."""
-        from edsl.jobs.Jobs import Jobs
-
-        return Jobs(survey=self)
-
-    def show_prompts(self):
-        return self.to_jobs().show_prompts()
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # region: Running the survey
-
-    def __call__(
-        self,
-        model=None,
-        agent=None,
-        cache=None,
-        disable_remote_cache: bool = False,
-        disable_remote_inference: bool = False,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
-        """Run the survey with default model, taking the required survey as arguments.
-
-        >>> from edsl.questions import QuestionFunctional
-        >>> def f(scenario, agent_traits): return "yes" if scenario["period"] == "morning" else "no"
-        >>> q = QuestionFunctional(question_name = "q0", func = f)
-        >>> s = Survey([q])
-        >>> s(period = "morning", cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True).select("answer.q0").first()
-        'yes'
-        >>> s(period = "evening", cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True).select("answer.q0").first()
-        'no'
-        """
-        job = self.get_job(model, agent, **kwargs)
-        return job.run(
-            cache=cache,
-            disable_remote_cache=disable_remote_cache,
-            disable_remote_inference=disable_remote_inference,
-        )
-
-    async def run_async(
-        self,
-        model: Optional["Model"] = None,
-        agent: Optional["Agent"] = None,
-        cache: Optional["Cache"] = None,
-        disable_remote_inference: bool = False,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
-        """Run the survey with default model, taking the required survey as arguments.
-
-        >>> import asyncio
-        >>> from edsl.questions import QuestionFunctional
-        >>> def f(scenario, agent_traits): return "yes" if scenario["period"] == "morning" else "no"
-        >>> q = QuestionFunctional(question_name = "q0", func = f)
-        >>> s = Survey([q])
-        >>> async def test_run_async(): result = await s.run_async(period="morning", disable_remote_inference = True); print(result.select("answer.q0").first())
-        >>> asyncio.run(test_run_async())
-        yes
-        >>> import asyncio
-        >>> from edsl.questions import QuestionFunctional
-        >>> def f(scenario, agent_traits): return "yes" if scenario["period"] == "morning" else "no"
-        >>> q = QuestionFunctional(question_name = "q0", func = f)
-        >>> s = Survey([q])
-        >>> async def test_run_async(): result = await s.run_async(period="evening", disable_remote_inference = True); print(result.select("answer.q0").first())
-        >>> asyncio.run(test_run_async())
-        no
-        """
-        # TODO: temp fix by creating a cache
-        if cache is None:
-            from edsl.data import Cache
-
-            c = Cache()
-        else:
-            c = cache
-        jobs: "Jobs" = self.get_job(model=model, agent=agent, **kwargs)
-        return await jobs.run_async(
-            cache=c, disable_remote_inference=disable_remote_inference
-        )
-
-    def run(self, *args, **kwargs) -> "Results":
-        """Turn the survey into a Job and runs it.
-
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> s = Survey([QuestionFreeText.example()])
-        >>> from edsl.language_models import LanguageModel
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True, canned_response = "Great!")
-        >>> results = s.by(m).run(cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True)
-        >>> results.select('answer.*')
-        Dataset([{'answer.how_are_you': ['Great!']}])
-        """
-        from edsl.jobs.Jobs import Jobs
-
-        return Jobs(survey=self).run(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    # region: Survey flow
-    def next_question(
-        self, current_question: Union[str, QuestionBase], answers: dict
-    ) -> Union[QuestionBase, EndOfSurvey.__class__]:
-        """
-        Return the next question in a survey.
-
-        :param current_question: The current question in the survey.
-        :param answers: The answers for the survey so far
-
-        - If called with no arguments, it returns the first question in the survey.
-        - If no answers are provided for a question with a rule, the next question is returned. If answers are provided, the next question is determined by the rules and the answers.
-        - If the next question is the last question in the survey, an EndOfSurvey object is returned.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "yes"}).question_name
-        'q2'
-        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "no"}).question_name
-        'q1'
-
-        """
-        if isinstance(current_question, str):
-            current_question = self.get_question(current_question)
-
-        question_index = self.question_name_to_index[current_question.question_name]
-        next_question_object = self.rule_collection.next_question(
-            question_index, answers
-        )
-
-        if next_question_object.num_rules_found == 0:
-            raise SurveyHasNoRulesError
-
-        if next_question_object.next_q == EndOfSurvey:
-            return EndOfSurvey
-        else:
-            if next_question_object.next_q >= len(self.questions):
-                return EndOfSurvey
-            else:
-                return self.questions[next_question_object.next_q]
-
-    def gen_path_through_survey(self) -> Generator[QuestionBase, dict, None]:
-        """
-        Generate a coroutine that can be used to conduct an Interview.
-
-        The coroutine is a generator that yields a question and receives answers.
-        It starts with the first question in the survey.
-        The coroutine ends when an EndOfSurvey object is returned.
-
-        For the example survey, this is the rule table:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.show_rules()
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ current_q ┃ expression  ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ 0         │ True        │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 0         │ q0 == 'yes' │ 2      │ 0        │ False       │
-        │ 1         │ True        │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
-        │ 2         │ True        │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
-        └───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
-
-        Note that q0 has a rule that if the answer is 'yes', the next question is q2. If the answer is 'no', the next question is q1.
-
-        Here is the path through the survey if the answer to q0 is 'yes':
-
-        >>> i = s.gen_path_through_survey()
-        >>> next(i)
-        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
-        >>> i.send({"q0": "yes"})
-        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q2\""", question_text = \"""Why?\""", question_options = ['**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria', 'other'])
-
-        And here is the path through the survey if the answer to q0 is 'no':
-
-        >>> i2 = s.gen_path_through_survey()
-        >>> next(i2)
-        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
-        >>> i2.send({"q0": "no"})
-        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q1\""", question_text = \"""Why not?\""", question_options = ['killer bees in cafeteria', 'other'])
-
-
-        """
-        self.answers = {}
-        question = self._questions[0]
-        # should the first question be skipped?
-        if self.rule_collection.skip_question_before_running(0, self.answers):
-            question = self.next_question(question, self.answers)
-
-        while not question == EndOfSurvey:
-            # breakpoint()
-            answer = yield question
-            self.answers.update(answer)
-            # print(f"Answers: {self.answers}")
-            ## TODO: This should also include survey and agent attributes
-            question = self.next_question(question, self.answers)
-
-    # endregion
-
-    # regions: DAG construction
-    def textify(self, index_dag: DAG) -> DAG:
-        """Convert the DAG of question indices to a DAG of question names.
-
-        :param index_dag: The DAG of question indices.
-
-        Example:
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> d = s.dag()
-        >>> d
-        {1: {0}, 2: {0}}
-        >>> s.textify(d)
-        {'q1': {'q0'}, 'q2': {'q0'}}
-        """
-
-        def get_name(index: int):
-            """Return the name of the question given the index."""
-            if index >= len(self.questions):
-                return EndOfSurvey
-            try:
-                return self.questions[index].question_name
-            except IndexError:
-                print(
-                    f"The index is {index} but the length of the questions is {len(self.questions)}"
-                )
-                raise SurveyError
-
-        try:
-            text_dag = {}
-            for child_index, parent_indices in index_dag.items():
-                parent_names = {get_name(index) for index in parent_indices}
-                child_name = get_name(child_index)
-                text_dag[child_name] = parent_names
-            return text_dag
-        except IndexError:
-            raise
-
-    @property
-    def piping_dag(self) -> DAG:
-        """Figures out the DAG of piping dependencies.
-
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> q0 = QuestionFreeText(question_text="Here is a question", question_name="q0")
-        >>> q1 = QuestionFreeText(question_text="You previously answered {{ q0 }}---how do you feel now?", question_name="q1")
-        >>> s = Survey([q0, q1])
-        >>> s.piping_dag
-        {1: {0}}
-        """
-        d = {}
-        for question_name, depenencies in self.parameters_by_question.items():
-            if depenencies:
-                question_index = self.question_name_to_index[question_name]
-                for dependency in depenencies:
-                    if dependency not in self.question_name_to_index:
-                        pass
-                    else:
-                        dependency_index = self.question_name_to_index[dependency]
-                        if question_index not in d:
-                            d[question_index] = set()
-                        d[question_index].add(dependency_index)
-        return d
-
-    def dag(self, textify: bool = False) -> DAG:
-        """Return the DAG of the survey, which reflects both skip-logic and memory.
-
-        :param textify: Whether to return the DAG with question names instead of indices.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> d = s.dag()
-        >>> d
-        {1: {0}, 2: {0}}
-
-        """
-        memory_dag = self.memory_plan.dag
-        rule_dag = self.rule_collection.dag
-        piping_dag = self.piping_dag
-        if textify:
-            memory_dag = DAG(self.textify(memory_dag))
-            rule_dag = DAG(self.textify(rule_dag))
-            piping_dag = DAG(self.textify(piping_dag))
-        return memory_dag + rule_dag + piping_dag
-
-    ###################
-    # DUNDER METHODS
-    ###################
-    def __len__(self) -> int:
-        """Return the number of questions in the survey.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> len(s)
-        3
-        """
-        return len(self._questions)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, index) -> QuestionBase:
-        """Return the question object given the question index.
-
-        :param index: The index of the question to get.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s[0]
-        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
-
-        """
-        if isinstance(index, int):
-            return self._questions[index]
-        elif isinstance(index, str):
-            return getattr(self, index)
-
-    def _diff(self, other):
-        """Used for debugging. Print out the differences between two surveys."""
-        from rich import print
-
-        for key, value in self.to_dict().items():
-            if value != other.to_dict()[key]:
-                print(f"Key: {key}")
-                print("\n")
-                print(f"Self: {value}")
-                print("\n")
-                print(f"Other: {other.to_dict()[key]}")
-                print("\n\n")
-
-    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
-        """Return True if the two surveys have the same to_dict.
-
-        :param other: The other survey to compare to.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s == s
-        True
-
-        >>> s == "poop"
-        False
-
-        """
-        if not isinstance(other, Survey):
-            return False
-        return self.to_dict() == other.to_dict()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_qsf(
-        cls, qsf_file: Optional[str] = None, url: Optional[str] = None
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """Create a Survey object from a Qualtrics QSF file."""
-
-        if url and qsf_file:
-            raise ValueError("Only one of url or qsf_file can be provided.")
-
-        if (not url) and (not qsf_file):
-            raise ValueError("Either url or qsf_file must be provided.")
-
-        if url:
-            response = requests.get(url)
-            response.raise_for_status()  # Ensure the request was successful
-
-            # Save the Excel file to a temporary file
-            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".qsf", delete=False) as temp_file:
-                temp_file.write(response.content)
-                qsf_file = temp_file.name
-
-        from edsl.surveys.SurveyQualtricsImport import SurveyQualtricsImport
-
-        so = SurveyQualtricsImport(qsf_file)
-        return so.create_survey()
-
-    # region: Display methods
-    def print(self):
-        """Print the survey in a rich format.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.print()
-        {
-          "questions": [
-          ...
-        }
-        """
-        from rich import print_json
-        import json
-
-        print_json(json.dumps(self.to_dict()))
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        """Return a string representation of the survey."""
-
-        # questions_string = ", ".join([repr(q) for q in self._questions])
-        questions_string = ", ".join([repr(q) for q in self.raw_passed_questions or []])
-        # question_names_string = ", ".join([repr(name) for name in self.question_names])
-        return f"Survey(questions=[{questions_string}], memory_plan={self.memory_plan}, rule_collection={self.rule_collection}, question_groups={self.question_groups})"
-
-    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import data_to_html
-
-        return data_to_html(self.to_dict())
-
-    def rich_print(self) -> Table:
-        """Print the survey in a rich format.
-
-        >>> t = Survey.example().rich_print()
-        >>> print(t) # doctest: +SKIP
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃ Questions                                                                                          ┃
-        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
-        │ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┓                                │
-        │ ┃ Question Name ┃ Question Type   ┃ Question Text       ┃ Options ┃                                │
-        │ ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━┩                                │
-        │ │ q0            │ multiple_choice │ Do you like school? │ yes, no │                                │
-        │ └───────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────┘                                │
-        │ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓              │
-        │ ┃ Question Name ┃ Question Type   ┃ Question Text ┃ Options                         ┃              │
-        │ ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩              │
-        │ │ q1            │ multiple_choice │ Why not?      │ killer bees in cafeteria, other │              │
-        │ └───────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘              │
-        │ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ │
-        │ ┃ Question Name ┃ Question Type   ┃ Question Text ┃ Options                                      ┃ │
-        │ ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩ │
-        │ │ q2            │ multiple_choice │ Why?          │ **lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria, other │ │
-        │ └───────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
-        └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-        """
-        from rich.table import Table
-
-        table = Table(show_header=True, header_style="bold magenta")
-        table.add_column("Questions", style="dim")
-
-        for question in self._questions:
-            table.add_row(question.rich_print())
-
-        return table
-
-    # endregion
-
-    def codebook(self) -> dict[str, str]:
-        """Create a codebook for the survey, mapping question names to question text.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.codebook()
-        {'q0': 'Do you like school?', 'q1': 'Why not?', 'q2': 'Why?'}
-        """
-        codebook = {}
-        for question in self._questions:
-            codebook[question.question_name] = question.question_text
-        return codebook
-
-    # region: Export methods
-    def to_csv(self, filename: str = None):
-        """Export the survey to a CSV file.
-
-        :param filename: The name of the file to save the CSV to.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> s.to_csv() # doctest: +SKIP
-           index question_name        question_text                                question_options    question_type
-        0      0            q0  Do you like school?                                       [yes, no]  multiple_choice
-        1      1            q1             Why not?               [killer bees in cafeteria, other]  multiple_choice
-        2      2            q2                 Why?  [**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria, other]  multiple_choice
-        """
-        raw_data = []
-        for index, question in enumerate(self._questions):
-            d = {"index": index}
-            question_dict = question.to_dict()
-            _ = question_dict.pop("edsl_version")
-            _ = question_dict.pop("edsl_class_name")
-            d.update(question_dict)
-            raw_data.append(d)
-        from pandas import DataFrame
-
-        df = DataFrame(raw_data)
-        if filename:
-            df.to_csv(filename, index=False)
-        else:
-            return df
-
-    # endregion
-
-    @classmethod
-    def example(
-        cls,
-        params: bool = False,
-        randomize: bool = False,
-        include_instructions=False,
-        custom_instructions: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> Survey:
-        """Return an example survey.
-
-        >>> s = Survey.example()
-        >>> [q.question_text for q in s.questions]
-        ['Do you like school?', 'Why not?', 'Why?']
-        """
-        from edsl.questions.QuestionMultipleChoice import QuestionMultipleChoice
-
-        addition = "" if not randomize else str(uuid4())
-        q0 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-            question_text=f"Do you like school?{addition}",
-            question_options=["yes", "no"],
-            question_name="q0",
-        )
-        q1 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-            question_text="Why not?",
-            question_options=["killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
-            question_name="q1",
-        )
-        q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-            question_text="Why?",
-            question_options=["**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
-            question_name="q2",
-        )
-        if params:
-            q3 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-                question_text="To the question '{{ q0.question_text}}', you said '{{ q0.answer }}'. Do you still feel this way?",
-                question_options=["yes", "no"],
-                question_name="q3",
-            )
-            s = cls(questions=[q0, q1, q2, q3])
-            return s
-
-        if include_instructions:
-            from edsl import Instruction
-
-            custom_instructions = (
-                custom_instructions if custom_instructions else "Please pay attention!"
-            )
-
-            i = Instruction(text=custom_instructions, name="attention")
-            s = cls(questions=[i, q0, q1, q2])
-            return s
-
-        s = cls(questions=[q0, q1, q2])
-        s = s.add_rule(q0, "q0 == 'yes'", q2)
-        return s
-
-    def get_job(self, model=None, agent=None, **kwargs):
-        if model is None:
-            from edsl import Model
-
-            model = Model()
-
-        from edsl.scenarios.Scenario import Scenario
-
-        s = Scenario(kwargs)
-
-        if not agent:
-            from edsl import Agent
-
-            agent = Agent()
-
-        return self.by(s).by(agent).by(model)
-
-
-def main():
-    """Run the example survey."""
-
-    def example_survey():
-        """Return an example survey."""
-        from edsl.questions.QuestionMultipleChoice import QuestionMultipleChoice
-        from edsl.surveys.Survey import Survey
-
-        q0 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-            question_text="Do you like school?",
-            question_options=["yes", "no"],
-            question_name="q0",
-        )
-        q1 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-            question_text="Why not?",
-            question_options=["killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
-            question_name="q1",
-        )
-        q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
-            question_text="Why?",
-            question_options=["**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
-            question_name="q2",
-        )
-        s = Survey(questions=[q0, q1, q2])
-        s = s.add_rule(q0, "q0 == 'yes'", q2)
-        return s
-
-    s = example_survey()
-    survey_dict = s.to_dict()
-    s2 = Survey.from_dict(survey_dict)
-    results = s2.run()
-    print(results)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import doctest
-
-    # doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS | doctest.SKIP)
-    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)
+"""A Survey is collection of questions that can be administered to an Agent."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+import re
+import tempfile
+import requests
+
+from typing import Any, Generator, Optional, Union, List, Literal, Callable
+from uuid import uuid4
+from edsl.Base import Base
+from edsl.exceptions import SurveyCreationError, SurveyHasNoRulesError
+from edsl.exceptions.surveys import SurveyError
+
+from edsl.questions.QuestionBase import QuestionBase
+from edsl.surveys.base import RulePriority, EndOfSurvey
+from edsl.surveys.DAG import DAG
+from edsl.surveys.descriptors import QuestionsDescriptor
+from edsl.surveys.MemoryPlan import MemoryPlan
+from edsl.surveys.Rule import Rule
+from edsl.surveys.RuleCollection import RuleCollection
+from edsl.surveys.SurveyExportMixin import SurveyExportMixin
+from edsl.surveys.SurveyFlowVisualizationMixin import SurveyFlowVisualizationMixin
+from edsl.utilities.decorators import add_edsl_version, remove_edsl_version
+
+from edsl.agents.Agent import Agent
+
+from edsl.surveys.instructions.InstructionCollection import InstructionCollection
+from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
+from edsl.surveys.instructions.ChangeInstruction import ChangeInstruction
+
+
+class ValidatedString(str):
+    def __new__(cls, content):
+        if "<>" in content:
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                "The expression contains '<>', which is not allowed. You probably mean '!='."
+            )
+        return super().__new__(cls, content)
+
+
+class Survey(SurveyExportMixin, SurveyFlowVisualizationMixin, Base):
+    """A collection of questions that supports skip logic."""
+
+    questions = QuestionsDescriptor()
+    """
+    A collection of questions that supports skip logic.
+
+    Initalization:
+    - `questions`: the questions in the survey (optional)
+    - `question_names`: the names of the questions (optional)
+    - `name`: the name of the survey (optional)
+
+    Methods:
+    -
+
+    Notes:
+    - The presumed order of the survey is the order in which questions are added.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        questions: Optional[
+            list[Union[QuestionBase, Instruction, ChangeInstruction]]
+        ] = None,
+        memory_plan: Optional[MemoryPlan] = None,
+        rule_collection: Optional[RuleCollection] = None,
+        question_groups: Optional[dict[str, tuple[int, int]]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create a new survey.
+
+        :param questions: The questions in the survey.
+        :param memory_plan: The memory plan for the survey.
+        :param rule_collection: The rule collection for the survey.
+        :param question_groups: The groups of questions in the survey.
+        :param name: The name of the survey - DEPRECATED.
+
+
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> q1 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your name?", question_name = "name")
+        >>> q2 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your favorite color?", question_name = "color")
+        >>> q3 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "Is a hot dog a sandwich", question_name = "food")
+        >>> s = Survey([q1, q2, q3], question_groups = {"demographics": (0, 1), "substantive":(3)})
+
+
+        """
+
+        self.raw_passed_questions = questions
+
+        (
+            true_questions,
+            instruction_names_to_instructions,
+            self.pseudo_indices,
+        ) = self._separate_questions_and_instructions(questions or [])
+
+        self.rule_collection = RuleCollection(
+            num_questions=len(true_questions) if true_questions else None
+        )
+        # the RuleCollection needs to be present while we add the questions; we might override this later
+        # if a rule_collection is provided. This allows us to serialize the survey with the rule_collection.
+
+        self.questions = true_questions
+        self.instruction_names_to_instructions = instruction_names_to_instructions
+
+        self.memory_plan = memory_plan or MemoryPlan(self)
+        if question_groups is not None:
+            self.question_groups = question_groups
+        else:
+            self.question_groups = {}
+
+        # if a rule collection is provided, use it instead
+        if rule_collection is not None:
+            self.rule_collection = rule_collection
+
+        if name is not None:
+            import warnings
+
+            warnings.warn("name parameter to a survey is deprecated.")
+
+    # region: Suvry instruction handling
+    @property
+    def relevant_instructions_dict(self) -> InstructionCollection:
+        """Return a dictionary with keys as question names and values as instructions that are relevant to the question.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example(include_instructions=True)
+        >>> s.relevant_instructions_dict
+        {'q0': [Instruction(name="attention", text="Please pay attention!")], 'q1': [Instruction(name="attention", text="Please pay attention!")], 'q2': [Instruction(name="attention", text="Please pay attention!")]}
+
+        """
+        return InstructionCollection(
+            self.instruction_names_to_instructions, self.questions
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _separate_questions_and_instructions(questions_and_instructions: list) -> tuple:
+        """
+        The 'pseudo_indices' attribute is a dictionary that maps question names to pseudo-indices
+        that are used to order questions and instructions in the survey.
+        Only questions get real indices; instructions get pseudo-indices.
+        However, the order of the pseudo-indices is the same as the order questions and instructions are added to the survey.
+
+        We don't have to know how many instructions there are to calculate the pseudo-indices because they are
+        calculated by the inverse of one minus the sum of 1/2^n for n in the number of instructions run so far.
+
+        >>> from edsl import Instruction
+        >>> i = Instruction(text = "Pay attention to the following questions.", name = "intro")
+        >>> i2 = Instruction(text = "How are you feeling today?", name = "followon_intro")
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText; q1 = QuestionFreeText.example()
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionMultipleChoice; q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice.example()
+        >>> s = Survey([q1, i, i2, q2])
+        >>> len(s.instruction_names_to_instructions)
+        2
+        >>> s.pseudo_indices
+        {'how_are_you': 0, 'intro': 0.5, 'followon_intro': 0.75, 'how_feeling': 1}
+
+        >>> from edsl import ChangeInstruction
+        >>> q3 = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your favorite color?", question_name = "color")
+        >>> i_change = ChangeInstruction(drop = ["intro"])
+        >>> s = Survey([q1, i, q2, i_change, q3])
+        >>> [i.name for i in s.relevant_instructions(q1)]
+        []
+        >>> [i.name for i in s.relevant_instructions(q2)]
+        ['intro']
+        >>> [i.name for i in s.relevant_instructions(q3)]
+        []
+
+        >>> i_change = ChangeInstruction(keep = ["poop"], drop = [])
+        >>> s = Survey([q1, i, q2, i_change])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: ChangeInstruction change_instruction_0 references instruction poop which does not exist.
+        """
+        from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
+        from edsl.surveys.instructions.ChangeInstruction import ChangeInstruction
+
+        true_questions = []
+        instruction_names_to_instructions = {}
+
+        num_change_instructions = 0
+        pseudo_indices = {}
+        instructions_run_length = 0
+        for entry in questions_and_instructions:
+            if isinstance(entry, Instruction) or isinstance(entry, ChangeInstruction):
+                if isinstance(entry, ChangeInstruction):
+                    entry.add_name(num_change_instructions)
+                    num_change_instructions += 1
+                    for prior_instruction in entry.keep + entry.drop:
+                        if prior_instruction not in instruction_names_to_instructions:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                f"ChangeInstruction {entry.name} references instruction {prior_instruction} which does not exist."
+                            )
+                instructions_run_length += 1
+                delta = 1 - 1.0 / (2.0**instructions_run_length)
+                pseudo_index = (len(true_questions) - 1) + delta
+                entry.pseudo_index = pseudo_index
+                instruction_names_to_instructions[entry.name] = entry
+            elif isinstance(entry, QuestionBase):
+                pseudo_index = len(true_questions)
+                instructions_run_length = 0
+                true_questions.append(entry)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Entry {repr(entry)} is not a QuestionBase or an Instruction."
+                )
+
+            pseudo_indices[entry.name] = pseudo_index
+
+        return true_questions, instruction_names_to_instructions, pseudo_indices
+
+    def relevant_instructions(self, question) -> dict:
+        """This should be a dictionry with keys as question names and values as instructions that are relevant to the question.
+
+        :param question: The question to get the relevant instructions for.
+
+        # Did the instruction come before the question and was it not modified by a change instruction?
+
+        """
+        return self.relevant_instructions_dict[question]
+
+    @property
+    def max_pseudo_index(self) -> float:
+        """Return the maximum pseudo index in the survey.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.max_pseudo_index
+        2
+        """
+        if len(self.pseudo_indices) == 0:
+            return -1
+        return max(self.pseudo_indices.values())
+
+    @property
+    def last_item_was_instruction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the last item added to the survey was an instruction.
+        This is used to determine the pseudo-index of the next item added to the survey.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.last_item_was_instruction
+        False
+        >>> from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
+        >>> s = s.add_instruction(Instruction(text="Pay attention to the following questions.", name="intro"))
+        >>> s.last_item_was_instruction
+        True
+        """
+        return isinstance(self.max_pseudo_index, float)
+
+    def add_instruction(
+        self, instruction: Union["Instruction", "ChangeInstruction"]
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """
+        Add an instruction to the survey.
+
+        :param instruction: The instruction to add to the survey.
+
+        >>> from edsl import Instruction
+        >>> i = Instruction(text="Pay attention to the following questions.", name="intro")
+        >>> s = Survey().add_instruction(i)
+        >>> s.instruction_names_to_instructions
+        {'intro': Instruction(name="intro", text="Pay attention to the following questions.")}
+        >>> s.pseudo_indices
+        {'intro': -0.5}
+        """
+        import math
+
+        if instruction.name in self.instruction_names_to_instructions:
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                f"""Instruction name '{instruction.name}' already exists in survey. Existing names are {self.instruction_names_to_instructions.keys()}."""
+            )
+        self.instruction_names_to_instructions[instruction.name] = instruction
+
+        # was the last thing added an instruction or a question?
+        if self.last_item_was_instruction:
+            pseudo_index = (
+                self.max_pseudo_index
+                + (math.ceil(self.max_pseudo_index) - self.max_pseudo_index) / 2
+            )
+        else:
+            pseudo_index = self.max_pseudo_index + 1.0 / 2.0
+        self.pseudo_indices[instruction.name] = pseudo_index
+
+        return self
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Simulation methods
+
+    @classmethod
+    def random_survey(self):
+        """Create a random survey."""
+        from edsl.questions import QuestionMultipleChoice, QuestionFreeText
+        from random import choice
+
+        num_questions = 10
+        questions = []
+        for i in range(num_questions):
+            if choice([True, False]):
+                q = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+                    question_text="nothing",
+                    question_name="q_" + str(i),
+                    question_options=list(range(3)),
+                )
+                questions.append(q)
+            else:
+                questions.append(
+                    QuestionFreeText(
+                        question_text="nothing", question_name="q_" + str(i)
+                    )
+                )
+        s = Survey(questions)
+        start_index = choice(range(num_questions - 1))
+        end_index = choice(range(start_index + 1, 10))
+        s = s.add_rule(f"q_{start_index}", "True", f"q_{end_index}")
+        question_to_delete = choice(range(num_questions))
+        s.delete_question(f"q_{question_to_delete}")
+        return s
+
+    def simulate(self) -> dict:
+        """Simulate the survey and return the answers."""
+        i = self.gen_path_through_survey()
+        q = next(i)
+        num_passes = 0
+        while True:
+            num_passes += 1
+            try:
+                answer = q._simulate_answer()
+                q = i.send({q.question_name: answer["answer"]})
+            except StopIteration:
+                break
+
+            if num_passes > 100:
+                print("Too many passes.")
+                raise Exception("Too many passes.")
+        return self.answers
+
+    def create_agent(self) -> "Agent":
+        """Create an agent from the simulated answers."""
+        answers_dict = self.simulate()
+
+        def construct_answer_dict_function(traits: dict) -> Callable:
+            def func(self, question: "QuestionBase", scenario=None):
+                return traits.get(question.question_name, None)
+
+            return func
+
+        return Agent(traits=answers_dict).add_direct_question_answering_method(
+            construct_answer_dict_function(answers_dict)
+        )
+
+    def simulate_results(self) -> "Results":
+        """Simulate the survey and return the results."""
+        a = self.create_agent()
+        return self.by([a]).run()
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Access methods
+    def _get_question_index(
+        self, q: Union[QuestionBase, str, EndOfSurvey.__class__]
+    ) -> Union[int, EndOfSurvey.__class__]:
+        """Return the index of the question or EndOfSurvey object.
+
+        :param q: The question or question name to get the index of.
+
+        It can handle it if the user passes in the question name, the question object, or the EndOfSurvey object.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s._get_question_index("q0")
+        0
+
+        This doesnt' work with questions that don't exist:
+
+        >>> s._get_question_index("poop")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyError: Question name poop not found in survey. The current question names are {'q0': 0, 'q1': 1, 'q2': 2}.
+        ...
+        """
+        if q == EndOfSurvey:
+            return EndOfSurvey
+        else:
+            question_name = q if isinstance(q, str) else q.question_name
+            if question_name not in self.question_name_to_index:
+                raise SurveyError(
+                    f"""Question name {question_name} not found in survey. The current question names are {self.question_name_to_index}."""
+                )
+            return self.question_name_to_index[question_name]
+
+    def get(self, question_name: str) -> QuestionBase:
+        """
+        Return the question object given the question name.
+
+        :param question_name: The name of the question to get.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.get_question("q0")
+        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
+        """
+        if question_name not in self.question_name_to_index:
+            raise SurveyError(f"Question name {question_name} not found in survey.")
+        index = self.question_name_to_index[question_name]
+        return self._questions[index]
+
+    def get_question(self, question_name: str) -> QuestionBase:
+        """Return the question object given the question name."""
+        # import warnings
+        # warnings.warn("survey.get_question is deprecated. Use subscript operator instead.")
+        return self.get(question_name)
+
+    def question_names_to_questions(self) -> dict:
+        """Return a dictionary mapping question names to question attributes."""
+        return {q.question_name: q for q in self.questions}
+
+    @property
+    def question_names(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return a list of question names in the survey.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.question_names
+        ['q0', 'q1', 'q2']
+        """
+        return [q.question_name for q in self.questions]
+
+    @property
+    def question_name_to_index(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Return a dictionary mapping question names to question indices.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.question_name_to_index
+        {'q0': 0, 'q1': 1, 'q2': 2}
+        """
+        return {q.question_name: i for i, q in enumerate(self.questions)}
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: serialization methods
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """Return a hash of the question."""
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import dict_hash
+
+        return dict_hash(self.to_dict(add_edsl_version=False))
+
+    def to_dict(self, add_edsl_version=True) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Serialize the Survey object to a dictionary.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.to_dict(add_edsl_version = False).keys()
+        dict_keys(['questions', 'memory_plan', 'rule_collection', 'question_groups'])
+        """
+        return {
+            "questions": [
+                q.to_dict(add_edsl_version=add_edsl_version)
+                for q in self.recombined_questions_and_instructions()
+            ],
+            "memory_plan": self.memory_plan.to_dict(add_edsl_version=add_edsl_version),
+            "rule_collection": self.rule_collection.to_dict(
+                add_edsl_version=add_edsl_version
+            ),
+            "question_groups": self.question_groups,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    @remove_edsl_version
+    def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> Survey:
+        """Deserialize the dictionary back to a Survey object.
+
+        :param data: The dictionary to deserialize.
+
+        >>> d = Survey.example().to_dict()
+        >>> s = Survey.from_dict(d)
+        >>> s == Survey.example()
+        True
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example(include_instructions = True)
+        >>> d = s.to_dict()
+        >>> news = Survey.from_dict(d)
+        >>> news == s
+        True
+
+        """
+
+        def get_class(pass_dict):
+            if (class_name := pass_dict.get("edsl_class_name")) == "QuestionBase":
+                return QuestionBase
+            elif class_name == "Instruction":
+                from edsl.surveys.instructions.Instruction import Instruction
+
+                return Instruction
+            elif class_name == "ChangeInstruction":
+                from edsl.surveys.instructions.ChangeInstruction import (
+                    ChangeInstruction,
+                )
+
+                return ChangeInstruction
+            else:
+                return QuestionBase
+
+        questions = [
+            get_class(q_dict).from_dict(q_dict) for q_dict in data["questions"]
+        ]
+        memory_plan = MemoryPlan.from_dict(data["memory_plan"])
+        survey = cls(
+            questions=questions,
+            memory_plan=memory_plan,
+            rule_collection=RuleCollection.from_dict(data["rule_collection"]),
+            question_groups=data["question_groups"],
+        )
+        return survey
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Survey template parameters
+    @property
+    def scenario_attributes(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return a list of attributes that admissible Scenarios should have.
+
+        Here we have a survey with a question that uses a jinja2 style {{ }} template:
+
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> s = Survey().add_question(QuestionFreeText(question_text="{{ greeting }}. What is your name?", question_name="name"))
+        >>> s.scenario_attributes
+        ['greeting']
+
+        >>> s = Survey().add_question(QuestionFreeText(question_text="{{ greeting }}. What is your {{ attribute }}?", question_name="name"))
+        >>> s.scenario_attributes
+        ['greeting', 'attribute']
+
+
+        """
+        temp = []
+        for question in self.questions:
+            question_text = question.question_text
+            # extract the contents of all {{ }} in the question text using regex
+            matches = re.findall(r"\{\{(.+?)\}\}", question_text)
+            # remove whitespace
+            matches = [match.strip() for match in matches]
+            # add them to the temp list
+            temp.extend(matches)
+        return temp
+
+    @property
+    def parameters(self):
+        """Return a set of parameters in the survey.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.parameters
+        set()
+        """
+        return set.union(*[q.parameters for q in self.questions])
+
+    @property
+    def parameters_by_question(self):
+        """Return a dictionary of parameters by question in the survey.
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> q = QuestionFreeText(question_name = "example", question_text = "What is the capital of {{ country}}?")
+        >>> s = Survey([q])
+        >>> s.parameters_by_question
+        {'example': {'country'}}
+        """
+        return {q.question_name: q.parameters for q in self.questions}
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Survey construction
+
+    # region: Adding questions and combining surveys
+    def __add__(self, other: Survey) -> Survey:
+        """Combine two surveys.
+
+        :param other: The other survey to combine with this one.
+        >>> s1 = Survey.example()
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> s2 = Survey([QuestionFreeText(question_text="What is your name?", question_name="yo")])
+        >>> s3 = s1 + s2
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: ...
+        ...
+        >>> s3 = s1.clear_non_default_rules() + s2
+        >>> len(s3.questions)
+        4
+
+        """
+        if (
+            len(self.rule_collection.non_default_rules) > 0
+            or len(other.rule_collection.non_default_rules) > 0
+        ):
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                "Cannot combine two surveys with non-default rules. Please use the 'clear_non_default_rules' method to remove non-default rules from the survey.",
+            )
+
+        return Survey(questions=self.questions + other.questions)
+
+    def move_question(self, identifier: Union[str, int], new_index: int):
+        if isinstance(identifier, str):
+            if identifier not in self.question_names:
+                raise SurveyError(
+                    f"Question name '{identifier}' does not exist in the survey."
+                )
+            index = self.question_name_to_index[identifier]
+        elif isinstance(identifier, int):
+            if identifier < 0 or identifier >= len(self.questions):
+                raise SurveyError(f"Index {identifier} is out of range.")
+            index = identifier
+        else:
+            raise SurveyError(
+                "Identifier must be either a string (question name) or an integer (question index)."
+            )
+
+        moving_question = self._questions[index]
+
+        new_survey = self.delete_question(index)
+        new_survey.add_question(moving_question, new_index)
+        return new_survey
+
+    def delete_question(self, identifier: Union[str, int]) -> Survey:
+        """
+        Delete a question from the survey.
+
+        :param identifier: The name or index of the question to delete.
+        :return: The updated Survey object.
+
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionMultipleChoice, Survey
+        >>> q1 = QuestionMultipleChoice(question_text="Q1", question_options=["A", "B"], question_name="q1")
+        >>> q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice(question_text="Q2", question_options=["C", "D"], question_name="q2")
+        >>> s = Survey().add_question(q1).add_question(q2)
+        >>> _ = s.delete_question("q1")
+        >>> len(s.questions)
+        1
+        >>> _ = s.delete_question(0)
+        >>> len(s.questions)
+        0
+        """
+        if isinstance(identifier, str):
+            if identifier not in self.question_names:
+                raise SurveyError(
+                    f"Question name '{identifier}' does not exist in the survey."
+                )
+            index = self.question_name_to_index[identifier]
+        elif isinstance(identifier, int):
+            if identifier < 0 or identifier >= len(self.questions):
+                raise SurveyError(f"Index {identifier} is out of range.")
+            index = identifier
+        else:
+            raise SurveyError(
+                "Identifier must be either a string (question name) or an integer (question index)."
+            )
+
+        # Remove the question
+        deleted_question = self._questions.pop(index)
+        del self.pseudo_indices[deleted_question.question_name]
+
+        # Update indices
+        for question_name, old_index in self.pseudo_indices.items():
+            if old_index > index:
+                self.pseudo_indices[question_name] = old_index - 1
+
+        # Update rules
+        new_rule_collection = RuleCollection()
+        for rule in self.rule_collection:
+            if rule.current_q == index:
+                continue  # Remove rules associated with the deleted question
+            if rule.current_q > index:
+                rule.current_q -= 1
+            if rule.next_q > index:
+                rule.next_q -= 1
+
+            if rule.next_q == index:
+                if index == len(self.questions):
+                    rule.next_q = EndOfSurvey
+                else:
+                    rule.next_q = index
+
+            new_rule_collection.add_rule(rule)
+        self.rule_collection = new_rule_collection
+
+        # Update memory plan if it exists
+        if hasattr(self, "memory_plan"):
+            self.memory_plan.remove_question(deleted_question.question_name)
+
+        return self
+
+    def add_question(
+        self, question: QuestionBase, index: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """
+        Add a question to survey.
+
+        :param question: The question to add to the survey.
+        :param question_name: The name of the question. If not provided, the question name is used.
+
+        The question is appended at the end of the self.questions list
+        A default rule is created that the next index is the next question.
+
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionMultipleChoice
+        >>> q = QuestionMultipleChoice(question_text = "Do you like school?", question_options=["yes", "no"], question_name="q0")
+        >>> s = Survey().add_question(q)
+
+        >>> s = Survey().add_question(q).add_question(q)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: Question name 'q0' already exists in survey. Existing names are ['q0'].
+        ...
+        """
+        if question.question_name in self.question_names:
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                f"""Question name '{question.question_name}' already exists in survey. Existing names are {self.question_names}."""
+            )
+        if index is None:
+            index = len(self.questions)
+
+        if index > len(self.questions):
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                f"Index {index} is greater than the number of questions in the survey."
+            )
+        if index < 0:
+            raise SurveyCreationError(f"Index {index} is less than 0.")
+
+        interior_insertion = index != len(self.questions)
+
+        # index = len(self.questions)
+        # TODO: This is a bit ugly because the user
+        # doesn't "know" about _questions - it's generated by the
+        # descriptor.
+        self._questions.insert(index, question)
+
+        if interior_insertion:
+            for question_name, old_index in self.pseudo_indices.items():
+                if old_index >= index:
+                    self.pseudo_indices[question_name] = old_index + 1
+
+        self.pseudo_indices[question.question_name] = index
+
+        ## Re-do question_name to index - this is done automatically
+        # for question_name, old_index in self.question_name_to_index.items():
+        #     if old_index >= index:
+        #         self.question_name_to_index[question_name] = old_index + 1
+
+        ## Need to re-do the rule collection and the indices of the questions
+
+        ## If a rule is before the insertion index and next_q is also before the insertion index, no change needed.
+        ## If the rule is before the insertion index but next_q is after the insertion index, increment the next_q by 1
+        ## If the rule is after the insertion index, increment the current_q by 1 and the next_q by 1
+
+        # using index + 1 presumes there is a next question
+        if interior_insertion:
+            for rule in self.rule_collection:
+                if rule.current_q >= index:
+                    rule.current_q += 1
+                if rule.next_q >= index:
+                    rule.next_q += 1
+
+        # add a new rule
+        self.rule_collection.add_rule(
+            Rule(
+                current_q=index,
+                expression="True",
+                next_q=index + 1,
+                question_name_to_index=self.question_name_to_index,
+                priority=RulePriority.DEFAULT.value,
+            )
+        )
+
+        # a question might be added before the memory plan is created
+        # it's ok because the memory plan will be updated when it is created
+        if hasattr(self, "memory_plan"):
+            self.memory_plan.add_question(question)
+
+        return self
+
+    def recombined_questions_and_instructions(
+        self,
+    ) -> list[Union[QuestionBase, "Instruction"]]:
+        """Return a list of questions and instructions sorted by pseudo index."""
+        questions_and_instructions = self._questions + list(
+            self.instruction_names_to_instructions.values()
+        )
+        return sorted(
+            questions_and_instructions, key=lambda x: self.pseudo_indices[x.name]
+        )
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Memory plan methods
+    def set_full_memory_mode(self) -> Survey:
+        """Add instructions to a survey that the agent should remember all of the answers to the questions in the survey.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example().set_full_memory_mode()
+
+        """
+        self._set_memory_plan(lambda i: self.question_names[:i])
+        return self
+
+    def set_lagged_memory(self, lags: int) -> Survey:
+        """Add instructions to a survey that the agent should remember the answers to the questions in the survey.
+
+        The agent should remember the answers to the questions in the survey from the previous lags.
+        """
+        self._set_memory_plan(lambda i: self.question_names[max(0, i - lags) : i])
+        return self
+
+    def _set_memory_plan(self, prior_questions_func: Callable):
+        """Set memory plan based on a provided function determining prior questions.
+
+        :param prior_questions_func: A function that takes the index of the current question and returns a list of prior questions to remember.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s._set_memory_plan(lambda i: s.question_names[:i])
+
+        """
+        for i, question_name in enumerate(self.question_names):
+            self.memory_plan.add_memory_collection(
+                focal_question=question_name,
+                prior_questions=prior_questions_func(i),
+            )
+
+    def add_targeted_memory(
+        self,
+        focal_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
+        prior_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """Add instructions to a survey than when answering focal_question.
+
+        :param focal_question: The question that the agent is answering.
+        :param prior_question: The question that the agent should remember when answering the focal question.
+
+        Here we add instructions to a survey than when answering q2 they should remember q1:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_targeted_memory("q2", "q0")
+        >>> s.memory_plan
+        {'q2': Memory(prior_questions=['q0'])}
+
+        The agent should also remember the answers to prior_questions listed in prior_questions.
+        """
+        focal_question_name = self.question_names[
+            self._get_question_index(focal_question)
+        ]
+        prior_question_name = self.question_names[
+            self._get_question_index(prior_question)
+        ]
+
+        self.memory_plan.add_single_memory(
+            focal_question=focal_question_name,
+            prior_question=prior_question_name,
+        )
+
+        return self
+
+    def add_memory_collection(
+        self,
+        focal_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
+        prior_questions: List[Union[QuestionBase, str]],
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """Add prior questions and responses so the agent has them when answering.
+
+        This adds instructions to a survey than when answering focal_question, the agent should also remember the answers to prior_questions listed in prior_questions.
+
+        :param focal_question: The question that the agent is answering.
+        :param prior_questions: The questions that the agent should remember when answering the focal question.
+
+        Here we have it so that when answering q2, the agent should remember answers to q0 and q1:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_memory_collection("q2", ["q0", "q1"])
+        >>> s.memory_plan
+        {'q2': Memory(prior_questions=['q0', 'q1'])}
+        """
+        focal_question_name = self.question_names[
+            self._get_question_index(focal_question)
+        ]
+
+        prior_question_names = [
+            self.question_names[self._get_question_index(prior_question)]
+            for prior_question in prior_questions
+        ]
+
+        self.memory_plan.add_memory_collection(
+            focal_question=focal_question_name, prior_questions=prior_question_names
+        )
+        return self
+
+    # endregion
+    # endregion
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Question groups
+    def add_question_group(
+        self,
+        start_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
+        end_question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
+        group_name: str,
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """Add a group of questions to the survey.
+
+        :param start_question: The first question in the group.
+        :param end_question: The last question in the group.
+        :param group_name: The name of the group.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q0", "q1", "group1")
+        >>> s.question_groups
+        {'group1': (0, 1)}
+
+        The name of the group must be a valid identifier:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q0", "q2", "1group1")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: Group name 1group1 is not a valid identifier.
+        ...
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q0", "q1", "q0")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: ...
+        ...
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_question_group("q1", "q0", "group1")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: ...
+        ...
+        """
+
+        if not group_name.isidentifier():
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                f"Group name {group_name} is not a valid identifier."
+            )
+
+        if group_name in self.question_groups:
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                f"Group name {group_name} already exists in the survey."
+            )
+
+        if group_name in self.question_name_to_index:
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                f"Group name {group_name} already exists as a question name in the survey."
+            )
+
+        start_index = self._get_question_index(start_question)
+        end_index = self._get_question_index(end_question)
+
+        if start_index > end_index:
+            raise SurveyCreationError(
+                f"Start index {start_index} is greater than end index {end_index}."
+            )
+
+        for existing_group_name, (
+            existing_start_index,
+            existing_end_index,
+        ) in self.question_groups.items():
+            if start_index < existing_start_index and end_index > existing_end_index:
+                raise SurveyCreationError(
+                    f"Group {group_name} contains the questions in the new group."
+                )
+            if start_index > existing_start_index and end_index < existing_end_index:
+                raise SurveyCreationError(
+                    f"Group {group_name} is contained in the new group."
+                )
+            if start_index < existing_start_index and end_index > existing_start_index:
+                raise SurveyCreationError(
+                    f"Group {group_name} overlaps with the new group."
+                )
+            if start_index < existing_end_index and end_index > existing_end_index:
+                raise SurveyCreationError(
+                    f"Group {group_name} overlaps with the new group."
+                )
+
+        self.question_groups[group_name] = (start_index, end_index)
+        return self
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Survey rules
+    def show_rules(self) -> None:
+        """Print out the rules in the survey.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.show_rules()
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ current_q ┃ expression  ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ 0         │ True        │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 0         │ q0 == 'yes' │ 2      │ 0        │ False       │
+        │ 1         │ True        │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 2         │ True        │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
+        └───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
+        """
+        self.rule_collection.show_rules()
+
+    def add_stop_rule(
+        self, question: Union[QuestionBase, str], expression: str
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """Add a rule that stops the survey.
+        The rule is evaluated *after* the question is answered. If the rule is true, the survey ends.
+
+        :param question: The question to add the stop rule to.
+        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
+
+        If this rule is true, the survey ends.
+
+        Here, answering "yes" to q0 ends the survey:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_stop_rule("q0", "q0 == 'yes'")
+        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "yes"})
+        EndOfSurvey
+
+        By comparison, answering "no" to q0 does not end the survey:
+
+        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "no"}).question_name
+        'q1'
+
+        >>> s.add_stop_rule("q0", "q1 <> 'yes'")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        edsl.exceptions.surveys.SurveyCreationError: The expression contains '<>', which is not allowed. You probably mean '!='.
+        ...
+        """
+        expression = ValidatedString(expression)
+        prior_question_appears = False
+        for prior_question in self.questions:
+            if prior_question.question_name in expression:
+                prior_question_appears = True
+
+        if not prior_question_appears:
+            import warnings
+
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"The expression {expression} does not contain any prior question names. This is probably a mistake."
+            )
+        self.add_rule(question, expression, EndOfSurvey)
+        return self
+
+    def clear_non_default_rules(self) -> Survey:
+        """Remove all non-default rules from the survey.
+
+        >>> Survey.example().show_rules()
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ current_q ┃ expression  ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ 0         │ True        │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 0         │ q0 == 'yes' │ 2      │ 0        │ False       │
+        │ 1         │ True        │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 2         │ True        │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
+        └───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
+        >>> Survey.example().clear_non_default_rules().show_rules()
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ current_q ┃ expression ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ 0         │ True       │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 1         │ True       │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 2         │ True       │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
+        └───────────┴────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
+        """
+        s = Survey()
+        for question in self.questions:
+            s.add_question(question)
+        return s
+
+    def add_skip_rule(
+        self, question: Union[QuestionBase, str], expression: str
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """
+        Adds a per-question skip rule to the survey.
+
+        :param question: The question to add the skip rule to.
+        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
+
+        This adds a rule that skips 'q0' always, before the question is answered:
+
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> q0 = QuestionFreeText.example()
+        >>> q0.question_name = "q0"
+        >>> q1 = QuestionFreeText.example()
+        >>> q1.question_name = "q1"
+        >>> s = Survey([q0, q1]).add_skip_rule("q0", "True")
+        >>> s.next_question("q0", {}).question_name
+        'q1'
+
+        Note that this is different from a rule that jumps to some other question *after* the question is answered.
+
+        """
+        question_index = self._get_question_index(question)
+        self._add_rule(question, expression, question_index + 1, before_rule=True)
+        return self
+
+    def _get_new_rule_priority(
+        self, question_index: int, before_rule: bool = False
+    ) -> int:
+        """Return the priority for the new rule.
+
+        :param question_index: The index of the question to add the rule to.
+        :param before_rule: Whether the rule is evaluated before the question is answered.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s._get_new_rule_priority(0)
+        1
+        """
+        current_priorities = [
+            rule.priority
+            for rule in self.rule_collection.applicable_rules(
+                question_index, before_rule
+            )
+        ]
+        if len(current_priorities) == 0:
+            return RulePriority.DEFAULT.value + 1
+
+        max_priority = max(current_priorities)
+        # newer rules take priority over older rules
+        new_priority = (
+            RulePriority.DEFAULT.value
+            if len(current_priorities) == 0
+            else max_priority + 1
+        )
+        return new_priority
+
+    def add_rule(
+        self,
+        question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
+        expression: str,
+        next_question: Union[QuestionBase, int],
+        before_rule: bool = False,
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """
+        Add a rule to a Question of the Survey.
+
+        :param question: The question to add the rule to.
+        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
+        :param next_question: The next question to go to if the rule is true.
+        :param before_rule: Whether the rule is evaluated before the question is answered.
+
+        This adds a rule that if the answer to q0 is 'yes', the next question is q2 (as opposed to q1)
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example().add_rule("q0", "{{ q0 }} == 'yes'", "q2")
+        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "yes"}).question_name
+        'q2'
+
+        """
+        return self._add_rule(
+            question, expression, next_question, before_rule=before_rule
+        )
+
+    def _add_rule(
+        self,
+        question: Union[QuestionBase, str],
+        expression: str,
+        next_question: Union[QuestionBase, str, int],
+        before_rule: bool = False,
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """
+        Add a rule to a Question of the Survey with the appropriate priority.
+
+        :param question: The question to add the rule to.
+        :param expression: The expression to evaluate.
+        :param next_question: The next question to go to if the rule is true.
+        :param before_rule: Whether the rule is evaluated before the question is answered.
+
+
+        - The last rule added for the question will have the highest priority.
+        - If there are no rules, the rule added gets priority -1.
+        """
+        question_index = self._get_question_index(question)
+
+        # Might not have the name of the next question yet
+        if isinstance(next_question, int):
+            next_question_index = next_question
+        else:
+            next_question_index = self._get_question_index(next_question)
+
+        new_priority = self._get_new_rule_priority(question_index, before_rule)
+
+        self.rule_collection.add_rule(
+            Rule(
+                current_q=question_index,
+                expression=expression,
+                next_q=next_question_index,
+                question_name_to_index=self.question_name_to_index,
+                priority=new_priority,
+                before_rule=before_rule,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return self
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Forward methods
+    def by(self, *args: Union["Agent", "Scenario", "LanguageModel"]) -> "Jobs":
+        """Add Agents, Scenarios, and LanguageModels to a survey and returns a runnable Jobs object.
+
+        :param args: The Agents, Scenarios, and LanguageModels to add to the survey.
+
+        This takes the survey and adds an Agent and a Scenario via 'by' which converts to a Jobs object:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example(); from edsl import Agent; from edsl import Scenario
+        >>> s.by(Agent.example()).by(Scenario.example())
+        Jobs(...)
+        """
+        from edsl.jobs.Jobs import Jobs
+
+        job = Jobs(survey=self)
+        return job.by(*args)
+
+    def to_jobs(self):
+        """Convert the survey to a Jobs object."""
+        from edsl.jobs.Jobs import Jobs
+
+        return Jobs(survey=self)
+
+    def show_prompts(self):
+        return self.to_jobs().show_prompts()
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # region: Running the survey
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        model=None,
+        agent=None,
+        cache=None,
+        disable_remote_cache: bool = False,
+        disable_remote_inference: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Run the survey with default model, taking the required survey as arguments.
+
+        >>> from edsl.questions import QuestionFunctional
+        >>> def f(scenario, agent_traits): return "yes" if scenario["period"] == "morning" else "no"
+        >>> q = QuestionFunctional(question_name = "q0", func = f)
+        >>> s = Survey([q])
+        >>> s(period = "morning", cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True).select("answer.q0").first()
+        'yes'
+        >>> s(period = "evening", cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True).select("answer.q0").first()
+        'no'
+        """
+        job = self.get_job(model, agent, **kwargs)
+        return job.run(
+            cache=cache,
+            disable_remote_cache=disable_remote_cache,
+            disable_remote_inference=disable_remote_inference,
+        )
+
+    async def run_async(
+        self,
+        model: Optional["Model"] = None,
+        agent: Optional["Agent"] = None,
+        cache: Optional["Cache"] = None,
+        disable_remote_inference: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Run the survey with default model, taking the required survey as arguments.
+
+        >>> import asyncio
+        >>> from edsl.questions import QuestionFunctional
+        >>> def f(scenario, agent_traits): return "yes" if scenario["period"] == "morning" else "no"
+        >>> q = QuestionFunctional(question_name = "q0", func = f)
+        >>> s = Survey([q])
+        >>> async def test_run_async(): result = await s.run_async(period="morning", disable_remote_inference = True); print(result.select("answer.q0").first())
+        >>> asyncio.run(test_run_async())
+        yes
+        >>> import asyncio
+        >>> from edsl.questions import QuestionFunctional
+        >>> def f(scenario, agent_traits): return "yes" if scenario["period"] == "morning" else "no"
+        >>> q = QuestionFunctional(question_name = "q0", func = f)
+        >>> s = Survey([q])
+        >>> async def test_run_async(): result = await s.run_async(period="evening", disable_remote_inference = True); print(result.select("answer.q0").first())
+        >>> asyncio.run(test_run_async())
+        no
+        """
+        # TODO: temp fix by creating a cache
+        if cache is None:
+            from edsl.data import Cache
+
+            c = Cache()
+        else:
+            c = cache
+        jobs: "Jobs" = self.get_job(model=model, agent=agent, **kwargs)
+        return await jobs.run_async(
+            cache=c, disable_remote_inference=disable_remote_inference
+        )
+
+    def run(self, *args, **kwargs) -> "Results":
+        """Turn the survey into a Job and runs it.
+
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> s = Survey([QuestionFreeText.example()])
+        >>> from edsl.language_models import LanguageModel
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True, canned_response = "Great!")
+        >>> results = s.by(m).run(cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True)
+        >>> results.select('answer.*')
+        Dataset([{'answer.how_are_you': ['Great!']}])
+        """
+        from edsl.jobs.Jobs import Jobs
+
+        return Jobs(survey=self).run(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    # region: Survey flow
+    def next_question(
+        self, current_question: Union[str, QuestionBase], answers: dict
+    ) -> Union[QuestionBase, EndOfSurvey.__class__]:
+        """
+        Return the next question in a survey.
+
+        :param current_question: The current question in the survey.
+        :param answers: The answers for the survey so far
+
+        - If called with no arguments, it returns the first question in the survey.
+        - If no answers are provided for a question with a rule, the next question is returned. If answers are provided, the next question is determined by the rules and the answers.
+        - If the next question is the last question in the survey, an EndOfSurvey object is returned.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "yes"}).question_name
+        'q2'
+        >>> s.next_question("q0", {"q0": "no"}).question_name
+        'q1'
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(current_question, str):
+            current_question = self.get_question(current_question)
+
+        question_index = self.question_name_to_index[current_question.question_name]
+        next_question_object = self.rule_collection.next_question(
+            question_index, answers
+        )
+
+        if next_question_object.num_rules_found == 0:
+            raise SurveyHasNoRulesError
+
+        if next_question_object.next_q == EndOfSurvey:
+            return EndOfSurvey
+        else:
+            if next_question_object.next_q >= len(self.questions):
+                return EndOfSurvey
+            else:
+                return self.questions[next_question_object.next_q]
+
+    def gen_path_through_survey(self) -> Generator[QuestionBase, dict, None]:
+        """
+        Generate a coroutine that can be used to conduct an Interview.
+
+        The coroutine is a generator that yields a question and receives answers.
+        It starts with the first question in the survey.
+        The coroutine ends when an EndOfSurvey object is returned.
+
+        For the example survey, this is the rule table:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.show_rules()
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ current_q ┃ expression  ┃ next_q ┃ priority ┃ before_rule ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ 0         │ True        │ 1      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 0         │ q0 == 'yes' │ 2      │ 0        │ False       │
+        │ 1         │ True        │ 2      │ -1       │ False       │
+        │ 2         │ True        │ 3      │ -1       │ False       │
+        └───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┘
+
+        Note that q0 has a rule that if the answer is 'yes', the next question is q2. If the answer is 'no', the next question is q1.
+
+        Here is the path through the survey if the answer to q0 is 'yes':
+
+        >>> i = s.gen_path_through_survey()
+        >>> next(i)
+        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
+        >>> i.send({"q0": "yes"})
+        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q2\""", question_text = \"""Why?\""", question_options = ['**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria', 'other'])
+
+        And here is the path through the survey if the answer to q0 is 'no':
+
+        >>> i2 = s.gen_path_through_survey()
+        >>> next(i2)
+        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
+        >>> i2.send({"q0": "no"})
+        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q1\""", question_text = \"""Why not?\""", question_options = ['killer bees in cafeteria', 'other'])
+
+
+        """
+        self.answers = {}
+        question = self._questions[0]
+        # should the first question be skipped?
+        if self.rule_collection.skip_question_before_running(0, self.answers):
+            question = self.next_question(question, self.answers)
+
+        while not question == EndOfSurvey:
+            # breakpoint()
+            answer = yield question
+            self.answers.update(answer)
+            # print(f"Answers: {self.answers}")
+            ## TODO: This should also include survey and agent attributes
+            question = self.next_question(question, self.answers)
+
+    # endregion
+
+    # regions: DAG construction
+    def textify(self, index_dag: DAG) -> DAG:
+        """Convert the DAG of question indices to a DAG of question names.
+
+        :param index_dag: The DAG of question indices.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> d = s.dag()
+        >>> d
+        {1: {0}, 2: {0}}
+        >>> s.textify(d)
+        {'q1': {'q0'}, 'q2': {'q0'}}
+        """
+
+        def get_name(index: int):
+            """Return the name of the question given the index."""
+            if index >= len(self.questions):
+                return EndOfSurvey
+            try:
+                return self.questions[index].question_name
+            except IndexError:
+                print(
+                    f"The index is {index} but the length of the questions is {len(self.questions)}"
+                )
+                raise SurveyError
+
+        try:
+            text_dag = {}
+            for child_index, parent_indices in index_dag.items():
+                parent_names = {get_name(index) for index in parent_indices}
+                child_name = get_name(child_index)
+                text_dag[child_name] = parent_names
+            return text_dag
+        except IndexError:
+            raise
+
+    @property
+    def piping_dag(self) -> DAG:
+        """Figures out the DAG of piping dependencies.
+
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> q0 = QuestionFreeText(question_text="Here is a question", question_name="q0")
+        >>> q1 = QuestionFreeText(question_text="You previously answered {{ q0 }}---how do you feel now?", question_name="q1")
+        >>> s = Survey([q0, q1])
+        >>> s.piping_dag
+        {1: {0}}
+        """
+        d = {}
+        for question_name, depenencies in self.parameters_by_question.items():
+            if depenencies:
+                question_index = self.question_name_to_index[question_name]
+                for dependency in depenencies:
+                    if dependency not in self.question_name_to_index:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        dependency_index = self.question_name_to_index[dependency]
+                        if question_index not in d:
+                            d[question_index] = set()
+                        d[question_index].add(dependency_index)
+        return d
+
+    def dag(self, textify: bool = False) -> DAG:
+        """Return the DAG of the survey, which reflects both skip-logic and memory.
+
+        :param textify: Whether to return the DAG with question names instead of indices.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> d = s.dag()
+        >>> d
+        {1: {0}, 2: {0}}
+
+        """
+        memory_dag = self.memory_plan.dag
+        rule_dag = self.rule_collection.dag
+        piping_dag = self.piping_dag
+        if textify:
+            memory_dag = DAG(self.textify(memory_dag))
+            rule_dag = DAG(self.textify(rule_dag))
+            piping_dag = DAG(self.textify(piping_dag))
+        return memory_dag + rule_dag + piping_dag
+
+    ###################
+    # DUNDER METHODS
+    ###################
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Return the number of questions in the survey.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> len(s)
+        3
+        """
+        return len(self._questions)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index) -> QuestionBase:
+        """Return the question object given the question index.
+
+        :param index: The index of the question to get.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s[0]
+        Question('multiple_choice', question_name = \"""q0\""", question_text = \"""Do you like school?\""", question_options = ['yes', 'no'])
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(index, int):
+            return self._questions[index]
+        elif isinstance(index, str):
+            return getattr(self, index)
+
+    def _diff(self, other):
+        """Used for debugging. Print out the differences between two surveys."""
+        from rich import print
+
+        for key, value in self.to_dict().items():
+            if value != other.to_dict()[key]:
+                print(f"Key: {key}")
+                print("\n")
+                print(f"Self: {value}")
+                print("\n")
+                print(f"Other: {other.to_dict()[key]}")
+                print("\n\n")
+
+    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the two surveys have the same to_dict.
+
+        :param other: The other survey to compare to.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s == s
+        True
+
+        >>> s == "poop"
+        False
+
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, Survey):
+            return False
+        return self.to_dict() == other.to_dict()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_qsf(
+        cls, qsf_file: Optional[str] = None, url: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """Create a Survey object from a Qualtrics QSF file."""
+
+        if url and qsf_file:
+            raise ValueError("Only one of url or qsf_file can be provided.")
+
+        if (not url) and (not qsf_file):
+            raise ValueError("Either url or qsf_file must be provided.")
+
+        if url:
+            response = requests.get(url)
+            response.raise_for_status()  # Ensure the request was successful
+
+            # Save the Excel file to a temporary file
+            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".qsf", delete=False) as temp_file:
+                temp_file.write(response.content)
+                qsf_file = temp_file.name
+
+        from edsl.surveys.SurveyQualtricsImport import SurveyQualtricsImport
+
+        so = SurveyQualtricsImport(qsf_file)
+        return so.create_survey()
+
+    # region: Display methods
+    def print(self):
+        """Print the survey in a rich format.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.print()
+        {
+          "questions": [
+          ...
+        }
+        """
+        from rich import print_json
+        import json
+
+        print_json(json.dumps(self.to_dict()))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Return a string representation of the survey."""
+
+        # questions_string = ", ".join([repr(q) for q in self._questions])
+        questions_string = ", ".join([repr(q) for q in self.raw_passed_questions or []])
+        # question_names_string = ", ".join([repr(name) for name in self.question_names])
+        return f"Survey(questions=[{questions_string}], memory_plan={self.memory_plan}, rule_collection={self.rule_collection}, question_groups={self.question_groups})"
+
+    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import data_to_html
+
+        return data_to_html(self.to_dict())
+
+    def rich_print(self) -> Table:
+        """Print the survey in a rich format.
+
+        >>> t = Survey.example().rich_print()
+        >>> print(t) # doctest: +SKIP
+        ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+        ┃ Questions                                                                                          ┃
+        ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+        │ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┓                                │
+        │ ┃ Question Name ┃ Question Type   ┃ Question Text       ┃ Options ┃                                │
+        │ ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━┩                                │
+        │ │ q0            │ multiple_choice │ Do you like school? │ yes, no │                                │
+        │ └───────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────┘                                │
+        │ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓              │
+        │ ┃ Question Name ┃ Question Type   ┃ Question Text ┃ Options                         ┃              │
+        │ ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩              │
+        │ │ q1            │ multiple_choice │ Why not?      │ killer bees in cafeteria, other │              │
+        │ └───────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘              │
+        │ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ │
+        │ ┃ Question Name ┃ Question Type   ┃ Question Text ┃ Options                                      ┃ │
+        │ ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩ │
+        │ │ q2            │ multiple_choice │ Why?          │ **lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria, other │ │
+        │ └───────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
+        └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+        """
+        from rich.table import Table
+
+        table = Table(show_header=True, header_style="bold magenta")
+        table.add_column("Questions", style="dim")
+
+        for question in self._questions:
+            table.add_row(question.rich_print())
+
+        return table
+
+    # endregion
+
+    def codebook(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Create a codebook for the survey, mapping question names to question text.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.codebook()
+        {'q0': 'Do you like school?', 'q1': 'Why not?', 'q2': 'Why?'}
+        """
+        codebook = {}
+        for question in self._questions:
+            codebook[question.question_name] = question.question_text
+        return codebook
+
+    # region: Export methods
+    def to_csv(self, filename: str = None):
+        """Export the survey to a CSV file.
+
+        :param filename: The name of the file to save the CSV to.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> s.to_csv() # doctest: +SKIP
+           index question_name        question_text                                question_options    question_type
+        0      0            q0  Do you like school?                                       [yes, no]  multiple_choice
+        1      1            q1             Why not?               [killer bees in cafeteria, other]  multiple_choice
+        2      2            q2                 Why?  [**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria, other]  multiple_choice
+        """
+        raw_data = []
+        for index, question in enumerate(self._questions):
+            d = {"index": index}
+            question_dict = question.to_dict()
+            _ = question_dict.pop("edsl_version")
+            _ = question_dict.pop("edsl_class_name")
+            d.update(question_dict)
+            raw_data.append(d)
+        from pandas import DataFrame
+
+        df = DataFrame(raw_data)
+        if filename:
+            df.to_csv(filename, index=False)
+        else:
+            return df
+
+    # endregion
+
+    @classmethod
+    def example(
+        cls,
+        params: bool = False,
+        randomize: bool = False,
+        include_instructions=False,
+        custom_instructions: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Survey:
+        """Return an example survey.
+
+        >>> s = Survey.example()
+        >>> [q.question_text for q in s.questions]
+        ['Do you like school?', 'Why not?', 'Why?']
+        """
+        from edsl.questions.QuestionMultipleChoice import QuestionMultipleChoice
+
+        addition = "" if not randomize else str(uuid4())
+        q0 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+            question_text=f"Do you like school?{addition}",
+            question_options=["yes", "no"],
+            question_name="q0",
+        )
+        q1 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+            question_text="Why not?",
+            question_options=["killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
+            question_name="q1",
+        )
+        q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+            question_text="Why?",
+            question_options=["**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
+            question_name="q2",
+        )
+        if params:
+            q3 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+                question_text="To the question '{{ q0.question_text}}', you said '{{ q0.answer }}'. Do you still feel this way?",
+                question_options=["yes", "no"],
+                question_name="q3",
+            )
+            s = cls(questions=[q0, q1, q2, q3])
+            return s
+
+        if include_instructions:
+            from edsl import Instruction
+
+            custom_instructions = (
+                custom_instructions if custom_instructions else "Please pay attention!"
+            )
+
+            i = Instruction(text=custom_instructions, name="attention")
+            s = cls(questions=[i, q0, q1, q2])
+            return s
+
+        s = cls(questions=[q0, q1, q2])
+        s = s.add_rule(q0, "q0 == 'yes'", q2)
+        return s
+
+    def get_job(self, model=None, agent=None, **kwargs):
+        if model is None:
+            from edsl import Model
+
+            model = Model()
+
+        from edsl.scenarios.Scenario import Scenario
+
+        s = Scenario(kwargs)
+
+        if not agent:
+            from edsl import Agent
+
+            agent = Agent()
+
+        return self.by(s).by(agent).by(model)
+
+
+def main():
+    """Run the example survey."""
+
+    def example_survey():
+        """Return an example survey."""
+        from edsl.questions.QuestionMultipleChoice import QuestionMultipleChoice
+        from edsl.surveys.Survey import Survey
+
+        q0 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+            question_text="Do you like school?",
+            question_options=["yes", "no"],
+            question_name="q0",
+        )
+        q1 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+            question_text="Why not?",
+            question_options=["killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
+            question_name="q1",
+        )
+        q2 = QuestionMultipleChoice(
+            question_text="Why?",
+            question_options=["**lack*** of killer bees in cafeteria", "other"],
+            question_name="q2",
+        )
+        s = Survey(questions=[q0, q1, q2])
+        s = s.add_rule(q0, "q0 == 'yes'", q2)
+        return s
+
+    s = example_survey()
+    survey_dict = s.to_dict()
+    s2 = Survey.from_dict(survey_dict)
+    results = s2.run()
+    print(results)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    # doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS | doctest.SKIP)
+    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)