desdeo 1.2__py3-none-any.whl → 2.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

desdeo/problem/testproblems/mcwb_problem.py

@@ -0,0 +1,831 @@
+"""Defined multiobjective optimization problems for cantilever welded beams...
+
+This script defines multiobjective optimization problems for cantilever welded beams
+using various cross-section types. The problems aim to minimize the total cost of
+weld and beam construction while ensuring the structural integrity of the beam
+by considering constraints related to stress and deflection.
+
+Each problem represents a specific configuration of a cantilever beam, and includes:
+- Variables (e.g., dimensions of the beam and weld),
+- Constants (e.g., material properties),
+- Extra functions (e.g., derived calculations for area, moment of inertia),
+- Objectives (e.g., minimizing cost and deflection),
+- Constraints (e.g., shear stress, buckling, and geometric constraints).
+"""
+
+from desdeo.problem.schema import (
+    Constant,
+    Constraint,
+    ConstraintTypeEnum,
+    ExtraFunction,
+    Objective,
+    Problem,
+    Variable,
+    VariableTypeEnum,
+)
+
+CONSTANTS = [
+    Constant(name="P", symbol="P", value=30000),  # Load [N]
+    Constant(name="L", symbol="L", value=0.5),  # Beam length [m]
+    Constant(name="E", symbol="E", value=200e9),  # Young's modulus [Pa]
+    Constant(name="tau_max", symbol="tau_max", value=95e6),  # Max shear stress [Pa]
+    Constant(name="sigma_max", symbol="sigma_max", value=200e6),  # Max normal stress [Pa]
+    Constant(name="C_w", symbol="C_w", value=209600),  # Welding cost factor [$/m^3]
+    Constant(name="steel_cost", symbol="C_s", value=0.7),  # Price of HRC steel [$/kg]
+    Constant(name="steel_density", symbol="rho_s", value=7850),  # Steel density [kg/m^3]
+    Constant(name="C_b", symbol="C_b", value=0.7 * 7850),  # Beam material cost factor [$/m^3]
+    Constant(name="K", symbol="K", value=2),  # Cantilever beam coefficient
+    Constant(name="pi", symbol="pi", value=3.141592653589793),
+    Constant(name="delta_t", symbol="delta_t", value=0.05 - 0.005),
+]
+
+EXTRAFUNCTION = [
+    ExtraFunction(name="weld_cost", symbol="W_c", func="C_w * x_1**2 * x_2"),  # Weld cost
+    ExtraFunction(name="beam_cost", symbol="B_c", func="C_b * A * (L + x_2)"),  # Beam cost
+    ExtraFunction(
+        name="polar_moment", symbol="J", func="2 * ((2**(1/2))/2 * x_1 * x_2 * (x_2**2 / 12 + ((x_1 + x_3) / 2) ** 2))"
+    ),  # J calculation
+    ExtraFunction(name="effective_radius", symbol="R", func="((x_2**2 / 4) + ((x_3 + x_1) / 2) ** 2) ** (1/2)"),
+    # R calculation
+    ExtraFunction(name="bending_moment", symbol="M", func="P * (L + x_2 / 2)"),  # M calculation
+    ExtraFunction(name="primary_shear_stress", symbol="tau_1", func="P / ((2**(1/2)) * x_1 * x_2)"),
+    # tau_1 calculation
+    ExtraFunction(name="torsional_stress", symbol="tau_2", func="M * R / J"),  # tau_2 calculation
+    ExtraFunction(name="cos_theta", symbol="c_theta", func="x_2 / (2 * R)"),
+    ExtraFunction(
+        name="combined_shear", symbol="tau", func="(tau_1**2 + (2 * tau_1 * tau_2 * c_theta) + tau_2**2) ** (1/2)"
+    ),
+    # Combined shear stress
+    ExtraFunction(name="bending_stress", symbol="sigma_x", func="P * L * x_3 / (2 * I_x)"),  # sigma_x calculation
+    ExtraFunction(name="critical_buckling", symbol="P_c", func="(pi**2 * E * I_x) / (K * L)**2"),  # P_c calculation
+]
+
+OBJECTIVES = [
+    Objective(name="f_1", symbol="f_1", func="W_c + B_c", maximize=False),  # Minimize total cost
+    Objective(name="f_2", symbol="f_2", func="P * L**3 / (3 * E * I_x)", maximize=False),  # Minimize beam deflection
+]
+
+CONSTRAINTS = [
+    Constraint(
+        name="g_1", symbol="g_1", cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE, func="(1 / tau_max) * (tau - tau_max)"
+    ),  # Shear stress
+    Constraint(
+        name="g_2", symbol="g_2", cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE, func="(1 / sigma_max) * (sigma_x - sigma_max)"
+    ),  # Normal stress
+    Constraint(
+        name="g_3", symbol="g_3", cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE, func="(1 / P) * (P - P_c)"
+    ),  # Buckling constraint
+]
+
+
+def mcwb_solid_rectangular_problem() -> Problem:
+    r"""Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem.
+
+    The objective functions and constraints for the MCWB design problem are defined as follows:
+
+    Objectives:
+    1. Minimize the total cost, \( f_1 = W_c + B_c \), where \( W_c \) is the weld cost and \( B_c \) is the beam cost.
+    2. Minimize the deflection of the beam, \( f_2 = \frac{P L^3}{3 E I_x} \), where \( P \) is the applied load,
+        \( L \) is the beam length, \( E \) is the Young's modulus, and \( I_x \) is the moment of inertia.
+
+    Constraints:
+    1. Shear stress constraint: \( \tau \leq \tau_{max} \), where \( \tau \) is the combined shear stress
+        and \( \tau_{max} \) is the maximum shear stress.
+    2. Normal stress constraint: \( \sigma_x \leq \sigma_{max} \), where \( \sigma_x \) is the bending stress and
+        \( \sigma_{max} \) is the maximum allowable normal stress.
+    3. Buckling constraint: \( P \leq P_c \), where \( P_c \) is the critical buckling load.
+    4. Weld height constraint: \( x_1 \leq x_4 \), ensuring that the weld height \( x_1 \) is less than or equal to
+        the flange thickness \( x_4 \).
+
+    Where:
+    - \( x_1 \) is the weld height.
+    - \( x_2 \) is the weld length.
+    - \( x_3 \) is the beam height.
+    - \( x_4 \) is the beam width.
+
+    The parameters are defined as:
+    - \( P = 30000 \, \text{N} \) (load),
+    - \( L = 0.5 \, \text{m} \) (beam length),
+    - \( E = 200 \times 10^9 \, \text{Pa} \) (Young's modulus),
+    - \( \tau_{max} = 95 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max shear stress),
+    - \( \sigma_{max} = 200 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max normal stress),
+    - \( C_w = 209600 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (welding cost factor),
+    - \( C_s = 0.7 \, \text{\$/kg} \) (price of HRC steel),
+    - \( \rho_s = 7850 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \) (steel density),
+    - \( C_b = 0.7 \times 7850 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (beam material cost factor),
+    - \( K = 2 \) (cantilever beam coefficient),
+    - \( \pi = 3.141592653589793 \) (constant for calculations),
+    - \( \delta_t = 0.045 \) (tolerance factor for calculations).
+
+    Returns:
+        Problem: An instance of the multiobjective cantilever welded beam optimization problem.
+    """
+    # Variables
+    variables = [
+        Variable(
+            name="x_1", symbol="x_1", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.005, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # height of weld
+        Variable(
+            name="x_2", symbol="x_2", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.3
+        ),  # length of weld
+        Variable(
+            name="x_3", symbol="x_3", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.3
+        ),  # height of beam
+        Variable(
+            name="x_4", symbol="x_4", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # width of beam
+    ]
+
+    # Constants
+    constants = CONSTANTS
+
+    # Extra Functions (Intermediate Calculations)
+    extra_functions = [
+        ExtraFunction(name="cross_section_area", symbol="A", func="x_3 * x_4"),  # A = h * b
+        ExtraFunction(name="moment_of_inertia", symbol="I_x", func="(x_4 * x_3**3) / 12"),  # I_x = (b * h³) / 12
+        *EXTRAFUNCTION,
+    ]
+
+    # Objectives (minimize cost, minimize deflection)
+    objectives = OBJECTIVES
+
+    # NO DUMMY CONSTRAINTS
+    # Constraints
+    constraints = [
+        *CONSTRAINTS,
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_4",
+            symbol="g_4",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_1 - x_4) / (0.25 - 0.005)",  # Ensures x_1 <= x_4 (weld height <= flange thickness)
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    return Problem(
+        name="MCWB Solid Rectangular",
+        description="Multiobjective optimization of a welded beam using a solid rectangular cross-section.",
+        constants=constants,
+        variables=variables,
+        extra_funcs=extra_functions,
+        objectives=objectives,
+        constraints=constraints,
+    )
+
+
+def mcwb_hollow_rectangular_problem() -> Problem:
+    r"""Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem...
+
+    Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem using a
+    hollow rectangular cross-section.
+
+    The objective functions and constraints for the MCWB design problem are defined as follows:
+
+    Objectives:
+    1. Minimize the total cost, \( f_1 = W_c + B_c \), where \( W_c \) is the weld cost and \( B_c \) is the beam cost.
+    2. Minimize the deflection of the beam, \( f_2 = \frac{P L^3}{3 E I_x} \), where \( P \) is the applied load,
+        \( L \) is the beam length, \( E \) is the Young's modulus, and \( I_x \) is the moment of inertia.
+
+    Constraints:
+    1. Shear stress constraint: \( \tau \leq \tau_{max} \), where \( \tau \) is the combined shear stress and
+        \( \tau_{max} \) is the maximum shear stress.
+    2. Normal stress constraint: \( \sigma_x \leq \sigma_{max} \), where \( \sigma_x \) is the bending stress and
+        \( \sigma_{max} \) is the maximum allowable normal stress.
+    3. Buckling constraint: \( P \leq P_c \), where \( P_c \) is the critical buckling load.
+    4. Weld height constraint: \( x_1 \leq x_4 \), ensuring that the weld height \( x_1 \) is less than or equal to
+        the flange thickness \( x_4 \).
+    5. Wall thickness constraint: \( t \geq h \), where \( t \) is the wall thickness and \( h \) is the outer height.
+
+    Where:
+    - \( x_1 \) is the weld height.
+    - \( x_2 \) is the weld length.
+    - \( x_3 \) is the outer height of the beam.
+    - \( x_4 \) is the outer width of the beam.
+    - \( x_5 \) is the wall thickness of the hollow beam.
+
+    The parameters are defined as:
+    - \( P = 30000 \, \text{N} \) (load),
+    - \( L = 0.5 \, \text{m} \) (beam length),
+    - \( E = 200 \times 10^9 \, \text{Pa} \) (Young's modulus),
+    - \( \tau_{max} = 95 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max shear stress),
+    - \( \sigma_{max} = 200 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max normal stress),
+    - \( C_w = 209600 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (welding cost factor),
+    - \( C_s = 0.7 \, \text{\$/kg} \) (price of HRC steel),
+    - \( \rho_s = 7850 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \) (steel density),
+    - \( C_b = 0.7 \times 7850 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (beam material cost factor),
+    - \( K = 2 \) (cantilever beam coefficient),
+    - \( \pi = 3.141592653589793 \) (constant for calculations),
+    - \( \delta_t = 0.045 \) (tolerance factor for calculations).
+
+    Returns:
+        Problem: An instance of the multiobjective cantilever welded beam optimization problem using
+            a hollow rectangular cross-section.
+    """
+    # Constants
+    constants = CONSTANTS
+
+    # Variables
+    variables = [
+        Variable(
+            name="x_1", symbol="x_1", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.005, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # weld height
+        Variable(
+            name="x_2", symbol="x_2", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.3
+        ),  # weld length
+        Variable(
+            name="x_3", symbol="x_3", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.3
+        ),  # outer height
+        Variable(
+            name="x_4", symbol="x_4", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # outer width
+        Variable(
+            name="x_5", symbol="x_5", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.03
+        ),  # wall thickness
+    ]
+
+    # Extra Functions
+    extra_functions = [
+        ExtraFunction(name="cross_section_area", symbol="A", func="(x_4 * x_3) - ((x_4 - 2*x_5) * (x_3 - 2*x_5))"),
+        ExtraFunction(
+            name="moment_of_inertia", symbol="I_x", func="((x_4 * x_3**3)/12) - (((x_4 - 2*x_5) * (x_3 - 2*x_5)**3)/12)"
+        ),
+        *EXTRAFUNCTION,
+    ]
+
+    # Objectives
+    objectives = OBJECTIVES
+
+    # Constraints
+    constraints = [
+        *CONSTRAINTS,
+        Constraint(name="g_4", symbol="g_4", cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE, func="(x_1 - x_4) / (0.25 - 0.005)"),
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_5",
+            symbol="g_5",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_4 - x_3) / (0.25 - 0.005)",  # Ensures t >= h
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    return Problem(
+        name="MCWB Hollow Rectangular",
+        description="Multiobjective optimization of a welded beam with hollow rectangular cross-section.",
+        constants=constants,
+        variables=variables,
+        extra_funcs=extra_functions,
+        objectives=objectives,
+        constraints=constraints,
+    )
+
+
+def mcwb_equilateral_tbeam_problem() -> Problem:
+    r"""Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem...
+
+    Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem using an equilateral
+    T-beam cross-section.
+
+    The objective functions and constraints for the MCWB design problem are defined as follows:
+
+    Objectives:
+    1. Minimize the total cost, \( f_1 = W_c + B_c \), where \( W_c \) is the weld cost and \( B_c \) is the beam cost.
+    2. Minimize the deflection of the beam, \( f_2 = \frac{P L^3}{3 E I_x} \), where \( P \) is the applied load,
+        \( L \) is the beam length, \( E \) is the Young's modulus, and \( I_x \) is the moment of inertia.
+
+    Constraints:
+    1. Shear stress constraint: \( \tau \leq \tau_{max} \), where \( \tau \) is the combined shear stress and
+        \( \tau_{max} \) is the maximum shear stress.
+    2. Normal stress constraint: \( \sigma_x \leq \sigma_{max} \), where \( \sigma_x \) is the bending stress and
+        \( \sigma_{max} \) is the maximum allowable normal stress.
+    3. Buckling constraint: \( P \leq P_c \), where \( P_c \) is the critical buckling load.
+    4. Weld height constraint: \( x_1 \leq x_4 \), ensuring that the weld height \( x_1 \) is less than or equal
+        to the flange/web thickness \( x_4 \).
+    5. Flange thickness constraint: \( x_4 \geq x_3 \), ensuring that the flange thickness \( x_4 \) is greater
+        than or equal to the beam height \( x_3 \).
+
+    Where:
+    - \( x_1 \) is the weld height.
+    - \( x_2 \) is the weld length.
+    - \( x_3 \) is the beam height.
+    - \( x_4 \) is the beam thickness (flange/web thickness).
+
+    The parameters are defined as:
+    - \( P = 30000 \, \text{N} \) (load),
+    - \( L = 0.5 \, \text{m} \) (beam length),
+    - \( E = 200 \times 10^9 \, \text{Pa} \) (Young's modulus),
+    - \( \tau_{max} = 95 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max shear stress),
+    - \( \sigma_{max} = 200 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max normal stress),
+    - \( C_w = 209600 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (welding cost factor),
+    - \( C_s = 0.7 \, \text{\$/kg} \) (price of HRC steel),
+    - \( \rho_s = 7850 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \) (steel density),
+    - \( C_b = 0.7 \times 7850 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (beam material cost factor),
+    - \( K = 2 \) (cantilever beam coefficient),
+    - \( \pi = 3.141592653589793 \) (constant for calculations),
+    - \( \delta_t = 0.045 \) (tolerance factor for calculations).
+
+    Returns:
+        Problem: An instance of the multiobjective cantilever welded beam optimization problem
+            using an equilateral T-beam cross-section.
+    """
+    # Variables
+    variables = [
+        Variable(
+            name="x_1", symbol="x_1", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.005, upperbound=0.25
+        ),  # weld height
+        Variable(
+            name="x_2", symbol="x_2", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.3
+        ),  # weld length
+        Variable(
+            name="x_3", symbol="x_3", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.25
+        ),  # beam height
+        Variable(
+            name="x_4", symbol="x_4", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.005, upperbound=0.25
+        ),  # beam thickness (flange/web thickness)
+    ]
+
+    # Constants
+    constants = CONSTANTS
+
+    # Extra Functions (Intermediate Calculations)
+    extra_functions = [
+        ExtraFunction(
+            name="cross_section_area",
+            symbol="A",
+            func="x_4 * x_3 + (x_3 - x_4) * x_4",  # t * h + (h - t) * t
+        ),
+        ExtraFunction(
+            name="moment_of_inertia", symbol="I_x", func="(x_4 * x_3 ** 3) / 12 + ((x_3 - x_4) * x_4 ** 3) / 12"
+        ),
+        *EXTRAFUNCTION,
+    ]
+
+    # Objectives (minimize cost, minimize deflection)
+    objectives = OBJECTIVES
+
+    # Constraints
+    constraints = [
+        *CONSTRAINTS,
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_4",
+            symbol="g_4",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_1 - x_4) / (0.25 - 0.005)",  # weld height <= flange thickness
+        ),
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_5",
+            symbol="g_5",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_4 - x_3) / (0.25 - 0.005)",  # flange thickness >= beam height
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    return Problem(
+        name="MCWB Equilateral T-Beam",
+        description="Multiobjective optimization of a welded T-beam with an equilateral cross-section.",
+        constants=constants,
+        variables=variables,
+        extra_funcs=extra_functions,
+        objectives=objectives,
+        constraints=constraints,
+    )
+
+
+def mcwb_square_channel_problem() -> Problem:
+    r"""Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem...
+
+    Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem using a square channel cross-section.
+
+    The objective functions and constraints for the MCWB design problem are defined as follows:
+
+    Objectives:
+    1. Minimize the total cost, \( f_1 = W_c + B_c \), where \( W_c \) is the weld cost and \( B_c \) is the beam cost.
+    2. Minimize the deflection of the beam, \( f_2 = \frac{P L^3}{3 E I_x} \), where \( P \) is the applied load,
+        \( L \) is the beam length, \( E \) is the Young's modulus, and \( I_x \) is the moment of inertia.
+
+    Constraints:
+    1. Weld height constraint: \( x_1 \leq x_4 \), ensuring that the weld height \( x_1 \) is less than or equal to
+        the flange thickness \( x_4 \).
+    2. Beam width constraint: \( x_4 \geq x_3 \), ensuring that the beam width \( x_4 \) is greater than or equal to the
+        beam height \( x_3 \).
+    3. Web thickness constraint: \( x_6 \geq \frac{x_3}{2} \), ensuring that the web thickness \( x_6 \) is greater
+        than or equal to half the beam height \( x_3 \).
+    4. Flange thickness constraint: \( x_5 \geq x_4 \), ensuring that the flange thickness \( x_5 \) is greater than
+        or equal to the beam width \( x_4 \).
+
+    Where:
+    - \( x_1 \) is the weld height.
+    - \( x_2 \) is the weld length.
+    - \( x_3 \) is the beam height.
+    - \( x_4 \) is the beam width.
+    - \( x_5 \) is the flange thickness.
+    - \( x_6 \) is the web thickness.
+
+    The parameters are defined as:
+    - \( P = 30000 \, \text{N} \) (load),
+    - \( L = 0.5 \, \text{m} \) (beam length),
+    - \( E = 200 \times 10^9 \, \text{Pa} \) (Young's modulus),
+    - \( \tau_{max} = 95 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max shear stress),
+    - \( \sigma_{max} = 200 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max normal stress),
+    - \( C_w = 209600 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (welding cost factor),
+    - \( C_s = 0.7 \, \text{\$/kg} \) (price of HRC steel),
+    - \( \rho_s = 7850 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \) (steel density),
+    - \( C_b = 0.7 \times 7850 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (beam material cost factor),
+    - \( K = 2 \) (cantilever beam coefficient),
+    - \( \pi = 3.141592653589793 \) (constant for calculations),
+    - \( \delta_t = 0.045 \) (tolerance factor for calculations).
+
+    Returns:
+        Problem: An instance of the multiobjective cantilever welded beam optimization problem
+            using a square channel cross-section.
+    """
+    # Variables
+    variables = [
+        Variable(
+            name="x_1", symbol="x_1", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.0005, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # weld height (a)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_2", symbol="x_2", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.3
+        ),  # weld length (l)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_3", symbol="x_3", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.25
+        ),  # beam height (h)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_4", symbol="x_4", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # beam width (b)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_5", symbol="x_5", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.0075, upperbound=0.03
+        ),  # flange thickness (t)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_6", symbol="x_6", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.0075, upperbound=0.03
+        ),  # web thickness (u)
+    ]
+
+    # Constants
+    constants = CONSTANTS
+
+    # Extra Functions (Intermediate Calculations)
+    extra_functions = [
+        ExtraFunction(name="cross_section_area", symbol="A", func="(x_3 * x_4) - ((x_4 - x_5) * (x_3 - 2 * x_6))"),
+        ExtraFunction(
+            name="moment_of_inertia",
+            symbol="I_x",
+            func="(x_4 * x_3 ** 3) / 12 - ((x_4 - x_5) * (x_3 - 2 * x_6) ** 3) / 12",
+        ),
+        *EXTRAFUNCTION,
+    ]
+
+    # Objectives (minimize cost, minimize deflection, etc.)
+    objectives = OBJECTIVES
+
+    # Constraints
+    constraints = [
+        *CONSTRAINTS,
+        # Weld height constraint (g_4)
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_4",
+            symbol="g_4",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_1 - x_4) / (0.15 - 0.0075)",  # weld height <= flange thickness
+        ),
+        # Beam width >= weld height (g_5)
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_5",
+            symbol="g_5",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_4 - x_3) / (0.25 - 0.0075)",  # beam width >= beam height
+        ),
+        # Cross-section geometric constraints (g_6 and g_7)
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_6",
+            symbol="g_6",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_6 - x_3 / 2) / (0.03 - 0.0075)",
+            # web thickness must be greater than half the beam height (normalized)
+        ),
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_7",
+            symbol="g_7",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_5 - x_4) / (0.03 - 0.0075)",  # flange thickness >= beam width
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    return Problem(
+        name="MCWB Square Channel",
+        description=(
+            "Multiobjective optimization of a welded square channel beam with constraints on geometry "
+            "and load-bearing capacity."
+        ),
+        constants=constants,
+        variables=variables,
+        extra_funcs=extra_functions,
+        objectives=objectives,
+        constraints=constraints,
+    )
+
+
+def mcwb_tapered_channel_problem() -> Problem:
+    r"""Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem...
+
+    Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem
+    using a tapered channel cross-section.
+
+    The objective functions and constraints for the MCWB design problem are defined as follows:
+
+    Objectives:
+    1. Minimize the total cost, \( f_1 = W_c + B_c \), where \( W_c \) is the weld cost and \( B_c \) is the beam cost.
+    2. Minimize the deflection of the beam, \( f_2 = \frac{P L^3}{3 E I_x} \), where \( P \) is the applied load,
+        \( L \) is the beam length, \( E \) is the Young's modulus, and \( I_x \) is the moment of inertia.
+
+    Constraints:
+    1. Weld height constraint: \( x_1 \leq x_5 \), ensuring that the weld height \( x_1 \) is less than or equal to the
+        outer flange thickness \( x_5 \).
+    2. Beam width constraint: \( x_4 \geq x_3 \), ensuring that the beam width \( x_4 \) is greater than or equal to the
+        beam height \( x_3 \).
+    3. Inner flange height constraint: \( x_6 \geq \frac{x_3}{2} \), ensuring that the inner flange height \( x_6 \) is
+        greater than or equal to half the beam height \( x_3 \).
+    4. Web thickness constraint: \( x_7 \leq x_4 \), ensuring that the web thickness \( x_7 \) is less than or equal to
+        the beam width \( x_4 \).
+    5. Outer flange thickness constraint: \( x_5 \leq x_6 \), ensuring that the outer flange thickness \( x_5 \) is less
+        than or equal to the inner flange thickness \( x_6 \).
+
+    Where:
+    - \( x_1 \) is the weld height.
+    - \( x_2 \) is the weld length.
+    - \( x_3 \) is the beam height.
+    - \( x_4 \) is the beam width.
+    - \( x_5 \) is the outer flange thickness.
+    - \( x_6 \) is the inner flange thickness.
+    - \( x_7 \) is the web thickness.
+
+    The parameters are defined as:
+    - \( P = 30000 \, \text{N} \) (load),
+    - \( L = 0.5 \, \text{m} \) (beam length),
+    - \( E = 200 \times 10^9 \, \text{Pa} \) (Young's modulus),
+    - \( \tau_{max} = 95 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max shear stress),
+    - \( \sigma_{max} = 200 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (max normal stress),
+    - \( C_w = 209600 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (welding cost factor),
+    - \( C_s = 0.7 \, \text{\$/kg} \) (price of HRC steel),
+    - \( \rho_s = 7850 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \) (steel density),
+    - \( C_b = 0.7 \times 7850 \, \text{\$/m}^3 \) (beam material cost factor),
+    - \( K = 2 \) (cantilever beam coefficient),
+    - \( \pi = 3.141592653589793 \) (constant for calculations),
+    - \( \delta_t = 0.045 \) (tolerance factor for calculations).
+
+    Returns:
+        Problem: An instance of the multiobjective cantilever welded beam optimization problem
+            using a tapered channel cross-section.
+    """
+    # Variables
+    variables = [
+        Variable(
+            name="x_1", symbol="x_1", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.005, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # weld height (a)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_2", symbol="x_2", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.3
+        ),  # weld length (l)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_3", symbol="x_3", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.2
+        ),  # beam height (h)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_4", symbol="x_4", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.15
+        ),  # beam width (b)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_5", symbol="x_5", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.03
+        ),  # flange thickness outer (u)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_6", symbol="x_6", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=2 * 0.03
+        ),  # flange thickness inner (v)
+        Variable(
+            name="x_7", symbol="x_7", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.01, upperbound=0.03
+        ),  # web thickness (t)
+    ]
+
+    # Constants
+    constants = CONSTANTS
+
+    # Extra Functions (Intermediate Calculations)
+    extra_functions = [
+        # b_inner: the inner width of the flange (b - t)
+        ExtraFunction(name="b_inner", symbol="b_inner", func="x_4 - x_5"),
+        # A_web: area of the web (h * t)
+        ExtraFunction(name="A_web", symbol="A_web", func="x_3 * x_5"),
+        # A_flange: area of the flange (b_inner * (u + v))
+        ExtraFunction(name="A_flange", symbol="A_flange", func="b_inner * (x_6 + x_7)"),
+        # Total cross-sectional area (A = A_web + A_flange)
+        ExtraFunction(name="cross_section_area", symbol="A", func="A_web + A_flange"),
+        # Moment of inertia for the outer rectangle (Ix_rectangle)
+        ExtraFunction(name="Ix_rectangle", symbol="Ix_rectangle", func="(x_4 * x_3 ** 3) / 12"),
+        ExtraFunction(name="flange_to_flange_outer", symbol="flange_to_flange_outer", func="x_3 - 2 * x_6"),
+        ExtraFunction(name="flange_to_flange_inner", symbol="flange_to_flange_inner", func="x_3 - 2 * x_7"),
+        ExtraFunction(
+            name="slope_flange",
+            symbol="slope_flange",
+            func="(flange_to_flange_outer - flange_to_flange_inner) / 2 * (x_4 - x_5)",
+        ),
+        # Moment of inertia for the outer flange (Ix_flange_outer)
+        ExtraFunction(
+            name="Ix_flange_outer", symbol="Ix_flange_outer", func="(flange_to_flange_outer ** 4 / 8 * slope_flange)"
+        ),
+        # Moment of inertia for the inner flange (Ix_flange_inner)
+        ExtraFunction(
+            name="Ix_flange_inner",
+            symbol="Ix_flange_inner",
+            func="(flange_to_flange_inner) ** 4 / 8 * slope_flange / 12",
+        ),
+        ExtraFunction(name="Ix_flange", symbol="Ix_flange", func="Ix_flange_outer - Ix_flange_inner"),
+        # Total moment of inertia: Ix = Ix_rectangle + Ix_flange_outer - Ix_flange_inner
+        ExtraFunction(name="moment_of_inertia", symbol="I_x", func="Ix_rectangle + Ix_flange"),
+        *EXTRAFUNCTION,
+    ]
+
+    # Objectives (minimize cost, minimize deflection, etc.)
+    objectives = OBJECTIVES
+
+    # Constraints
+    constraints = [
+        *CONSTRAINTS,
+        # Weld height constraint (g_4) - weld height should be less than or equal to flange thickness
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_4",
+            symbol="g_4",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_1 - x_5) / (0.03 - 0.01)",  # Weld height should be <= outer flange thickness
+        ),
+        # Beam width constraint (g_5) - beam width should be greater than or equal to beam height
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_5",
+            symbol="g_5",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_4 - x_3) / (0.2 - 0.01)",  # Beam width should be >= beam height
+        ),
+        # Cross-section geometric constraints (g_6 and g_7)
+        # Inner flange height must be greater than or equal to half the beam height
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_6",
+            symbol="g_6",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_6 - x_3 / 2) / (0.03 - 0.01)",  # Inner flange thickness must be greater than half the beam height
+        ),
+        # Web thickness constraint: web thickness should be less than the beam width
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_7",
+            symbol="g_7",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_7 - x_4) / (0.03 - 0.01)",  # Web thickness should be <= beam width
+        ),
+        # Outer flange thickness constraint: outer flange thickness must be less than or equal to inner flange thickness
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_8",
+            symbol="g_8",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_5 - x_6) / (0.03 - 0.01)",  # Outer flange thickness <= inner flange thickness
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    return Problem(
+        name="MCWB Tapered Channel",
+        description=(
+            "Multiobjective optimization of a welded tapered channel beam with constraints on geometry "
+            "and load-bearing capacity."
+        ),
+        constants=constants,
+        variables=variables,
+        extra_funcs=extra_functions,
+        objectives=objectives,
+        constraints=constraints,
+    )
+
+
+def mcwb_ragsdell1976_problem() -> Problem:
+    r"""Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem...
+
+    Defines the multiobjective cantilever welded beam (MCWB) optimization problem
+    based on the framework proposed by Ragsdell (1976).
+
+    This problem involves optimizing the design of a welded cantilever beam
+    considering welding costs, material costs, and stress constraints. The goal
+    is to minimize both the total cost and the deflection of the beam, while
+    adhering to the given constraints on material properties, geometry, and
+    loading conditions.
+
+    Objectives:
+    1. Minimize the total cost, \( f_1 = W_c + B_c \), where:
+        - \( W_c \) is the weld cost, calculated as the sum of welding labor cost and material cost.
+        - \( B_c \) is the beam material cost, based on the beam's dimensions and the cost of the steel used.
+    2. Minimize the deflection of the beam, \( f_2 = \frac{P L^3}{3 E I_x} \), where:
+        - \( P \) is the applied load.
+        - \( L \) is the beam length.
+        - \( E \) is the Young's modulus.
+        - \( I_x \) is the moment of inertia of the beam's cross-section.
+
+    Constraints:
+    1. **Weld height constraint**: \( x_1 \leq x_4 \), ensuring that the weld height \( x_1 \) is less than or equal
+        to the beam width \( x_4 \) (flange thickness).
+    2. The problem also considers the material constraints on maximum shear stress and normal stress, but these
+        are not explicitly listed as constraints in this setup.
+
+    Where:
+    - \( x_1 \) is the height of the weld.
+    - \( x_2 \) is the length of the weld.
+    - \( x_3 \) is the height of the beam.
+    - \( x_4 \) is the width of the beam.
+
+    Constants:
+    - \( P = 30000 \, \text{N} \) (load),
+    - \( L = 0.5 \, \text{m} \) (beam length),
+    - \( E = 200 \times 10^9 \, \text{Pa} \) (Young's modulus),
+    - \( \tau_{\text{max}} = 95 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (maximum shear stress),
+    - \( \sigma_{\text{max}} = 200 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa} \) (maximum normal stress),
+    - \( C_{\text{wl}} = 1 \, \text{\$/in} \) (welding labor cost),
+    - \( C_{\text{wm}} = 0.10471 \, \text{\$/in} \) (welding material cost),
+    - \( C_{\text{w}} = 1 \times 0.10471 \, \text{\$/in} \) (total welding cost),
+    - \( C_s = 0.7 \, \text{\$/kg} \) (steel price),
+    - \( \rho_s = 7850 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \) (steel density),
+    - \( C_b = 0.04811 \, \text{\$/in} \) (beam material cost),
+    - \( K = 2 \) (cantilever beam coefficient),
+    - \( \pi = 3.141592653589793 \) (constant),
+    - \( \delta_t = 0.05 - 0.005 \) (tolerance factor).
+
+    Intermediate Functions:
+    1. **Cross-sectional area**: \( A = x_3 \times x_4 \).
+    2. **Moment of inertia**: \( I_x = \frac{x_4 \times x_3^3}{12} \), representing the beam's resistance to bending.
+
+    Returns:
+        Problem: An instance of the multiobjective cantilever welded beam optimization problem
+            based on Ragsdell's method (1976).
+    """
+    # Variables (decision variables: weld height, weld length, beam height, beam width)
+    variables = [
+        Variable(
+            name="x_1", symbol="x_1", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.125, upperbound=5
+        ),  # height of weld [in]
+        Variable(
+            name="x_2", symbol="x_2", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.1, upperbound=10
+        ),  # length of weld [in]
+        Variable(
+            name="x_3", symbol="x_3", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.1, upperbound=10
+        ),  # height of beam [in]
+        Variable(
+            name="x_4", symbol="x_4", variable_type=VariableTypeEnum.real, lowerbound=0.1, upperbound=5
+        ),  # width of beam [in]
+    ]
+
+    constants = [
+        Constant(name="P", symbol="P", value=30000),  # Load [N]
+        Constant(name="L", symbol="L", value=0.5),  # Beam length [m]
+        Constant(name="E", symbol="E", value=200e9),  # Young's modulus [Pa]
+        Constant(name="tau_max", symbol="tau_max", value=95e6),  # Max shear stress [Pa]
+        Constant(name="sigma_max", symbol="sigma_max", value=200e6),  # Max normal stress [Pa]
+        Constant(name="C_wl", symbol="C_wl", value=1),  # Welding labor cost [$/in]
+        Constant(name="C_wm", symbol="C_wm", value=0.10471),  # Welding material cost [$/in]
+        Constant(name="C_w", symbol="C_w", value=1 * 0.10471),  # Total welding cost [$/in]
+        Constant(name="steel_cost", symbol="C_s", value=0.7),  # Price of HRC steel [$/kg]
+        Constant(name="steel_density", symbol="rho_s", value=7850),  # Steel density [kg/m^3]
+        Constant(name="C_b", symbol="C_b", value=0.04811),  # Beam material cost [$/in]
+        Constant(name="K", symbol="K", value=2),  # Cantilever beam coefficient
+        Constant(name="pi", symbol="pi", value=3.141592653589793),
+        Constant(name="delta_t", symbol="delta_t", value=0.05 - 0.005),
+    ]
+
+    # Extra Functions (Intermediate Calculations)
+    extra_functions = [
+        ExtraFunction(name="cross_section_area", symbol="A", func="x_3 * x_4"),  # A = h * b
+        ExtraFunction(name="moment_of_inertia", symbol="I_x", func="(x_4 * x_3**3) / 12"),
+        # I_x = (b * h³) / 12
+        *EXTRAFUNCTION,
+    ]
+
+    # Objectives (minimize cost, minimize deflection)
+    objectives = OBJECTIVES
+
+    # NO DUMMY CONSTRAINTS
+    # Constraints
+    extra_functions = [
+        ExtraFunction(name="cross_section_area", symbol="A", func="x_3 * x_4"),  # A = h * b
+        ExtraFunction(name="moment_of_inertia", symbol="I_x", func="(x_4 * x_3**3) / 12"),
+        # I_x = (b * h³) / 12
+        *EXTRAFUNCTION,
+    ]
+
+    # Constraints
+    constraints = [
+        *CONSTRAINTS,
+        Constraint(
+            name="g_4",
+            symbol="g_4",
+            cons_type=ConstraintTypeEnum.LTE,
+            func="(x_1 - x_4) / (0.25 - 0.005)",  # Ensures x_1 <= x_4 (weld height <= flange thickness)
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    return Problem(
+        name="MCWB Ragsdell1976",
+        description=(
+            "Optimization of a welded beam based on Ragsdell's method (1976), "
+            "considering welding and material costs and stress constraints."
+        ),
+        constants=constants,
+        variables=variables,
+        extra_funcs=extra_functions,
+        objectives=objectives,
+        constraints=constraints,
+    )