ctpbee-opt-api 0.1.0__cp310-cp310-win_amd64.whl

ctpbee_api/ctp/include/previous/pybind11/numpy.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1601 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/numpy.h: Basic NumPy support, vectorize() wrapper
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "pybind11.h"
+#include "complex.h"
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <typeindex>
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  pragma warning(push)
+#  pragma warning(disable: 4127) // warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant
+#endif
+
+/* This will be true on all flat address space platforms and allows us to reduce the
+   whole npy_intp / ssize_t / Py_intptr_t business down to just ssize_t for all size
+   and dimension types (e.g. shape, strides, indexing), instead of inflicting this
+   upon the library user. */
+static_assert(sizeof(ssize_t) == sizeof(Py_intptr_t), "ssize_t != Py_intptr_t");
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+class array; // Forward declaration
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+template <typename type, typename SFINAE = void> struct npy_format_descriptor;
+
+struct PyArrayDescr_Proxy {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyObject *typeobj;
+    char kind;
+    char type;
+    char byteorder;
+    char flags;
+    int type_num;
+    int elsize;
+    int alignment;
+    char *subarray;
+    PyObject *fields;
+    PyObject *names;
+};
+
+struct PyArray_Proxy {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    char *data;
+    int nd;
+    ssize_t *dimensions;
+    ssize_t *strides;
+    PyObject *base;
+    PyObject *descr;
+    int flags;
+};
+
+struct PyVoidScalarObject_Proxy {
+    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+    char *obval;
+    PyArrayDescr_Proxy *descr;
+    int flags;
+    PyObject *base;
+};
+
+struct numpy_type_info {
+    PyObject* dtype_ptr;
+    std::string format_str;
+};
+
+struct numpy_internals {
+    std::unordered_map<std::type_index, numpy_type_info> registered_dtypes;
+
+    numpy_type_info *get_type_info(const std::type_info& tinfo, bool throw_if_missing = true) {
+        auto it = registered_dtypes.find(std::type_index(tinfo));
+        if (it != registered_dtypes.end())
+            return &(it->second);
+        if (throw_if_missing)
+            pybind11_fail(std::string("NumPy type info missing for ") + tinfo.name());
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T> numpy_type_info *get_type_info(bool throw_if_missing = true) {
+        return get_type_info(typeid(typename std::remove_cv<T>::type), throw_if_missing);
+    }
+};
+
+inline PYBIND11_NOINLINE void load_numpy_internals(numpy_internals* &ptr) {
+    ptr = &get_or_create_shared_data<numpy_internals>("_numpy_internals");
+}
+
+inline numpy_internals& get_numpy_internals() {
+    static numpy_internals* ptr = nullptr;
+    if (!ptr)
+        load_numpy_internals(ptr);
+    return *ptr;
+}
+
+struct npy_api {
+    enum constants {
+        NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS_ = 0x0001,
+        NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS_ = 0x0002,
+        NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA_ = 0x0004,
+        NPY_ARRAY_FORCECAST_ = 0x0010,
+        NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ = 0x0040,
+        NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED_ = 0x0100,
+        NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_ = 0x0400,
+        NPY_BOOL_ = 0,
+        NPY_BYTE_, NPY_UBYTE_,
+        NPY_SHORT_, NPY_USHORT_,
+        NPY_INT_, NPY_UINT_,
+        NPY_LONG_, NPY_ULONG_,
+        NPY_LONGLONG_, NPY_ULONGLONG_,
+        NPY_FLOAT_, NPY_DOUBLE_, NPY_LONGDOUBLE_,
+        NPY_CFLOAT_, NPY_CDOUBLE_, NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_,
+        NPY_OBJECT_ = 17,
+        NPY_STRING_, NPY_UNICODE_, NPY_VOID_
+    };
+
+    typedef struct {
+        Py_intptr_t *ptr;
+        int len;
+    } PyArray_Dims;
+
+    static npy_api& get() {
+        static npy_api api = lookup();
+        return api;
+    }
+
+    bool PyArray_Check_(PyObject *obj) const {
+        return (bool) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, PyArray_Type_);
+    }
+    bool PyArrayDescr_Check_(PyObject *obj) const {
+        return (bool) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, PyArrayDescr_Type_);
+    }
+
+    unsigned int (*PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_)();
+    PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrFromType_)(int);
+    PyObject *(*PyArray_NewFromDescr_)
+        (PyTypeObject *, PyObject *, int, Py_intptr_t *,
+         Py_intptr_t *, void *, int, PyObject *);
+    PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrNewFromType_)(int);
+    int (*PyArray_CopyInto_)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
+    PyObject *(*PyArray_NewCopy_)(PyObject *, int);
+    PyTypeObject *PyArray_Type_;
+    PyTypeObject *PyVoidArrType_Type_;
+    PyTypeObject *PyArrayDescr_Type_;
+    PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrFromScalar_)(PyObject *);
+    PyObject *(*PyArray_FromAny_) (PyObject *, PyObject *, int, int, int, PyObject *);
+    int (*PyArray_DescrConverter_) (PyObject *, PyObject **);
+    bool (*PyArray_EquivTypes_) (PyObject *, PyObject *);
+    int (*PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject_)(PyObject *, PyObject *, char, PyObject **, int *,
+                                             Py_ssize_t *, PyObject **, PyObject *);
+    PyObject *(*PyArray_Squeeze_)(PyObject *);
+    int (*PyArray_SetBaseObject_)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
+    PyObject* (*PyArray_Resize_)(PyObject*, PyArray_Dims*, int, int);
+private:
+    enum functions {
+        API_PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion = 211,
+        API_PyArray_Type = 2,
+        API_PyArrayDescr_Type = 3,
+        API_PyVoidArrType_Type = 39,
+        API_PyArray_DescrFromType = 45,
+        API_PyArray_DescrFromScalar = 57,
+        API_PyArray_FromAny = 69,
+        API_PyArray_Resize = 80,
+        API_PyArray_CopyInto = 82,
+        API_PyArray_NewCopy = 85,
+        API_PyArray_NewFromDescr = 94,
+        API_PyArray_DescrNewFromType = 9,
+        API_PyArray_DescrConverter = 174,
+        API_PyArray_EquivTypes = 182,
+        API_PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject = 278,
+        API_PyArray_Squeeze = 136,
+        API_PyArray_SetBaseObject = 282
+    };
+
+    static npy_api lookup() {
+        module m = module::import("numpy.core.multiarray");
+        auto c = m.attr("_ARRAY_API");
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        void **api_ptr = (void **) PyCapsule_GetPointer(c.ptr(), NULL);
+#else
+        void **api_ptr = (void **) PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(c.ptr());
+#endif
+        npy_api api;
+#define DECL_NPY_API(Func) api.Func##_ = (decltype(api.Func##_)) api_ptr[API_##Func];
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion);
+        if (api.PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_() < 0x7)
+            pybind11_fail("pybind11 numpy support requires numpy >= 1.7.0");
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Type);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyVoidArrType_Type);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArrayDescr_Type);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrFromType);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrFromScalar);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_FromAny);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Resize);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_CopyInto);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_NewCopy);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_NewFromDescr);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrNewFromType);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrConverter);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_EquivTypes);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Squeeze);
+        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_SetBaseObject);
+#undef DECL_NPY_API
+        return api;
+    }
+};
+
+inline PyArray_Proxy* array_proxy(void* ptr) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyArray_Proxy*>(ptr);
+}
+
+inline const PyArray_Proxy* array_proxy(const void* ptr) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<const PyArray_Proxy*>(ptr);
+}
+
+inline PyArrayDescr_Proxy* array_descriptor_proxy(PyObject* ptr) {
+   return reinterpret_cast<PyArrayDescr_Proxy*>(ptr);
+}
+
+inline const PyArrayDescr_Proxy* array_descriptor_proxy(const PyObject* ptr) {
+   return reinterpret_cast<const PyArrayDescr_Proxy*>(ptr);
+}
+
+inline bool check_flags(const void* ptr, int flag) {
+    return (flag == (array_proxy(ptr)->flags & flag));
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_std_array : std::false_type { };
+template <typename T, size_t N> struct is_std_array<std::array<T, N>> : std::true_type { };
+template <typename T> struct is_complex : std::false_type { };
+template <typename T> struct is_complex<std::complex<T>> : std::true_type { };
+
+template <typename T> struct array_info_scalar {
+    typedef T type;
+    static constexpr bool is_array = false;
+    static constexpr bool is_empty = false;
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR extents() { return _(""); }
+    static void append_extents(list& /* shape */) { }
+};
+// Computes underlying type and a comma-separated list of extents for array
+// types (any mix of std::array and built-in arrays). An array of char is
+// treated as scalar because it gets special handling.
+template <typename T> struct array_info : array_info_scalar<T> { };
+template <typename T, size_t N> struct array_info<std::array<T, N>> {
+    using type = typename array_info<T>::type;
+    static constexpr bool is_array = true;
+    static constexpr bool is_empty = (N == 0) || array_info<T>::is_empty;
+    static constexpr size_t extent = N;
+
+    // appends the extents to shape
+    static void append_extents(list& shape) {
+        shape.append(N);
+        array_info<T>::append_extents(shape);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T2 = T, enable_if_t<!array_info<T2>::is_array, int> = 0>
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR extents() {
+        return _<N>();
+    }
+
+    template<typename T2 = T, enable_if_t<array_info<T2>::is_array, int> = 0>
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR extents() {
+        return concat(_<N>(), array_info<T>::extents());
+    }
+};
+// For numpy we have special handling for arrays of characters, so we don't include
+// the size in the array extents.
+template <size_t N> struct array_info<char[N]> : array_info_scalar<char[N]> { };
+template <size_t N> struct array_info<std::array<char, N>> : array_info_scalar<std::array<char, N>> { };
+template <typename T, size_t N> struct array_info<T[N]> : array_info<std::array<T, N>> { };
+template <typename T> using remove_all_extents_t = typename array_info<T>::type;
+
+template <typename T> using is_pod_struct = all_of<
+    std::is_standard_layout<T>,     // since we're accessing directly in memory we need a standard layout type
+#if !defined(__GNUG__) || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) || defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI)
+    // _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI indicates that we're using libstdc++ from GCC 5 or newer, independent
+    // of the actual compiler (Clang can also use libstdc++, but it always defines __GNUC__ == 4).
+    std::is_trivially_copyable<T>,
+#else
+    // GCC 4 doesn't implement is_trivially_copyable, so approximate it
+    std::is_trivially_destructible<T>,
+    satisfies_any_of<T, std::has_trivial_copy_constructor, std::has_trivial_copy_assign>,
+#endif
+    satisfies_none_of<T, std::is_reference, std::is_array, is_std_array, std::is_arithmetic, is_complex, std::is_enum>
+>;
+
+template <ssize_t Dim = 0, typename Strides> ssize_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &) { return 0; }
+template <ssize_t Dim = 0, typename Strides, typename... Ix>
+ssize_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &strides, ssize_t i, Ix... index) {
+    return i * strides[Dim] + byte_offset_unsafe<Dim + 1>(strides, index...);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Proxy class providing unsafe, unchecked const access to array data.  This is constructed through
+ * the `unchecked<T, N>()` method of `array` or the `unchecked<N>()` method of `array_t<T>`.  `Dims`
+ * will be -1 for dimensions determined at runtime.
+ */
+template <typename T, ssize_t Dims>
+class unchecked_reference {
+protected:
+    static constexpr bool Dynamic = Dims < 0;
+    const unsigned char *data_;
+    // Storing the shape & strides in local variables (i.e. these arrays) allows the compiler to
+    // make large performance gains on big, nested loops, but requires compile-time dimensions
+    conditional_t<Dynamic, const ssize_t *, std::array<ssize_t, (size_t) Dims>>
+            shape_, strides_;
+    const ssize_t dims_;
+
+    friend class pybind11::array;
+    // Constructor for compile-time dimensions:
+    template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
+    unchecked_reference(const void *data, const ssize_t *shape, const ssize_t *strides, enable_if_t<!Dyn, ssize_t>)
+    : data_{reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(data)}, dims_{Dims} {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) dims_; i++) {
+            shape_[i] = shape[i];
+            strides_[i] = strides[i];
+        }
+    }
+    // Constructor for runtime dimensions:
+    template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
+    unchecked_reference(const void *data, const ssize_t *shape, const ssize_t *strides, enable_if_t<Dyn, ssize_t> dims)
+    : data_{reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(data)}, shape_{shape}, strides_{strides}, dims_{dims} {}
+
+public:
+    /**
+     * Unchecked const reference access to data at the given indices.  For a compile-time known
+     * number of dimensions, this requires the correct number of arguments; for run-time
+     * dimensionality, this is not checked (and so is up to the caller to use safely).
+     */
+    template <typename... Ix> const T &operator()(Ix... index) const {
+        static_assert(ssize_t{sizeof...(Ix)} == Dims || Dynamic,
+                "Invalid number of indices for unchecked array reference");
+        return *reinterpret_cast<const T *>(data_ + byte_offset_unsafe(strides_, ssize_t(index)...));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Unchecked const reference access to data; this operator only participates if the reference
+     * is to a 1-dimensional array.  When present, this is exactly equivalent to `obj(index)`.
+     */
+    template <ssize_t D = Dims, typename = enable_if_t<D == 1 || Dynamic>>
+    const T &operator[](ssize_t index) const { return operator()(index); }
+
+    /// Pointer access to the data at the given indices.
+    template <typename... Ix> const T *data(Ix... ix) const { return &operator()(ssize_t(ix)...); }
+
+    /// Returns the item size, i.e. sizeof(T)
+    constexpr static ssize_t itemsize() { return sizeof(T); }
+
+    /// Returns the shape (i.e. size) of dimension `dim`
+    ssize_t shape(ssize_t dim) const { return shape_[(size_t) dim]; }
+
+    /// Returns the number of dimensions of the array
+    ssize_t ndim() const { return dims_; }
+
+    /// Returns the total number of elements in the referenced array, i.e. the product of the shapes
+    template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
+    enable_if_t<!Dyn, ssize_t> size() const {
+        return std::accumulate(shape_.begin(), shape_.end(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies<ssize_t>());
+    }
+    template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
+    enable_if_t<Dyn, ssize_t> size() const {
+        return std::accumulate(shape_, shape_ + ndim(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies<ssize_t>());
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the total number of bytes used by the referenced data.  Note that the actual span in
+    /// memory may be larger if the referenced array has non-contiguous strides (e.g. for a slice).
+    ssize_t nbytes() const {
+        return size() * itemsize();
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, ssize_t Dims>
+class unchecked_mutable_reference : public unchecked_reference<T, Dims> {
+    friend class pybind11::array;
+    using ConstBase = unchecked_reference<T, Dims>;
+    using ConstBase::ConstBase;
+    using ConstBase::Dynamic;
+public:
+    /// Mutable, unchecked access to data at the given indices.
+    template <typename... Ix> T& operator()(Ix... index) {
+        static_assert(ssize_t{sizeof...(Ix)} == Dims || Dynamic,
+                "Invalid number of indices for unchecked array reference");
+        return const_cast<T &>(ConstBase::operator()(index...));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Mutable, unchecked access data at the given index; this operator only participates if the
+     * reference is to a 1-dimensional array (or has runtime dimensions).  When present, this is
+     * exactly equivalent to `obj(index)`.
+     */
+    template <ssize_t D = Dims, typename = enable_if_t<D == 1 || Dynamic>>
+    T &operator[](ssize_t index) { return operator()(index); }
+
+    /// Mutable pointer access to the data at the given indices.
+    template <typename... Ix> T *mutable_data(Ix... ix) { return &operator()(ssize_t(ix)...); }
+};
+
+template <typename T, ssize_t Dim>
+struct type_caster<unchecked_reference<T, Dim>> {
+    static_assert(Dim == 0 && Dim > 0 /* always fail */, "unchecked array proxy object is not castable");
+};
+template <typename T, ssize_t Dim>
+struct type_caster<unchecked_mutable_reference<T, Dim>> : type_caster<unchecked_reference<T, Dim>> {};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+class dtype : public object {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(dtype, object, detail::npy_api::get().PyArrayDescr_Check_);
+
+    explicit dtype(const buffer_info &info) {
+        dtype descr(_dtype_from_pep3118()(PYBIND11_STR_TYPE(info.format)));
+        // If info.itemsize == 0, use the value calculated from the format string
+        m_ptr = descr.strip_padding(info.itemsize ? info.itemsize : descr.itemsize()).release().ptr();
+    }
+
+    explicit dtype(const std::string &format) {
+        m_ptr = from_args(pybind11::str(format)).release().ptr();
+    }
+
+    dtype(const char *format) : dtype(std::string(format)) { }
+
+    dtype(list names, list formats, list offsets, ssize_t itemsize) {
+        dict args;
+        args["names"] = names;
+        args["formats"] = formats;
+        args["offsets"] = offsets;
+        args["itemsize"] = pybind11::int_(itemsize);
+        m_ptr = from_args(args).release().ptr();
+    }
+
+    /// This is essentially the same as calling numpy.dtype(args) in Python.
+    static dtype from_args(object args) {
+        PyObject *ptr = nullptr;
+        if (!detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_DescrConverter_(args.release().ptr(), &ptr) || !ptr)
+            throw error_already_set();
+        return reinterpret_steal<dtype>(ptr);
+    }
+
+    /// Return dtype associated with a C++ type.
+    template <typename T> static dtype of() {
+        return detail::npy_format_descriptor<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::dtype();
+    }
+
+    /// Size of the data type in bytes.
+    ssize_t itemsize() const {
+        return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->elsize;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true for structured data types.
+    bool has_fields() const {
+        return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->names != nullptr;
+    }
+
+    /// Single-character type code.
+    char kind() const {
+        return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->kind;
+    }
+
+private:
+    static object _dtype_from_pep3118() {
+        static PyObject *obj = module::import("numpy.core._internal")
+            .attr("_dtype_from_pep3118").cast<object>().release().ptr();
+        return reinterpret_borrow<object>(obj);
+    }
+
+    dtype strip_padding(ssize_t itemsize) {
+        // Recursively strip all void fields with empty names that are generated for
+        // padding fields (as of NumPy v1.11).
+        if (!has_fields())
+            return *this;
+
+        struct field_descr { PYBIND11_STR_TYPE name; object format; pybind11::int_ offset; };
+        std::vector<field_descr> field_descriptors;
+
+        for (auto field : attr("fields").attr("items")()) {
+            auto spec = field.cast<tuple>();
+            auto name = spec[0].cast<pybind11::str>();
+            auto format = spec[1].cast<tuple>()[0].cast<dtype>();
+            auto offset = spec[1].cast<tuple>()[1].cast<pybind11::int_>();
+            if (!len(name) && format.kind() == 'V')
+                continue;
+            field_descriptors.push_back({(PYBIND11_STR_TYPE) name, format.strip_padding(format.itemsize()), offset});
+        }
+
+        std::sort(field_descriptors.begin(), field_descriptors.end(),
+                  [](const field_descr& a, const field_descr& b) {
+                      return a.offset.cast<int>() < b.offset.cast<int>();
+                  });
+
+        list names, formats, offsets;
+        for (auto& descr : field_descriptors) {
+            names.append(descr.name);
+            formats.append(descr.format);
+            offsets.append(descr.offset);
+        }
+        return dtype(names, formats, offsets, itemsize);
+    }
+};
+
+class array : public buffer {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(array, buffer, detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_Check_, raw_array)
+
+    enum {
+        c_style = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS_,
+        f_style = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS_,
+        forcecast = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_FORCECAST_
+    };
+
+    array() : array({{0}}, static_cast<const double *>(nullptr)) {}
+
+    using ShapeContainer = detail::any_container<ssize_t>;
+    using StridesContainer = detail::any_container<ssize_t>;
+
+    // Constructs an array taking shape/strides from arbitrary container types
+    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides,
+          const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) {
+
+        if (strides->empty())
+            *strides = c_strides(*shape, dt.itemsize());
+
+        auto ndim = shape->size();
+        if (ndim != strides->size())
+            pybind11_fail("NumPy: shape ndim doesn't match strides ndim");
+        auto descr = dt;
+
+        int flags = 0;
+        if (base && ptr) {
+            if (isinstance<array>(base))
+                /* Copy flags from base (except ownership bit) */
+                flags = reinterpret_borrow<array>(base).flags() & ~detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA_;
+            else
+                /* Writable by default, easy to downgrade later on if needed */
+                flags = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_;
+        }
+
+        auto &api = detail::npy_api::get();
+        auto tmp = reinterpret_steal<object>(api.PyArray_NewFromDescr_(
+            api.PyArray_Type_, descr.release().ptr(), (int) ndim, shape->data(), strides->data(),
+            const_cast<void *>(ptr), flags, nullptr));
+        if (!tmp)
+            throw error_already_set();
+        if (ptr) {
+            if (base) {
+                api.PyArray_SetBaseObject_(tmp.ptr(), base.inc_ref().ptr());
+            } else {
+                tmp = reinterpret_steal<object>(api.PyArray_NewCopy_(tmp.ptr(), -1 /* any order */));
+            }
+        }
+        m_ptr = tmp.release().ptr();
+    }
+
+    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, ShapeContainer shape, const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array(dt, std::move(shape), {}, ptr, base) { }
+
+    template <typename T, typename = detail::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<bool, T>::value>>
+    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, T count, const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array(dt, {{count}}, ptr, base) { }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    array(ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides, const T *ptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array(pybind11::dtype::of<T>(), std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) { }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    array(ShapeContainer shape, const T *ptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array(std::move(shape), {}, ptr, base) { }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    explicit array(ssize_t count, const T *ptr, handle base = handle()) : array({count}, {}, ptr, base) { }
+
+    explicit array(const buffer_info &info)
+    : array(pybind11::dtype(info), info.shape, info.strides, info.ptr) { }
+
+    /// Array descriptor (dtype)
+    pybind11::dtype dtype() const {
+        return reinterpret_borrow<pybind11::dtype>(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->descr);
+    }
+
+    /// Total number of elements
+    ssize_t size() const {
+        return std::accumulate(shape(), shape() + ndim(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies<ssize_t>());
+    }
+
+    /// Byte size of a single element
+    ssize_t itemsize() const {
+        return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->descr)->elsize;
+    }
+
+    /// Total number of bytes
+    ssize_t nbytes() const {
+        return size() * itemsize();
+    }
+
+    /// Number of dimensions
+    ssize_t ndim() const {
+        return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->nd;
+    }
+
+    /// Base object
+    object base() const {
+        return reinterpret_borrow<object>(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->base);
+    }
+
+    /// Dimensions of the array
+    const ssize_t* shape() const {
+        return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->dimensions;
+    }
+
+    /// Dimension along a given axis
+    ssize_t shape(ssize_t dim) const {
+        if (dim >= ndim())
+            fail_dim_check(dim, "invalid axis");
+        return shape()[dim];
+    }
+
+    /// Strides of the array
+    const ssize_t* strides() const {
+        return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->strides;
+    }
+
+    /// Stride along a given axis
+    ssize_t strides(ssize_t dim) const {
+        if (dim >= ndim())
+            fail_dim_check(dim, "invalid axis");
+        return strides()[dim];
+    }
+
+    /// Return the NumPy array flags
+    int flags() const {
+        return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->flags;
+    }
+
+    /// If set, the array is writeable (otherwise the buffer is read-only)
+    bool writeable() const {
+        return detail::check_flags(m_ptr, detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_);
+    }
+
+    /// If set, the array owns the data (will be freed when the array is deleted)
+    bool owndata() const {
+        return detail::check_flags(m_ptr, detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA_);
+    }
+
+    /// Pointer to the contained data. If index is not provided, points to the
+    /// beginning of the buffer. May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access.
+    template<typename... Ix> const void* data(Ix... index) const {
+        return static_cast<const void *>(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->data + offset_at(index...));
+    }
+
+    /// Mutable pointer to the contained data. If index is not provided, points to the
+    /// beginning of the buffer. May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access.
+    /// May throw if the array is not writeable.
+    template<typename... Ix> void* mutable_data(Ix... index) {
+        check_writeable();
+        return static_cast<void *>(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->data + offset_at(index...));
+    }
+
+    /// Byte offset from beginning of the array to a given index (full or partial).
+    /// May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access.
+    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t offset_at(Ix... index) const {
+        if ((ssize_t) sizeof...(index) > ndim())
+            fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "too many indices for an array");
+        return byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...);
+    }
+
+    ssize_t offset_at() const { return 0; }
+
+    /// Item count from beginning of the array to a given index (full or partial).
+    /// May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access.
+    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t index_at(Ix... index) const {
+        return offset_at(index...) / itemsize();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or
+     * dimensionality checking.  Will throw if the array is missing the `writeable` flag.  Use with
+     * care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped for the duration of the returned object,
+     * and the caller must take care not to access invalid dimensions or dimension indices.
+     */
+    template <typename T, ssize_t Dims = -1> detail::unchecked_mutable_reference<T, Dims> mutable_unchecked() & {
+        if (Dims >= 0 && ndim() != Dims)
+            throw std::domain_error("array has incorrect number of dimensions: " + std::to_string(ndim()) +
+                    "; expected " + std::to_string(Dims));
+        return detail::unchecked_mutable_reference<T, Dims>(mutable_data(), shape(), strides(), ndim());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or
+     * dimensionality checking.  Unlike `mutable_unchecked()`, this does not require that the
+     * underlying array have the `writable` flag.  Use with care: the array must not be destroyed or
+     * reshaped for the duration of the returned object, and the caller must take care not to access
+     * invalid dimensions or dimension indices.
+     */
+    template <typename T, ssize_t Dims = -1> detail::unchecked_reference<T, Dims> unchecked() const & {
+        if (Dims >= 0 && ndim() != Dims)
+            throw std::domain_error("array has incorrect number of dimensions: " + std::to_string(ndim()) +
+                    "; expected " + std::to_string(Dims));
+        return detail::unchecked_reference<T, Dims>(data(), shape(), strides(), ndim());
+    }
+
+    /// Return a new view with all of the dimensions of length 1 removed
+    array squeeze() {
+        auto& api = detail::npy_api::get();
+        return reinterpret_steal<array>(api.PyArray_Squeeze_(m_ptr));
+    }
+
+    /// Resize array to given shape
+    /// If refcheck is true and more that one reference exist to this array
+    /// then resize will succeed only if it makes a reshape, i.e. original size doesn't change
+    void resize(ShapeContainer new_shape, bool refcheck = true) {
+        detail::npy_api::PyArray_Dims d = {
+            new_shape->data(), int(new_shape->size())
+        };
+        // try to resize, set ordering param to -1 cause it's not used anyway
+        object new_array = reinterpret_steal<object>(
+            detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_Resize_(m_ptr, &d, int(refcheck), -1)
+        );
+        if (!new_array) throw error_already_set();
+        if (isinstance<array>(new_array)) { *this = std::move(new_array); }
+    }
+
+    /// Ensure that the argument is a NumPy array
+    /// In case of an error, nullptr is returned and the Python error is cleared.
+    static array ensure(handle h, int ExtraFlags = 0) {
+        auto result = reinterpret_steal<array>(raw_array(h.ptr(), ExtraFlags));
+        if (!result)
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+protected:
+    template<typename, typename> friend struct detail::npy_format_descriptor;
+
+    void fail_dim_check(ssize_t dim, const std::string& msg) const {
+        throw index_error(msg + ": " + std::to_string(dim) +
+                          " (ndim = " + std::to_string(ndim()) + ")");
+    }
+
+    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t byte_offset(Ix... index) const {
+        check_dimensions(index...);
+        return detail::byte_offset_unsafe(strides(), ssize_t(index)...);
+    }
+
+    void check_writeable() const {
+        if (!writeable())
+            throw std::domain_error("array is not writeable");
+    }
+
+    // Default, C-style strides
+    static std::vector<ssize_t> c_strides(const std::vector<ssize_t> &shape, ssize_t itemsize) {
+        auto ndim = shape.size();
+        std::vector<ssize_t> strides(ndim, itemsize);
+        if (ndim > 0)
+            for (size_t i = ndim - 1; i > 0; --i)
+                strides[i - 1] = strides[i] * shape[i];
+        return strides;
+    }
+
+    // F-style strides; default when constructing an array_t with `ExtraFlags & f_style`
+    static std::vector<ssize_t> f_strides(const std::vector<ssize_t> &shape, ssize_t itemsize) {
+        auto ndim = shape.size();
+        std::vector<ssize_t> strides(ndim, itemsize);
+        for (size_t i = 1; i < ndim; ++i)
+            strides[i] = strides[i - 1] * shape[i - 1];
+        return strides;
+    }
+
+    template<typename... Ix> void check_dimensions(Ix... index) const {
+        check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t(0), shape(), ssize_t(index)...);
+    }
+
+    void check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t, const ssize_t*) const { }
+
+    template<typename... Ix> void check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t axis, const ssize_t* shape, ssize_t i, Ix... index) const {
+        if (i >= *shape) {
+            throw index_error(std::string("index ") + std::to_string(i) +
+                              " is out of bounds for axis " + std::to_string(axis) +
+                              " with size " + std::to_string(*shape));
+        }
+        check_dimensions_impl(axis + 1, shape + 1, index...);
+    }
+
+    /// Create array from any object -- always returns a new reference
+    static PyObject *raw_array(PyObject *ptr, int ExtraFlags = 0) {
+        if (ptr == nullptr) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cannot create a pybind11::array from a nullptr");
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_FromAny_(
+            ptr, nullptr, 0, 0, detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ | ExtraFlags, nullptr);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, int ExtraFlags = array::forcecast> class array_t : public array {
+private:
+    struct private_ctor {};
+    // Delegating constructor needed when both moving and accessing in the same constructor
+    array_t(private_ctor, ShapeContainer &&shape, StridesContainer &&strides, const T *ptr, handle base)
+        : array(std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) {}
+public:
+    static_assert(!detail::array_info<T>::is_array, "Array types cannot be used with array_t");
+
+    using value_type = T;
+
+    array_t() : array(0, static_cast<const T *>(nullptr)) {}
+    array_t(handle h, borrowed_t) : array(h, borrowed_t{}) { }
+    array_t(handle h, stolen_t) : array(h, stolen_t{}) { }
+
+    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use array_t<T>::ensure() instead")
+    array_t(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : array(raw_array_t(h.ptr()), stolen_t{}) {
+        if (!m_ptr) PyErr_Clear();
+        if (!is_borrowed) Py_XDECREF(h.ptr());
+    }
+
+    array_t(const object &o) : array(raw_array_t(o.ptr()), stolen_t{}) {
+        if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set();
+    }
+
+    explicit array_t(const buffer_info& info) : array(info) { }
+
+    array_t(ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array(std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) { }
+
+    explicit array_t(ShapeContainer shape, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array_t(private_ctor{}, std::move(shape),
+                ExtraFlags & f_style ? f_strides(*shape, itemsize()) : c_strides(*shape, itemsize()),
+                ptr, base) { }
+
+    explicit array_t(size_t count, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array({count}, {}, ptr, base) { }
+
+    constexpr ssize_t itemsize() const {
+        return sizeof(T);
+    }
+
+    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t index_at(Ix... index) const {
+        return offset_at(index...) / itemsize();
+    }
+
+    template<typename... Ix> const T* data(Ix... index) const {
+        return static_cast<const T*>(array::data(index...));
+    }
+
+    template<typename... Ix> T* mutable_data(Ix... index) {
+        return static_cast<T*>(array::mutable_data(index...));
+    }
+
+    // Reference to element at a given index
+    template<typename... Ix> const T& at(Ix... index) const {
+        if (sizeof...(index) != ndim())
+            fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "index dimension mismatch");
+        return *(static_cast<const T*>(array::data()) + byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...) / itemsize());
+    }
+
+    // Mutable reference to element at a given index
+    template<typename... Ix> T& mutable_at(Ix... index) {
+        if (sizeof...(index) != ndim())
+            fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "index dimension mismatch");
+        return *(static_cast<T*>(array::mutable_data()) + byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...) / itemsize());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or
+     * dimensionality checking.  Will throw if the array is missing the `writeable` flag.  Use with
+     * care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped for the duration of the returned object,
+     * and the caller must take care not to access invalid dimensions or dimension indices.
+     */
+    template <ssize_t Dims = -1> detail::unchecked_mutable_reference<T, Dims> mutable_unchecked() & {
+        return array::mutable_unchecked<T, Dims>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or
+     * dimensionality checking.  Unlike `unchecked()`, this does not require that the underlying
+     * array have the `writable` flag.  Use with care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped
+     * for the duration of the returned object, and the caller must take care not to access invalid
+     * dimensions or dimension indices.
+     */
+    template <ssize_t Dims = -1> detail::unchecked_reference<T, Dims> unchecked() const & {
+        return array::unchecked<T, Dims>();
+    }
+
+    /// Ensure that the argument is a NumPy array of the correct dtype (and if not, try to convert
+    /// it).  In case of an error, nullptr is returned and the Python error is cleared.
+    static array_t ensure(handle h) {
+        auto result = reinterpret_steal<array_t>(raw_array_t(h.ptr()));
+        if (!result)
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    static bool check_(handle h) {
+        const auto &api = detail::npy_api::get();
+        return api.PyArray_Check_(h.ptr())
+               && api.PyArray_EquivTypes_(detail::array_proxy(h.ptr())->descr, dtype::of<T>().ptr());
+    }
+
+protected:
+    /// Create array from any object -- always returns a new reference
+    static PyObject *raw_array_t(PyObject *ptr) {
+        if (ptr == nullptr) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cannot create a pybind11::array_t from a nullptr");
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_FromAny_(
+            ptr, dtype::of<T>().release().ptr(), 0, 0,
+            detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ | ExtraFlags, nullptr);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_pod_struct<T>::value>> {
+    static std::string format() {
+        return detail::npy_format_descriptor<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::format();
+    }
+};
+
+template <size_t N> struct format_descriptor<char[N]> {
+    static std::string format() { return std::to_string(N) + "s"; }
+};
+template <size_t N> struct format_descriptor<std::array<char, N>> {
+    static std::string format() { return std::to_string(N) + "s"; }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_enum<T>::value>> {
+    static std::string format() {
+        return format_descriptor<
+            typename std::remove_cv<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>::type>::format();
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<detail::array_info<T>::is_array>> {
+    static std::string format() {
+        using namespace detail;
+        PYBIND11_DESCR extents = _("(") + array_info<T>::extents() + _(")");
+        return extents.text() + format_descriptor<remove_all_extents_t<T>>::format();
+    }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+template <typename T, int ExtraFlags>
+struct pyobject_caster<array_t<T, ExtraFlags>> {
+    using type = array_t<T, ExtraFlags>;
+
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        if (!convert && !type::check_(src))
+            return false;
+        value = type::ensure(src);
+        return static_cast<bool>(value);
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const handle &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return src.inc_ref();
+    }
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, handle_type_name<type>::name());
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct compare_buffer_info<T, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_pod_struct<T>::value>> {
+    static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) {
+        return npy_api::get().PyArray_EquivTypes_(dtype::of<T>().ptr(), dtype(b).ptr());
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct npy_format_descriptor<T, enable_if_t<satisfies_any_of<T, std::is_arithmetic, is_complex>::value>> {
+private:
+    // NB: the order here must match the one in common.h
+    constexpr static const int values[15] = {
+        npy_api::NPY_BOOL_,
+        npy_api::NPY_BYTE_,   npy_api::NPY_UBYTE_,   npy_api::NPY_SHORT_,    npy_api::NPY_USHORT_,
+        npy_api::NPY_INT_,    npy_api::NPY_UINT_,    npy_api::NPY_LONGLONG_, npy_api::NPY_ULONGLONG_,
+        npy_api::NPY_FLOAT_,  npy_api::NPY_DOUBLE_,  npy_api::NPY_LONGDOUBLE_,
+        npy_api::NPY_CFLOAT_, npy_api::NPY_CDOUBLE_, npy_api::NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_
+    };
+
+public:
+    static constexpr int value = values[detail::is_fmt_numeric<T>::index];
+
+    static pybind11::dtype dtype() {
+        if (auto ptr = npy_api::get().PyArray_DescrFromType_(value))
+            return reinterpret_borrow<pybind11::dtype>(ptr);
+        pybind11_fail("Unsupported buffer format!");
+    }
+    template <typename T2 = T, enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T2>::value, int> = 0>
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() {
+        return _<std::is_same<T, bool>::value>(_("bool"),
+            _<std::is_signed<T>::value>("int", "uint") + _<sizeof(T)*8>());
+    }
+    template <typename T2 = T, enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T2>::value, int> = 0>
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() {
+        return _<std::is_same<T, float>::value || std::is_same<T, double>::value>(
+                _("float") + _<sizeof(T)*8>(), _("longdouble"));
+    }
+    template <typename T2 = T, enable_if_t<is_complex<T2>::value, int> = 0>
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() {
+        return _<std::is_same<typename T2::value_type, float>::value || std::is_same<typename T2::value_type, double>::value>(
+                _("complex") + _<sizeof(typename T2::value_type)*16>(), _("longcomplex"));
+    }
+};
+
+#define PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT \
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return _("S") + _<N>(); } \
+    static pybind11::dtype dtype() { return pybind11::dtype(std::string("S") + std::to_string(N)); }
+template <size_t N> struct npy_format_descriptor<char[N]> { PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT };
+template <size_t N> struct npy_format_descriptor<std::array<char, N>> { PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT };
+#undef PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT
+
+template<typename T> struct npy_format_descriptor<T, enable_if_t<array_info<T>::is_array>> {
+private:
+    using base_descr = npy_format_descriptor<typename array_info<T>::type>;
+public:
+    static_assert(!array_info<T>::is_empty, "Zero-sized arrays are not supported");
+
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return _("(") + array_info<T>::extents() + _(")") + base_descr::name(); }
+    static pybind11::dtype dtype() {
+        list shape;
+        array_info<T>::append_extents(shape);
+        return pybind11::dtype::from_args(pybind11::make_tuple(base_descr::dtype(), shape));
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T> struct npy_format_descriptor<T, enable_if_t<std::is_enum<T>::value>> {
+private:
+    using base_descr = npy_format_descriptor<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>;
+public:
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return base_descr::name(); }
+    static pybind11::dtype dtype() { return base_descr::dtype(); }
+};
+
+struct field_descriptor {
+    const char *name;
+    ssize_t offset;
+    ssize_t size;
+    std::string format;
+    dtype descr;
+};
+
+inline PYBIND11_NOINLINE void register_structured_dtype(
+    const std::initializer_list<field_descriptor>& fields,
+    const std::type_info& tinfo, ssize_t itemsize,
+    bool (*direct_converter)(PyObject *, void *&)) {
+
+    auto& numpy_internals = get_numpy_internals();
+    if (numpy_internals.get_type_info(tinfo, false))
+        pybind11_fail("NumPy: dtype is already registered");
+
+    list names, formats, offsets;
+    for (auto field : fields) {
+        if (!field.descr)
+            pybind11_fail(std::string("NumPy: unsupported field dtype: `") +
+                            field.name + "` @ " + tinfo.name());
+        names.append(PYBIND11_STR_TYPE(field.name));
+        formats.append(field.descr);
+        offsets.append(pybind11::int_(field.offset));
+    }
+    auto dtype_ptr = pybind11::dtype(names, formats, offsets, itemsize).release().ptr();
+
+    // There is an existing bug in NumPy (as of v1.11): trailing bytes are
+    // not encoded explicitly into the format string. This will supposedly
+    // get fixed in v1.12; for further details, see these:
+    // - https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/7797
+    // - https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/7798
+    // Because of this, we won't use numpy's logic to generate buffer format
+    // strings and will just do it ourselves.
+    std::vector<field_descriptor> ordered_fields(fields);
+    std::sort(ordered_fields.begin(), ordered_fields.end(),
+        [](const field_descriptor &a, const field_descriptor &b) { return a.offset < b.offset; });
+    ssize_t offset = 0;
+    std::ostringstream oss;
+    // mark the structure as unaligned with '^', because numpy and C++ don't
+    // always agree about alignment (particularly for complex), and we're
+    // explicitly listing all our padding. This depends on none of the fields
+    // overriding the endianness. Putting the ^ in front of individual fields
+    // isn't guaranteed to work due to https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/9049
+    oss << "^T{";
+    for (auto& field : ordered_fields) {
+        if (field.offset > offset)
+            oss << (field.offset - offset) << 'x';
+        oss << field.format << ':' << field.name << ':';
+        offset = field.offset + field.size;
+    }
+    if (itemsize > offset)
+        oss << (itemsize - offset) << 'x';
+    oss << '}';
+    auto format_str = oss.str();
+
+    // Sanity check: verify that NumPy properly parses our buffer format string
+    auto& api = npy_api::get();
+    auto arr =  array(buffer_info(nullptr, itemsize, format_str, 1));
+    if (!api.PyArray_EquivTypes_(dtype_ptr, arr.dtype().ptr()))
+        pybind11_fail("NumPy: invalid buffer descriptor!");
+
+    auto tindex = std::type_index(tinfo);
+    numpy_internals.registered_dtypes[tindex] = { dtype_ptr, format_str };
+    get_internals().direct_conversions[tindex].push_back(direct_converter);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE> struct npy_format_descriptor {
+    static_assert(is_pod_struct<T>::value, "Attempt to use a non-POD or unimplemented POD type as a numpy dtype");
+
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return make_caster<T>::name(); }
+
+    static pybind11::dtype dtype() {
+        return reinterpret_borrow<pybind11::dtype>(dtype_ptr());
+    }
+
+    static std::string format() {
+        static auto format_str = get_numpy_internals().get_type_info<T>(true)->format_str;
+        return format_str;
+    }
+
+    static void register_dtype(const std::initializer_list<field_descriptor>& fields) {
+        register_structured_dtype(fields, typeid(typename std::remove_cv<T>::type),
+                                  sizeof(T), &direct_converter);
+    }
+
+private:
+    static PyObject* dtype_ptr() {
+        static PyObject* ptr = get_numpy_internals().get_type_info<T>(true)->dtype_ptr;
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    static bool direct_converter(PyObject *obj, void*& value) {
+        auto& api = npy_api::get();
+        if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, api.PyVoidArrType_Type_))
+            return false;
+        if (auto descr = reinterpret_steal<object>(api.PyArray_DescrFromScalar_(obj))) {
+            if (api.PyArray_EquivTypes_(dtype_ptr(), descr.ptr())) {
+                value = ((PyVoidScalarObject_Proxy *) obj)->obval;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+#ifdef __CLION_IDE__ // replace heavy macro with dummy code for the IDE (doesn't affect code)
+# define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(Type, ...) ((void)0)
+# define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE_EX(Type, ...) ((void)0)
+#else
+
+#define PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR_EX(T, Field, Name)                                          \
+    ::pybind11::detail::field_descriptor {                                                    \
+        Name, offsetof(T, Field), sizeof(decltype(std::declval<T>().Field)),                  \
+        ::pybind11::format_descriptor<decltype(std::declval<T>().Field)>::format(),           \
+        ::pybind11::detail::npy_format_descriptor<decltype(std::declval<T>().Field)>::dtype() \
+    }
+
+// Extract name, offset and format descriptor for a struct field
+#define PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR(T, Field) PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR_EX(T, Field, #Field)
+
+// The main idea of this macro is borrowed from https://github.com/swansontec/map-macro
+// (C) William Swanson, Paul Fultz
+#define PYBIND11_EVAL0(...) __VA_ARGS__
+#define PYBIND11_EVAL1(...) PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_EVAL0 (__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define PYBIND11_EVAL2(...) PYBIND11_EVAL1 (PYBIND11_EVAL1 (PYBIND11_EVAL1 (__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define PYBIND11_EVAL3(...) PYBIND11_EVAL2 (PYBIND11_EVAL2 (PYBIND11_EVAL2 (__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define PYBIND11_EVAL4(...) PYBIND11_EVAL3 (PYBIND11_EVAL3 (PYBIND11_EVAL3 (__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define PYBIND11_EVAL(...)  PYBIND11_EVAL4 (PYBIND11_EVAL4 (PYBIND11_EVAL4 (__VA_ARGS__)))
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_END(...)
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_OUT
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA ,
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END() 0, PYBIND11_MAP_END
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0(test, next, ...) next PYBIND11_MAP_OUT
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT1(test, next) PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, next, 0)
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT(test, next)  PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT1 (PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END test, next)
+#ifdef _MSC_VER // MSVC is not as eager to expand macros, hence this workaround
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \
+    PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0))
+#else
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \
+    PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0)
+#endif
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT(test, next) \
+    PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT1 (PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END test, next)
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST0(f, t, x, peek, ...) \
+    f(t, x) PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP_LIST1) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST1(f, t, x, peek, ...) \
+    f(t, x) PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP_LIST0) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__)
+// PYBIND11_MAP_LIST(f, t, a1, a2, ...) expands to f(t, a1), f(t, a2), ...
+#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST(f, t, ...) \
+    PYBIND11_EVAL (PYBIND11_MAP_LIST1 (f, t, __VA_ARGS__, (), 0))
+
+#define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(Type, ...) \
+    ::pybind11::detail::npy_format_descriptor<Type>::register_dtype \
+        ({PYBIND11_MAP_LIST (PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR, Type, __VA_ARGS__)})
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \
+    PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0))
+#else
+#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \
+    PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0)
+#endif
+#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT(test, next) \
+    PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT1 (PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END test, next)
+#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST0(f, t, x1, x2, peek, ...) \
+    f(t, x1, x2) PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST1) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST1(f, t, x1, x2, peek, ...) \
+    f(t, x1, x2) PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST0) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__)
+// PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST(f, t, a1, a2, ...) expands to f(t, a1, a2), f(t, a3, a4), ...
+#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST(f, t, ...) \
+    PYBIND11_EVAL (PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST1 (f, t, __VA_ARGS__, (), 0))
+
+#define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE_EX(Type, ...) \
+    ::pybind11::detail::npy_format_descriptor<Type>::register_dtype \
+        ({PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST (PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR_EX, Type, __VA_ARGS__)})
+
+#endif // __CLION_IDE__
+
+template  <class T>
+using array_iterator = typename std::add_pointer<T>::type;
+
+template <class T>
+array_iterator<T> array_begin(const buffer_info& buffer) {
+    return array_iterator<T>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(buffer.ptr));
+}
+
+template <class T>
+array_iterator<T> array_end(const buffer_info& buffer) {
+    return array_iterator<T>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(buffer.ptr) + buffer.size);
+}
+
+class common_iterator {
+public:
+    using container_type = std::vector<ssize_t>;
+    using value_type = container_type::value_type;
+    using size_type = container_type::size_type;
+
+    common_iterator() : p_ptr(0), m_strides() {}
+
+    common_iterator(void* ptr, const container_type& strides, const container_type& shape)
+        : p_ptr(reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr)), m_strides(strides.size()) {
+        m_strides.back() = static_cast<value_type>(strides.back());
+        for (size_type i = m_strides.size() - 1; i != 0; --i) {
+            size_type j = i - 1;
+            value_type s = static_cast<value_type>(shape[i]);
+            m_strides[j] = strides[j] + m_strides[i] - strides[i] * s;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void increment(size_type dim) {
+        p_ptr += m_strides[dim];
+    }
+
+    void* data() const {
+        return p_ptr;
+    }
+
+private:
+    char* p_ptr;
+    container_type m_strides;
+};
+
+template <size_t N> class multi_array_iterator {
+public:
+    using container_type = std::vector<ssize_t>;
+
+    multi_array_iterator(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers,
+                         const container_type &shape)
+        : m_shape(shape.size()), m_index(shape.size(), 0),
+          m_common_iterator() {
+
+        // Manual copy to avoid conversion warning if using std::copy
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < shape.size(); ++i)
+            m_shape[i] = shape[i];
+
+        container_type strides(shape.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+            init_common_iterator(buffers[i], shape, m_common_iterator[i], strides);
+    }
+
+    multi_array_iterator& operator++() {
+        for (size_t j = m_index.size(); j != 0; --j) {
+            size_t i = j - 1;
+            if (++m_index[i] != m_shape[i]) {
+                increment_common_iterator(i);
+                break;
+            } else {
+                m_index[i] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <size_t K, class T = void> T* data() const {
+        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(m_common_iterator[K].data());
+    }
+
+private:
+
+    using common_iter = common_iterator;
+
+    void init_common_iterator(const buffer_info &buffer,
+                              const container_type &shape,
+                              common_iter &iterator,
+                              container_type &strides) {
+        auto buffer_shape_iter = buffer.shape.rbegin();
+        auto buffer_strides_iter = buffer.strides.rbegin();
+        auto shape_iter = shape.rbegin();
+        auto strides_iter = strides.rbegin();
+
+        while (buffer_shape_iter != buffer.shape.rend()) {
+            if (*shape_iter == *buffer_shape_iter)
+                *strides_iter = *buffer_strides_iter;
+            else
+                *strides_iter = 0;
+
+            ++buffer_shape_iter;
+            ++buffer_strides_iter;
+            ++shape_iter;
+            ++strides_iter;
+        }
+
+        std::fill(strides_iter, strides.rend(), 0);
+        iterator = common_iter(buffer.ptr, strides, shape);
+    }
+
+    void increment_common_iterator(size_t dim) {
+        for (auto &iter : m_common_iterator)
+            iter.increment(dim);
+    }
+
+    container_type m_shape;
+    container_type m_index;
+    std::array<common_iter, N> m_common_iterator;
+};
+
+enum class broadcast_trivial { non_trivial, c_trivial, f_trivial };
+
+// Populates the shape and number of dimensions for the set of buffers.  Returns a broadcast_trivial
+// enum value indicating whether the broadcast is "trivial"--that is, has each buffer being either a
+// singleton or a full-size, C-contiguous (`c_trivial`) or Fortran-contiguous (`f_trivial`) storage
+// buffer; returns `non_trivial` otherwise.
+template <size_t N>
+broadcast_trivial broadcast(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers, ssize_t &ndim, std::vector<ssize_t> &shape) {
+    ndim = std::accumulate(buffers.begin(), buffers.end(), ssize_t(0), [](ssize_t res, const buffer_info &buf) {
+        return std::max(res, buf.ndim);
+    });
+
+    shape.clear();
+    shape.resize((size_t) ndim, 1);
+
+    // Figure out the output size, and make sure all input arrays conform (i.e. are either size 1 or
+    // the full size).
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+        auto res_iter = shape.rbegin();
+        auto end = buffers[i].shape.rend();
+        for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.rbegin(); shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++res_iter) {
+            const auto &dim_size_in = *shape_iter;
+            auto &dim_size_out = *res_iter;
+
+            // Each input dimension can either be 1 or `n`, but `n` values must match across buffers
+            if (dim_size_out == 1)
+                dim_size_out = dim_size_in;
+            else if (dim_size_in != 1 && dim_size_in != dim_size_out)
+                pybind11_fail("pybind11::vectorize: incompatible size/dimension of inputs!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool trivial_broadcast_c = true;
+    bool trivial_broadcast_f = true;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < N && (trivial_broadcast_c || trivial_broadcast_f); ++i) {
+        if (buffers[i].size == 1)
+            continue;
+
+        // Require the same number of dimensions:
+        if (buffers[i].ndim != ndim)
+            return broadcast_trivial::non_trivial;
+
+        // Require all dimensions be full-size:
+        if (!std::equal(buffers[i].shape.cbegin(), buffers[i].shape.cend(), shape.cbegin()))
+            return broadcast_trivial::non_trivial;
+
+        // Check for C contiguity (but only if previous inputs were also C contiguous)
+        if (trivial_broadcast_c) {
+            ssize_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize;
+            auto end = buffers[i].shape.crend();
+            for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.crbegin(), stride_iter = buffers[i].strides.crbegin();
+                    trivial_broadcast_c && shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++stride_iter) {
+                if (expect_stride == *stride_iter)
+                    expect_stride *= *shape_iter;
+                else
+                    trivial_broadcast_c = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for Fortran contiguity (if previous inputs were also F contiguous)
+        if (trivial_broadcast_f) {
+            ssize_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize;
+            auto end = buffers[i].shape.cend();
+            for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.cbegin(), stride_iter = buffers[i].strides.cbegin();
+                    trivial_broadcast_f && shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++stride_iter) {
+                if (expect_stride == *stride_iter)
+                    expect_stride *= *shape_iter;
+                else
+                    trivial_broadcast_f = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return
+        trivial_broadcast_c ? broadcast_trivial::c_trivial :
+        trivial_broadcast_f ? broadcast_trivial::f_trivial :
+        broadcast_trivial::non_trivial;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+struct vectorize_arg {
+    static_assert(!std::is_rvalue_reference<T>::value, "Functions with rvalue reference arguments cannot be vectorized");
+    // The wrapped function gets called with this type:
+    using call_type = remove_reference_t<T>;
+    // Is this a vectorized argument?
+    static constexpr bool vectorize =
+        satisfies_any_of<call_type, std::is_arithmetic, is_complex, std::is_pod>::value &&
+        satisfies_none_of<call_type, std::is_pointer, std::is_array, is_std_array, std::is_enum>::value &&
+        (!std::is_reference<T>::value ||
+         (std::is_lvalue_reference<T>::value && std::is_const<call_type>::value));
+    // Accept this type: an array for vectorized types, otherwise the type as-is:
+    using type = conditional_t<vectorize, array_t<remove_cv_t<call_type>, array::forcecast>, T>;
+};
+
+template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args>
+struct vectorize_helper {
+private:
+    static constexpr size_t N = sizeof...(Args);
+    static constexpr size_t NVectorized = constexpr_sum(vectorize_arg<Args>::vectorize...);
+    static_assert(NVectorized >= 1,
+            "pybind11::vectorize(...) requires a function with at least one vectorizable argument");
+
+public:
+    template <typename T>
+    explicit vectorize_helper(T &&f) : f(std::forward<T>(f)) { }
+
+    object operator()(typename vectorize_arg<Args>::type... args) {
+        return run(args...,
+                   make_index_sequence<N>(),
+                   select_indices<vectorize_arg<Args>::vectorize...>(),
+                   make_index_sequence<NVectorized>());
+    }
+
+private:
+    remove_reference_t<Func> f;
+
+    template <size_t Index> using param_n_t = typename pack_element<Index, typename vectorize_arg<Args>::call_type...>::type;
+
+    // Runs a vectorized function given arguments tuple and three index sequences:
+    //     - Index is the full set of 0 ... (N-1) argument indices;
+    //     - VIndex is the subset of argument indices with vectorized parameters, letting us access
+    //       vectorized arguments (anything not in this sequence is passed through)
+    //     - BIndex is a incremental sequence (beginning at 0) of the same size as VIndex, so that
+    //       we can store vectorized buffer_infos in an array (argument VIndex has its buffer at
+    //       index BIndex in the array).
+    template <size_t... Index, size_t... VIndex, size_t... BIndex> object run(
+            typename vectorize_arg<Args>::type &...args,
+            index_sequence<Index...> i_seq, index_sequence<VIndex...> vi_seq, index_sequence<BIndex...> bi_seq) {
+
+        // Pointers to values the function was called with; the vectorized ones set here will start
+        // out as array_t<T> pointers, but they will be changed them to T pointers before we make
+        // call the wrapped function.  Non-vectorized pointers are left as-is.
+        std::array<void *, N> params{{ &args... }};
+
+        // The array of `buffer_info`s of vectorized arguments:
+        std::array<buffer_info, NVectorized> buffers{{ reinterpret_cast<array *>(params[VIndex])->request()... }};
+
+        /* Determine dimensions parameters of output array */
+        ssize_t nd = 0;
+        std::vector<ssize_t> shape(0);
+        auto trivial = broadcast(buffers, nd, shape);
+        size_t ndim = (size_t) nd;
+
+        size_t size = std::accumulate(shape.begin(), shape.end(), (size_t) 1, std::multiplies<size_t>());
+
+        // If all arguments are 0-dimension arrays (i.e. single values) return a plain value (i.e.
+        // not wrapped in an array).
+        if (size == 1 && ndim == 0) {
+            PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(params[VIndex] = buffers[BIndex].ptr);
+            return cast(f(*reinterpret_cast<param_n_t<Index> *>(params[Index])...));
+        }
+
+        array_t<Return> result;
+        if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::f_trivial) result = array_t<Return, array::f_style>(shape);
+        else result = array_t<Return>(shape);
+
+        if (size == 0) return result;
+
+        /* Call the function */
+        if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::non_trivial)
+            apply_broadcast(buffers, params, result, i_seq, vi_seq, bi_seq);
+        else
+            apply_trivial(buffers, params, result.mutable_data(), size, i_seq, vi_seq, bi_seq);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    template <size_t... Index, size_t... VIndex, size_t... BIndex>
+    void apply_trivial(std::array<buffer_info, NVectorized> &buffers,
+                       std::array<void *, N> &params,
+                       Return *out,
+                       size_t size,
+                       index_sequence<Index...>, index_sequence<VIndex...>, index_sequence<BIndex...>) {
+
+        // Initialize an array of mutable byte references and sizes with references set to the
+        // appropriate pointer in `params`; as we iterate, we'll increment each pointer by its size
+        // (except for singletons, which get an increment of 0).
+        std::array<std::pair<unsigned char *&, const size_t>, NVectorized> vecparams{{
+            std::pair<unsigned char *&, const size_t>(
+                    reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *&>(params[VIndex] = buffers[BIndex].ptr),
+                    buffers[BIndex].size == 1 ? 0 : sizeof(param_n_t<VIndex>)
+            )...
+        }};
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            out[i] = f(*reinterpret_cast<param_n_t<Index> *>(params[Index])...);
+            for (auto &x : vecparams) x.first += x.second;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <size_t... Index, size_t... VIndex, size_t... BIndex>
+    void apply_broadcast(std::array<buffer_info, NVectorized> &buffers,
+                         std::array<void *, N> &params,
+                         array_t<Return> &output_array,
+                         index_sequence<Index...>, index_sequence<VIndex...>, index_sequence<BIndex...>) {
+
+        buffer_info output = output_array.request();
+        multi_array_iterator<NVectorized> input_iter(buffers, output.shape);
+
+        for (array_iterator<Return> iter = array_begin<Return>(output), end = array_end<Return>(output);
+             iter != end;
+             ++iter, ++input_iter) {
+            PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS((
+                params[VIndex] = input_iter.template data<BIndex>()
+            ));
+            *iter = f(*reinterpret_cast<param_n_t<Index> *>(std::get<Index>(params))...);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args>
+vectorize_helper<Func, Return, Args...>
+vectorize_extractor(const Func &f, Return (*) (Args ...)) {
+    return detail::vectorize_helper<Func, Return, Args...>(f);
+}
+
+template <typename T, int Flags> struct handle_type_name<array_t<T, Flags>> {
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() {
+        return _("numpy.ndarray[") + npy_format_descriptor<T>::name() + _("]");
+    }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+// Vanilla pointer vectorizer:
+template <typename Return, typename... Args>
+detail::vectorize_helper<Return (*)(Args...), Return, Args...>
+vectorize(Return (*f) (Args ...)) {
+    return detail::vectorize_helper<Return (*)(Args...), Return, Args...>(f);
+}
+
+// lambda vectorizer:
+template <typename Func, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_lambda<Func>::value, int> = 0>
+auto vectorize(Func &&f) -> decltype(
+        detail::vectorize_extractor(std::forward<Func>(f), (detail::function_signature_t<Func> *) nullptr)) {
+    return detail::vectorize_extractor(std::forward<Func>(f), (detail::function_signature_t<Func> *) nullptr);
+}
+
+// Vectorize a class method (non-const):
+template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args,
+          typename Helper = detail::vectorize_helper<decltype(std::mem_fn(std::declval<Return (Class::*)(Args...)>())), Return, Class *, Args...>>
+Helper vectorize(Return (Class::*f)(Args...)) {
+    return Helper(std::mem_fn(f));
+}
+
+// Vectorize a class method (const):
+template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args,
+          typename Helper = detail::vectorize_helper<decltype(std::mem_fn(std::declval<Return (Class::*)(Args...) const>())), Return, const Class *, Args...>>
+Helper vectorize(Return (Class::*f)(Args...) const) {
+    return Helper(std::mem_fn(f));
+}
+
+NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif