ctpbee-opt-api 0.1.0__cp310-cp310-win_amd64.whl

ctpbee_api/ctp/include/mac/pybind11/pybind11.h

@@ -0,0 +1,2890 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/pybind11.h: Main header file of the C++11 python
+    binding generator library
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "detail/class.h"
+#include "detail/init.h"
+#include "attr.h"
+#include "gil.h"
+#include "options.h"
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_launder) && !(defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1914))
+#    define PYBIND11_STD_LAUNDER std::launder
+#    define PYBIND11_HAS_STD_LAUNDER 1
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_STD_LAUNDER
+#    define PYBIND11_HAS_STD_LAUNDER 0
+#endif
+#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#    include <cxxabi.h>
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+/* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46798456/handling-gccs-noexcept-type-warning
+   This warning is about ABI compatibility, not code health.
+   It is only actually needed in a couple places, but apparently GCC 7 "generates this warning if
+   and only if the first template instantiation ... involves noexcept" [stackoverflow], therefore
+   it could get triggered from seemingly random places, depending on user code.
+   No other GCC version generates this warning.
+ */
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 7
+PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC("-Wnoexcept-type")
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4127)
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+// Apply all the extensions translators from a list
+// Return true if one of the translators completed without raising an exception
+// itself. Return of false indicates that if there are other translators
+// available, they should be tried.
+inline bool apply_exception_translators(std::forward_list<ExceptionTranslator> &translators) {
+    auto last_exception = std::current_exception();
+
+    for (auto &translator : translators) {
+        try {
+            translator(last_exception);
+            return true;
+        } catch (...) {
+            last_exception = std::current_exception();
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP _strdup
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP strdup
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Wraps an arbitrary C++ function/method/lambda function/.. into a callable Python object
+class cpp_function : public function {
+public:
+    cpp_function() = default;
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    cpp_function(std::nullptr_t) {}
+    cpp_function(std::nullptr_t, const is_setter &) {}
+
+    /// Construct a cpp_function from a vanilla function pointer
+    template <typename Return, typename... Args, typename... Extra>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    cpp_function(Return (*f)(Args...), const Extra &...extra) {
+        initialize(f, f, extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a cpp_function from a lambda function (possibly with internal state)
+    template <typename Func,
+              typename... Extra,
+              typename = detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_lambda<Func>::value>>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    cpp_function(Func &&f, const Extra &...extra) {
+        initialize(
+            std::forward<Func>(f), (detail::function_signature_t<Func> *) nullptr, extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (non-const, no ref-qualifier)
+    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...), const Extra &...extra) {
+        initialize(
+            [f](Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward<Arg>(args)...); },
+            (Return(*)(Class *, Arg...)) nullptr,
+            extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (non-const, lvalue ref-qualifier)
+    /// A copy of the overload for non-const functions without explicit ref-qualifier
+    /// but with an added `&`.
+    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) &, const Extra &...extra) {
+        initialize(
+            [f](Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward<Arg>(args)...); },
+            (Return(*)(Class *, Arg...)) nullptr,
+            extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (const, no ref-qualifier)
+    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) const, const Extra &...extra) {
+        initialize([f](const Class *c,
+                       Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward<Arg>(args)...); },
+                   (Return(*)(const Class *, Arg...)) nullptr,
+                   extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (const, lvalue ref-qualifier)
+    /// A copy of the overload for const functions without explicit ref-qualifier
+    /// but with an added `&`.
+    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) const &, const Extra &...extra) {
+        initialize([f](const Class *c,
+                       Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward<Arg>(args)...); },
+                   (Return(*)(const Class *, Arg...)) nullptr,
+                   extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Return the function name
+    object name() const { return attr("__name__"); }
+
+protected:
+    struct InitializingFunctionRecordDeleter {
+        // `destruct(function_record, false)`: `initialize_generic` copies strings and
+        // takes care of cleaning up in case of exceptions. So pass `false` to `free_strings`.
+        void operator()(detail::function_record *rec) { destruct(rec, false); }
+    };
+    using unique_function_record
+        = std::unique_ptr<detail::function_record, InitializingFunctionRecordDeleter>;
+
+    /// Space optimization: don't inline this frequently instantiated fragment
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE unique_function_record make_function_record() {
+        return unique_function_record(new detail::function_record());
+    }
+
+    /// Special internal constructor for functors, lambda functions, etc.
+    template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args, typename... Extra>
+    void initialize(Func &&f, Return (*)(Args...), const Extra &...extra) {
+        using namespace detail;
+        struct capture {
+            remove_reference_t<Func> f;
+        };
+
+        /* Store the function including any extra state it might have (e.g. a lambda capture
+         * object) */
+        // The unique_ptr makes sure nothing is leaked in case of an exception.
+        auto unique_rec = make_function_record();
+        auto *rec = unique_rec.get();
+
+        /* Store the capture object directly in the function record if there is enough space */
+        if (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(rec->data)) {
+            /* Without these pragmas, GCC warns that there might not be
+               enough space to use the placement new operator. However, the
+               'if' statement above ensures that this is the case. */
+            PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH
+
+#if defined(__GNUG__) && __GNUC__ >= 6
+            PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC("-Wplacement-new")
+#endif
+
+            new ((capture *) &rec->data) capture{std::forward<Func>(f)};
+
+#if !PYBIND11_HAS_STD_LAUNDER
+            PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC("-Wstrict-aliasing")
+#endif
+
+            // UB without std::launder, but without breaking ABI and/or
+            // a significant refactoring it's "impossible" to solve.
+            if (!std::is_trivially_destructible<capture>::value) {
+                rec->free_data = [](function_record *r) {
+                    auto data = PYBIND11_STD_LAUNDER((capture *) &r->data);
+                    (void) data;
+                    data->~capture();
+                };
+            }
+            PYBIND11_WARNING_POP
+        } else {
+            rec->data[0] = new capture{std::forward<Func>(f)};
+            rec->free_data = [](function_record *r) { delete ((capture *) r->data[0]); };
+        }
+
+        /* Type casters for the function arguments and return value */
+        using cast_in = argument_loader<Args...>;
+        using cast_out
+            = make_caster<conditional_t<std::is_void<Return>::value, void_type, Return>>;
+
+        static_assert(
+            expected_num_args<Extra...>(
+                sizeof...(Args), cast_in::args_pos >= 0, cast_in::has_kwargs),
+            "The number of argument annotations does not match the number of function arguments");
+
+        /* Dispatch code which converts function arguments and performs the actual function call */
+        rec->impl = [](function_call &call) -> handle {
+            cast_in args_converter;
+
+            /* Try to cast the function arguments into the C++ domain */
+            if (!args_converter.load_args(call)) {
+                return PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
+            }
+
+            /* Invoke call policy pre-call hook */
+            process_attributes<Extra...>::precall(call);
+
+            /* Get a pointer to the capture object */
+            const auto *data = (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(call.func.data) ? &call.func.data
+                                                                          : call.func.data[0]);
+            auto *cap = const_cast<capture *>(reinterpret_cast<const capture *>(data));
+
+            /* Override policy for rvalues -- usually to enforce rvp::move on an rvalue */
+            return_value_policy policy
+                = return_value_policy_override<Return>::policy(call.func.policy);
+
+            /* Function scope guard -- defaults to the compile-to-nothing `void_type` */
+            using Guard = extract_guard_t<Extra...>;
+
+            /* Perform the function call */
+            handle result;
+            if (call.func.is_setter) {
+                (void) std::move(args_converter).template call<Return, Guard>(cap->f);
+                result = none().release();
+            } else {
+                result = cast_out::cast(
+                    std::move(args_converter).template call<Return, Guard>(cap->f),
+                    policy,
+                    call.parent);
+            }
+
+            /* Invoke call policy post-call hook */
+            process_attributes<Extra...>::postcall(call, result);
+
+            return result;
+        };
+
+        rec->nargs_pos = cast_in::args_pos >= 0
+                             ? static_cast<std::uint16_t>(cast_in::args_pos)
+                             : sizeof...(Args) - cast_in::has_kwargs; // Will get reduced more if
+                                                                      // we have a kw_only
+        rec->has_args = cast_in::args_pos >= 0;
+        rec->has_kwargs = cast_in::has_kwargs;
+
+        /* Process any user-provided function attributes */
+        process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec);
+
+        {
+            constexpr bool has_kw_only_args = any_of<std::is_same<kw_only, Extra>...>::value,
+                           has_pos_only_args = any_of<std::is_same<pos_only, Extra>...>::value,
+                           has_arg_annotations = any_of<is_keyword<Extra>...>::value;
+            static_assert(has_arg_annotations || !has_kw_only_args,
+                          "py::kw_only requires the use of argument annotations");
+            static_assert(has_arg_annotations || !has_pos_only_args,
+                          "py::pos_only requires the use of argument annotations (for docstrings "
+                          "and aligning the annotations to the argument)");
+
+            static_assert(constexpr_sum(is_kw_only<Extra>::value...) <= 1,
+                          "py::kw_only may be specified only once");
+            static_assert(constexpr_sum(is_pos_only<Extra>::value...) <= 1,
+                          "py::pos_only may be specified only once");
+            constexpr auto kw_only_pos = constexpr_first<is_kw_only, Extra...>();
+            constexpr auto pos_only_pos = constexpr_first<is_pos_only, Extra...>();
+            static_assert(!(has_kw_only_args && has_pos_only_args) || pos_only_pos < kw_only_pos,
+                          "py::pos_only must come before py::kw_only");
+        }
+
+        /* Generate a readable signature describing the function's arguments and return
+           value types */
+        static constexpr auto signature
+            = const_name("(") + cast_in::arg_names + const_name(") -> ") + cast_out::name;
+        PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR auto types = decltype(signature)::types();
+
+        /* Register the function with Python from generic (non-templated) code */
+        // Pass on the ownership over the `unique_rec` to `initialize_generic`. `rec` stays valid.
+        initialize_generic(std::move(unique_rec), signature.text, types.data(), sizeof...(Args));
+
+        /* Stash some additional information used by an important optimization in 'functional.h' */
+        using FunctionType = Return (*)(Args...);
+        constexpr bool is_function_ptr
+            = std::is_convertible<Func, FunctionType>::value && sizeof(capture) == sizeof(void *);
+        if (is_function_ptr) {
+            rec->is_stateless = true;
+            rec->data[1]
+                = const_cast<void *>(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(&typeid(FunctionType)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Utility class that keeps track of all duplicated strings, and cleans them up in its
+    // destructor, unless they are released. Basically a RAII-solution to deal with exceptions
+    // along the way.
+    class strdup_guard {
+    public:
+        strdup_guard() = default;
+        strdup_guard(const strdup_guard &) = delete;
+        strdup_guard &operator=(const strdup_guard &) = delete;
+
+        ~strdup_guard() {
+            for (auto *s : strings) {
+                std::free(s);
+            }
+        }
+        char *operator()(const char *s) {
+            auto *t = PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(s);
+            strings.push_back(t);
+            return t;
+        }
+        void release() { strings.clear(); }
+
+    private:
+        std::vector<char *> strings;
+    };
+
+    /// Register a function call with Python (generic non-templated code goes here)
+    void initialize_generic(unique_function_record &&unique_rec,
+                            const char *text,
+                            const std::type_info *const *types,
+                            size_t args) {
+        // Do NOT receive `unique_rec` by value. If this function fails to move out the unique_ptr,
+        // we do not want this to destruct the pointer. `initialize` (the caller) still relies on
+        // the pointee being alive after this call. Only move out if a `capsule` is going to keep
+        // it alive.
+        auto *rec = unique_rec.get();
+
+        // Keep track of strdup'ed strings, and clean them up as long as the function's capsule
+        // has not taken ownership yet (when `unique_rec.release()` is called).
+        // Note: This cannot easily be fixed by a `unique_ptr` with custom deleter, because the
+        // strings are only referenced before strdup'ing. So only *after* the following block could
+        // `destruct` safely be called, but even then, `repr` could still throw in the middle of
+        // copying all strings.
+        strdup_guard guarded_strdup;
+
+        /* Create copies of all referenced C-style strings */
+        rec->name = guarded_strdup(rec->name ? rec->name : "");
+        if (rec->doc) {
+            rec->doc = guarded_strdup(rec->doc);
+        }
+        for (auto &a : rec->args) {
+            if (a.name) {
+                a.name = guarded_strdup(a.name);
+            }
+            if (a.descr) {
+                a.descr = guarded_strdup(a.descr);
+            } else if (a.value) {
+                a.descr = guarded_strdup(repr(a.value).cast<std::string>().c_str());
+            }
+        }
+
+        rec->is_constructor = (std::strcmp(rec->name, "__init__") == 0)
+                              || (std::strcmp(rec->name, "__setstate__") == 0);
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES) && !defined(PYBIND11_DISABLE_NEW_STYLE_INIT_WARNING)
+        if (rec->is_constructor && !rec->is_new_style_constructor) {
+            const auto class_name
+                = detail::get_fully_qualified_tp_name((PyTypeObject *) rec->scope.ptr());
+            const auto func_name = std::string(rec->name);
+            PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_FutureWarning,
+                         ("pybind11-bound class '" + class_name
+                          + "' is using an old-style "
+                            "placement-new '"
+                          + func_name
+                          + "' which has been deprecated. See "
+                            "the upgrade guide in pybind11's docs. This message is only visible "
+                            "when compiled in debug mode.")
+                             .c_str(),
+                         0);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* Generate a proper function signature */
+        std::string signature;
+        size_t type_index = 0, arg_index = 0;
+        bool is_starred = false;
+        for (const auto *pc = text; *pc != '\0'; ++pc) {
+            const auto c = *pc;
+
+            if (c == '{') {
+                // Write arg name for everything except *args and **kwargs.
+                is_starred = *(pc + 1) == '*';
+                if (is_starred) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Separator for keyword-only arguments, placed before the kw
+                // arguments start (unless we are already putting an *args)
+                if (!rec->has_args && arg_index == rec->nargs_pos) {
+                    signature += "*, ";
+                }
+                if (arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].name) {
+                    signature += rec->args[arg_index].name;
+                } else if (arg_index == 0 && rec->is_method) {
+                    signature += "self";
+                } else {
+                    signature += "arg" + std::to_string(arg_index - (rec->is_method ? 1 : 0));
+                }
+                signature += ": ";
+            } else if (c == '}') {
+                // Write default value if available.
+                if (!is_starred && arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].descr) {
+                    signature += " = ";
+                    signature += rec->args[arg_index].descr;
+                }
+                // Separator for positional-only arguments (placed after the
+                // argument, rather than before like *
+                if (rec->nargs_pos_only > 0 && (arg_index + 1) == rec->nargs_pos_only) {
+                    signature += ", /";
+                }
+                if (!is_starred) {
+                    arg_index++;
+                }
+            } else if (c == '%') {
+                const std::type_info *t = types[type_index++];
+                if (!t) {
+                    pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (1)");
+                }
+                if (auto *tinfo = detail::get_type_info(*t)) {
+                    handle th((PyObject *) tinfo->type);
+                    signature += th.attr("__module__").cast<std::string>() + "."
+                                 + th.attr("__qualname__").cast<std::string>();
+                } else if (rec->is_new_style_constructor && arg_index == 0) {
+                    // A new-style `__init__` takes `self` as `value_and_holder`.
+                    // Rewrite it to the proper class type.
+                    signature += rec->scope.attr("__module__").cast<std::string>() + "."
+                                 + rec->scope.attr("__qualname__").cast<std::string>();
+                } else {
+                    std::string tname(t->name());
+                    detail::clean_type_id(tname);
+                    signature += tname;
+                }
+            } else {
+                signature += c;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (arg_index != args - rec->has_args - rec->has_kwargs || types[type_index] != nullptr) {
+            pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (2)");
+        }
+
+        rec->signature = guarded_strdup(signature.c_str());
+        rec->args.shrink_to_fit();
+        rec->nargs = (std::uint16_t) args;
+
+        if (rec->sibling && PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK(rec->sibling.ptr())) {
+            rec->sibling = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION(rec->sibling.ptr());
+        }
+
+        detail::function_record *chain = nullptr, *chain_start = rec;
+        if (rec->sibling) {
+            if (PyCFunction_Check(rec->sibling.ptr())) {
+                auto *self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(rec->sibling.ptr());
+                if (!isinstance<capsule>(self)) {
+                    chain = nullptr;
+                } else {
+                    auto rec_capsule = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(self);
+                    if (detail::is_function_record_capsule(rec_capsule)) {
+                        chain = rec_capsule.get_pointer<detail::function_record>();
+                        /* Never append a method to an overload chain of a parent class;
+                           instead, hide the parent's overloads in this case */
+                        if (!chain->scope.is(rec->scope)) {
+                            chain = nullptr;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        chain = nullptr;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Don't trigger for things like the default __init__, which are wrapper_descriptors
+            // that we are intentionally replacing
+            else if (!rec->sibling.is_none() && rec->name[0] != '_') {
+                pybind11_fail("Cannot overload existing non-function object \""
+                              + std::string(rec->name) + "\" with a function of the same name");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!chain) {
+            /* No existing overload was found, create a new function object */
+            rec->def = new PyMethodDef();
+            std::memset(rec->def, 0, sizeof(PyMethodDef));
+            rec->def->ml_name = rec->name;
+            rec->def->ml_meth
+                = reinterpret_cast<PyCFunction>(reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(dispatcher));
+            rec->def->ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS;
+
+            capsule rec_capsule(unique_rec.release(),
+                                detail::get_function_record_capsule_name(),
+                                [](void *ptr) { destruct((detail::function_record *) ptr); });
+            guarded_strdup.release();
+
+            object scope_module;
+            if (rec->scope) {
+                if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__module__")) {
+                    scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__module__");
+                } else if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__name__")) {
+                    scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__name__");
+                }
+            }
+
+            m_ptr = PyCFunction_NewEx(rec->def, rec_capsule.ptr(), scope_module.ptr());
+            if (!m_ptr) {
+                pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate function object");
+            }
+        } else {
+            /* Append at the beginning or end of the overload chain */
+            m_ptr = rec->sibling.ptr();
+            inc_ref();
+            if (chain->is_method != rec->is_method) {
+                pybind11_fail(
+                    "overloading a method with both static and instance methods is not supported; "
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+                    "#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for more "
+                    "details"
+#else
+                    "error while attempting to bind "
+                    + std::string(rec->is_method ? "instance" : "static") + " method "
+                    + std::string(pybind11::str(rec->scope.attr("__name__"))) + "."
+                    + std::string(rec->name) + signature
+#endif
+                );
+            }
+
+            if (rec->prepend) {
+                // Beginning of chain; we need to replace the capsule's current head-of-the-chain
+                // pointer with this one, then make this one point to the previous head of the
+                // chain.
+                chain_start = rec;
+                rec->next = chain;
+                auto rec_capsule
+                    = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(((PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr)->m_self);
+                rec_capsule.set_pointer(unique_rec.release());
+                guarded_strdup.release();
+            } else {
+                // Or end of chain (normal behavior)
+                chain_start = chain;
+                while (chain->next) {
+                    chain = chain->next;
+                }
+                chain->next = unique_rec.release();
+                guarded_strdup.release();
+            }
+        }
+
+        std::string signatures;
+        int index = 0;
+        /* Create a nice pydoc rec including all signatures and
+           docstrings of the functions in the overload chain */
+        if (chain && options::show_function_signatures()) {
+            // First a generic signature
+            signatures += rec->name;
+            signatures += "(*args, **kwargs)\n";
+            signatures += "Overloaded function.\n\n";
+        }
+        // Then specific overload signatures
+        bool first_user_def = true;
+        for (auto *it = chain_start; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
+            if (options::show_function_signatures()) {
+                if (index > 0) {
+                    signatures += '\n';
+                }
+                if (chain) {
+                    signatures += std::to_string(++index) + ". ";
+                }
+                signatures += rec->name;
+                signatures += it->signature;
+                signatures += '\n';
+            }
+            if (it->doc && it->doc[0] != '\0' && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) {
+                // If we're appending another docstring, and aren't printing function signatures,
+                // we need to append a newline first:
+                if (!options::show_function_signatures()) {
+                    if (first_user_def) {
+                        first_user_def = false;
+                    } else {
+                        signatures += '\n';
+                    }
+                }
+                if (options::show_function_signatures()) {
+                    signatures += '\n';
+                }
+                signatures += it->doc;
+                if (options::show_function_signatures()) {
+                    signatures += '\n';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Install docstring */
+        auto *func = (PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr;
+        std::free(const_cast<char *>(func->m_ml->ml_doc));
+        // Install docstring if it's non-empty (when at least one option is enabled)
+        func->m_ml->ml_doc
+            = signatures.empty() ? nullptr : PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(signatures.c_str());
+
+        if (rec->is_method) {
+            m_ptr = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(m_ptr, rec->scope.ptr());
+            if (!m_ptr) {
+                pybind11_fail(
+                    "cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate instance method object");
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(func);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// When a cpp_function is GCed, release any memory allocated by pybind11
+    static void destruct(detail::function_record *rec, bool free_strings = true) {
+// If on Python 3.9, check the interpreter "MICRO" (patch) version.
+// If this is running on 3.9.0, we have to work around a bug.
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION == 9
+        static bool is_zero = Py_GetVersion()[4] == '0';
+#endif
+
+        while (rec) {
+            detail::function_record *next = rec->next;
+            if (rec->free_data) {
+                rec->free_data(rec);
+            }
+            // During initialization, these strings might not have been copied yet,
+            // so they cannot be freed. Once the function has been created, they can.
+            // Check `make_function_record` for more details.
+            if (free_strings) {
+                std::free((char *) rec->name);
+                std::free((char *) rec->doc);
+                std::free((char *) rec->signature);
+                for (auto &arg : rec->args) {
+                    std::free(const_cast<char *>(arg.name));
+                    std::free(const_cast<char *>(arg.descr));
+                }
+            }
+            for (auto &arg : rec->args) {
+                arg.value.dec_ref();
+            }
+            if (rec->def) {
+                std::free(const_cast<char *>(rec->def->ml_doc));
+// Python 3.9.0 decref's these in the wrong order; rec->def
+// If loaded on 3.9.0, let these leak (use Python 3.9.1 at runtime to fix)
+// See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/22670
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION == 9
+                if (!is_zero) {
+                    delete rec->def;
+                }
+#else
+                delete rec->def;
+#endif
+            }
+            delete rec;
+            rec = next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Main dispatch logic for calls to functions bound using pybind11
+    static PyObject *dispatcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *args_in, PyObject *kwargs_in) {
+        using namespace detail;
+        assert(isinstance<capsule>(self));
+
+        /* Iterator over the list of potentially admissible overloads */
+        const function_record *overloads = reinterpret_cast<function_record *>(
+                                  PyCapsule_GetPointer(self, get_function_record_capsule_name())),
+                              *it = overloads;
+        assert(overloads != nullptr);
+
+        /* Need to know how many arguments + keyword arguments there are to pick the right
+           overload */
+        const auto n_args_in = (size_t) PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args_in);
+
+        handle parent = n_args_in > 0 ? PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0) : nullptr,
+               result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
+
+        auto self_value_and_holder = value_and_holder();
+        if (overloads->is_constructor) {
+            if (!parent
+                || !PyObject_TypeCheck(parent.ptr(), (PyTypeObject *) overloads->scope.ptr())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(
+                    PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "__init__(self, ...) called with invalid or missing `self` argument");
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            auto *const tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) overloads->scope.ptr());
+            auto *const pi = reinterpret_cast<instance *>(parent.ptr());
+            self_value_and_holder = pi->get_value_and_holder(tinfo, true);
+
+            // If this value is already registered it must mean __init__ is invoked multiple times;
+            // we really can't support that in C++, so just ignore the second __init__.
+            if (self_value_and_holder.instance_registered()) {
+                return none().release().ptr();
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // We do this in two passes: in the first pass, we load arguments with `convert=false`;
+            // in the second, we allow conversion (except for arguments with an explicit
+            // py::arg().noconvert()).  This lets us prefer calls without conversion, with
+            // conversion as a fallback.
+            std::vector<function_call> second_pass;
+
+            // However, if there are no overloads, we can just skip the no-convert pass entirely
+            const bool overloaded = it != nullptr && it->next != nullptr;
+
+            for (; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
+
+                /* For each overload:
+                   1. Copy all positional arguments we were given, also checking to make sure that
+                      named positional arguments weren't *also* specified via kwarg.
+                   2. If we weren't given enough, try to make up the omitted ones by checking
+                      whether they were provided by a kwarg matching the `py::arg("name")` name. If
+                      so, use it (and remove it from kwargs); if not, see if the function binding
+                      provided a default that we can use.
+                   3. Ensure that either all keyword arguments were "consumed", or that the
+                   function takes a kwargs argument to accept unconsumed kwargs.
+                   4. Any positional arguments still left get put into a tuple (for args), and any
+                      leftover kwargs get put into a dict.
+                   5. Pack everything into a vector; if we have py::args or py::kwargs, they are an
+                      extra tuple or dict at the end of the positional arguments.
+                   6. Call the function call dispatcher (function_record::impl)
+
+                   If one of these fail, move on to the next overload and keep trying until we get
+                   a result other than PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD.
+                 */
+
+                const function_record &func = *it;
+                size_t num_args = func.nargs; // Number of positional arguments that we need
+                if (func.has_args) {
+                    --num_args; // (but don't count py::args
+                }
+                if (func.has_kwargs) {
+                    --num_args; //  or py::kwargs)
+                }
+                size_t pos_args = func.nargs_pos;
+
+                if (!func.has_args && n_args_in > pos_args) {
+                    continue; // Too many positional arguments for this overload
+                }
+
+                if (n_args_in < pos_args && func.args.size() < pos_args) {
+                    continue; // Not enough positional arguments given, and not enough defaults to
+                              // fill in the blanks
+                }
+
+                function_call call(func, parent);
+
+                // Protect std::min with parentheses
+                size_t args_to_copy = (std::min)(pos_args, n_args_in);
+                size_t args_copied = 0;
+
+                // 0. Inject new-style `self` argument
+                if (func.is_new_style_constructor) {
+                    // The `value` may have been preallocated by an old-style `__init__`
+                    // if it was a preceding candidate for overload resolution.
+                    if (self_value_and_holder) {
+                        self_value_and_holder.type->dealloc(self_value_and_holder);
+                    }
+
+                    call.init_self = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0);
+                    call.args.emplace_back(reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(&self_value_and_holder));
+                    call.args_convert.push_back(false);
+                    ++args_copied;
+                }
+
+                // 1. Copy any position arguments given.
+                bool bad_arg = false;
+                for (; args_copied < args_to_copy; ++args_copied) {
+                    const argument_record *arg_rec
+                        = args_copied < func.args.size() ? &func.args[args_copied] : nullptr;
+                    if (kwargs_in && arg_rec && arg_rec->name
+                        && dict_getitemstring(kwargs_in, arg_rec->name)) {
+                        bad_arg = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    handle arg(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied));
+                    if (arg_rec && !arg_rec->none && arg.is_none()) {
+                        bad_arg = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    call.args.push_back(arg);
+                    call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec ? arg_rec->convert : true);
+                }
+                if (bad_arg) {
+                    continue; // Maybe it was meant for another overload (issue #688)
+                }
+
+                // Keep track of how many position args we copied out in case we need to come back
+                // to copy the rest into a py::args argument.
+                size_t positional_args_copied = args_copied;
+
+                // We'll need to copy this if we steal some kwargs for defaults
+                dict kwargs = reinterpret_borrow<dict>(kwargs_in);
+
+                // 1.5. Fill in any missing pos_only args from defaults if they exist
+                if (args_copied < func.nargs_pos_only) {
+                    for (; args_copied < func.nargs_pos_only; ++args_copied) {
+                        const auto &arg_rec = func.args[args_copied];
+                        handle value;
+
+                        if (arg_rec.value) {
+                            value = arg_rec.value;
+                        }
+                        if (value) {
+                            call.args.push_back(value);
+                            call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec.convert);
+                        } else {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (args_copied < func.nargs_pos_only) {
+                        continue; // Not enough defaults to fill the positional arguments
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // 2. Check kwargs and, failing that, defaults that may help complete the list
+                if (args_copied < num_args) {
+                    bool copied_kwargs = false;
+
+                    for (; args_copied < num_args; ++args_copied) {
+                        const auto &arg_rec = func.args[args_copied];
+
+                        handle value;
+                        if (kwargs_in && arg_rec.name) {
+                            value = dict_getitemstring(kwargs.ptr(), arg_rec.name);
+                        }
+
+                        if (value) {
+                            // Consume a kwargs value
+                            if (!copied_kwargs) {
+                                kwargs = reinterpret_steal<dict>(PyDict_Copy(kwargs.ptr()));
+                                copied_kwargs = true;
+                            }
+                            if (PyDict_DelItemString(kwargs.ptr(), arg_rec.name) == -1) {
+                                throw error_already_set();
+                            }
+                        } else if (arg_rec.value) {
+                            value = arg_rec.value;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!arg_rec.none && value.is_none()) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (value) {
+                            // If we're at the py::args index then first insert a stub for it to be
+                            // replaced later
+                            if (func.has_args && call.args.size() == func.nargs_pos) {
+                                call.args.push_back(none());
+                            }
+
+                            call.args.push_back(value);
+                            call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec.convert);
+                        } else {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (args_copied < num_args) {
+                        continue; // Not enough arguments, defaults, or kwargs to fill the
+                                  // positional arguments
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // 3. Check everything was consumed (unless we have a kwargs arg)
+                if (kwargs && !kwargs.empty() && !func.has_kwargs) {
+                    continue; // Unconsumed kwargs, but no py::kwargs argument to accept them
+                }
+
+                // 4a. If we have a py::args argument, create a new tuple with leftovers
+                if (func.has_args) {
+                    tuple extra_args;
+                    if (args_to_copy == 0) {
+                        // We didn't copy out any position arguments from the args_in tuple, so we
+                        // can reuse it directly without copying:
+                        extra_args = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(args_in);
+                    } else if (positional_args_copied >= n_args_in) {
+                        extra_args = tuple(0);
+                    } else {
+                        size_t args_size = n_args_in - positional_args_copied;
+                        extra_args = tuple(args_size);
+                        for (size_t i = 0; i < args_size; ++i) {
+                            extra_args[i] = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, positional_args_copied + i);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (call.args.size() <= func.nargs_pos) {
+                        call.args.push_back(extra_args);
+                    } else {
+                        call.args[func.nargs_pos] = extra_args;
+                    }
+                    call.args_convert.push_back(false);
+                    call.args_ref = std::move(extra_args);
+                }
+
+                // 4b. If we have a py::kwargs, pass on any remaining kwargs
+                if (func.has_kwargs) {
+                    if (!kwargs.ptr()) {
+                        kwargs = dict(); // If we didn't get one, send an empty one
+                    }
+                    call.args.push_back(kwargs);
+                    call.args_convert.push_back(false);
+                    call.kwargs_ref = std::move(kwargs);
+                }
+
+// 5. Put everything in a vector.  Not technically step 5, we've been building it
+// in `call.args` all along.
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+                if (call.args.size() != func.nargs || call.args_convert.size() != func.nargs) {
+                    pybind11_fail("Internal error: function call dispatcher inserted wrong number "
+                                  "of arguments!");
+                }
+#endif
+
+                std::vector<bool> second_pass_convert;
+                if (overloaded) {
+                    // We're in the first no-convert pass, so swap out the conversion flags for a
+                    // set of all-false flags.  If the call fails, we'll swap the flags back in for
+                    // the conversion-allowed call below.
+                    second_pass_convert.resize(func.nargs, false);
+                    call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert);
+                }
+
+                // 6. Call the function.
+                try {
+                    loader_life_support guard{};
+                    result = func.impl(call);
+                } catch (reference_cast_error &) {
+                    result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
+                }
+
+                if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (overloaded) {
+                    // The (overloaded) call failed; if the call has at least one argument that
+                    // permits conversion (i.e. it hasn't been explicitly specified `.noconvert()`)
+                    // then add this call to the list of second pass overloads to try.
+                    for (size_t i = func.is_method ? 1 : 0; i < pos_args; i++) {
+                        if (second_pass_convert[i]) {
+                            // Found one: swap the converting flags back in and store the call for
+                            // the second pass.
+                            call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert);
+                            second_pass.push_back(std::move(call));
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (overloaded && !second_pass.empty() && result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
+                // The no-conversion pass finished without success, try again with conversion
+                // allowed
+                for (auto &call : second_pass) {
+                    try {
+                        loader_life_support guard{};
+                        result = call.func.impl(call);
+                    } catch (reference_cast_error &) {
+                        result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
+                    }
+
+                    if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
+                        // The error reporting logic below expects 'it' to be valid, as it would be
+                        // if we'd encountered this failure in the first-pass loop.
+                        if (!result) {
+                            it = &call.func;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (error_already_set &e) {
+            e.restore();
+            return nullptr;
+#ifdef __GLIBCXX__
+        } catch (abi::__forced_unwind &) {
+            throw;
+#endif
+        } catch (...) {
+            /* When an exception is caught, give each registered exception
+               translator a chance to translate it to a Python exception. First
+               all module-local translators will be tried in reverse order of
+               registration. If none of the module-locale translators handle
+               the exception (or there are no module-locale translators) then
+               the global translators will be tried, also in reverse order of
+               registration.
+
+               A translator may choose to do one of the following:
+
+                - catch the exception and call PyErr_SetString or PyErr_SetObject
+                  to set a standard (or custom) Python exception, or
+                - do nothing and let the exception fall through to the next translator, or
+                - delegate translation to the next translator by throwing a new type of exception.
+             */
+
+            auto &local_exception_translators
+                = get_local_internals().registered_exception_translators;
+            if (detail::apply_exception_translators(local_exception_translators)) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            auto &exception_translators = get_internals().registered_exception_translators;
+            if (detail::apply_exception_translators(exception_translators)) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+                            "Exception escaped from default exception translator!");
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        auto append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected = [](std::string &msg) {
+            if (msg.find("std::") != std::string::npos) {
+                msg += "\n\n"
+                       "Did you forget to `#include <pybind11/stl.h>`? Or <pybind11/complex.h>,\n"
+                       "<pybind11/functional.h>, <pybind11/chrono.h>, etc. Some automatic\n"
+                       "conversions are optional and require extra headers to be included\n"
+                       "when compiling your pybind11 module.";
+            }
+        };
+
+        if (result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
+            if (overloads->is_operator) {
+                return handle(Py_NotImplemented).inc_ref().ptr();
+            }
+
+            std::string msg = std::string(overloads->name) + "(): incompatible "
+                              + std::string(overloads->is_constructor ? "constructor" : "function")
+                              + " arguments. The following argument types are supported:\n";
+
+            int ctr = 0;
+            for (const function_record *it2 = overloads; it2 != nullptr; it2 = it2->next) {
+                msg += "    " + std::to_string(++ctr) + ". ";
+
+                bool wrote_sig = false;
+                if (overloads->is_constructor) {
+                    // For a constructor, rewrite `(self: Object, arg0, ...) -> NoneType` as
+                    // `Object(arg0, ...)`
+                    std::string sig = it2->signature;
+                    size_t start = sig.find('(') + 7; // skip "(self: "
+                    if (start < sig.size()) {
+                        // End at the , for the next argument
+                        size_t end = sig.find(", "), next = end + 2;
+                        size_t ret = sig.rfind(" -> ");
+                        // Or the ), if there is no comma:
+                        if (end >= sig.size()) {
+                            next = end = sig.find(')');
+                        }
+                        if (start < end && next < sig.size()) {
+                            msg.append(sig, start, end - start);
+                            msg += '(';
+                            msg.append(sig, next, ret - next);
+                            wrote_sig = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!wrote_sig) {
+                    msg += it2->signature;
+                }
+
+                msg += '\n';
+            }
+            msg += "\nInvoked with: ";
+            auto args_ = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(args_in);
+            bool some_args = false;
+            for (size_t ti = overloads->is_constructor ? 1 : 0; ti < args_.size(); ++ti) {
+                if (!some_args) {
+                    some_args = true;
+                } else {
+                    msg += ", ";
+                }
+                try {
+                    msg += pybind11::repr(args_[ti]);
+                } catch (const error_already_set &) {
+                    msg += "<repr raised Error>";
+                }
+            }
+            if (kwargs_in) {
+                auto kwargs = reinterpret_borrow<dict>(kwargs_in);
+                if (!kwargs.empty()) {
+                    if (some_args) {
+                        msg += "; ";
+                    }
+                    msg += "kwargs: ";
+                    bool first = true;
+                    for (auto kwarg : kwargs) {
+                        if (first) {
+                            first = false;
+                        } else {
+                            msg += ", ";
+                        }
+                        msg += pybind11::str("{}=").format(kwarg.first);
+                        try {
+                            msg += pybind11::repr(kwarg.second);
+                        } catch (const error_already_set &) {
+                            msg += "<repr raised Error>";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg);
+            // Attach additional error info to the exception if supported
+            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+                // #HelpAppreciated: unit test coverage for this branch.
+                raise_from(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (!result) {
+            std::string msg = "Unable to convert function return value to a "
+                              "Python type! The signature was\n\t";
+            msg += it->signature;
+            append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg);
+            // Attach additional error info to the exception if supported
+            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+                raise_from(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (overloads->is_constructor && !self_value_and_holder.holder_constructed()) {
+            auto *pi = reinterpret_cast<instance *>(parent.ptr());
+            self_value_and_holder.type->init_instance(pi, nullptr);
+        }
+        return result.ptr();
+    }
+};
+
+/// Wrapper for Python extension modules
+class module_ : public object {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(module_, object, PyModule_Check)
+
+    /// Create a new top-level Python module with the given name and docstring
+    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use PYBIND11_MODULE or module_::create_extension_module instead")
+    explicit module_(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+        *this = create_extension_module(name, doc, new PyModuleDef());
+    }
+
+    /** \rst
+        Create Python binding for a new function within the module scope. ``Func``
+        can be a plain C++ function, a function pointer, or a lambda function. For
+        details on the ``Extra&& ... extra`` argument, see section :ref:`extras`.
+    \endrst */
+    template <typename Func, typename... Extra>
+    module_ &def(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cpp_function func(std::forward<Func>(f),
+                          name(name_),
+                          scope(*this),
+                          sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())),
+                          extra...);
+        // NB: allow overwriting here because cpp_function sets up a chain with the intention of
+        // overwriting (and has already checked internally that it isn't overwriting
+        // non-functions).
+        add_object(name_, func, true /* overwrite */);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /** \rst
+        Create and return a new Python submodule with the given name and docstring.
+        This also works recursively, i.e.
+
+        .. code-block:: cpp
+
+            py::module_ m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+            py::module_ m2 = m.def_submodule("sub", "A submodule of 'example'");
+            py::module_ m3 = m2.def_submodule("subsub", "A submodule of 'example.sub'");
+    \endrst */
+    module_ def_submodule(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+        const char *this_name = PyModule_GetName(m_ptr);
+        if (this_name == nullptr) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        std::string full_name = std::string(this_name) + '.' + name;
+        handle submodule = PyImport_AddModule(full_name.c_str());
+        if (!submodule) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        auto result = reinterpret_borrow<module_>(submodule);
+        if (doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) {
+            result.attr("__doc__") = pybind11::str(doc);
+        }
+        attr(name) = result;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /// Import and return a module or throws `error_already_set`.
+    static module_ import(const char *name) {
+        PyObject *obj = PyImport_ImportModule(name);
+        if (!obj) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        return reinterpret_steal<module_>(obj);
+    }
+
+    /// Reload the module or throws `error_already_set`.
+    void reload() {
+        PyObject *obj = PyImport_ReloadModule(ptr());
+        if (!obj) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        *this = reinterpret_steal<module_>(obj);
+    }
+
+    /** \rst
+        Adds an object to the module using the given name.  Throws if an object with the given name
+        already exists.
+
+        ``overwrite`` should almost always be false: attempting to overwrite objects that pybind11
+        has established will, in most cases, break things.
+    \endrst */
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_object(const char *name, handle obj, bool overwrite = false) {
+        if (!overwrite && hasattr(*this, name)) {
+            pybind11_fail(
+                "Error during initialization: multiple incompatible definitions with name \""
+                + std::string(name) + "\"");
+        }
+
+        PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, obj.inc_ref().ptr() /* steals a reference */);
+    }
+
+    using module_def = PyModuleDef; // TODO: Can this be removed (it was needed only for Python 2)?
+
+    /** \rst
+        Create a new top-level module that can be used as the main module of a C extension.
+
+        ``def`` should point to a statically allocated module_def.
+    \endrst */
+    static module_ create_extension_module(const char *name, const char *doc, module_def *def) {
+        // module_def is PyModuleDef
+        // Placement new (not an allocation).
+        def = new (def)
+            PyModuleDef{/* m_base */ PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+                        /* m_name */ name,
+                        /* m_doc */ options::show_user_defined_docstrings() ? doc : nullptr,
+                        /* m_size */ -1,
+                        /* m_methods */ nullptr,
+                        /* m_slots */ nullptr,
+                        /* m_traverse */ nullptr,
+                        /* m_clear */ nullptr,
+                        /* m_free */ nullptr};
+        auto *m = PyModule_Create(def);
+        if (m == nullptr) {
+            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+                throw error_already_set();
+            }
+            pybind11_fail("Internal error in module_::create_extension_module()");
+        }
+        // TODO: Should be reinterpret_steal for Python 3, but Python also steals it again when
+        //       returned from PyInit_...
+        //       For Python 2, reinterpret_borrow was correct.
+        return reinterpret_borrow<module_>(m);
+    }
+};
+
+// When inside a namespace (or anywhere as long as it's not the first item on a line),
+// C++20 allows "module" to be used. This is provided for backward compatibility, and for
+// simplicity, if someone wants to use py::module for example, that is perfectly safe.
+using module = module_;
+
+/// \ingroup python_builtins
+/// Return a dictionary representing the global variables in the current execution frame,
+/// or ``__main__.__dict__`` if there is no frame (usually when the interpreter is embedded).
+inline dict globals() {
+    PyObject *p = PyEval_GetGlobals();
+    return reinterpret_borrow<dict>(p ? p : module_::import("__main__").attr("__dict__").ptr());
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename = detail::enable_if_t<args_are_all_keyword_or_ds<Args...>()>>
+PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("make_simple_namespace should be replaced with "
+                    "py::module_::import(\"types\").attr(\"SimpleNamespace\") ")
+object make_simple_namespace(Args &&...args_) {
+    return module_::import("types").attr("SimpleNamespace")(std::forward<Args>(args_)...);
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+/// Generic support for creating new Python heap types
+class generic_type : public object {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(generic_type, object, PyType_Check)
+protected:
+    void initialize(const type_record &rec) {
+        if (rec.scope && hasattr(rec.scope, "__dict__")
+            && rec.scope.attr("__dict__").contains(rec.name)) {
+            pybind11_fail("generic_type: cannot initialize type \"" + std::string(rec.name)
+                          + "\": an object with that name is already defined");
+        }
+
+        if ((rec.module_local ? get_local_type_info(*rec.type) : get_global_type_info(*rec.type))
+            != nullptr) {
+            pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(rec.name)
+                          + "\" is already registered!");
+        }
+
+        m_ptr = make_new_python_type(rec);
+
+        /* Register supplemental type information in C++ dict */
+        auto *tinfo = new detail::type_info();
+        tinfo->type = (PyTypeObject *) m_ptr;
+        tinfo->cpptype = rec.type;
+        tinfo->type_size = rec.type_size;
+        tinfo->type_align = rec.type_align;
+        tinfo->operator_new = rec.operator_new;
+        tinfo->holder_size_in_ptrs = size_in_ptrs(rec.holder_size);
+        tinfo->init_instance = rec.init_instance;
+        tinfo->dealloc = rec.dealloc;
+        tinfo->simple_type = true;
+        tinfo->simple_ancestors = true;
+        tinfo->default_holder = rec.default_holder;
+        tinfo->module_local = rec.module_local;
+
+        auto &internals = get_internals();
+        auto tindex = std::type_index(*rec.type);
+        tinfo->direct_conversions = &internals.direct_conversions[tindex];
+        if (rec.module_local) {
+            get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo;
+        } else {
+            internals.registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo;
+        }
+        internals.registered_types_py[(PyTypeObject *) m_ptr] = {tinfo};
+
+        if (rec.bases.size() > 1 || rec.multiple_inheritance) {
+            mark_parents_nonsimple(tinfo->type);
+            tinfo->simple_ancestors = false;
+        } else if (rec.bases.size() == 1) {
+            auto *parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) rec.bases[0].ptr());
+            assert(parent_tinfo != nullptr);
+            bool parent_simple_ancestors = parent_tinfo->simple_ancestors;
+            tinfo->simple_ancestors = parent_simple_ancestors;
+            // The parent can no longer be a simple type if it has MI and has a child
+            parent_tinfo->simple_type = parent_tinfo->simple_type && parent_simple_ancestors;
+        }
+
+        if (rec.module_local) {
+            // Stash the local typeinfo and loader so that external modules can access it.
+            tinfo->module_local_load = &type_caster_generic::local_load;
+            setattr(m_ptr, PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID, capsule(tinfo));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Helper function which tags all parents of a type using mult. inheritance
+    void mark_parents_nonsimple(PyTypeObject *value) {
+        auto t = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(value->tp_bases);
+        for (handle h : t) {
+            auto *tinfo2 = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr());
+            if (tinfo2) {
+                tinfo2->simple_type = false;
+            }
+            mark_parents_nonsimple((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void install_buffer_funcs(buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *),
+                              void *get_buffer_data) {
+        auto *type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) m_ptr;
+        auto *tinfo = detail::get_type_info(&type->ht_type);
+
+        if (!type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer) {
+            pybind11_fail("To be able to register buffer protocol support for the type '"
+                          + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(tinfo->type)
+                          + "' the associated class<>(..) invocation must "
+                            "include the pybind11::buffer_protocol() annotation!");
+        }
+
+        tinfo->get_buffer = get_buffer;
+        tinfo->get_buffer_data = get_buffer_data;
+    }
+
+    // rec_func must be set for either fget or fset.
+    void def_property_static_impl(const char *name,
+                                  handle fget,
+                                  handle fset,
+                                  detail::function_record *rec_func) {
+        const auto is_static = (rec_func != nullptr) && !(rec_func->is_method && rec_func->scope);
+        const auto has_doc = (rec_func != nullptr) && (rec_func->doc != nullptr)
+                             && pybind11::options::show_user_defined_docstrings();
+        auto property = handle(
+            (PyObject *) (is_static ? get_internals().static_property_type : &PyProperty_Type));
+        attr(name) = property(fget.ptr() ? fget : none(),
+                              fset.ptr() ? fset : none(),
+                              /*deleter*/ none(),
+                              pybind11::str(has_doc ? rec_func->doc : ""));
+    }
+};
+
+/// Set the pointer to operator new if it exists. The cast is needed because it can be overloaded.
+template <typename T,
+          typename = void_t<decltype(static_cast<void *(*) (size_t)>(T::operator new))>>
+void set_operator_new(type_record *r) {
+    r->operator_new = &T::operator new;
+}
+
+template <typename>
+void set_operator_new(...) {}
+
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct has_operator_delete : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_operator_delete<T, void_t<decltype(static_cast<void (*)(void *)>(T::operator delete))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct has_operator_delete_size : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_operator_delete_size<
+    T,
+    void_t<decltype(static_cast<void (*)(void *, size_t)>(T::operator delete))>> : std::true_type {
+};
+/// Call class-specific delete if it exists or global otherwise. Can also be an overload set.
+template <typename T, enable_if_t<has_operator_delete<T>::value, int> = 0>
+void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t, size_t) {
+    T::operator delete(p);
+}
+template <typename T,
+          enable_if_t<!has_operator_delete<T>::value && has_operator_delete_size<T>::value, int>
+          = 0>
+void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t s, size_t) {
+    T::operator delete(p, s);
+}
+
+inline void call_operator_delete(void *p, size_t s, size_t a) {
+    (void) s;
+    (void) a;
+#if defined(__cpp_aligned_new) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1912)
+    if (a > __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__) {
+#    ifdef __cpp_sized_deallocation
+        ::operator delete(p, s, std::align_val_t(a));
+#    else
+        ::operator delete(p, std::align_val_t(a));
+#    endif
+        return;
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef __cpp_sized_deallocation
+    ::operator delete(p, s);
+#else
+    ::operator delete(p);
+#endif
+}
+
+inline void add_class_method(object &cls, const char *name_, const cpp_function &cf) {
+    cls.attr(cf.name()) = cf;
+    if (std::strcmp(name_, "__eq__") == 0 && !cls.attr("__dict__").contains("__hash__")) {
+        cls.attr("__hash__") = none();
+    }
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Given a pointer to a member function, cast it to its `Derived` version.
+/// Forward everything else unchanged.
+template <typename /*Derived*/, typename F>
+auto method_adaptor(F &&f) -> decltype(std::forward<F>(f)) {
+    return std::forward<F>(f);
+}
+
+template <typename Derived, typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
+auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...)) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) {
+    static_assert(
+        detail::is_accessible_base_of<Class, Derived>::value,
+        "Cannot bind an inaccessible base class method; use a lambda definition instead");
+    return pmf;
+}
+
+template <typename Derived, typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
+auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) const {
+    static_assert(
+        detail::is_accessible_base_of<Class, Derived>::value,
+        "Cannot bind an inaccessible base class method; use a lambda definition instead");
+    return pmf;
+}
+
+template <typename type_, typename... options>
+class class_ : public detail::generic_type {
+    template <typename T>
+    using is_holder = detail::is_holder_type<type_, T>;
+    template <typename T>
+    using is_subtype = detail::is_strict_base_of<type_, T>;
+    template <typename T>
+    using is_base = detail::is_strict_base_of<T, type_>;
+    // struct instead of using here to help MSVC:
+    template <typename T>
+    struct is_valid_class_option : detail::any_of<is_holder<T>, is_subtype<T>, is_base<T>> {};
+
+public:
+    using type = type_;
+    using type_alias = detail::exactly_one_t<is_subtype, void, options...>;
+    constexpr static bool has_alias = !std::is_void<type_alias>::value;
+    using holder_type = detail::exactly_one_t<is_holder, std::unique_ptr<type>, options...>;
+
+    static_assert(detail::all_of<is_valid_class_option<options>...>::value,
+                  "Unknown/invalid class_ template parameters provided");
+
+    static_assert(!has_alias || std::is_polymorphic<type>::value,
+                  "Cannot use an alias class with a non-polymorphic type");
+
+    PYBIND11_OBJECT(class_, generic_type, PyType_Check)
+
+    template <typename... Extra>
+    class_(handle scope, const char *name, const Extra &...extra) {
+        using namespace detail;
+
+        // MI can only be specified via class_ template options, not constructor parameters
+        static_assert(
+            none_of<is_pyobject<Extra>...>::value || // no base class arguments, or:
+                (constexpr_sum(is_pyobject<Extra>::value...) == 1 && // Exactly one base
+                 constexpr_sum(is_base<options>::value...) == 0 &&   // no template option bases
+                 // no multiple_inheritance attr
+                 none_of<std::is_same<multiple_inheritance, Extra>...>::value),
+            "Error: multiple inheritance bases must be specified via class_ template options");
+
+        type_record record;
+        record.scope = scope;
+        record.name = name;
+        record.type = &typeid(type);
+        record.type_size = sizeof(conditional_t<has_alias, type_alias, type>);
+        record.type_align = alignof(conditional_t<has_alias, type_alias, type> &);
+        record.holder_size = sizeof(holder_type);
+        record.init_instance = init_instance;
+        record.dealloc = dealloc;
+        record.default_holder = detail::is_instantiation<std::unique_ptr, holder_type>::value;
+
+        set_operator_new<type>(&record);
+
+        /* Register base classes specified via template arguments to class_, if any */
+        PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(add_base<options>(record));
+
+        /* Process optional arguments, if any */
+        process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., &record);
+
+        generic_type::initialize(record);
+
+        if (has_alias) {
+            auto &instances = record.module_local ? get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp
+                                                  : get_internals().registered_types_cpp;
+            instances[std::type_index(typeid(type_alias))]
+                = instances[std::type_index(typeid(type))];
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Base, detail::enable_if_t<is_base<Base>::value, int> = 0>
+    static void add_base(detail::type_record &rec) {
+        rec.add_base(typeid(Base), [](void *src) -> void * {
+            return static_cast<Base *>(reinterpret_cast<type *>(src));
+        });
+    }
+
+    template <typename Base, detail::enable_if_t<!is_base<Base>::value, int> = 0>
+    static void add_base(detail::type_record &) {}
+
+    template <typename Func, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cpp_function cf(method_adaptor<type>(std::forward<Func>(f)),
+                        name(name_),
+                        is_method(*this),
+                        sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())),
+                        extra...);
+        add_class_method(*this, name_, cf);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_static(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra &...extra) {
+        static_assert(!std::is_member_function_pointer<Func>::value,
+                      "def_static(...) called with a non-static member function pointer");
+        cpp_function cf(std::forward<Func>(f),
+                        name(name_),
+                        scope(*this),
+                        sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())),
+                        extra...);
+        auto cf_name = cf.name();
+        attr(std::move(cf_name)) = staticmethod(std::move(cf));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename... Extra, detail::enable_if_t<T::op_enable_if_hook, int> = 0>
+    class_ &def(const T &op, const Extra &...extra) {
+        op.execute(*this, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename... Extra, detail::enable_if_t<T::op_enable_if_hook, int> = 0>
+    class_ &def_cast(const T &op, const Extra &...extra) {
+        op.execute_cast(*this, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::constructor<Args...> &init, const Extra &...extra) {
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(init);
+        init.execute(*this, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::alias_constructor<Args...> &init, const Extra &...extra) {
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(init);
+        init.execute(*this, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def(detail::initimpl::factory<Args...> &&init, const Extra &...extra) {
+        std::move(init).execute(*this, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def(detail::initimpl::pickle_factory<Args...> &&pf, const Extra &...extra) {
+        std::move(pf).execute(*this, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func>
+    class_ &def_buffer(Func &&func) {
+        struct capture {
+            Func func;
+        };
+        auto *ptr = new capture{std::forward<Func>(func)};
+        install_buffer_funcs(
+            [](PyObject *obj, void *ptr) -> buffer_info * {
+                detail::make_caster<type> caster;
+                if (!caster.load(obj, false)) {
+                    return nullptr;
+                }
+                return new buffer_info(((capture *) ptr)->func(std::move(caster)));
+            },
+            ptr);
+        weakref(m_ptr, cpp_function([ptr](handle wr) {
+                    delete ptr;
+                    wr.dec_ref();
+                }))
+            .release();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
+    class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...)) {
+        return def_buffer([func](type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); });
+    }
+
+    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
+    class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...) const) {
+        return def_buffer([func](const type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); });
+    }
+
+    template <typename C, typename D, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_readwrite(const char *name, D C::*pm, const Extra &...extra) {
+        static_assert(std::is_same<C, type>::value || std::is_base_of<C, type>::value,
+                      "def_readwrite() requires a class member (or base class member)");
+        cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D & { return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)),
+            fset([pm](type &c, const D &value) { c.*pm = value; }, is_method(*this));
+        def_property(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename C, typename D, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_readonly(const char *name, const D C::*pm, const Extra &...extra) {
+        static_assert(std::is_same<C, type>::value || std::is_base_of<C, type>::value,
+                      "def_readonly() requires a class member (or base class member)");
+        cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D & { return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this));
+        def_property_readonly(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename D, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_readwrite_static(const char *name, D *pm, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cpp_function fget([pm](const object &) -> const D & { return *pm; }, scope(*this)),
+            fset([pm](const object &, const D &value) { *pm = value; }, scope(*this));
+        def_property_static(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename D, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_readonly_static(const char *name, const D *pm, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cpp_function fget([pm](const object &) -> const D & { return *pm; }, scope(*this));
+        def_property_readonly_static(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default
+    template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property_readonly(name,
+                                     cpp_function(method_adaptor<type>(fget)),
+                                     return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+                                     extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
+    template <typename... Extra>
+    class_ &
+    def_property_readonly(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property(name, fget, nullptr, extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default
+    template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &
+    def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property_readonly_static(
+            name, cpp_function(fget), return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
+    template <typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name,
+                                         const cpp_function &fget,
+                                         const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property_static(name, fget, nullptr, extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default
+    template <typename Getter, typename Setter, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &
+    def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Setter &fset, const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property(
+            name, fget, cpp_function(method_adaptor<type>(fset), is_setter()), extra...);
+    }
+    template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_property(const char *name,
+                         const Getter &fget,
+                         const cpp_function &fset,
+                         const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property(name,
+                            cpp_function(method_adaptor<type>(fget)),
+                            fset,
+                            return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+                            extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
+    template <typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_property(const char *name,
+                         const cpp_function &fget,
+                         const cpp_function &fset,
+                         const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property_static(name, fget, fset, is_method(*this), extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default
+    template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_property_static(const char *name,
+                                const Getter &fget,
+                                const cpp_function &fset,
+                                const Extra &...extra) {
+        return def_property_static(
+            name, cpp_function(fget), fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
+    }
+
+    /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
+    template <typename... Extra>
+    class_ &def_property_static(const char *name,
+                                const cpp_function &fget,
+                                const cpp_function &fset,
+                                const Extra &...extra) {
+        static_assert(0 == detail::constexpr_sum(std::is_base_of<arg, Extra>::value...),
+                      "Argument annotations are not allowed for properties");
+        auto rec_fget = get_function_record(fget), rec_fset = get_function_record(fset);
+        auto *rec_active = rec_fget;
+        if (rec_fget) {
+            char *doc_prev = rec_fget->doc; /* 'extra' field may include a property-specific
+                                               documentation string */
+            detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec_fget);
+            if (rec_fget->doc && rec_fget->doc != doc_prev) {
+                std::free(doc_prev);
+                rec_fget->doc = PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(rec_fget->doc);
+            }
+        }
+        if (rec_fset) {
+            char *doc_prev = rec_fset->doc;
+            detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec_fset);
+            if (rec_fset->doc && rec_fset->doc != doc_prev) {
+                std::free(doc_prev);
+                rec_fset->doc = PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(rec_fset->doc);
+            }
+            if (!rec_active) {
+                rec_active = rec_fset;
+            }
+        }
+        def_property_static_impl(name, fget, fset, rec_active);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+private:
+    /// Initialize holder object, variant 1: object derives from enable_shared_from_this
+    template <typename T>
+    static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst,
+                            detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
+                            const holder_type * /* unused */,
+                            const std::enable_shared_from_this<T> * /* dummy */) {
+
+        auto sh = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<typename holder_type::element_type>(
+            detail::try_get_shared_from_this(v_h.value_ptr<type>()));
+        if (sh) {
+            new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(std::move(sh));
+            v_h.set_holder_constructed();
+        }
+
+        if (!v_h.holder_constructed() && inst->owned) {
+            new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr<type>());
+            v_h.set_holder_constructed();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
+                                          const holder_type *holder_ptr,
+                                          std::true_type /*is_copy_constructible*/) {
+        new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>()))
+            holder_type(*reinterpret_cast<const holder_type *>(holder_ptr));
+    }
+
+    static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
+                                          const holder_type *holder_ptr,
+                                          std::false_type /*is_copy_constructible*/) {
+        new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>()))
+            holder_type(std::move(*const_cast<holder_type *>(holder_ptr)));
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize holder object, variant 2: try to construct from existing holder object, if
+    /// possible
+    static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst,
+                            detail::value_and_holder &v_h,
+                            const holder_type *holder_ptr,
+                            const void * /* dummy -- not enable_shared_from_this<T>) */) {
+        if (holder_ptr) {
+            init_holder_from_existing(v_h, holder_ptr, std::is_copy_constructible<holder_type>());
+            v_h.set_holder_constructed();
+        } else if (detail::always_construct_holder<holder_type>::value || inst->owned) {
+            new (std::addressof(v_h.holder<holder_type>())) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr<type>());
+            v_h.set_holder_constructed();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Performs instance initialization including constructing a holder and registering the known
+    /// instance.  Should be called as soon as the `type` value_ptr is set for an instance.  Takes
+    /// an optional pointer to an existing holder to use; if not specified and the instance is
+    /// `.owned`, a new holder will be constructed to manage the value pointer.
+    static void init_instance(detail::instance *inst, const void *holder_ptr) {
+        auto v_h = inst->get_value_and_holder(detail::get_type_info(typeid(type)));
+        if (!v_h.instance_registered()) {
+            register_instance(inst, v_h.value_ptr(), v_h.type);
+            v_h.set_instance_registered();
+        }
+        init_holder(inst, v_h, (const holder_type *) holder_ptr, v_h.value_ptr<type>());
+    }
+
+    /// Deallocates an instance; via holder, if constructed; otherwise via operator delete.
+    static void dealloc(detail::value_and_holder &v_h) {
+        // We could be deallocating because we are cleaning up after a Python exception.
+        // If so, the Python error indicator will be set. We need to clear that before
+        // running the destructor, in case the destructor code calls more Python.
+        // If we don't, the Python API will exit with an exception, and pybind11 will
+        // throw error_already_set from the C++ destructor which is forbidden and triggers
+        // std::terminate().
+        error_scope scope;
+        if (v_h.holder_constructed()) {
+            v_h.holder<holder_type>().~holder_type();
+            v_h.set_holder_constructed(false);
+        } else {
+            detail::call_operator_delete(
+                v_h.value_ptr<type>(), v_h.type->type_size, v_h.type->type_align);
+        }
+        v_h.value_ptr() = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    static detail::function_record *get_function_record(handle h) {
+        h = detail::get_function(h);
+        if (!h) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        handle func_self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(h.ptr());
+        if (!func_self) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        if (!isinstance<capsule>(func_self)) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto cap = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(func_self);
+        if (!detail::is_function_record_capsule(cap)) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return cap.get_pointer<detail::function_record>();
+    }
+};
+
+/// Binds an existing constructor taking arguments Args...
+template <typename... Args>
+detail::initimpl::constructor<Args...> init() {
+    return {};
+}
+/// Like `init<Args...>()`, but the instance is always constructed through the alias class (even
+/// when not inheriting on the Python side).
+template <typename... Args>
+detail::initimpl::alias_constructor<Args...> init_alias() {
+    return {};
+}
+
+/// Binds a factory function as a constructor
+template <typename Func, typename Ret = detail::initimpl::factory<Func>>
+Ret init(Func &&f) {
+    return {std::forward<Func>(f)};
+}
+
+/// Dual-argument factory function: the first function is called when no alias is needed, the
+/// second when an alias is needed (i.e. due to python-side inheritance).  Arguments must be
+/// identical.
+template <typename CFunc, typename AFunc, typename Ret = detail::initimpl::factory<CFunc, AFunc>>
+Ret init(CFunc &&c, AFunc &&a) {
+    return {std::forward<CFunc>(c), std::forward<AFunc>(a)};
+}
+
+/// Binds pickling functions `__getstate__` and `__setstate__` and ensures that the type
+/// returned by `__getstate__` is the same as the argument accepted by `__setstate__`.
+template <typename GetState, typename SetState>
+detail::initimpl::pickle_factory<GetState, SetState> pickle(GetState &&g, SetState &&s) {
+    return {std::forward<GetState>(g), std::forward<SetState>(s)};
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+inline str enum_name(handle arg) {
+    dict entries = arg.get_type().attr("__entries");
+    for (auto kv : entries) {
+        if (handle(kv.second[int_(0)]).equal(arg)) {
+            return pybind11::str(kv.first);
+        }
+    }
+    return "???";
+}
+
+struct enum_base {
+    enum_base(const handle &base, const handle &parent) : m_base(base), m_parent(parent) {}
+
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE void init(bool is_arithmetic, bool is_convertible) {
+        m_base.attr("__entries") = dict();
+        auto property = handle((PyObject *) &PyProperty_Type);
+        auto static_property = handle((PyObject *) get_internals().static_property_type);
+
+        m_base.attr("__repr__") = cpp_function(
+            [](const object &arg) -> str {
+                handle type = type::handle_of(arg);
+                object type_name = type.attr("__name__");
+                return pybind11::str("<{}.{}: {}>")
+                    .format(std::move(type_name), enum_name(arg), int_(arg));
+            },
+            name("__repr__"),
+            is_method(m_base));
+
+        m_base.attr("name") = property(cpp_function(&enum_name, name("name"), is_method(m_base)));
+
+        m_base.attr("__str__") = cpp_function(
+            [](handle arg) -> str {
+                object type_name = type::handle_of(arg).attr("__name__");
+                return pybind11::str("{}.{}").format(std::move(type_name), enum_name(arg));
+            },
+            name("name"),
+            is_method(m_base));
+
+        if (options::show_enum_members_docstring()) {
+            m_base.attr("__doc__") = static_property(
+                cpp_function(
+                    [](handle arg) -> std::string {
+                        std::string docstring;
+                        dict entries = arg.attr("__entries");
+                        if (((PyTypeObject *) arg.ptr())->tp_doc) {
+                            docstring += std::string(
+                                reinterpret_cast<PyTypeObject *>(arg.ptr())->tp_doc);
+                            docstring += "\n\n";
+                        }
+                        docstring += "Members:";
+                        for (auto kv : entries) {
+                            auto key = std::string(pybind11::str(kv.first));
+                            auto comment = kv.second[int_(1)];
+                            docstring += "\n\n  ";
+                            docstring += key;
+                            if (!comment.is_none()) {
+                                docstring += " : ";
+                                docstring += pybind11::str(comment).cast<std::string>();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return docstring;
+                    },
+                    name("__doc__")),
+                none(),
+                none(),
+                "");
+        }
+
+        m_base.attr("__members__") = static_property(cpp_function(
+                                                         [](handle arg) -> dict {
+                                                             dict entries = arg.attr("__entries"),
+                                                                  m;
+                                                             for (auto kv : entries) {
+                                                                 m[kv.first] = kv.second[int_(0)];
+                                                             }
+                                                             return m;
+                                                         },
+                                                         name("__members__")),
+                                                     none(),
+                                                     none(),
+                                                     "");
+
+#define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT(op, expr, strict_behavior)                                        \
+    m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function(                                                               \
+        [](const object &a, const object &b) {                                                    \
+            if (!type::handle_of(a).is(type::handle_of(b)))                                       \
+                strict_behavior; /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */                         \
+            return expr;                                                                          \
+        },                                                                                        \
+        name(op),                                                                                 \
+        is_method(m_base),                                                                        \
+        arg("other"))
+
+#define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV(op, expr)                                                           \
+    m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function(                                                               \
+        [](const object &a_, const object &b_) {                                                  \
+            int_ a(a_), b(b_);                                                                    \
+            return expr;                                                                          \
+        },                                                                                        \
+        name(op),                                                                                 \
+        is_method(m_base),                                                                        \
+        arg("other"))
+
+#define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS(op, expr)                                                       \
+    m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function(                                                               \
+        [](const object &a_, const object &b) {                                                   \
+            int_ a(a_);                                                                           \
+            return expr;                                                                          \
+        },                                                                                        \
+        name(op),                                                                                 \
+        is_method(m_base),                                                                        \
+        arg("other"))
+
+        if (is_convertible) {
+            PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS("__eq__", !b.is_none() && a.equal(b));
+            PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS("__ne__", b.is_none() || !a.equal(b));
+
+            if (is_arithmetic) {
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__lt__", a < b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__gt__", a > b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__le__", a <= b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__ge__", a >= b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__and__", a & b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__rand__", a & b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__or__", a | b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__ror__", a | b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__xor__", a ^ b);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__rxor__", a ^ b);
+                m_base.attr("__invert__")
+                    = cpp_function([](const object &arg) { return ~(int_(arg)); },
+                                   name("__invert__"),
+                                   is_method(m_base));
+            }
+        } else {
+            PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__eq__", int_(a).equal(int_(b)), return false);
+            PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__ne__", !int_(a).equal(int_(b)), return true);
+
+            if (is_arithmetic) {
+#define PYBIND11_THROW throw type_error("Expected an enumeration of matching type!");
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__lt__", int_(a) < int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__gt__", int_(a) > int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__le__", int_(a) <= int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
+                PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__ge__", int_(a) >= int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW);
+#undef PYBIND11_THROW
+            }
+        }
+
+#undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS
+#undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV
+#undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT
+
+        m_base.attr("__getstate__") = cpp_function(
+            [](const object &arg) { return int_(arg); }, name("__getstate__"), is_method(m_base));
+
+        m_base.attr("__hash__") = cpp_function(
+            [](const object &arg) { return int_(arg); }, name("__hash__"), is_method(m_base));
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE void value(char const *name_, object value, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+        dict entries = m_base.attr("__entries");
+        str name(name_);
+        if (entries.contains(name)) {
+            std::string type_name = (std::string) str(m_base.attr("__name__"));
+            throw value_error(std::move(type_name) + ": element \"" + std::string(name_)
+                              + "\" already exists!");
+        }
+
+        entries[name] = pybind11::make_tuple(value, doc);
+        m_base.attr(std::move(name)) = std::move(value);
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE void export_values() {
+        dict entries = m_base.attr("__entries");
+        for (auto kv : entries) {
+            m_parent.attr(kv.first) = kv.second[int_(0)];
+        }
+    }
+
+    handle m_base;
+    handle m_parent;
+};
+
+template <bool is_signed, size_t length>
+struct equivalent_integer {};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<true, 1> {
+    using type = int8_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<false, 1> {
+    using type = uint8_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<true, 2> {
+    using type = int16_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<false, 2> {
+    using type = uint16_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<true, 4> {
+    using type = int32_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<false, 4> {
+    using type = uint32_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<true, 8> {
+    using type = int64_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct equivalent_integer<false, 8> {
+    using type = uint64_t;
+};
+
+template <typename IntLike>
+using equivalent_integer_t =
+    typename equivalent_integer<std::is_signed<IntLike>::value, sizeof(IntLike)>::type;
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Binds C++ enumerations and enumeration classes to Python
+template <typename Type>
+class enum_ : public class_<Type> {
+public:
+    using Base = class_<Type>;
+    using Base::attr;
+    using Base::def;
+    using Base::def_property_readonly;
+    using Base::def_property_readonly_static;
+    using Underlying = typename std::underlying_type<Type>::type;
+    // Scalar is the integer representation of underlying type
+    using Scalar = detail::conditional_t<detail::any_of<detail::is_std_char_type<Underlying>,
+                                                        std::is_same<Underlying, bool>>::value,
+                                         detail::equivalent_integer_t<Underlying>,
+                                         Underlying>;
+
+    template <typename... Extra>
+    enum_(const handle &scope, const char *name, const Extra &...extra)
+        : class_<Type>(scope, name, extra...), m_base(*this, scope) {
+        constexpr bool is_arithmetic = detail::any_of<std::is_same<arithmetic, Extra>...>::value;
+        constexpr bool is_convertible = std::is_convertible<Type, Underlying>::value;
+        m_base.init(is_arithmetic, is_convertible);
+
+        def(init([](Scalar i) { return static_cast<Type>(i); }), arg("value"));
+        def_property_readonly("value", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
+        def("__int__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
+        def("__index__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
+        attr("__setstate__") = cpp_function(
+            [](detail::value_and_holder &v_h, Scalar arg) {
+                detail::initimpl::setstate<Base>(
+                    v_h, static_cast<Type>(arg), Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) != v_h.type->type);
+            },
+            detail::is_new_style_constructor(),
+            pybind11::name("__setstate__"),
+            is_method(*this),
+            arg("state"));
+    }
+
+    /// Export enumeration entries into the parent scope
+    enum_ &export_values() {
+        m_base.export_values();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Add an enumeration entry
+    enum_ &value(char const *name, Type value, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+        m_base.value(name, pybind11::cast(value, return_value_policy::copy), doc);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+private:
+    detail::enum_base m_base;
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient) {
+    if (!nurse || !patient) {
+        pybind11_fail("Could not activate keep_alive!");
+    }
+
+    if (patient.is_none() || nurse.is_none()) {
+        return; /* Nothing to keep alive or nothing to be kept alive by */
+    }
+
+    auto tinfo = all_type_info(Py_TYPE(nurse.ptr()));
+    if (!tinfo.empty()) {
+        /* It's a pybind-registered type, so we can store the patient in the
+         * internal list. */
+        add_patient(nurse.ptr(), patient.ptr());
+    } else {
+        /* Fall back to clever approach based on weak references taken from
+         * Boost.Python. This is not used for pybind-registered types because
+         * the objects can be destroyed out-of-order in a GC pass. */
+        cpp_function disable_lifesupport([patient](handle weakref) {
+            patient.dec_ref();
+            weakref.dec_ref();
+        });
+
+        weakref wr(nurse, disable_lifesupport);
+
+        patient.inc_ref(); /* reference patient and leak the weak reference */
+        (void) wr.release();
+    }
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void
+keep_alive_impl(size_t Nurse, size_t Patient, function_call &call, handle ret) {
+    auto get_arg = [&](size_t n) {
+        if (n == 0) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+        if (n == 1 && call.init_self) {
+            return call.init_self;
+        }
+        if (n <= call.args.size()) {
+            return call.args[n - 1];
+        }
+        return handle();
+    };
+
+    keep_alive_impl(get_arg(Nurse), get_arg(Patient));
+}
+
+inline std::pair<decltype(internals::registered_types_py)::iterator, bool>
+all_type_info_get_cache(PyTypeObject *type) {
+    auto res = get_internals()
+                   .registered_types_py
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_unordered_map_try_emplace
+                   .try_emplace(type);
+#else
+                   .emplace(type, std::vector<detail::type_info *>());
+#endif
+    if (res.second) {
+        // New cache entry created; set up a weak reference to automatically remove it if the type
+        // gets destroyed:
+        weakref((PyObject *) type, cpp_function([type](handle wr) {
+                    get_internals().registered_types_py.erase(type);
+
+                    // TODO consolidate the erasure code in pybind11_meta_dealloc() in class.h
+                    auto &cache = get_internals().inactive_override_cache;
+                    for (auto it = cache.begin(), last = cache.end(); it != last;) {
+                        if (it->first == reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(type)) {
+                            it = cache.erase(it);
+                        } else {
+                            ++it;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    wr.dec_ref();
+                }))
+            .release();
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+/* There are a large number of apparently unused template arguments because
+ * each combination requires a separate py::class_ registration.
+ */
+template <typename Access,
+          return_value_policy Policy,
+          typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          typename ValueType,
+          typename... Extra>
+struct iterator_state {
+    Iterator it;
+    Sentinel end;
+    bool first_or_done;
+};
+
+// Note: these helpers take the iterator by non-const reference because some
+// iterators in the wild can't be dereferenced when const. The & after Iterator
+// is required for MSVC < 16.9. SFINAE cannot be reused for result_type due to
+// bugs in ICC, NVCC, and PGI compilers. See PR #3293.
+template <typename Iterator, typename SFINAE = decltype(*std::declval<Iterator &>())>
+struct iterator_access {
+    using result_type = decltype(*std::declval<Iterator &>());
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263
+    result_type operator()(Iterator &it) const { return *it; }
+};
+
+template <typename Iterator, typename SFINAE = decltype((*std::declval<Iterator &>()).first)>
+class iterator_key_access {
+private:
+    using pair_type = decltype(*std::declval<Iterator &>());
+
+public:
+    /* If either the pair itself or the element of the pair is a reference, we
+     * want to return a reference, otherwise a value. When the decltype
+     * expression is parenthesized it is based on the value category of the
+     * expression; otherwise it is the declared type of the pair member.
+     * The use of declval<pair_type> in the second branch rather than directly
+     * using *std::declval<Iterator &>() is a workaround for nvcc
+     * (it's not used in the first branch because going via decltype and back
+     * through declval does not perfectly preserve references).
+     */
+    using result_type
+        = conditional_t<std::is_reference<decltype(*std::declval<Iterator &>())>::value,
+                        decltype(((*std::declval<Iterator &>()).first)),
+                        decltype(std::declval<pair_type>().first)>;
+    result_type operator()(Iterator &it) const { return (*it).first; }
+};
+
+template <typename Iterator, typename SFINAE = decltype((*std::declval<Iterator &>()).second)>
+class iterator_value_access {
+private:
+    using pair_type = decltype(*std::declval<Iterator &>());
+
+public:
+    using result_type
+        = conditional_t<std::is_reference<decltype(*std::declval<Iterator &>())>::value,
+                        decltype(((*std::declval<Iterator &>()).second)),
+                        decltype(std::declval<pair_type>().second)>;
+    result_type operator()(Iterator &it) const { return (*it).second; }
+};
+
+template <typename Access,
+          return_value_policy Policy,
+          typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          typename ValueType,
+          typename... Extra>
+iterator make_iterator_impl(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&...extra) {
+    using state = detail::iterator_state<Access, Policy, Iterator, Sentinel, ValueType, Extra...>;
+    // TODO: state captures only the types of Extra, not the values
+
+    if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) {
+        class_<state>(handle(), "iterator", pybind11::module_local())
+            .def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state & { return s; })
+            .def(
+                "__next__",
+                [](state &s) -> ValueType {
+                    if (!s.first_or_done) {
+                        ++s.it;
+                    } else {
+                        s.first_or_done = false;
+                    }
+                    if (s.it == s.end) {
+                        s.first_or_done = true;
+                        throw stop_iteration();
+                    }
+                    return Access()(s.it);
+                    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263
+                },
+                std::forward<Extra>(extra)...,
+                Policy);
+    }
+
+    return cast(state{first, last, true});
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Makes a python iterator from a first and past-the-end C++ InputIterator.
+template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+          typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          typename ValueType = typename detail::iterator_access<Iterator>::result_type,
+          typename... Extra>
+iterator make_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&...extra) {
+    return detail::make_iterator_impl<detail::iterator_access<Iterator>,
+                                      Policy,
+                                      Iterator,
+                                      Sentinel,
+                                      ValueType,
+                                      Extra...>(first, last, std::forward<Extra>(extra)...);
+}
+
+/// Makes a python iterator over the keys (`.first`) of a iterator over pairs from a
+/// first and past-the-end InputIterator.
+template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+          typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          typename KeyType = typename detail::iterator_key_access<Iterator>::result_type,
+          typename... Extra>
+iterator make_key_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&...extra) {
+    return detail::make_iterator_impl<detail::iterator_key_access<Iterator>,
+                                      Policy,
+                                      Iterator,
+                                      Sentinel,
+                                      KeyType,
+                                      Extra...>(first, last, std::forward<Extra>(extra)...);
+}
+
+/// Makes a python iterator over the values (`.second`) of a iterator over pairs from a
+/// first and past-the-end InputIterator.
+template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+          typename Iterator,
+          typename Sentinel,
+          typename ValueType = typename detail::iterator_value_access<Iterator>::result_type,
+          typename... Extra>
+iterator make_value_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&...extra) {
+    return detail::make_iterator_impl<detail::iterator_value_access<Iterator>,
+                                      Policy,
+                                      Iterator,
+                                      Sentinel,
+                                      ValueType,
+                                      Extra...>(first, last, std::forward<Extra>(extra)...);
+}
+
+/// Makes an iterator over values of an stl container or other container supporting
+/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()`
+template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+          typename Type,
+          typename... Extra>
+iterator make_iterator(Type &value, Extra &&...extra) {
+    return make_iterator<Policy>(
+        std::begin(value), std::end(value), std::forward<Extra>(extra)...);
+}
+
+/// Makes an iterator over the keys (`.first`) of a stl map-like container supporting
+/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()`
+template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+          typename Type,
+          typename... Extra>
+iterator make_key_iterator(Type &value, Extra &&...extra) {
+    return make_key_iterator<Policy>(
+        std::begin(value), std::end(value), std::forward<Extra>(extra)...);
+}
+
+/// Makes an iterator over the values (`.second`) of a stl map-like container supporting
+/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()`
+template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
+          typename Type,
+          typename... Extra>
+iterator make_value_iterator(Type &value, Extra &&...extra) {
+    return make_value_iterator<Policy>(
+        std::begin(value), std::end(value), std::forward<Extra>(extra)...);
+}
+
+template <typename InputType, typename OutputType>
+void implicitly_convertible() {
+    struct set_flag {
+        bool &flag;
+        explicit set_flag(bool &flag_) : flag(flag_) { flag_ = true; }
+        ~set_flag() { flag = false; }
+    };
+    auto implicit_caster = [](PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) -> PyObject * {
+        static bool currently_used = false;
+        if (currently_used) { // implicit conversions are non-reentrant
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        set_flag flag_helper(currently_used);
+        if (!detail::make_caster<InputType>().load(obj, false)) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        tuple args(1);
+        args[0] = obj;
+        PyObject *result = PyObject_Call((PyObject *) type, args.ptr(), nullptr);
+        if (result == nullptr) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        }
+        return result;
+    };
+
+    if (auto *tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(OutputType))) {
+        tinfo->implicit_conversions.emplace_back(std::move(implicit_caster));
+    } else {
+        pybind11_fail("implicitly_convertible: Unable to find type " + type_id<OutputType>());
+    }
+}
+
+inline void register_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator &&translator) {
+    detail::get_internals().registered_exception_translators.push_front(
+        std::forward<ExceptionTranslator>(translator));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add a new module-local exception translator. Locally registered functions
+ * will be tried before any globally registered exception translators, which
+ * will only be invoked if the module-local handlers do not deal with
+ * the exception.
+ */
+inline void register_local_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator &&translator) {
+    detail::get_local_internals().registered_exception_translators.push_front(
+        std::forward<ExceptionTranslator>(translator));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper to generate a new Python exception type.
+ *
+ * This should only be used with PyErr_SetString for now.
+ * It is not (yet) possible to use as a py::base.
+ * Template type argument is reserved for future use.
+ */
+template <typename type>
+class exception : public object {
+public:
+    exception() = default;
+    exception(handle scope, const char *name, handle base = PyExc_Exception) {
+        std::string full_name
+            = scope.attr("__name__").cast<std::string>() + std::string(".") + name;
+        m_ptr = PyErr_NewException(const_cast<char *>(full_name.c_str()), base.ptr(), nullptr);
+        if (hasattr(scope, "__dict__") && scope.attr("__dict__").contains(name)) {
+            pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible "
+                          "definitions with name \""
+                          + std::string(name) + "\"");
+        }
+        scope.attr(name) = *this;
+    }
+
+    // Sets the current python exception to this exception object with the given message
+    void operator()(const char *message) { PyErr_SetString(m_ptr, message); }
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+// Returns a reference to a function-local static exception object used in the simple
+// register_exception approach below.  (It would be simpler to have the static local variable
+// directly in register_exception, but that makes clang <3.5 segfault - issue #1349).
+template <typename CppException>
+exception<CppException> &get_exception_object() {
+    static exception<CppException> ex;
+    return ex;
+}
+
+// Helper function for register_exception and register_local_exception
+template <typename CppException>
+exception<CppException> &
+register_exception_impl(handle scope, const char *name, handle base, bool isLocal) {
+    auto &ex = detail::get_exception_object<CppException>();
+    if (!ex) {
+        ex = exception<CppException>(scope, name, base);
+    }
+
+    auto register_func
+        = isLocal ? &register_local_exception_translator : &register_exception_translator;
+
+    register_func([](std::exception_ptr p) {
+        if (!p) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            std::rethrow_exception(p);
+        } catch (const CppException &e) {
+            detail::get_exception_object<CppException>()(e.what());
+        }
+    });
+    return ex;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/**
+ * Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs a translator to
+ * translate the C++ exception to the created Python exception using the what() method.
+ * This is intended for simple exception translations; for more complex translation, register the
+ * exception object and translator directly.
+ */
+template <typename CppException>
+exception<CppException> &
+register_exception(handle scope, const char *name, handle base = PyExc_Exception) {
+    return detail::register_exception_impl<CppException>(scope, name, base, false /* isLocal */);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs a translator to
+ * translate the C++ exception to the created Python exception using the what() method.
+ * This translator will only be used for exceptions that are thrown in this module and will be
+ * tried before global exception translators, including those registered with register_exception.
+ * This is intended for simple exception translations; for more complex translation, register the
+ * exception object and translator directly.
+ */
+template <typename CppException>
+exception<CppException> &
+register_local_exception(handle scope, const char *name, handle base = PyExc_Exception) {
+    return detail::register_exception_impl<CppException>(scope, name, base, true /* isLocal */);
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void print(const tuple &args, const dict &kwargs) {
+    auto strings = tuple(args.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
+        strings[i] = str(args[i]);
+    }
+    auto sep = kwargs.contains("sep") ? kwargs["sep"] : str(" ");
+    auto line = sep.attr("join")(std::move(strings));
+
+    object file;
+    if (kwargs.contains("file")) {
+        file = kwargs["file"].cast<object>();
+    } else {
+        try {
+            file = module_::import("sys").attr("stdout");
+        } catch (const error_already_set &) {
+            /* If print() is called from code that is executed as
+               part of garbage collection during interpreter shutdown,
+               importing 'sys' can fail. Give up rather than crashing the
+               interpreter in this case. */
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto write = file.attr("write");
+    write(std::move(line));
+    write(kwargs.contains("end") ? kwargs["end"] : str("\n"));
+
+    if (kwargs.contains("flush") && kwargs["flush"].cast<bool>()) {
+        file.attr("flush")();
+    }
+}
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template <return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference, typename... Args>
+void print(Args &&...args) {
+    auto c = detail::collect_arguments<policy>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    detail::print(c.args(), c.kwargs());
+}
+
+inline void
+error_already_set::m_fetched_error_deleter(detail::error_fetch_and_normalize *raw_ptr) {
+    gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    error_scope scope;
+    delete raw_ptr;
+}
+
+inline const char *error_already_set::what() const noexcept {
+    gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    error_scope scope;
+    return m_fetched_error->error_string().c_str();
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+inline function
+get_type_override(const void *this_ptr, const type_info *this_type, const char *name) {
+    handle self = get_object_handle(this_ptr, this_type);
+    if (!self) {
+        return function();
+    }
+    handle type = type::handle_of(self);
+    auto key = std::make_pair(type.ptr(), name);
+
+    /* Cache functions that aren't overridden in Python to avoid
+       many costly Python dictionary lookups below */
+    auto &cache = get_internals().inactive_override_cache;
+    if (cache.find(key) != cache.end()) {
+        return function();
+    }
+
+    function override = getattr(self, name, function());
+    if (override.is_cpp_function()) {
+        cache.insert(std::move(key));
+        return function();
+    }
+
+    /* Don't call dispatch code if invoked from overridden function.
+       Unfortunately this doesn't work on PyPy. */
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+#    if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000
+    PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_GetFrame(PyThreadState_Get());
+    if (frame != nullptr) {
+        PyCodeObject *f_code = PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
+        // f_code is guaranteed to not be NULL
+        if ((std::string) str(f_code->co_name) == name && f_code->co_argcount > 0) {
+            PyObject *locals = PyEval_GetLocals();
+            if (locals != nullptr) {
+                PyObject *co_varnames = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject *) f_code, "co_varnames");
+                PyObject *self_arg = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co_varnames, 0);
+                Py_DECREF(co_varnames);
+                PyObject *self_caller = dict_getitem(locals, self_arg);
+                if (self_caller == self.ptr()) {
+                    Py_DECREF(f_code);
+                    Py_DECREF(frame);
+                    return function();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(f_code);
+        Py_DECREF(frame);
+    }
+#    else
+    PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_Get()->frame;
+    if (frame != nullptr && (std::string) str(frame->f_code->co_name) == name
+        && frame->f_code->co_argcount > 0) {
+        PyFrame_FastToLocals(frame);
+        PyObject *self_caller
+            = dict_getitem(frame->f_locals, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(frame->f_code->co_varnames, 0));
+        if (self_caller == self.ptr()) {
+            return function();
+        }
+    }
+#    endif
+
+#else
+    /* PyPy currently doesn't provide a detailed cpyext emulation of
+       frame objects, so we have to emulate this using Python. This
+       is going to be slow..*/
+    dict d;
+    d["self"] = self;
+    d["name"] = pybind11::str(name);
+    PyObject *result
+        = PyRun_String("import inspect\n"
+                       "frame = inspect.currentframe()\n"
+                       "if frame is not None:\n"
+                       "    frame = frame.f_back\n"
+                       "    if frame is not None and str(frame.f_code.co_name) == name and "
+                       "frame.f_code.co_argcount > 0:\n"
+                       "        self_caller = frame.f_locals[frame.f_code.co_varnames[0]]\n"
+                       "        if self_caller == self:\n"
+                       "            self = None\n",
+                       Py_file_input,
+                       d.ptr(),
+                       d.ptr());
+    if (result == nullptr)
+        throw error_already_set();
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+    if (d["self"].is_none())
+        return function();
+#endif
+
+    return override;
+}
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/** \rst
+  Try to retrieve a python method by the provided name from the instance pointed to by the
+  this_ptr.
+
+  :this_ptr: The pointer to the object the overridden method should be retrieved for. This should
+             be the first non-trampoline class encountered in the inheritance chain.
+  :name: The name of the overridden Python method to retrieve.
+  :return: The Python method by this name from the object or an empty function wrapper.
+ \endrst */
+template <class T>
+function get_override(const T *this_ptr, const char *name) {
+    auto *tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(T));
+    return tinfo ? detail::get_type_override(this_ptr, tinfo, name) : function();
+}
+
+#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(ret_type, cname, name, ...)                                        \
+    do {                                                                                          \
+        pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire gil;                                                         \
+        pybind11::function override                                                               \
+            = pybind11::get_override(static_cast<const cname *>(this), name);                     \
+        if (override) {                                                                           \
+            auto o = override(__VA_ARGS__);                                                       \
+            if (pybind11::detail::cast_is_temporary_value_reference<ret_type>::value) {           \
+                static pybind11::detail::override_caster_t<ret_type> caster;                      \
+                return pybind11::detail::cast_ref<ret_type>(std::move(o), caster);                \
+            }                                                                                     \
+            return pybind11::detail::cast_safe<ret_type>(std::move(o));                           \
+        }                                                                                         \
+    } while (false)
+
+/** \rst
+    Macro to populate the virtual method in the trampoline class. This macro tries to look up a
+    method named 'fn' from the Python side, deals with the :ref:`gil` and necessary argument
+    conversions to call this method and return the appropriate type.
+    See :ref:`overriding_virtuals` for more information. This macro should be used when the method
+    name in C is not the same as the method name in Python. For example with `__str__`.
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+      std::string toString() override {
+        PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME(
+            std::string, // Return type (ret_type)
+            Animal,      // Parent class (cname)
+            "__str__",   // Name of method in Python (name)
+            toString,    // Name of function in C++ (fn)
+        );
+      }
+\endrst */
+#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...)                                    \
+    do {                                                                                          \
+        PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__); \
+        return cname::fn(__VA_ARGS__);                                                            \
+    } while (false)
+
+/** \rst
+    Macro for pure virtual functions, this function is identical to
+    :c:macro:`PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME`, except that it throws if no override can be found.
+\endrst */
+#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...)                               \
+    do {                                                                                          \
+        PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__); \
+        pybind11::pybind11_fail(                                                                  \
+            "Tried to call pure virtual function \"" PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(cname) "::" name "\"");   \
+    } while (false)
+
+/** \rst
+    Macro to populate the virtual method in the trampoline class. This macro tries to look up the
+    method from the Python side, deals with the :ref:`gil` and necessary argument conversions to
+    call this method and return the appropriate type. This macro should be used if the method name
+    in C and in Python are identical.
+    See :ref:`overriding_virtuals` for more information.
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+      class PyAnimal : public Animal {
+      public:
+          // Inherit the constructors
+          using Animal::Animal;
+
+          // Trampoline (need one for each virtual function)
+          std::string go(int n_times) override {
+              PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE(
+                  std::string, // Return type (ret_type)
+                  Animal,      // Parent class (cname)
+                  go,          // Name of function in C++ (must match Python name) (fn)
+                  n_times      // Argument(s) (...)
+              );
+          }
+      };
+\endrst */
+#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...)                                               \
+    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+/** \rst
+    Macro for pure virtual functions, this function is identical to :c:macro:`PYBIND11_OVERRIDE`,
+    except that it throws if no override can be found.
+\endrst */
+#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...)                                          \
+    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE_NAME(                                                                  \
+        PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+// Deprecated versions
+
+PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("get_type_overload has been deprecated")
+inline function
+get_type_overload(const void *this_ptr, const detail::type_info *this_type, const char *name) {
+    return detail::get_type_override(this_ptr, this_type, name);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline function get_overload(const T *this_ptr, const char *name) {
+    return get_override(this_ptr, name);
+}
+
+#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, ...)                                         \
+    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...)                                    \
+    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, fn, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...)                               \
+    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE_NAME(                                                                  \
+        PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, fn, __VA_ARGS__);
+#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(ret_type, cname, fn, ...)                                               \
+    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), fn, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...)                                          \
+    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), fn, __VA_ARGS__);
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)