coordinate-system 7.0.0__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl

coordinate_system/u3_frame.py

@@ -0,0 +1,885 @@
+"""
+U(3) Complex Frame and Gauge Field Unification Framework
+================================================================================
+
+Complete implementation based on "Complex Frame and Gauge Field Unification Program"
+
+Core Theory:
+- Complex frame U(x) ∈ U(3) as unified structure of spacetime and gauge fields
+- Symmetry breaking chain: SU(4) → SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)
+- Imaginary time embedding: ℝ³ × iℝ → internal rotational degrees of freedom
+- Gauge field as complex frame connection: A_μ ∈ 𝔲(3)
+- Three phase angles corresponding to color degrees of freedom (red, green, blue)
+
+Author: Enhanced by AI following theoretical framework
+Date: 2025-12-04
+Version: 7.0.0-alpha
+"""
+
+__version__ = '7.0.0-alpha'
+
+import numpy as np
+from typing import Tuple, Optional, List, Dict, Any
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+import warnings
+
+# Attempt to import basic coordinate system
+try:
+    from .coordinate_system import coord3, vec3, quat
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from coordinate_system import coord3, vec3, quat
+    except ImportError:
+        coord3 = None
+        vec3 = None
+        quat = None
+
+# Physical constants
+HBAR = 1.0  # Reduced Planck constant (natural units)
+C_SPEED = 1.0  # Speed of light (natural units)
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# U(3) Complex Frame Class
+# ============================================================
+
+class U3Frame:
+    """
+    U(3) Complex Frame - Complete three-dimensional unitary matrix frame
+
+    Mathematical form:
+        U(x) = [e₁(x), e₂(x), e₃(x)] ∈ U(3)
+
+    Each basis vector eₖ = aₖ + ibₖ ∈ ℂ³ satisfies:
+        ⟨eⱼ, eₖ⟩ = δⱼₖ  (complex inner product)
+        det(U) = e^{iφ}  (phase degree of freedom)
+
+    Symmetry decomposition:
+        U(3) ⊃ SU(3) × U(1)
+        SU(3) ⊃ SU(2) × U(1)
+
+    Physical interpretation:
+        - Real part Re(eₖ): spatial direction vectors
+        - Imaginary part Im(eₖ): imaginary time evolution direction
+        - Three phase angles (θ₁, θ₂, θ₃): color degrees of freedom (red, green, blue)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 e1: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+                 e2: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+                 e3: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+                 ensure_unitary: bool = True):
+        """
+        Initialize U(3) complex frame
+
+        Args:
+            e1, e2, e3: Three complex basis vectors, each a complex array of shape (3,)
+            ensure_unitary: Whether to ensure unitarity
+        """
+        if e1 is None:
+            # Default: identity frame
+            self.e1 = np.array([1.0+0j, 0.0+0j, 0.0+0j], dtype=complex)
+            self.e2 = np.array([0.0+0j, 1.0+0j, 0.0+0j], dtype=complex)
+            self.e3 = np.array([0.0+0j, 0.0+0j, 1.0+0j], dtype=complex)
+        else:
+            self.e1 = np.array(e1, dtype=complex)
+            self.e2 = np.array(e2, dtype=complex)
+            self.e3 = np.array(e3, dtype=complex)
+
+        if ensure_unitary:
+            self._gram_schmidt_orthonormalize()
+
+    # -------------------- Basic Properties --------------------
+
+    @property
+    def matrix(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        U(3) matrix representation
+
+        Returns:
+            3×3 complex matrix [e₁ | e₂ | e₃]
+        """
+        return np.column_stack([self.e1, self.e2, self.e3])
+
+    @property
+    def determinant(self) -> complex:
+        """
+        Determinant det(U) = e^{iφ}
+
+        For U(3): |det(U)| = 1
+        """
+        return np.linalg.det(self.matrix)
+
+    @property
+    def global_phase(self) -> float:
+        """
+        Global phase φ = arg(det(U))
+
+        Corresponds to U(1) global gauge transformation
+        """
+        return np.angle(self.determinant)
+
+    @property
+    def real_part(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Real part: spatial frame"""
+        return np.column_stack([self.e1.real, self.e2.real, self.e3.real])
+
+    @property
+    def imag_part(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Imaginary part: imaginary time direction"""
+        return np.column_stack([self.e1.imag, self.e2.imag, self.e3.imag])
+
+    # -------------------- Symmetry Decomposition --------------------
+
+    def to_su3_u1(self) -> Tuple['SU3Component', complex]:
+        """
+        Decompose into SU(3) × U(1)
+
+        U(3) = SU(3) × U(1)
+        U = (det U)^{1/3} · V
+
+        where V ∈ SU(3), det(V) = 1
+
+        Returns:
+            (su3_component, u1_phase)
+        """
+        det_u = self.determinant
+        u1_phase = det_u ** (1/3)  # ∛det(U)
+
+        # Normalize to SU(3)
+        V_matrix = self.matrix / u1_phase
+
+        return SU3Component(V_matrix), u1_phase
+
+    def color_phases(self) -> Tuple[float, float, float]:
+        """
+        Extract color phase angles (θ₁, θ₂, θ₃)
+
+        For diagonalized complex frame:
+            U = diag(e^{iθ₁}, e^{iθ₂}, e^{iθ₃})
+
+        Constraint: θ₁ + θ₂ + θ₃ = φ (global phase)
+
+        Returns:
+            (θ_red, θ_green, θ_blue)
+        """
+        # Extract phases of diagonal elements
+        diag = np.diag(self.matrix)
+        phases = np.angle(diag)
+
+        return tuple(phases)
+
+    def to_quaternion_representation(self) -> Tuple[complex, complex, complex, complex]:
+        """
+        Convert to quaternion representation (SU(2) subgroup only)
+
+        SU(2) ⊂ SU(3) corresponds to quaternion q = a + bi + cj + dk
+
+        Returns:
+            (q0, q1, q2, q3) quaternion components
+        """
+        # Extract upper-left 2×2 submatrix (corresponding to SU(2))
+        su2_block = self.matrix[:2, :2]
+
+        # SU(2) → quaternion
+        # U = [[a+ib, -c+id], [c+id, a-ib]]
+        a = su2_block[0, 0].real
+        b = su2_block[0, 0].imag
+        c = su2_block[1, 0].real
+        d = su2_block[1, 0].imag
+
+        # Normalize
+        norm = np.sqrt(a**2 + b**2 + c**2 + d**2)
+        if norm > 1e-10:
+            return (a/norm, b/norm, c/norm, d/norm)
+        else:
+            return (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+
+    # -------------------- Gauge Transformations --------------------
+
+    def gauge_transform_u1(self, phi: float) -> 'U3Frame':
+        """
+        U(1) global gauge transformation
+
+        U → e^{iφ} U
+
+        Args:
+            phi: Gauge phase
+
+        Returns:
+            Transformed frame
+        """
+        factor = np.exp(1j * phi)
+        return U3Frame(
+            e1=self.e1 * factor,
+            e2=self.e2 * factor,
+            e3=self.e3 * factor,
+            ensure_unitary=False
+        )
+
+    def gauge_transform_su2(self, pauli_vector: Tuple[float, float, float]) -> 'U3Frame':
+        """
+        SU(2) gauge transformation (acting on first two basis vectors)
+
+        Corresponds to weak interaction gauge group
+
+        Args:
+            pauli_vector: (θ_x, θ_y, θ_z) Pauli vector parameters
+
+        Returns:
+            Transformed frame
+        """
+        θ_x, θ_y, θ_z = pauli_vector
+        θ = np.sqrt(θ_x**2 + θ_y**2 + θ_z**2)
+
+        if θ < 1e-10:
+            return self
+
+        # SU(2) matrix: exp(i θ·σ/2)
+        n = np.array([θ_x, θ_y, θ_z]) / θ
+        cos_half = np.cos(θ/2)
+        sin_half = np.sin(θ/2)
+
+        # Construct SU(2) matrix
+        su2_matrix = np.array([
+            [cos_half + 1j*n[2]*sin_half, (1j*n[0] + n[1])*sin_half],
+            [(1j*n[0] - n[1])*sin_half, cos_half - 1j*n[2]*sin_half]
+        ], dtype=complex)
+
+        # Apply to first two basis vectors
+        e12_block = np.column_stack([self.e1[:2], self.e2[:2]])
+        e12_transformed = e12_block @ su2_matrix
+
+        new_e1 = np.concatenate([e12_transformed[:, 0], [self.e1[2]]])
+        new_e2 = np.concatenate([e12_transformed[:, 1], [self.e2[2]]])
+
+        return U3Frame(e1=new_e1, e2=new_e2, e3=self.e3, ensure_unitary=False)
+
+    def gauge_transform_su3(self, gell_mann_params: np.ndarray) -> 'U3Frame':
+        """
+        SU(3) gauge transformation (gluon transformation)
+
+        Corresponds to strong interaction gauge group (QCD)
+
+        Args:
+            gell_mann_params: 8 Gell-Mann matrix parameters (θ₁, ..., θ₈)
+
+        Returns:
+            Transformed frame
+        """
+        if len(gell_mann_params) != 8:
+            raise ValueError("SU(3) requires 8 parameters (Gell-Mann matrices)")
+
+        # Construct SU(3) matrix: exp(i Σₐ θₐ λₐ/2)
+        su3_matrix = self._build_su3_matrix(gell_mann_params)
+
+        # Apply transformation
+        new_matrix = self.matrix @ su3_matrix
+
+        return U3Frame(
+            e1=new_matrix[:, 0],
+            e2=new_matrix[:, 1],
+            e3=new_matrix[:, 2],
+            ensure_unitary=False
+        )
+
+    # -------------------- Imaginary Time Evolution --------------------
+
+    def imaginary_time_evolution(self, tau: float, hamiltonian: Optional[np.ndarray] = None) -> 'U3Frame':
+        """
+        Imaginary time evolution operator: exp(-τĤ)
+
+        Corresponds to Wick rotation: t → -iτ
+
+        Mathematical form:
+            U(τ) = exp(-τĤ) U(0)
+
+        Physical meaning:
+            - τ > 0: Imaginary time parameter (thermodynamic β = 1/kT)
+            - Ĥ: Hamiltonian operator (energy operator)
+            - Connection to path integral: Z = Tr[exp(-βĤ)]
+
+        Args:
+            tau: Imaginary time parameter
+            hamiltonian: 3×3 Hermitian matrix (default uses standard Laplacian)
+
+        Returns:
+            Evolved frame
+        """
+        if hamiltonian is None:
+            # Default: use simple diagonal Hamiltonian
+            hamiltonian = np.diag([1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+
+        # Evolution operator: exp(-τĤ)
+        evolution_op = scipy_expm(-tau * hamiltonian)
+
+        # Apply to frame
+        new_matrix = evolution_op @ self.matrix
+
+        return U3Frame(
+            e1=new_matrix[:, 0],
+            e2=new_matrix[:, 1],
+            e3=new_matrix[:, 2],
+            ensure_unitary=False
+        )
+
+    def wick_rotation(self, real_time: float) -> 'U3Frame':
+        """
+        Wick rotation: t → -iτ
+
+        Convert real time evolution to imaginary time evolution
+
+        Args:
+            real_time: Real time t
+
+        Returns:
+            Frame after Wick rotation (imaginary time τ = it)
+        """
+        tau = -1j * real_time
+        return self.imaginary_time_evolution(tau.imag)
+
+    # -------------------- Internal Methods --------------------
+
+    def _gram_schmidt_orthonormalize(self):
+        """Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization"""
+        # Normalize e1
+        norm1 = np.sqrt(np.vdot(self.e1, self.e1).real)
+        if norm1 > 1e-10:
+            self.e1 = self.e1 / norm1
+
+        # Orthogonalize and normalize e2
+        self.e2 = self.e2 - np.vdot(self.e1, self.e2) * self.e1
+        norm2 = np.sqrt(np.vdot(self.e2, self.e2).real)
+        if norm2 > 1e-10:
+            self.e2 = self.e2 / norm2
+
+        # Orthogonalize and normalize e3
+        self.e3 = self.e3 - np.vdot(self.e1, self.e3) * self.e1 - np.vdot(self.e2, self.e3) * self.e2
+        norm3 = np.sqrt(np.vdot(self.e3, self.e3).real)
+        if norm3 > 1e-10:
+            self.e3 = self.e3 / norm3
+
+    def _build_su3_matrix(self, params: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Construct SU(3) matrix"""
+        # Gell-Mann matrices (λ₁ to λ₈)
+        lambda_matrices = self._gell_mann_matrices()
+
+        # Linear combination
+        generator = sum(params[i] * lambda_matrices[i] for i in range(8))
+
+        # Exponential map
+        return scipy_expm(1j * generator)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _gell_mann_matrices() -> List[np.ndarray]:
+        """Gell-Mann 矩阵（SU(3) 生成元）"""
+        λ = [
+            # λ₁
+            np.array([[0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]], dtype=complex),
+            # λ₂
+            np.array([[0, -1j, 0], [1j, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]], dtype=complex),
+            # λ₃
+            np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 0]], dtype=complex),
+            # λ₄
+            np.array([[0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]], dtype=complex),
+            # λ₅
+            np.array([[0, 0, -1j], [0, 0, 0], [1j, 0, 0]], dtype=complex),
+            # λ₆
+            np.array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=complex),
+            # λ₇
+            np.array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, -1j], [0, 1j, 0]], dtype=complex),
+            # λ₈
+            np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, -2]], dtype=complex) / np.sqrt(3),
+        ]
+        return λ
+
+    # -------------------- Operator Overloading --------------------
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        """Frame multiplication or scalar multiplication"""
+        if isinstance(other, (int, float, complex)):
+            # Scalar multiplication
+            return U3Frame(
+                e1=self.e1 * other,
+                e2=self.e2 * other,
+                e3=self.e3 * other,
+                ensure_unitary=False
+            )
+        elif isinstance(other, U3Frame):
+            # Matrix multiplication
+            new_matrix = self.matrix @ other.matrix
+            return U3Frame(
+                e1=new_matrix[:, 0],
+                e2=new_matrix[:, 1],
+                e3=new_matrix[:, 2],
+                ensure_unitary=False
+            )
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        phases = self.color_phases()
+        return f"U3Frame(phases=(R:{phases[0]:.3f}, G:{phases[1]:.3f}, B:{phases[2]:.3f}), φ={self.global_phase:.3f})"
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# SU(3) Component Class
+# ============================================================
+
+@dataclass
+class SU3Component:
+    """
+    SU(3) component (strong interaction gauge group)
+
+    Properties:
+        - det(V) = 1
+        - V† V = I
+        - 8 generators (Gell-Mann matrices)
+
+    Physical meaning:
+        - Corresponds to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
+        - 8 gluon fields
+        - Color charge conservation
+    """
+    matrix: np.ndarray  # 3×3 SU(3) matrix
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        """Verify SU(3) properties"""
+        det = np.linalg.det(self.matrix)
+        if not np.isclose(abs(det), 1.0, atol=1e-6):
+            warnings.warn(f"SU(3) matrix determinant is not 1: |det|={abs(det):.6f}")
+
+    def to_gell_mann_params(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Decompose into Gell-Mann matrix parameters
+
+        V = exp(i Σₐ θₐ λₐ)
+
+        Returns:
+            8 parameters (θ₁, ..., θ₈)
+        """
+        # Take logarithm
+        log_v = scipy_logm(self.matrix)
+
+        # Extract Hermitian part
+        log_v_herm = (log_v - log_v.T.conj()) / (2j)
+
+        # Project onto Gell-Mann matrices
+        lambda_matrices = U3Frame._gell_mann_matrices()
+        params = np.array([
+            np.trace(log_v_herm @ lam).real / 2
+            for lam in lambda_matrices
+        ])
+
+        return params
+
+    def color_charge(self) -> Tuple[float, float]:
+        """
+        Color charge (corresponding to two Casimir operators of SU(3))
+
+        Returns:
+            (C₁, C₂) - First and second Casimir invariants
+        """
+        # First Casimir: C₁ = Tr(T) (always 0 for SU(3))
+        C1 = np.trace(self.matrix).real
+
+        # Second Casimir: C₂ = Tr(T²)
+        C2 = np.trace(self.matrix @ self.matrix).real
+
+        return (C1, C2)
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# Gauge Field Class
+# ============================================================
+
+class GaugeConnection:
+    """
+    Gauge field connection A_μ ∈ 𝔲(3)
+
+    Mathematical form:
+        A_μ = A_μ^{SU(3)} + A_μ^{SU(2)} + A_μ^{U(1)}
+
+    Covariant derivative:
+        D_μ U = ∂_μ U + A_μ U
+
+    Field strength tensor (curvature):
+        F_μν = ∂_μ A_ν - ∂_ν A_μ + [A_μ, A_ν]
+
+    Physical interpretation:
+        - A_μ^{SU(3)}: Gluon field (8 components)
+        - A_μ^{SU(2)}: W/Z boson field (3 components)
+        - A_μ^{U(1)}: Photon field (1 component)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 su3_component: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+                 su2_component: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+                 u1_component: Optional[complex] = None):
+        """
+        Initialize gauge connection
+
+        Args:
+            su3_component: 8×1 real array (Gell-Mann components)
+            su2_component: 3×1 real array (Pauli components)
+            u1_component: Complex number (U(1) component)
+        """
+        self.su3 = su3_component if su3_component is not None else np.zeros(8)
+        self.su2 = su2_component if su2_component is not None else np.zeros(3)
+        self.u1 = u1_component if u1_component is not None else 0.0+0j
+
+    def connection_matrix(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Matrix representation of connection A_μ ∈ 𝔲(3)
+
+        Returns:
+            3×3 anti-Hermitian matrix
+        """
+        # SU(3) part
+        lambda_matrices = U3Frame._gell_mann_matrices()
+        A_su3 = sum(self.su3[i] * lambda_matrices[i] for i in range(8))
+
+        # SU(2) part (embedded in upper-left 2×2 block)
+        pauli_matrices = self._pauli_matrices()
+        A_su2_block = sum(self.su2[i] * pauli_matrices[i] for i in range(3))
+        A_su2 = np.zeros((3, 3), dtype=complex)
+        A_su2[:2, :2] = A_su2_block
+
+        # U(1) part
+        A_u1 = self.u1 * np.eye(3)
+
+        return 1j * (A_su3 + A_su2 + A_u1)
+
+    def field_strength(self, other: 'GaugeConnection') -> 'FieldStrength':
+        """
+        Calculate field strength tensor F_μν = [D_μ, D_ν]
+
+        Args:
+            other: Connection in another direction A_ν
+
+        Returns:
+            FieldStrength object
+        """
+        A_mu = self.connection_matrix()
+        A_nu = other.connection_matrix()
+
+        # F_μν = [A_μ, A_ν] (simplified version, ignoring derivative terms)
+        F_matrix = A_mu @ A_nu - A_nu @ A_mu
+
+        return FieldStrength(F_matrix)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _pauli_matrices() -> List[np.ndarray]:
+        """Pauli 矩阵（SU(2) 生成元）"""
+        σ = [
+            np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]], dtype=complex),  # σ₁
+            np.array([[0, -1j], [1j, 0]], dtype=complex),  # σ₂
+            np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]], dtype=complex),  # σ₃
+        ]
+        return σ
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"GaugeConnection(SU(3): {np.linalg.norm(self.su3):.3f}, SU(2): {np.linalg.norm(self.su2):.3f}, U(1): {abs(self.u1):.3f})"
+
+
+@dataclass
+class FieldStrength:
+    """
+    Field strength tensor F_μν (curvature of gauge field)
+
+    Physical meaning:
+        - Electromagnetic field: F_μν corresponds to electric and magnetic fields
+        - Non-Abelian gauge field: Field strength of gluons/W bosons
+    """
+    matrix: np.ndarray  # 3×3 anti-Hermitian matrix
+
+    def yang_mills_action(self) -> float:
+        """
+        Yang-Mills action: S = -1/(4g²) Tr(F_μν F^μν)
+
+        Returns:
+            Action (real number)
+        """
+        return -0.25 * np.trace(self.matrix @ self.matrix.T.conj()).real
+
+    def topological_charge(self) -> float:
+        """
+        Topological charge: Q = (1/32π²) ∫ Tr(F ∧ F)
+
+        Returns:
+            Topological charge (instanton number)
+        """
+        # Simplified version: using matrix trace
+        return (1.0 / (32 * np.pi**2)) * np.trace(self.matrix @ self.matrix).real
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# Symmetry Breaking Potential
+# ============================================================
+
+class SymmetryBreakingPotential:
+    """
+    Symmetry breaking potential function
+
+    Mathematical form:
+        V(U) = -μ² Tr(U†U) + λ [Tr(U†U)]² + γ Tr([U†,U]²)
+
+    Minimum determines symmetry breaking pattern:
+        - SU(4) → SU(3) × U(1)
+        - SU(3) → SU(2) × U(1)
+
+    Physical analogy:
+        - Similar to Higgs potential
+        - Vacuum expectation value breaks symmetry
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, mu_squared: float = -1.0, lambda_coupling: float = 0.5, gamma_coupling: float = 0.1):
+        """
+        Initialize potential parameters
+
+        Args:
+            mu_squared: Mass squared term (negative value triggers symmetry breaking)
+            lambda_coupling: Quartic coupling constant
+            gamma_coupling: Non-Abelian coupling constant
+        """
+        self.mu2 = mu_squared
+        self.lambda_ = lambda_coupling
+        self.gamma = gamma_coupling
+
+    def potential(self, frame: U3Frame) -> float:
+        """
+        Calculate potential V(U)
+
+        Args:
+            frame: U(3) frame
+
+        Returns:
+            Potential value
+        """
+        U = frame.matrix
+        U_dag = U.T.conj()
+
+        # First term: -μ² Tr(U†U)
+        term1 = -self.mu2 * np.trace(U_dag @ U).real
+
+        # Second term: λ [Tr(U†U)]²
+        tr_UdagU = np.trace(U_dag @ U)
+        term2 = self.lambda_ * (tr_UdagU * tr_UdagU.conj()).real
+
+        # Third term: γ Tr([U†,U]²)
+        commutator = U_dag @ U - U @ U_dag
+        term3 = self.gamma * np.trace(commutator @ commutator).real
+
+        return term1 + term2 + term3
+
+    def gradient(self, frame: U3Frame) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Calculate potential gradient ∇V(U)
+
+        Used to minimize potential and find symmetry breaking vacuum
+
+        Returns:
+            3×3 complex matrix gradient
+        """
+        U = frame.matrix
+        U_dag = U.T.conj()
+
+        # Numerical gradient (simplified implementation)
+        epsilon = 1e-6
+        grad = np.zeros((3, 3), dtype=complex)
+
+        V0 = self.potential(frame)
+
+        for i in range(3):
+            for j in range(3):
+                # Real part direction
+                U_perturb = U.copy()
+                U_perturb[i, j] += epsilon
+                frame_perturb = U3Frame(U_perturb[:, 0], U_perturb[:, 1], U_perturb[:, 2], ensure_unitary=False)
+                grad[i, j] = (self.potential(frame_perturb) - V0) / epsilon
+
+                # Imaginary part direction
+                U_perturb = U.copy()
+                U_perturb[i, j] += 1j * epsilon
+                frame_perturb = U3Frame(U_perturb[:, 0], U_perturb[:, 1], U_perturb[:, 2], ensure_unitary=False)
+                grad[i, j] += 1j * (self.potential(frame_perturb) - V0) / epsilon
+
+        return grad
+
+    def find_vacuum(self, initial_frame: Optional[U3Frame] = None,
+                   max_iterations: int = 100, tolerance: float = 1e-6) -> U3Frame:
+        """
+        Find vacuum state (potential minimum)
+
+        Using gradient descent method
+
+        Args:
+            initial_frame: Initial guess
+            max_iterations: Maximum number of iterations
+            tolerance: Convergence tolerance
+
+        Returns:
+            Vacuum state frame
+        """
+        if initial_frame is None:
+            initial_frame = U3Frame()  # Start from identity frame
+
+        current_frame = initial_frame
+        learning_rate = 0.01
+
+        for iteration in range(max_iterations):
+            grad = self.gradient(current_frame)
+            grad_norm = np.linalg.norm(grad)
+
+            if grad_norm < tolerance:
+                print(f"Converged at iteration {iteration}, |∇V| = {grad_norm:.2e}")
+                break
+
+            # Gradient descent step
+            U_new = current_frame.matrix - learning_rate * grad
+            current_frame = U3Frame(U_new[:, 0], U_new[:, 1], U_new[:, 2], ensure_unitary=True)
+
+        return current_frame
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# Auxiliary Functions
+# ============================================================
+
+def scipy_expm(matrix: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Matrix exponential function (depends on scipy)"""
+    try:
+        from scipy.linalg import expm
+        return expm(matrix)
+    except ImportError:
+        # Simplified implementation: Taylor expansion
+        return _matrix_exp_taylor(matrix, order=10)
+
+def scipy_logm(matrix: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Matrix logarithm function (depends on scipy)"""
+    try:
+        from scipy.linalg import logm
+        return logm(matrix)
+    except ImportError:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Requires scipy.linalg.logm")
+
+def _matrix_exp_taylor(A: np.ndarray, order: int = 10) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Calculate matrix exponential using Taylor expansion"""
+    result = np.eye(A.shape[0], dtype=A.dtype)
+    term = np.eye(A.shape[0], dtype=A.dtype)
+
+    for k in range(1, order + 1):
+        term = term @ A / k
+        result += term
+
+    return result
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# Exports
+# ============================================================
+
+__all__ = [
+    'U3Frame',
+    'SU3Component',
+    'GaugeConnection',
+    'FieldStrength',
+    'SymmetryBreakingPotential',
+    'HBAR',
+    'C_SPEED',
+]
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# Demonstration
+# ============================================================
+
+def demonstrate():
+    """Demonstrate U(3) complex frame and gauge field"""
+    print("=" * 70)
+    print("U(3) Complex Frame and Gauge Field Unification Framework Demo")
+    print("=" * 70)
+
+    # 1. Create U(3) frame
+    print("\n1. Create U(3) complex frame")
+    frame = U3Frame()
+    print(f"   {frame}")
+    print(f"   det(U) = {frame.determinant:.6f}")
+    print(f"   Global phase φ = {frame.global_phase:.4f} rad")
+
+    # 2. Color phases
+    print("\n2. Color phases (RGB)")
+    phases = frame.color_phases()
+    print(f"   θ_R (red) = {phases[0]:.4f} rad")
+    print(f"   θ_G (green) = {phases[1]:.4f} rad")
+    print(f"   θ_B (blue) = {phases[2]:.4f} rad")
+    print(f"   Constraint check: θ_R + θ_G + θ_B = {sum(phases):.4f} (should equal φ)")
+
+    # 3. Symmetry decomposition
+    print("\n3. U(3) → SU(3) × U(1) decomposition")
+    su3_comp, u1_phase = frame.to_su3_u1()
+    print(f"   SU(3) component det = {np.linalg.det(su3_comp.matrix):.6f} (should be 1)")
+    print(f"   U(1) phase = {u1_phase:.6f}")
+
+    # 4. Quaternion representation
+    print("\n4. Quaternion representation (SU(2) subgroup)")
+    q = frame.to_quaternion_representation()
+    print(f"   q = ({q[0]:.4f}, {q[1]:.4f}, {q[2]:.4f}, {q[3]:.4f})")
+    print(f"   |q| = {np.sqrt(sum(abs(x)**2 for x in q)):.6f}")
+
+    # 5. Gauge transformations
+    print("\n5. Gauge transformations")
+    # U(1) transformation
+    frame_u1 = frame.gauge_transform_u1(np.pi/4)
+    print(f"   After U(1) transformation: {frame_u1}")
+
+    # SU(2) transformation
+    frame_su2 = frame.gauge_transform_su2((0.1, 0.2, 0.3))
+    print(f"   After SU(2) transformation: {frame_su2}")
+
+    # 6. Gauge field connection
+    print("\n6. Gauge field connection")
+    connection = GaugeConnection(
+        su3_component=np.random.randn(8) * 0.1,
+        su2_component=np.random.randn(3) * 0.1,
+        u1_component=0.05+0.02j
+    )
+    print(f"   {connection}")
+    A_matrix = connection.connection_matrix()
+    print(f"   ||A_μ|| = {np.linalg.norm(A_matrix):.4f}")
+
+    # 7. Field strength tensor
+    print("\n7. Field strength tensor (curvature)")
+    connection2 = GaugeConnection(
+        su3_component=np.random.randn(8) * 0.1,
+        su2_component=np.random.randn(3) * 0.1,
+        u1_component=0.03+0.01j
+    )
+    F = connection.field_strength(connection2)
+    print(f"   ||F_μν|| = {np.linalg.norm(F.matrix):.4f}")
+    print(f"   Yang-Mills action S = {F.yang_mills_action():.6f}")
+    print(f"   Topological charge Q = {F.topological_charge():.6f}")
+
+    # 8. Symmetry breaking
+    print("\n8. Symmetry breaking potential")
+    potential = SymmetryBreakingPotential(mu_squared=-1.0, lambda_coupling=0.5)
+    V = potential.potential(frame)
+    print(f"   V(U) = {V:.6f}")
+    print(f"   Finding vacuum state...")
+    vacuum = potential.find_vacuum(max_iterations=50)
+    V_vacuum = potential.potential(vacuum)
+    print(f"   V(U_vacuum) = {V_vacuum:.6f}")
+    print(f"   Vacuum state: {vacuum}")
+
+    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
+    print("Core Theory Summary:")
+    print("  • U(3) = [e₁, e₂, e₃] ∈ U(3)  [Complete unitary frame]")
+    print("  • U(3) = SU(3) × U(1)  [Symmetry decomposition]")
+    print("  • (θ_R, θ_G, θ_B)  [Color phases]")
+    print("  • A_μ = A_μ^{SU(3)} + A_μ^{SU(2)} + A_μ^{U(1)}  [Gauge connection]")
+    print("  • F_μν = [D_μ, D_ν]  [Field strength tensor]")
+    print("  • V(U) minimization → Symmetry breaking pattern")
+    print("=" * 70)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    demonstrate()