cirq-core 1.6.0.dev20250520054601__py3-none-any.whl → 1.6.0.dev20250520183459__py3-none-any.whl

cirq/ops/three_qubit_gates.py

@@ -16,19 +16,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import (
-    AbstractSet,
-    Any,
-    Collection,
-    Dict,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Tuple,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Union,
-)
+from typing import AbstractSet, Any, Collection, Iterator, Sequence, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
 import sympy
@@ -72,10 +60,10 @@ class CCZPowGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, eigen_gate.EigenGate):
     $$
     """
 
-    def _eigen_components(self) -> List[Tuple[float, np.ndarray]]:
+    def _eigen_components(self) -> list[tuple[float, np.ndarray]]:
         return [(0, np.diag([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0])), (1, np.diag([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]))]
 
-    def _trace_distance_bound_(self) -> Optional[float]:
+    def _trace_distance_bound_(self) -> float | None:
         if self._is_parameterized_():
             return None
         return abs(np.sin(self._exponent * 0.5 * np.pi))
@@ -159,7 +147,7 @@ class CCZPowGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, eigen_gate.EigenGate):
     def _circuit_diagram_info_(self, args: cirq.CircuitDiagramInfoArgs) -> cirq.CircuitDiagramInfo:
         return protocols.CircuitDiagramInfo(('@', '@', '@'), exponent=self._diagram_exponent(args))
 
-    def _qasm_(self, args: cirq.QasmArgs, qubits: Tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _qasm_(self, args: cirq.QasmArgs, qubits: tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]) -> str | None:
         if self._exponent != 1:
             return None
 
@@ -191,11 +179,9 @@ class CCZPowGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, eigen_gate.EigenGate):
 
     def controlled(
         self,
-        num_controls: Optional[int] = None,
-        control_values: Optional[
-            Union[cv.AbstractControlValues, Sequence[Union[int, Collection[int]]]]
-        ] = None,
-        control_qid_shape: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+        num_controls: int | None = None,
+        control_values: cv.AbstractControlValues | Sequence[int | Collection[int]] | None = None,
+        control_qid_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
     ) -> raw_types.Gate:
         """Returns a controlled `ZPowGate` with two additional controls.
 
@@ -238,10 +224,10 @@ class ThreeQubitDiagonalGate(raw_types.Gate):
                 If these values are $(x_0, x_1, \ldots , x_7)$ then the unitary
                 has diagonal values $(e^{i x_0}, e^{i x_1}, \ldots, e^{i x_7})$.
         """
-        self._diag_angles_radians: Tuple[value.TParamVal, ...] = tuple(diag_angles_radians)
+        self._diag_angles_radians: tuple[value.TParamVal, ...] = tuple(diag_angles_radians)
 
     @property
-    def diag_angles_radians(self) -> Tuple[value.TParamVal, ...]:
+    def diag_angles_radians(self) -> tuple[value.TParamVal, ...]:
         return self._diag_angles_radians
 
     def _is_parameterized_(self) -> bool:
@@ -380,7 +366,7 @@ class ThreeQubitDiagonalGate(raw_types.Gate):
             }
         )
 
-    def _json_dict_(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def _json_dict_(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return protocols.obj_to_dict_helper(self, attribute_names=["diag_angles_radians"])
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -411,7 +397,7 @@ class CCXPowGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, eigen_gate.EigenGate):
     $$
     """
 
-    def _eigen_components(self) -> List[Tuple[float, np.ndarray]]:
+    def _eigen_components(self) -> list[tuple[float, np.ndarray]]:
         return [
             (0, linalg.block_diag(np.diag([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]), np.array([[0.5, 0.5], [0.5, 0.5]]))),
             (
@@ -422,7 +408,7 @@ class CCXPowGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, eigen_gate.EigenGate):
             ),
         ]
 
-    def _trace_distance_bound_(self) -> Optional[float]:
+    def _trace_distance_bound_(self) -> float | None:
         if self._is_parameterized_():
             return None
         return abs(np.sin(self._exponent * 0.5 * np.pi))
@@ -474,7 +460,7 @@ class CCXPowGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, eigen_gate.EigenGate):
             ('@', '@', 'X'), exponent=self._diagram_exponent(args), exponent_qubit_index=2
         )
 
-    def _qasm_(self, args: cirq.QasmArgs, qubits: Tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _qasm_(self, args: cirq.QasmArgs, qubits: tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]) -> str | None:
         if self._exponent != 1:
             return None
 
@@ -501,11 +487,9 @@ class CCXPowGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, eigen_gate.EigenGate):
 
     def controlled(
         self,
-        num_controls: Optional[int] = None,
-        control_values: Optional[
-            Union[cv.AbstractControlValues, Sequence[Union[int, Collection[int]]]]
-        ] = None,
-        control_qid_shape: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+        num_controls: int | None = None,
+        control_values: cv.AbstractControlValues | Sequence[int | Collection[int]] | None = None,
+        control_qid_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
     ) -> raw_types.Gate:
         """Returns a controlled `XPowGate` with two additional controls.
 
@@ -653,7 +637,7 @@ class CSwapGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, raw_types.Gate):
             return protocols.CircuitDiagramInfo(('@', 'swap', 'swap'))
         return protocols.CircuitDiagramInfo(('@', '×', '×'))
 
-    def _qasm_(self, args: cirq.QasmArgs, qubits: Tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _qasm_(self, args: cirq.QasmArgs, qubits: tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]) -> str | None:
         args.validate_version('2.0', '3.0')
         return args.format('cswap {0},{1},{2};\n', qubits[0], qubits[1], qubits[2])
 
@@ -676,11 +660,9 @@ class CSwapGate(gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, raw_types.Gate):
 
     def controlled(
         self,
-        num_controls: Optional[int] = None,
-        control_values: Optional[
-            Union[cv.AbstractControlValues, Sequence[Union[int, Collection[int]]]]
-        ] = None,
-        control_qid_shape: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+        num_controls: int | None = None,
+        control_values: cv.AbstractControlValues | Sequence[int | Collection[int]] | None = None,
+        control_qid_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
     ) -> raw_types.Gate:
         """Returns a controlled `SWAP` with one additional control.
 

cirq/ops/two_qubit_diagonal_gate.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ passed as a list.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import AbstractSet, Any, Dict, Iterator, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import AbstractSet, Any, Iterator, Sequence, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
 import sympy
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ class TwoQubitDiagonalGate(raw_types.Gate):
                 If these values are $(x_0, x_1, \ldots , x_3)$ then the unitary
                 has diagonal values $(e^{i x_0}, e^{i x_1}, \ldots, e^{i x_3})$.
         """
-        self._diag_angles_radians: Tuple[value.TParamVal, ...] = tuple(diag_angles_radians)
+        self._diag_angles_radians: tuple[value.TParamVal, ...] = tuple(diag_angles_radians)
 
     @property
-    def diag_angles_radians(self) -> Tuple[value.TParamVal, ...]:
+    def diag_angles_radians(self) -> tuple[value.TParamVal, ...]:
         return self._diag_angles_radians
 
     def _num_qubits_(self) -> int:
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class TwoQubitDiagonalGate(raw_types.Gate):
     def _has_unitary_(self) -> bool:
         return not self._is_parameterized_()
 
-    def _unitary_(self) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+    def _unitary_(self) -> np.ndarray | None:
         if self._is_parameterized_():
             return None
         return np.diag([np.exp(1j * angle) for angle in self._diag_angles_radians])
@@ -139,5 +139,5 @@ class TwoQubitDiagonalGate(raw_types.Gate):
         angles = ','.join(proper_repr(angle) for angle in self._diag_angles_radians)
         return f'cirq.TwoQubitDiagonalGate([{angles}])'
 
-    def _json_dict_(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def _json_dict_(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return protocols.obj_to_dict_helper(self, attribute_names=["diag_angles_radians"])

cirq/ops/uniform_superposition_gate.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, Sequence, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Any, Iterator, Sequence, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class UniformSuperpositionGate(raw_types.Gate):
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'UniformSuperpositionGate(m_value={self._m_value}, num_qubits={self._num_qubits})'
 
-    def _json_dict_(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def _json_dict_(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         d = {}
         d['m_value'] = self._m_value
         d['num_qubits'] = self._num_qubits

cirq/ops/wait_gate.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import AbstractSet, Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import AbstractSet, Any, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from cirq import protocols, value
 from cirq.ops import raw_types
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class WaitGate(raw_types.Gate):
     def __init__(
         self,
         duration: cirq.DURATION_LIKE,
-        num_qubits: Optional[int] = None,
-        qid_shape: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+        num_qubits: int | None = None,
+        qid_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Initialize a wait gate with the given duration.
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class WaitGate(raw_types.Gate):
             qid_shape=self._qid_shape,
         )
 
-    def _qid_shape_(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+    def _qid_shape_(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         return self._qid_shape
 
     def _has_unitary_(self) -> bool:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class WaitGate(raw_types.Gate):
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'cirq.WaitGate({repr(self.duration)})'
 
-    def _json_dict_(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def _json_dict_(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         d = protocols.obj_to_dict_helper(self, ['duration'])
         if len(self._qid_shape) != 1:
             d['num_qubits'] = len(self._qid_shape)

cirq/protocols/act_on_protocol_test.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Sequence, Tuple
+from typing import Any, Sequence
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def test_act_on_fallback_errors() -> None:
 def test_act_on_errors() -> None:
     class Op(cirq.Operation):
         @property
-        def qubits(self) -> Tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]:  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+        def qubits(self) -> tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]:  # type: ignore[empty-body]
             pass
 
         def with_qubits(self, *new_qubits: cirq.Qid) -> Self:  # type: ignore[empty-body]
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def test_act_on_errors() -> None:
 def test_qubits_not_allowed_for_operations() -> None:
     class Op(cirq.Operation):
         @property
-        def qubits(self) -> Tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]:  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+        def qubits(self) -> tuple[cirq.Qid, ...]:  # type: ignore[empty-body]
             pass
 
         def with_qubits(self, *new_qubits: cirq.Qid) -> Self:  # type: ignore[empty-body]

cirq/protocols/apply_channel_protocol.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from types import NotImplementedType
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Sequence, TypeVar
 
 import numpy as np
 from typing_extensions import Protocol
@@ -126,9 +126,7 @@ class SupportsApplyChannel(Protocol):
     """An object that can efficiently implement a channel."""
 
     @doc_private
-    def _apply_channel_(
-        self, args: ApplyChannelArgs
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, None, NotImplementedType]:
+    def _apply_channel_(self, args: ApplyChannelArgs) -> np.ndarray | None | NotImplementedType:
         """Efficiently applies a channel.
 
         This method is given both the target tensor and workspace of the same
@@ -168,10 +166,8 @@ class SupportsApplyChannel(Protocol):
 
 
 def apply_channel(
-    val: Any,
-    args: ApplyChannelArgs,
-    default: Union[np.ndarray, TDefault] = RaiseTypeErrorIfNotProvided,
-) -> Union[np.ndarray, TDefault]:
+    val: Any, args: ApplyChannelArgs, default: np.ndarray | TDefault = RaiseTypeErrorIfNotProvided
+) -> np.ndarray | TDefault:
     """High performance evolution under a channel evolution.
 
     If `val` defines an `_apply_channel_` method, that method will be
@@ -275,7 +271,7 @@ def apply_channel(
     )
 
 
-def _apply_unitary(val: Any, args: ApplyChannelArgs) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+def _apply_unitary(val: Any, args: 'ApplyChannelArgs') -> np.ndarray | None:
     """Attempt to use `apply_unitary` and return the result.
 
     If `val` does not support `apply_unitary` returns None.
@@ -298,9 +294,7 @@ def _apply_unitary(val: Any, args: ApplyChannelArgs) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
     return right_result
 
 
-def _apply_kraus(
-    kraus: Union[Tuple[np.ndarray], Sequence[Any]], args: ApplyChannelArgs
-) -> np.ndarray:
+def _apply_kraus(kraus: tuple[np.ndarray] | Sequence[Any], args: 'ApplyChannelArgs') -> np.ndarray:
     """Directly apply the kraus operators to the target tensor."""
     # Initialize output.
     args.out_buffer[:] = 0
@@ -315,7 +309,7 @@ def _apply_kraus(
 
 
 def _apply_kraus_single_qubit(
-    kraus: Union[Tuple[Any], Sequence[Any]], args: ApplyChannelArgs
+    kraus: tuple[Any] | Sequence[Any], args: 'ApplyChannelArgs'
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """Use slicing to apply single qubit channel.  Only for two-level qubits."""
     zero_left = linalg.slice_for_qubits_equal_to(args.left_axes, 0)
@@ -340,7 +334,7 @@ def _apply_kraus_single_qubit(
 
 
 def _apply_kraus_multi_qubit(
-    kraus: Union[Tuple[Any], Sequence[Any]], args: ApplyChannelArgs
+    kraus: tuple[Any] | Sequence[Any], args: 'ApplyChannelArgs'
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """Use numpy's einsum to apply a multi-qubit channel."""
     qid_shape = tuple(args.target_tensor.shape[i] for i in args.left_axes)

cirq/protocols/apply_mixture_protocol.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from types import NotImplementedType
-from typing import Any, cast, Iterable, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, cast, Iterable, TypeVar
 
 import numpy as np
 from typing_extensions import Protocol
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class ApplyMixtureArgs:
         auxiliary_buffer0: np.ndarray,
         auxiliary_buffer1: np.ndarray,
         left_axes: Iterable[int],
-        right_axes: Optional[Iterable[int]] = None,
+        right_axes: Iterable[int] | None = None,
     ):
         """Args for apply mixture.
 
@@ -114,9 +114,7 @@ class SupportsApplyMixture(Protocol):
     """An object that can efficiently implement a mixture."""
 
     @doc_private
-    def _apply_mixture_(
-        self, args: ApplyMixtureArgs
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, None, NotImplementedType]:
+    def _apply_mixture_(self, args: ApplyMixtureArgs) -> np.ndarray | None | NotImplementedType:
         """Efficiently applies a mixture.
 
         This method is given both the target tensor and workspace of the same
@@ -159,8 +157,8 @@ def apply_mixture(
     val: Any,
     args: ApplyMixtureArgs,
     *,
-    default: Union[np.ndarray, TDefault] = RaiseTypeErrorIfNotProvided,
-) -> Union[np.ndarray, TDefault]:
+    default: np.ndarray | TDefault = RaiseTypeErrorIfNotProvided,
+) -> np.ndarray | TDefault:
     """High performance evolution under a mixture of unitaries evolution.
 
     Follows the steps below to attempt to apply a mixture:
@@ -275,7 +273,7 @@ def apply_mixture(
     )
 
 
-def _validate_input(val: Any, args: ApplyMixtureArgs) -> Tuple[Any, ApplyMixtureArgs, bool]:
+def _validate_input(val: Any, args: 'ApplyMixtureArgs') -> tuple[Any, 'ApplyMixtureArgs', bool]:
     """Validate args input and determine if we are operating on a
     density matrix or a state vector.
     """
@@ -305,8 +303,8 @@ def _validate_input(val: Any, args: ApplyMixtureArgs) -> Tuple[Any, ApplyMixture
 
 
 def _apply_unitary_strat(
-    val: Any, args: ApplyMixtureArgs, is_density_matrix: bool
-) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+    val: Any, args: 'ApplyMixtureArgs', is_density_matrix: bool
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
     """Attempt to use `apply_unitary` and return the result.
 
     If `val` does not support `apply_unitary` returns None.
@@ -327,7 +325,7 @@ def _apply_unitary_strat(
     right_args = ApplyUnitaryArgs(
         target_tensor=np.conjugate(left_result),
         available_buffer=args.auxiliary_buffer0,
-        axes=cast(Tuple[int], args.right_axes),
+        axes=cast(tuple[int], args.right_axes),
     )
     right_result = apply_unitary(val, right_args)
     np.conjugate(right_result, out=right_result)
@@ -335,8 +333,8 @@ def _apply_unitary_strat(
 
 
 def _apply_unitary_from_matrix_strat(
-    val: np.ndarray, args: ApplyMixtureArgs, is_density_matrix: bool
-) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+    val: np.ndarray, args: 'ApplyMixtureArgs', is_density_matrix: bool
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
     """Used to enact mixture tuples that are given as (probability, np.ndarray)
 
     If `val` does not support `apply_unitary` returns None.
@@ -354,15 +352,15 @@ def _apply_unitary_from_matrix_strat(
     linalg.targeted_left_multiply(
         np.conjugate(matrix_tensor),
         args.auxiliary_buffer0,
-        cast(Tuple[int], args.right_axes),
+        cast(tuple[int], args.right_axes),
         out=args.target_tensor,
     )
     return args.target_tensor
 
 
 def _apply_mixture_from_mixture_strat(
-    val: Any, args: ApplyMixtureArgs, is_density_matrix: bool
-) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+    val: Any, args: 'ApplyMixtureArgs', is_density_matrix: bool
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
     """Attempt to use unitary matrices in _mixture_ and return the result."""
     method = getattr(val, '_mixture_', None)
     if method is None:

cirq/protocols/apply_mixture_protocol_test.py

@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, cast, Iterable, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Any, cast, Iterable
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
@@ -34,9 +33,9 @@ def assert_apply_mixture_returns(
     val: Any,
     rho: np.ndarray,
     left_axes: Iterable[int],
-    right_axes: Optional[Iterable[int]],
+    right_axes: Iterable[int] | None,
     assert_result_is_out_buf: bool = False,
-    expected_result: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+    expected_result: np.ndarray | None = None,
 ):
     out_buf, buf0, buf1 = make_buffers(rho.shape, rho.dtype)
     result = cirq.apply_mixture(
@@ -97,8 +96,8 @@ def test_apply_mixture_simple():
         def _apply_mixture_(self, args: cirq.ApplyMixtureArgs):
             zero_left = cirq.slice_for_qubits_equal_to(args.left_axes, 0)
             one_left = cirq.slice_for_qubits_equal_to(args.left_axes, 1)
-            zero_right = cirq.slice_for_qubits_equal_to(cast(Tuple[int], args.right_axes), 0)
-            one_right = cirq.slice_for_qubits_equal_to(cast(Tuple[int], args.right_axes), 1)
+            zero_right = cirq.slice_for_qubits_equal_to(cast(tuple[int], args.right_axes), 0)
+            one_right = cirq.slice_for_qubits_equal_to(cast(tuple[int], args.right_axes), 1)
             args.out_buffer[:] = 0
             np.copyto(dst=args.auxiliary_buffer0, src=args.target_tensor)
             for kraus_op in [np.sqrt(0.5) * np.eye(2, dtype=np.complex128), np.sqrt(0.5) * x]:

cirq/protocols/apply_unitary_protocol.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
 from types import EllipsisType, NotImplementedType
-from typing import Any, cast, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, cast, Iterable, Sequence, TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar
 
 import numpy as np
 from typing_extensions import Protocol
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class ApplyUnitaryArgs:
         target_tensor: np.ndarray,
         available_buffer: np.ndarray,
         axes: Iterable[int],
-        subspaces: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[int, ...]]] = None,
+        subspaces: Sequence[tuple[int, ...]] | None = None,
     ):
         """Inits ApplyUnitaryArgs.
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class ApplyUnitaryArgs:
 
     @staticmethod
     def default(
-        num_qubits: Optional[int] = None, *, qid_shape: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None
+        num_qubits: int | None = None, *, qid_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None
     ) -> ApplyUnitaryArgs:
         """A default instance starting in state |0⟩.
 
@@ -132,14 +132,14 @@ class ApplyUnitaryArgs:
             raise TypeError('Specify exactly one of num_qubits or qid_shape.')
         if num_qubits is not None:
             qid_shape = (2,) * num_qubits
-        qid_shape = cast(Tuple[int, ...], qid_shape)  # Satisfy mypy
+        qid_shape = cast(tuple[int, ...], qid_shape)  # Satisfy mypy
         num_qubits = len(qid_shape)
         state = qis.one_hot(index=(0,) * num_qubits, shape=qid_shape, dtype=np.complex128)
         return ApplyUnitaryArgs(state, np.empty_like(state), range(num_qubits))
 
     @classmethod
     def for_unitary(
-        cls, num_qubits: Optional[int] = None, *, qid_shape: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None
+        cls, num_qubits: int | None = None, *, qid_shape: tuple[int, ...] | None = None
     ) -> ApplyUnitaryArgs:
         """A default instance corresponding to an identity matrix.
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class ApplyUnitaryArgs:
             raise TypeError('Specify exactly one of num_qubits or qid_shape.')
         if num_qubits is not None:
             qid_shape = (2,) * num_qubits
-        qid_shape = cast(Tuple[int, ...], qid_shape)  # Satisfy mypy
+        qid_shape = cast(tuple[int, ...], qid_shape)  # Satisfy mypy
         num_qubits = len(qid_shape)
         state = qis.eye_tensor(qid_shape, dtype=np.complex128)
         return ApplyUnitaryArgs(state, np.empty_like(state), range(num_qubits))
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class ApplyUnitaryArgs:
         return ApplyUnitaryArgs(target_tensor, available_buffer, range(len(self.axes)))
 
     def _for_operation_with_qid_shape(
-        self, indices: Iterable[int], slices: Tuple[Union[int, slice], ...]
+        self, indices: Iterable[int], slices: tuple[int | slice, ...]
     ) -> ApplyUnitaryArgs:
         """Creates a sliced and transposed view of `self` appropriate for an
         operation with shape `qid_shape` on qubits with the given indices.
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class ApplyUnitaryArgs:
 
     def subspace_index(
         self, little_endian_bits_int: int = 0, *, big_endian_bits_int: int = 0
-    ) -> Tuple[Union[slice, int, EllipsisType], ...]:
+    ) -> tuple[slice | int | EllipsisType, ...]:
         """An index for the subspace where the target axes equal a value.
 
         Args:
@@ -260,9 +260,7 @@ class SupportsConsistentApplyUnitary(Protocol):
     """An object that can be efficiently left-multiplied into tensors."""
 
     @doc_private
-    def _apply_unitary_(
-        self, args: ApplyUnitaryArgs
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, None, NotImplementedType]:
+    def _apply_unitary_(self, args: ApplyUnitaryArgs) -> np.ndarray | None | NotImplementedType:
         """Left-multiplies a unitary effect onto a tensor with good performance.
 
         This method is given both the target tensor and workspace of the same
@@ -308,10 +306,10 @@ class SupportsConsistentApplyUnitary(Protocol):
 def apply_unitary(
     unitary_value: Any,
     args: ApplyUnitaryArgs,
-    default: Union[np.ndarray, TDefault] = RaiseTypeErrorIfNotProvided,
+    default: np.ndarray | TDefault = RaiseTypeErrorIfNotProvided,
     *,
     allow_decompose: bool = True,
-) -> Union[np.ndarray, TDefault]:
+) -> np.ndarray | TDefault:
     """High performance left-multiplication of a unitary effect onto a tensor.
 
     Applies the unitary effect of `unitary_value` to the tensor specified in
@@ -422,7 +420,7 @@ def apply_unitary(
 
 def _strat_apply_unitary_from_apply_unitary(
     unitary_value: Any, args: ApplyUnitaryArgs
-) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
     # Check for magic method.
     func = getattr(unitary_value, '_apply_unitary_', None)
     if func is None:
@@ -470,7 +468,7 @@ def _apply_unitary_from_matrix(matrix: np.ndarray, unitary_value: Any, args: App
 
 def _strat_apply_unitary_from_unitary(
     unitary_value: Any, args: ApplyUnitaryArgs
-) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
     # Check for magic method.
     method = getattr(unitary_value, '_unitary_', None)
     if method is None:
@@ -484,7 +482,7 @@ def _strat_apply_unitary_from_unitary(
     return _apply_unitary_from_matrix(matrix, unitary_value, args)
 
 
-def _strat_apply_unitary_from_decompose(val: Any, args: ApplyUnitaryArgs) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+def _strat_apply_unitary_from_decompose(val: Any, args: ApplyUnitaryArgs) -> np.ndarray | None:
     operations, qubits, _ = _try_decompose_into_operations_and_qubits(val)
     if operations is None:
         return NotImplemented
@@ -509,9 +507,9 @@ def _strat_apply_unitary_from_decompose(val: Any, args: ApplyUnitaryArgs) -> Opt
 def apply_unitaries(
     unitary_values: Iterable[Any],
     qubits: Sequence[cirq.Qid],
-    args: Optional[ApplyUnitaryArgs] = None,
+    args: ApplyUnitaryArgs | None = None,
     default: Any = RaiseTypeErrorIfNotProvided,
-) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
     """Apply a series of unitaries onto a state tensor.
 
     Uses `cirq.apply_unitary` on each of the unitary values, to apply them to
@@ -647,7 +645,7 @@ def _incorporate_result_into_target(
     return args.target_tensor
 
 
-def _to_slice(subspace_def: Tuple[int, ...]):
+def _to_slice(subspace_def: tuple[int, ...]):
     if len(subspace_def) < 1:
         raise ValueError(f'Subspace {subspace_def} has zero dimensions.')