cellects 0.2.6__py3-none-any.whl → 0.3.0__py3-none-any.whl

cellects/image_analysis/shape_descriptors.py

@@ -1,1067 +1,1068 @@
-"""Module for computing shape descriptors from binary images.
-
-This module provides a framework for calculating various geometric and statistical
-descriptors of shapes in binary images through configurable dictionaries and a core class.
-Supported metrics include area, perimeter, axis lengths, orientation, and more.
-Descriptor computation is controlled via category dictionaries (e.g., `descriptors_categories`)
-and implemented as methods in the ShapeDescriptors class.
-
-Classes
--------
-ShapeDescriptors : Class to compute various descriptors for a binary image
-
-Notes
------
-Relies on OpenCV and NumPy for image processing operations.
-Shape descriptors: The following names, lists and computes all the variables describing a shape in a binary image.
-If you want to allow the software to compute another variable:
-1) In the following dicts and list, you need to:
-        add the variable name and whether to compute it (True/False) by default
-2) In the ShapeDescriptors class:
-        add a method to compute that variable
-3) In the init method of the ShapeDescriptors class
-    attribute a None value to the variable that store it
-    add a if condition in the for loop to compute that variable when its name appear in the wanted_descriptors_list
-"""
-import cv2
-import numpy as np
-from typing import Tuple
-from numpy.typing import NDArray
-from copy import deepcopy
-import pandas as pd
-from cellects.utils.utilitarian import translate_dict, smallest_memory_array
-from cellects.utils.formulas import (get_inertia_axes, get_standard_deviations, get_skewness, get_kurtosis,
-                                     get_newly_explored_area)
-
-descriptors_categories = {'area': True, 'perimeter': False, 'circularity': False, 'rectangularity': False,
-                          'total_hole_area': False, 'solidity': False, 'convexity': False, 'eccentricity': False,
-                          'euler_number': False, 'standard_deviation_xy': False, 'skewness_xy': False,
-                          'kurtosis_xy': False, 'major_axes_len_and_angle': True, 'iso_digi_analysis': False,
-                          'oscilacyto_analysis': False,
-                          'fractal_analysis': False
-                          }
-
-descriptors_names_to_display = ['Area', 'Perimeter', 'Circularity', 'Rectangularity', 'Total hole area',
-                                'Solidity', 'Convexity', 'Eccentricity', 'Euler number', 'Standard deviation xy',
-                                'Skewness xy', 'Kurtosis xy', 'Major axes lengths and angle',
-                                'Growth transitions', 'Oscillations',
-                                'Minkowski dimension'
-                                ]
-
-from_shape_descriptors_class = {'area': True, 'perimeter': False, 'circularity': False, 'rectangularity': False,
-               'total_hole_area': False, 'solidity': False, 'convexity': False, 'eccentricity': False,
-               'euler_number': False, 'standard_deviation_y': False, 'standard_deviation_x': False,
-               'skewness_y': False, 'skewness_x': False, 'kurtosis_y': False, 'kurtosis_x': False,
-               'major_axis_len': True, 'minor_axis_len': True, 'axes_orientation': True
-                               }
-
-length_descriptors = ['perimeter', 'major_axis_len', 'minor_axis_len']
-area_descriptors = ['area', 'area_total', 'total_hole_area', 'newly_explored_area', 'final_area']
-
-descriptors = deepcopy(from_shape_descriptors_class)
-descriptors.update({'minkowski_dimension': False})
-
-def compute_one_descriptor_per_frame(binary_vid: NDArray[np.uint8], arena_label: int, timings: NDArray,
-                                     descriptors_dict: dict, output_in_mm: bool, pixel_size: float,
-                                     do_fading: bool, save_coord_specimen:bool):
-    """
-    Computes descriptors for each frame in a binary video and returns them as a DataFrame.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    binary_vid : NDArray[np.uint8]
-        The binary video data where each frame is a 2D array.
-    arena_label : int
-        Label for the arena in the video.
-    timings : NDArray
-        Array of timestamps corresponding to each frame.
-    descriptors_dict : dict
-        Dictionary containing the descriptors to be computed.
-    output_in_mm : bool, optional
-        Flag indicating if output should be in millimeters. Default is False.
-    pixel_size : float, optional
-        Size of a pixel in the video when `output_in_mm` is True. Default is None.
-    do_fading : bool, optional
-        Flag indicating if the fading effect should be applied. Default is False.
-    save_coord_specimen : bool, optional
-        Flag indicating if the coordinates of specimens should be saved. Default is False.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    pandas.DataFrame
-        DataFrame containing the descriptors for each frame in the video.
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    For large inputs, consider pre-allocating memory for efficiency.
-    The `save_coord_specimen` flag will save coordinate data to a file.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> binary_vid = np.ones((10, 640, 480), dtype=np.uint8)
-    >>> timings = np.arange(10)
-    >>> descriptors_dict = {'area': True, 'perimeter': True}
-    >>> result = compute_one_descriptor_per_frame(binary_vid, 1, timings, descriptors_dict)
-    >>> print(result.head())
-       arena  time  area  perimeter
-    0      1     0     0          0
-    1      1     1     0          0
-    2      1     2     0          0
-    3      1     3     0          0
-    4      1     4     0          0
-
-    >>> binary_vid = np.ones((5, 640, 480), dtype=np.uint8)
-    >>> timings = np.arange(5)
-    >>> descriptors_dict = {'area': True, 'perimeter': True}
-    >>> result = compute_one_descriptor_per_frame(binary_vid, 2, timings,
-    ...                                            descriptors_dict,
-    ...                                            output_in_mm=True,
-    ...                                            pixel_size=0.1)
-    >>> print(result.head())
-       arena  time  area  perimeter
-    0      2     0    0         0.0
-    1      2     1    0         0.0
-    2      2     2    0         0.0
-    3      2     3    0         0.0
-    4      2     4    0         0.0
-    """
-    dims = binary_vid.shape
-    all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures = initialize_descriptor_computation(descriptors_dict)
-    one_row_per_frame = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((dims[0], 2 + len(all_descriptors))),
-                                          columns=['arena', 'time'] + all_descriptors)
-    one_row_per_frame['arena'] = [arena_label] * dims[0]
-    one_row_per_frame['time'] = timings
-    for t in np.arange(dims[0]):
-        SD = ShapeDescriptors(binary_vid[t, :, :], to_compute_from_sd)
-        for descriptor in to_compute_from_sd:
-            one_row_per_frame.loc[t, descriptor] = SD.descriptors[descriptor]
-    if save_coord_specimen:
-        np.save(f"coord_specimen{arena_label}_t{dims[0]}_y{dims[1]}_x{dims[2]}.npy",
-                smallest_memory_array(np.nonzero(binary_vid), "uint"))
-    # Adjust descriptors scale if output_in_mm is specified
-    if do_fading:
-        one_row_per_frame['newly_explored_area'] = get_newly_explored_area(binary_vid)
-    if output_in_mm:
-        one_row_per_frame = scale_descriptors(one_row_per_frame, pixel_size,
-                                                   length_measures, area_measures)
-    return one_row_per_frame
-
-
-def compute_one_descriptor_per_colony(binary_vid: NDArray[np.uint8], arena_label: int, timings: NDArray,
-                                      descriptors_dict: dict, output_in_mm: bool, pixel_size: float,
-                                      do_fading: bool, min_colony_size: int, save_coord_specimen: bool):
-    dims = binary_vid.shape
-    all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures = initialize_descriptor_computation(
-        descriptors_dict)
-    # Objective: create a matrix with 4 columns (time, y, x, colony) containing the coordinates of all colonies
-    # against time
-    max_colonies = 0
-    for t in np.arange(dims[0]):
-        nb, shapes = cv2.connectedComponents(binary_vid[t, :, :])
-        max_colonies = np.max((max_colonies, nb))
-
-    time_descriptor_colony = np.zeros((dims[0], len(to_compute_from_sd) * max_colonies * dims[0]),
-                                      dtype=np.float32)  # Adjust max_colonies
-    colony_number = 0
-    colony_id_matrix = np.zeros(dims[1:], dtype=np.uint64)
-    coord_colonies = []
-    centroids = []
-
-    # pat_tracker = PercentAndTimeTracker(dims[0], compute_with_elements_number=True)
-    for t in np.arange(dims[0]):
-        # We rank colonies in increasing order to make sure that the larger colony issued from a colony division
-        # keeps the previous colony name.
-        # shapes, stats, centers = cc(binary_vid[t, :, :])
-        nb, shapes, stats, centers = cv2.connectedComponentsWithStats(binary_vid[t, :, :])
-        true_colonies = np.nonzero(stats[:, 4] >= min_colony_size)[1:]
-        # Consider that shapes bellow 3 pixels are noise. The loop will stop at nb and not compute them
-
-        # current_percentage, eta = pat_tracker.get_progress(t, element_number=nb)
-        # logging.info(f"Arena n°{arena_label}, Colony descriptors computation: {current_percentage}%{eta}")
-
-        updated_colony_names = np.zeros(1, dtype=np.uint32)
-        for colon_i in true_colonies:  # 120)):# #92
-            current_colony_img = shapes == colon_i
-            if current_colony_img.sum() >= 4:
-                current_colony_img = current_colony_img.astype(np.uint8)
-
-                # I/ Find out which names the current colony had at t-1
-                colony_previous_names = np.unique(current_colony_img * colony_id_matrix)
-                colony_previous_names = colony_previous_names[colony_previous_names != 0]
-                # II/ Find out if the current colony name had already been analyzed at t
-                # If there no match with the saved colony_id_matrix, assign colony ID
-                if t == 0 or len(colony_previous_names) == 0:
-                    # logging.info("New colony")
-                    colony_number += 1
-                    colony_names = [colony_number]
-                # If there is at least 1 match with the saved colony_id_matrix, we keep the colony_previous_name(s)
-                else:
-                    colony_names = colony_previous_names.tolist()
-                # Handle colony division if necessary
-                if np.any(np.isin(updated_colony_names, colony_names)):
-                    colony_number += 1
-                    colony_names = [colony_number]
-
-                # Update colony ID matrix for the current frame
-                coords = np.nonzero(current_colony_img)
-                colony_id_matrix[coords[0], coords[1]] = colony_names[0]
-
-                # Add coordinates to coord_colonies
-                time_column = np.full(coords[0].shape, t, dtype=np.uint32)
-                colony_column = np.full(coords[0].shape, colony_names[0], dtype=np.uint32)
-                coord_colonies.append(np.column_stack((time_column, colony_column, coords[0], coords[1])))
-
-                # Calculate centroid and add to centroids list
-                centroid_x, centroid_y = centers[colon_i, :]
-                centroids.append((t, colony_names[0], centroid_y, centroid_x))
-
-                # Compute shape descriptors
-                SD = ShapeDescriptors(current_colony_img, to_compute_from_sd)
-                # descriptors = list(SD.descriptors.values())
-                descriptors = SD.descriptors
-                # Adjust descriptors if output_in_mm is specified
-                if output_in_mm:
-                    descriptors = scale_descriptors(descriptors, pixel_size, length_measures, area_measures)
-                # Store descriptors in time_descriptor_colony
-                descriptor_index = (colony_names[0] - 1) * len(to_compute_from_sd)
-                time_descriptor_colony[t, descriptor_index:(descriptor_index + len(descriptors))] = list(
-                    descriptors.values())
-
-                updated_colony_names = np.append(updated_colony_names, colony_names)
-
-        # Reset colony_id_matrix for the next frame
-        colony_id_matrix *= binary_vid[t, :, :]
-    if len(centroids) > 0:
-        centroids = np.array(centroids, dtype=np.float32)
-    else:
-        centroids = np.zeros((0, 4), dtype=np.float32)
-    time_descriptor_colony = time_descriptor_colony[:, :(colony_number * len(to_compute_from_sd))]
-    if len(coord_colonies) > 0:
-        coord_colonies = np.vstack(coord_colonies)
-        if save_coord_specimen:
-            coord_colonies = pd.DataFrame(coord_colonies, columns=["time", "colony", "y", "x"])
-            coord_colonies.to_csv(
-                f"coord_colonies{arena_label}_t{dims[0]}_col{colony_number}_y{dims[1]}_x{dims[2]}.csv",
-                sep=';', index=False, lineterminator='\n')
-
-    centroids = pd.DataFrame(centroids, columns=["time", "colony", "y", "x"])
-    centroids.to_csv(
-        f"colony_centroids{arena_label}_t{dims[0]}_col{colony_number}_y{dims[1]}_x{dims[2]}.csv",
-        sep=';', index=False, lineterminator='\n')
-
-    # Format the final dataframe to have one row per time frame, and one column per descriptor_colony_name
-    one_row_per_frame = pd.DataFrame({'arena': arena_label, 'time': timings,
-                                      'area_total': binary_vid.sum((1, 2)).astype(np.float64)})
-
-    if do_fading:
-        one_row_per_frame['newly_explored_area'] = get_newly_explored_area(binary_vid)
-    if output_in_mm:
-        one_row_per_frame = scale_descriptors(one_row_per_frame, pixel_size)
-
-    column_names = np.char.add(np.repeat(to_compute_from_sd, colony_number),
-                               np.tile((np.arange(colony_number) + 1).astype(str), len(to_compute_from_sd)))
-    time_descriptor_colony = pd.DataFrame(time_descriptor_colony, columns=column_names)
-    one_row_per_frame = pd.concat([one_row_per_frame, time_descriptor_colony], axis=1)
-
-    return one_row_per_frame
-
-def initialize_descriptor_computation(descriptors_dict: dict) -> Tuple[list, list, list, list]:
-    """
-
-    Initialize descriptor computation based on available and requested descriptors.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    descriptors_dict : dict
-        A dictionary where keys are descriptor names and values are booleans indicating whether
-        to compute the corresponding descriptor.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    tuple
-        A tuple containing four lists:
-        - all_descriptors: List of all requested descriptor names.
-        - to_compute_from_sd: Array of descriptor names that need to be computed from the shape descriptors class.
-        - length_measures: Array of descriptor names that are length measures and need to be computed.
-        - area_measures: Array of descriptor names that are area measures and need to be computed.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> descriptors_dict = {'perimeter': True, 'area': False}
-    >>> all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures = initialize_descriptor_computation(descriptors_dict)
-    >>> print(all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures)
-    ['length'] ['length'] ['length'] []
-
-    """
-    available_descriptors_in_sd = list(from_shape_descriptors_class.keys())
-    all_descriptors = []
-    to_compute_from_sd = []
-    for name, do_compute in descriptors_dict.items():
-        if do_compute:
-            all_descriptors.append(name)
-            if np.isin(name, available_descriptors_in_sd):
-                to_compute_from_sd.append(name)
-    to_compute_from_sd = np.array(to_compute_from_sd)
-    length_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, length_descriptors)]
-    area_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, area_descriptors)]
-
-    return all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures
-
-def scale_descriptors(descriptors_dict, pixel_size: float, length_measures: NDArray[str]=None, area_measures: NDArray[str]=None):
-    """
-    Scale the spatial descriptors in a dictionary based on pixel size.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    descriptors_dict : dict
-        Dictionary containing spatial descriptors.
-    pixel_size : float
-        Pixel size used for scaling.
-    length_measures : numpy.ndarray, optional
-        Array of descriptors that represent lengths. If not provided,
-        they will be initialized.
-    area_measures : numpy.ndarray, optional
-        Array of descriptors that represent areas. If not provided,
-        they will be initialized.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        Dictionary with scaled spatial descriptors.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> from numpy import array as ndarray
-    >>> descriptors_dict = {'length': ndarray([1, 2]), 'area': ndarray([3, 4])}
-    >>> pixel_size = 0.5
-    >>> scaled_dict = scale_descriptors(descriptors_dict, pixel_size)
-    >>> print(scaled_dict)
-    {'length': array([0.5, 1.]), 'area': array([1.58421369, 2.])}
-    """
-    if length_measures is None or area_measures is None:
-        to_compute_from_sd = np.array(list(descriptors_dict.keys()))
-        length_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, length_descriptors)]
-        area_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, area_descriptors)]
-    for descr in length_measures:
-        descriptors_dict[descr] *= pixel_size
-    for descr in area_measures:
-        descriptors_dict[descr] *= np.sqrt(pixel_size)
-    return descriptors_dict
-
-
-class ShapeDescriptors:
-    """
-        This class takes :
-        - a binary image of 0 and 1 drawing one shape
-        - a list of descriptors to calculate from that image
-        ["area", "perimeter", "circularity", "rectangularity", "total_hole_area", "solidity", "convexity",
-         "eccentricity", "euler_number",
-
-        "standard_deviation_y", "standard_deviation_x", "skewness_y", "skewness_x", "kurtosis_y", "kurtosis_x",
-        "major_axis_len", "minor_axis_len", "axes_orientation",
-
-        "mo", "contours", "min_bounding_rectangle", "convex_hull"]
-
-        Be careful! mo, contours, min_bounding_rectangle, convex_hull,
-        standard_deviations, skewness and kurtosis are not atomics
-    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27343879_Estimators_for_Orientation_and_Anisotropy_in_Digitized_Images
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, binary_image, wanted_descriptors_list):
-        """
-        Class to compute various descriptors for a binary image.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        binary_image : ndarray
-            Binary image used to compute the descriptors.
-        wanted_descriptors_list : list
-            List of strings with the names of the wanted descriptors.
-
-        Attributes
-        ----------
-        binary_image : ndarray
-            The binary image.
-        descriptors : dict
-            Dictionary containing the computed descriptors.
-        mo : float or None, optional
-            Moment of inertia (default is `None`).
-        area : int or None, optional
-            Area of the object (default is `None`).
-        contours : ndarray or None, optional
-            Contours of the object (default is `None`).
-        min_bounding_rectangle : tuple or None, optional
-            Minimum bounding rectangle of the object (default is `None`).
-        convex_hull : ndarray or None, optional
-            Convex hull of the object (default is `None`).
-        major_axis_len : float or None, optional
-            Major axis length of the object (default is `None`).
-        minor_axis_len : float or None, optional
-            Minor axis length of the object (default is `None`).
-        axes_orientation : float or None, optional
-            Orientation of the axes (default is `None`).
-        sx : float or None, optional
-            Standard deviation in x-axis (default is `None`).
-        kx : float or None, optional
-            Kurtosis in x-axis (default is `None`).
-        skx : float or None, optional
-            Skewness in x-axis (default is `None`).
-        perimeter : float or None, optional
-            Perimeter of the object (default is `None`).
-        convexity : float or None, optional
-            Convexity of the object (default is `None`).
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> binary_image = np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8)
-        >>> wanted_descriptors_list = ["area", "perimeter"]
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(binary_image, wanted_descriptors_list)
-        >>> SD.descriptors
-        {'area': np.uint64(9), 'perimeter': 8.0}
-        """
-        # Give a None value to each parameters whose presence is assessed before calculation (less calculus for speed)
-        self.mo = None
-        self.area = None
-        self.contours = None
-        self.min_bounding_rectangle = None
-        self.convex_hull = None
-        self.major_axis_len = None
-        self.minor_axis_len = None
-        self.axes_orientation = None
-        self.sx = None
-        self.kx = None
-        self.skx = None
-        self.perimeter = None
-        self.convexity = None
-
-        self.binary_image = binary_image
-        if self.binary_image.dtype == 'bool':
-            self.binary_image = self.binary_image.astype(np.uint8)
-
-        self.descriptors = {i: np.empty(0, dtype=np.float64) for i in wanted_descriptors_list}
-        self.get_area()
-
-        for name in self.descriptors.keys():
-            if name == "mo":
-                self.get_mo()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.mo
-            elif name == "area":
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.area
-            elif name == "contours":
-                self.get_contours()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.contours
-            elif name == "min_bounding_rectangle":
-                self.get_min_bounding_rectangle()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.min_bounding_rectangle
-            elif name == "major_axis_len":
-                self.get_major_axis_len()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.major_axis_len
-            elif name == "minor_axis_len":
-                self.get_minor_axis_len()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.minor_axis_len
-            elif name == "axes_orientation":
-                self.get_inertia_axes()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.axes_orientation
-            elif name == "standard_deviation_y":
-                self.get_standard_deviations()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.sy
-            elif name == "standard_deviation_x":
-                self.get_standard_deviations()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.sx
-            elif name == "skewness_y":
-                self.get_skewness()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.sky
-            elif name == "skewness_x":
-                self.get_skewness()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.skx
-            elif name == "kurtosis_y":
-                self.get_kurtosis()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.ky
-            elif name == "kurtosis_x":
-                self.get_kurtosis()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.kx
-            elif name == "convex_hull":
-                self.get_convex_hull()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.convex_hull
-            elif name == "perimeter":
-                self.get_perimeter()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.perimeter
-            elif name == "circularity":
-                self.get_circularity()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.circularity
-            elif name == "rectangularity":
-                self.get_rectangularity()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.rectangularity
-            elif name == "total_hole_area":
-                self.get_total_hole_area()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.total_hole_area
-            elif name == "solidity":
-                self.get_solidity()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.solidity
-            elif name == "convexity":
-                self.get_convexity()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.convexity
-            elif name == "eccentricity":
-                self.get_eccentricity()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.eccentricity
-            elif name == "euler_number":
-                self.get_euler_number()
-                self.descriptors[name] = self.euler_number
-
-    """
-        The following methods can be called to compute parameters for descriptors requiring it
-    """
-
-    def get_mo(self):
-        """
-        Get moments of a binary image.
-
-        Calculate the image moments for a given binary image using OpenCV's
-        `cv2.moments` function and then translate these moments into a formatted
-        dictionary.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        This function assumes the binary image has already been processed and is in a
-        suitable format for moment calculation.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-       >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["mo"])
-        >>> print(SD.mo["m00"])
-        9.0
-        """
-        self.mo = translate_dict(cv2.moments(self.binary_image))
-
-    def get_area(self):
-        """
-        Calculate the area of a binary image by summing its pixel values.
-
-        This function computes the area covered by white pixels (value 1) in a binary image,
-        which is equivalent to counting the number of 'on' pixels.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Sums values in `self.binary_image` and stores the result in `self.area`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["area"])
-        >>> print(SD.area)
-        9.0
-        """
-        self.area = self.binary_image.sum()
-
-    def get_contours(self):
-        """
-        Find and process the largest contour in a binary image.
-
-        Retrieves contours from a binary image, calculates the Euler number,
-        and identifies the largest contour based on its length.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        This function modifies the internal state of the `self` object to store
-        the largest contour and Euler number.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["euler_number"])
-        >>> print(len(SD.contours))
-        8
-        """
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.euler_number = 0.
-            self.contours = np.array([], np.uint8)
-        else:
-            contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(self.binary_image, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
-            nb, shapes = cv2.connectedComponents(self.binary_image, ltype=cv2.CV_16U)
-            self.euler_number = (nb - 1) - len(contours)
-            self.contours = contours[0]
-            if len(contours) > 1:
-                all_lengths = np.zeros(len(contours))
-                for i, contour in enumerate(contours):
-                    all_lengths[i] = len(contour)
-                self.contours = contours[np.argmax(all_lengths)]
-
-    def get_min_bounding_rectangle(self):
-        """
-        Retrieve the minimum bounding rectangle from the contours of an image.
-
-        This method calculates the smallest area rectangle that can enclose
-        the object outlines present in the image, which is useful for
-        object detection and analysis tasks.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        - The bounding rectangle is calculated only if contours are available.
-          If not, they will be retrieved first before calculating the rectangle.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        RuntimeError
-            If the contours are not available and cannot be retrieved,
-            indicating a problem with the image or preprocessing steps.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["rectangularity"])
-        >>> print(len(SD.min_bounding_rectangle))
-        3
-        """
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.min_bounding_rectangle = np.array([], np.uint8)
-        else:
-            if self.contours is None:
-                self.get_contours()
-            if len(self.contours) == 0:
-                self.min_bounding_rectangle = np.array([], np.uint8)
-            else:
-                self.min_bounding_rectangle = cv2.minAreaRect(self.contours)  # ((cx, cy), (width, height), angle)
-
-    def get_inertia_axes(self):
-        """
-        Calculate and set the moments of inertia properties of an object.
-
-        This function computes the centroid, major axis length,
-        minor axis length, and axes orientation for an object. It
-        first ensures that the moments of inertia (`mo`) attribute is available,
-        computing them if necessary, before using the `get_inertia_axes` function.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-            This method sets the following attributes:
-            - `cx` : float
-                The x-coordinate of the centroid.
-            - `cy` : float
-                The y-coordinate of the centroid.
-            - `major_axis_len` : float
-                The length of the major axis.
-            - `minor_axis_len` : float
-                The length of the minor axis.
-            - `axes_orientation` : float
-                The orientation angle of the axes.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError
-            If there is an issue with the moments of inertia computation.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        This function modifies in-place the object's attributes related to its geometry.
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["major_axis_len"])
-        >>> print(SD.axes_orientation)
-        0.0
-        """
-        if self.mo is None:
-            self.get_mo()
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.cx, self.cy, self.major_axis_len, self.minor_axis_len, self.axes_orientation = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
-        else:
-            self.cx, self.cy, self.major_axis_len, self.minor_axis_len, self.axes_orientation = get_inertia_axes(self.mo)
-
-    def get_standard_deviations(self):
-        """
-        Calculate and store standard deviations along x and y (sx, sy).
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Requires centroid and moments; values are stored in `self.sx` and `self.sy`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-       >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["standard_deviation_x", "standard_deviation_y"])
-        >>> print(SD.sx, SD.sy)
-        0.816496580927726 0.816496580927726
-        """
-        if self.sx is None:
-            if self.axes_orientation is None:
-                self.get_inertia_axes()
-            self.sx, self.sy = get_standard_deviations(self.mo, self.binary_image, self.cx, self.cy)
-
-    def get_skewness(self):
-        """
-        Calculate and store skewness along x and y (skx, sky).
-
-        This function computes the skewness about the x-axis and y-axis of
-        an image. Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability
-        distribution of values in an image.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Requires standard deviations; values are stored in `self.skx` and `self.sky`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["skewness_x", "skewness_y"])
-        >>> print(SD.skx, SD.sky)
-        0.0 0.0
-        """
-        if self.skx is None:
-            if self.sx is None:
-                self.get_standard_deviations()
-
-            self.skx, self.sky = get_skewness(self.mo, self.binary_image, self.cx, self.cy, self.sx, self.sy)
-
-    def get_kurtosis(self):
-        """
-        Calculates the kurtosis of the image moments.
-
-        Kurtosis is a statistical measure that describes the shape of
-        a distribution's tails in relation to its overall shape. It is
-        used here in the context of image moments analysis.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        This function first checks if the kurtosis values have already been calculated.
-        If not, it calculates them using the `get_kurtosis` function.
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["kurtosis_x", "kurtosis_y"])
-        >>> print(SD.kx, SD.ky)
-        1.5 1.5
-        """
-        if self.kx is None:
-            if self.sx is None:
-                self.get_standard_deviations()
-
-            self.kx, self.ky = get_kurtosis(self.mo, self.binary_image, self.cx, self.cy, self.sx, self.sy)
-
-    def get_convex_hull(self):
-        """
-        Compute and store the convex hull of the object's contour.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Stores the result in `self.convex_hull`. Computes contours if needed.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["solidity"])
-        >>> print(len(SD.convex_hull))
-        4
-        """
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.convex_hull = np.array([], np.uint8)
-        else:
-            if self.contours is None:
-                self.get_contours()
-            self.convex_hull = cv2.convexHull(self.contours)
-
-    def get_perimeter(self):
-        """
-        Compute and store the contour perimeter length.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Computes contours if needed and stores the length in `self.perimeter`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["perimeter"])
-        >>> print(SD.perimeter)
-        8.0
-        """
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.perimeter = 0.
-        else:
-            if self.contours is None:
-                self.get_contours()
-            if len(self.contours) == 0:
-                self.perimeter = 0.
-            else:
-                self.perimeter = cv2.arcLength(self.contours, True)
-
-    def get_circularity(self):
-        """
-        Compute and store circularity: 4πA / P².
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Uses `self.area` and `self.perimeter`; stores result in `self.circularity`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-         >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["circularity"])
-        >>> print(SD.circularity)
-        1.7671458676442586
-        """
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.circularity = 0.
-        else:
-            if self.perimeter is None:
-                self.get_perimeter()
-            if self.perimeter == 0:
-                self.circularity = 0.
-            else:
-                self.circularity = (4 * np.pi * self.binary_image.sum()) / np.square(self.perimeter)
-
-    def get_rectangularity(self):
-        """
-        Compute and store rectangularity: area / bounding-rectangle-area.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Uses `self.binary_image` and `self.min_bounding_rectangle`. Computes the MBR if needed.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["rectangularity"])
-        >>> print(SD.rectangularity)
-        2.25
-        """
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.rectangularity = 0.
-        else:
-            if self.min_bounding_rectangle is None:
-                self.get_min_bounding_rectangle()
-            bounding_rectangle_area = self.min_bounding_rectangle[1][0] * self.min_bounding_rectangle[1][1]
-            if bounding_rectangle_area == 0:
-                self.rectangularity = 0.
-            else:
-                self.rectangularity = self.binary_image.sum() / bounding_rectangle_area
-
-    def get_total_hole_area(self):
-        """
-        Calculate the total area of holes in a binary image.
-
-        This function uses connected component labeling to detect and
-        measure the area of holes in a binary image.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            The total area of all detected holes in the binary image.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        This function assumes that the binary image has been pre-processed
-        and that holes are represented as connected components of zero
-        pixels within the foreground
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["total_hole_area"])
-        >>> print(SD.total_hole_area)
-        0
-        """
-        nb, new_order = cv2.connectedComponents(1 - self.binary_image)
-        if nb > 2:
-            self.total_hole_area = (new_order > 1).sum()
-        else:
-            self.total_hole_area = 0.
-
-    def get_solidity(self):
-        """
-        Compute and store solidity: contour area / convex hull area.
-
-        Extended Summary
-        ----------------
-        The solidity is a dimensionless measure that compares the area of a shape to
-        its convex hull. A solidity of 1 means the contour is fully convex, while a
-        value less than 1 indicates concavities.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        If the convex hull area is 0 or absent, solidity is set to 0.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["solidity"])
-        >>> print(SD.solidity)
-        1.0
-        """
-        if self.area == 0:
-            self.solidity = 0.
-        else:
-            if self.convex_hull is None:
-                self.get_convex_hull()
-            if len(self.convex_hull) == 0:
-                self.solidity = 0.
-            else:
-                hull_area = cv2.contourArea(self.convex_hull)
-                if hull_area == 0:
-                    self.solidity = 0.
-                else:
-                    self.solidity = cv2.contourArea(self.contours) / hull_area
-
-    def get_convexity(self):
-        """
-        Compute and store convexity: convex hull perimeter / contour perimeter.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Requires `self.perimeter` and `self.convex_hull`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["convexity"])
-        >>> print(SD.convexity)
-        1.0
-        """
-        if self.perimeter is None:
-            self.get_perimeter()
-        if self.convex_hull is None:
-            self.get_convex_hull()
-        if self.perimeter == 0 or len(self.convex_hull) == 0:
-            self.convexity = 0.
-        else:
-            self.convexity = cv2.arcLength(self.convex_hull, True) / self.perimeter
-
-    def get_eccentricity(self):
-        """
-        Compute and store eccentricity from major and minor axis lengths.
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Calls `get_inertia_axes()` if needed and stores result in `self.eccentricity`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["eccentricity"])
-        >>> print(SD.eccentricity)
-        0.0
-        """
-        self.get_inertia_axes()
-        if self.major_axis_len == 0:
-            self.eccentricity = 0.
-        else:
-            self.eccentricity = np.sqrt(1 - np.square(self.minor_axis_len / self.major_axis_len))
-
-    def get_euler_number(self):
-        """
-        Ensure contours are computed; stores Euler number in `self.euler_number` via `get_contours()`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Euler number is computed in `get_contours()` as `(components - 1) - len(contours)`.
-        """
-        if self.contours is None:
-            self.get_contours()
-
-    def get_major_axis_len(self):
-        """
-        Ensure the major axis length is computed and stored in `self.major_axis_len`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Triggers `get_inertia_axes()` if needed.
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=np.uint8), ["major_axis_len"])
-        >>> print(SD.major_axis_len)
-        2.8284271247461907
-        """
-        if self.major_axis_len is None:
-            self.get_inertia_axes()
-
-    def get_minor_axis_len(self):
-        """
-        Ensure the minor axis length is computed and stored in `self.minor_axis_len`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Triggers `get_inertia_axes()` if needed.
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=np.uint8), ["minor_axis_len"])
-        >>> print(SD.minor_axis_len)
-        0.0
-        """
-        if self.minor_axis_len is None:
-            self.get_inertia_axes()
-
-    def get_axes_orientation(self):
-        """
-        Ensure the axes orientation angle is computed and stored in `self.axes_orientation`.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        None
-
-        Notes
-        -----
-        Calls `get_inertia_axes()` if orientation is not yet computed.
-
-        Examples
-        --------
-        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=np.uint8), ["axes_orientation"])
-        >>> print(SD.axes_orientation)
-        1.5707963267948966
-        """
-        if self.axes_orientation is None:
-            self.get_inertia_axes()
-
+"""Module for computing shape descriptors from binary images.
+
+This module provides a framework for calculating various geometric and statistical
+descriptors of shapes in binary images through configurable dictionaries and a core class.
+Supported metrics include area, perimeter, axis lengths, orientation, and more.
+Descriptor computation is controlled via category dictionaries (e.g., `descriptors_categories`)
+and implemented as methods in the ShapeDescriptors class.
+
+Classes
+-------
+ShapeDescriptors : Class to compute various descriptors for a binary image
+
+Notes
+-----
+Relies on OpenCV and NumPy for image processing operations.
+Shape descriptors: The following names, lists and computes all the variables describing a shape in a binary image.
+If you want to allow the software to compute another variable:
+1) In the following dicts and list, you need to:
+        add the variable name and whether to compute it (True/False) by default
+2) In the ShapeDescriptors class:
+        add a method to compute that variable
+3) In the init method of the ShapeDescriptors class
+    attribute a None value to the variable that store it
+    add a if condition in the for loop to compute that variable when its name appear in the wanted_descriptors_list
+"""
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+from typing import Tuple
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+from copy import deepcopy
+import pandas as pd
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from cellects.utils.utilitarian import translate_dict, smallest_memory_array
+from cellects.utils.formulas import (get_inertia_axes, get_standard_deviations, get_skewness, get_kurtosis,
+                                     get_newly_explored_area)
+
+descriptors_categories = {'area': True, 'perimeter': False, 'circularity': False, 'rectangularity': False,
+                          'total_hole_area': False, 'solidity': False, 'convexity': False, 'eccentricity': False,
+                          'euler_number': False, 'standard_deviation_xy': False, 'skewness_xy': False,
+                          'kurtosis_xy': False, 'major_axes_len_and_angle': True, 'iso_digi_analysis': False,
+                          'oscilacyto_analysis': False,
+                          'fractal_analysis': False
+                          }
+
+descriptors_names_to_display = ['Area', 'Perimeter', 'Circularity', 'Rectangularity', 'Total hole area',
+                                'Solidity', 'Convexity', 'Eccentricity', 'Euler number', 'Standard deviation xy',
+                                'Skewness xy', 'Kurtosis xy', 'Major axes lengths and angle',
+                                'Growth transitions', 'Oscillations',
+                                'Minkowski dimension'
+                                ]
+
+from_shape_descriptors_class = {'area': True, 'perimeter': False, 'circularity': False, 'rectangularity': False,
+               'total_hole_area': False, 'solidity': False, 'convexity': False, 'eccentricity': False,
+               'euler_number': False, 'standard_deviation_y': False, 'standard_deviation_x': False,
+               'skewness_y': False, 'skewness_x': False, 'kurtosis_y': False, 'kurtosis_x': False,
+               'major_axis_len': True, 'minor_axis_len': True, 'axes_orientation': True
+                               }
+
+length_descriptors = ['perimeter', 'major_axis_len', 'minor_axis_len']
+area_descriptors = ['area', 'area_total', 'total_hole_area', 'newly_explored_area', 'final_area']
+
+descriptors = deepcopy(from_shape_descriptors_class)
+descriptors.update({'minkowski_dimension': False})
+
+def compute_one_descriptor_per_frame(binary_vid: NDArray[np.uint8], arena_label: int, timings: NDArray,
+                                     descriptors_dict: dict, output_in_mm: bool, pixel_size: float,
+                                     do_fading: bool, save_coord_specimen:bool):
+    """
+    Computes descriptors for each frame in a binary video and returns them as a DataFrame.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    binary_vid : NDArray[np.uint8]
+        The binary video data where each frame is a 2D array.
+    arena_label : int
+        Label for the arena in the video.
+    timings : NDArray
+        Array of timestamps corresponding to each frame.
+    descriptors_dict : dict
+        Dictionary containing the descriptors to be computed.
+    output_in_mm : bool, optional
+        Flag indicating if output should be in millimeters. Default is False.
+    pixel_size : float, optional
+        Size of a pixel in the video when `output_in_mm` is True. Default is None.
+    do_fading : bool, optional
+        Flag indicating if the fading effect should be applied. Default is False.
+    save_coord_specimen : bool, optional
+        Flag indicating if the coordinates of specimens should be saved. Default is False.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+        DataFrame containing the descriptors for each frame in the video.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For large inputs, consider pre-allocating memory for efficiency.
+    The `save_coord_specimen` flag will save coordinate data to a file.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> binary_vid = np.ones((10, 640, 480), dtype=np.uint8)
+    >>> timings = np.arange(10)
+    >>> descriptors_dict = {'area': True, 'perimeter': True}
+    >>> result = compute_one_descriptor_per_frame(binary_vid, 1, timings, descriptors_dict)
+    >>> print(result.head())
+       arena  time  area  perimeter
+    0      1     0     0          0
+    1      1     1     0          0
+    2      1     2     0          0
+    3      1     3     0          0
+    4      1     4     0          0
+
+    >>> binary_vid = np.ones((5, 640, 480), dtype=np.uint8)
+    >>> timings = np.arange(5)
+    >>> descriptors_dict = {'area': True, 'perimeter': True}
+    >>> result = compute_one_descriptor_per_frame(binary_vid, 2, timings,
+    ...                                            descriptors_dict,
+    ...                                            output_in_mm=True,
+    ...                                            pixel_size=0.1)
+    >>> print(result.head())
+       arena  time  area  perimeter
+    0      2     0    0         0.0
+    1      2     1    0         0.0
+    2      2     2    0         0.0
+    3      2     3    0         0.0
+    4      2     4    0         0.0
+    """
+    dims = binary_vid.shape
+    all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures = initialize_descriptor_computation(descriptors_dict)
+    one_row_per_frame = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((dims[0], 2 + len(all_descriptors))),
+                                          columns=['arena', 'time'] + all_descriptors)
+    one_row_per_frame['arena'] = [arena_label] * dims[0]
+    one_row_per_frame['time'] = timings
+    for t in np.arange(dims[0]):
+        SD = ShapeDescriptors(binary_vid[t, :, :], to_compute_from_sd)
+        for descriptor in to_compute_from_sd:
+            one_row_per_frame.loc[t, descriptor] = SD.descriptors[descriptor]
+    if save_coord_specimen:
+        np.save(f"coord_specimen{arena_label}_t{dims[0]}_y{dims[1]}_x{dims[2]}.npy",
+                smallest_memory_array(np.nonzero(binary_vid), "uint"))
+    # Adjust descriptors scale if output_in_mm is specified
+    if do_fading:
+        one_row_per_frame['newly_explored_area'] = get_newly_explored_area(binary_vid)
+    if output_in_mm:
+        one_row_per_frame = scale_descriptors(one_row_per_frame, pixel_size,
+                                                   length_measures, area_measures)
+    return one_row_per_frame
+
+
+def compute_one_descriptor_per_colony(binary_vid: NDArray[np.uint8], arena_label: int, timings: NDArray,
+                                      descriptors_dict: dict, output_in_mm: bool, pixel_size: float,
+                                      do_fading: bool, min_colony_size: int, save_coord_specimen: bool):
+    dims = binary_vid.shape
+    all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures = initialize_descriptor_computation(
+        descriptors_dict)
+    # Objective: create a matrix with 4 columns (time, y, x, colony) containing the coordinates of all colonies
+    # against time
+    max_colonies = 0
+    for t in np.arange(dims[0]):
+        nb, shapes = cv2.connectedComponents(binary_vid[t, :, :])
+        max_colonies = np.max((max_colonies, nb))
+
+    time_descriptor_colony = np.zeros((dims[0], len(to_compute_from_sd) * max_colonies * dims[0]),
+                                      dtype=np.float32)  # Adjust max_colonies
+    colony_number = 0
+    colony_id_matrix = np.zeros(dims[1:], dtype=np.uint64)
+    coord_colonies = []
+    centroids = []
+
+    # pat_tracker = PercentAndTimeTracker(dims[0], compute_with_elements_number=True)
+    for t in tqdm(np.arange(2)):#dims[0])):
+        # We rank colonies in increasing order to make sure that the larger colony issued from a colony division
+        # keeps the previous colony name.
+        # shapes, stats, centers = cc(binary_vid[t, :, :])
+        nb, shapes, stats, centers = cv2.connectedComponentsWithStats(binary_vid[t, :, :])
+        true_colonies = np.nonzero(stats[:, 4] >= min_colony_size)[0][1:]
+        # Consider that shapes bellow 3 pixels are noise. The loop will stop at nb and not compute them
+
+        # current_percentage, eta = pat_tracker.get_progress(t, element_number=nb)
+        # logging.info(f"Arena n°{arena_label}, Colony descriptors computation: {current_percentage}%{eta}")
+
+        updated_colony_names = np.zeros(1, dtype=np.uint32)
+        for colon_i in true_colonies:  # 120)):# #92
+            current_colony_img = shapes == colon_i
+            if current_colony_img.sum() >= 4:
+                current_colony_img = current_colony_img.astype(np.uint8)
+
+                # I/ Find out which names the current colony had at t-1
+                colony_previous_names = np.unique(current_colony_img * colony_id_matrix)
+                colony_previous_names = colony_previous_names[colony_previous_names != 0]
+                # II/ Find out if the current colony name had already been analyzed at t
+                # If there no match with the saved colony_id_matrix, assign colony ID
+                if t == 0 or len(colony_previous_names) == 0:
+                    # logging.info("New colony")
+                    colony_number += 1
+                    colony_names = [colony_number]
+                # If there is at least 1 match with the saved colony_id_matrix, we keep the colony_previous_name(s)
+                else:
+                    colony_names = colony_previous_names.tolist()
+                # Handle colony division if necessary
+                if np.any(np.isin(updated_colony_names, colony_names)):
+                    colony_number += 1
+                    colony_names = [colony_number]
+
+                # Update colony ID matrix for the current frame
+                coords = np.nonzero(current_colony_img)
+                colony_id_matrix[coords[0], coords[1]] = colony_names[0]
+
+                # Add coordinates to coord_colonies
+                time_column = np.full(coords[0].shape, t, dtype=np.uint32)
+                colony_column = np.full(coords[0].shape, colony_names[0], dtype=np.uint32)
+                coord_colonies.append(np.column_stack((time_column, colony_column, coords[0], coords[1])))
+
+                # Calculate centroid and add to centroids list
+                centroid_x, centroid_y = centers[colon_i, :]
+                centroids.append((t, colony_names[0], centroid_y, centroid_x))
+
+                # Compute shape descriptors
+                SD = ShapeDescriptors(current_colony_img, to_compute_from_sd)
+                # descriptors = list(SD.descriptors.values())
+                descriptors = SD.descriptors
+                # Adjust descriptors if output_in_mm is specified
+                if output_in_mm:
+                    descriptors = scale_descriptors(descriptors, pixel_size, length_measures, area_measures)
+                # Store descriptors in time_descriptor_colony
+                descriptor_index = (colony_names[0] - 1) * len(to_compute_from_sd)
+                time_descriptor_colony[t, descriptor_index:(descriptor_index + len(descriptors))] = list(
+                    descriptors.values())
+
+                updated_colony_names = np.append(updated_colony_names, colony_names)
+
+        # Reset colony_id_matrix for the next frame
+        colony_id_matrix *= binary_vid[t, :, :]
+    if len(centroids) > 0:
+        centroids = np.array(centroids, dtype=np.float32)
+    else:
+        centroids = np.zeros((0, 4), dtype=np.float32)
+    time_descriptor_colony = time_descriptor_colony[:, :(colony_number * len(to_compute_from_sd))]
+    if len(coord_colonies) > 0:
+        coord_colonies = np.vstack(coord_colonies)
+        if save_coord_specimen:
+            coord_colonies = pd.DataFrame(coord_colonies, columns=["time", "colony", "y", "x"])
+            coord_colonies.to_csv(
+                f"coord_colonies{arena_label}_{colony_number}col_t{dims[0]}_y{dims[1]}_x{dims[2]}.csv",
+                sep=';', index=False, lineterminator='\n')
+
+    centroids = pd.DataFrame(centroids, columns=["time", "colony", "y", "x"])
+    centroids.to_csv(
+        f"colony_centroids{arena_label}_{colony_number}col_t{dims[0]}_y{dims[1]}_x{dims[2]}.csv",
+        sep=';', index=False, lineterminator='\n')
+
+    # Format the final dataframe to have one row per time frame, and one column per descriptor_colony_name
+    one_row_per_frame = pd.DataFrame({'arena': arena_label, 'time': timings,
+                                      'area_total': binary_vid.sum((1, 2)).astype(np.float64)})
+
+    if do_fading:
+        one_row_per_frame['newly_explored_area'] = get_newly_explored_area(binary_vid)
+    if output_in_mm:
+        one_row_per_frame = scale_descriptors(one_row_per_frame, pixel_size)
+
+    column_names = np.char.add(np.repeat(to_compute_from_sd, colony_number),
+                               np.tile((np.arange(colony_number) + 1).astype(str), len(to_compute_from_sd)))
+    time_descriptor_colony = pd.DataFrame(time_descriptor_colony, columns=column_names)
+    one_row_per_frame = pd.concat([one_row_per_frame, time_descriptor_colony], axis=1)
+
+    return one_row_per_frame
+
+def initialize_descriptor_computation(descriptors_dict: dict) -> Tuple[list, list, list, list]:
+    """
+
+    Initialize descriptor computation based on available and requested descriptors.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    descriptors_dict : dict
+        A dictionary where keys are descriptor names and values are booleans indicating whether
+        to compute the corresponding descriptor.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple
+        A tuple containing four lists:
+        - all_descriptors: List of all requested descriptor names.
+        - to_compute_from_sd: Array of descriptor names that need to be computed from the shape descriptors class.
+        - length_measures: Array of descriptor names that are length measures and need to be computed.
+        - area_measures: Array of descriptor names that are area measures and need to be computed.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> descriptors_dict = {'perimeter': True, 'area': False}
+    >>> all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures = initialize_descriptor_computation(descriptors_dict)
+    >>> print(all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures)
+    ['length'] ['length'] ['length'] []
+
+    """
+    available_descriptors_in_sd = list(from_shape_descriptors_class.keys())
+    all_descriptors = []
+    to_compute_from_sd = []
+    for name, do_compute in descriptors_dict.items():
+        if do_compute:
+            all_descriptors.append(name)
+            if np.isin(name, available_descriptors_in_sd):
+                to_compute_from_sd.append(name)
+    to_compute_from_sd = np.array(to_compute_from_sd)
+    length_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, length_descriptors)]
+    area_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, area_descriptors)]
+
+    return all_descriptors, to_compute_from_sd, length_measures, area_measures
+
+def scale_descriptors(descriptors_dict, pixel_size: float, length_measures: NDArray[str]=None, area_measures: NDArray[str]=None):
+    """
+    Scale the spatial descriptors in a dictionary based on pixel size.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    descriptors_dict : dict
+        Dictionary containing spatial descriptors.
+    pixel_size : float
+        Pixel size used for scaling.
+    length_measures : numpy.ndarray, optional
+        Array of descriptors that represent lengths. If not provided,
+        they will be initialized.
+    area_measures : numpy.ndarray, optional
+        Array of descriptors that represent areas. If not provided,
+        they will be initialized.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        Dictionary with scaled spatial descriptors.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from numpy import array as ndarray
+    >>> descriptors_dict = {'length': ndarray([1, 2]), 'area': ndarray([3, 4])}
+    >>> pixel_size = 0.5
+    >>> scaled_dict = scale_descriptors(descriptors_dict, pixel_size)
+    >>> print(scaled_dict)
+    {'length': array([0.5, 1.]), 'area': array([1.58421369, 2.])}
+    """
+    if length_measures is None or area_measures is None:
+        to_compute_from_sd = np.array(list(descriptors_dict.keys()))
+        length_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, length_descriptors)]
+        area_measures = to_compute_from_sd[np.isin(to_compute_from_sd, area_descriptors)]
+    for descr in length_measures:
+        descriptors_dict[descr] *= pixel_size
+    for descr in area_measures:
+        descriptors_dict[descr] *= np.sqrt(pixel_size)
+    return descriptors_dict
+
+
+class ShapeDescriptors:
+    """
+        This class takes :
+        - a binary image of 0 and 1 drawing one shape
+        - a list of descriptors to calculate from that image
+        ["area", "perimeter", "circularity", "rectangularity", "total_hole_area", "solidity", "convexity",
+         "eccentricity", "euler_number",
+
+        "standard_deviation_y", "standard_deviation_x", "skewness_y", "skewness_x", "kurtosis_y", "kurtosis_x",
+        "major_axis_len", "minor_axis_len", "axes_orientation",
+
+        "mo", "contours", "min_bounding_rectangle", "convex_hull"]
+
+        Be careful! mo, contours, min_bounding_rectangle, convex_hull,
+        standard_deviations, skewness and kurtosis are not atomics
+    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27343879_Estimators_for_Orientation_and_Anisotropy_in_Digitized_Images
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, binary_image, wanted_descriptors_list):
+        """
+        Class to compute various descriptors for a binary image.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        binary_image : ndarray
+            Binary image used to compute the descriptors.
+        wanted_descriptors_list : list
+            List of strings with the names of the wanted descriptors.
+
+        Attributes
+        ----------
+        binary_image : ndarray
+            The binary image.
+        descriptors : dict
+            Dictionary containing the computed descriptors.
+        mo : float or None, optional
+            Moment of inertia (default is `None`).
+        area : int or None, optional
+            Area of the object (default is `None`).
+        contours : ndarray or None, optional
+            Contours of the object (default is `None`).
+        min_bounding_rectangle : tuple or None, optional
+            Minimum bounding rectangle of the object (default is `None`).
+        convex_hull : ndarray or None, optional
+            Convex hull of the object (default is `None`).
+        major_axis_len : float or None, optional
+            Major axis length of the object (default is `None`).
+        minor_axis_len : float or None, optional
+            Minor axis length of the object (default is `None`).
+        axes_orientation : float or None, optional
+            Orientation of the axes (default is `None`).
+        sx : float or None, optional
+            Standard deviation in x-axis (default is `None`).
+        kx : float or None, optional
+            Kurtosis in x-axis (default is `None`).
+        skx : float or None, optional
+            Skewness in x-axis (default is `None`).
+        perimeter : float or None, optional
+            Perimeter of the object (default is `None`).
+        convexity : float or None, optional
+            Convexity of the object (default is `None`).
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> binary_image = np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8)
+        >>> wanted_descriptors_list = ["area", "perimeter"]
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(binary_image, wanted_descriptors_list)
+        >>> SD.descriptors
+        {'area': np.uint64(9), 'perimeter': 8.0}
+        """
+        # Give a None value to each parameters whose presence is assessed before calculation (less calculus for speed)
+        self.mo = None
+        self.area = None
+        self.contours = None
+        self.min_bounding_rectangle = None
+        self.convex_hull = None
+        self.major_axis_len = None
+        self.minor_axis_len = None
+        self.axes_orientation = None
+        self.sx = None
+        self.kx = None
+        self.skx = None
+        self.perimeter = None
+        self.convexity = None
+
+        self.binary_image = binary_image
+        if self.binary_image.dtype == 'bool':
+            self.binary_image = self.binary_image.astype(np.uint8)
+
+        self.descriptors = {i: np.empty(0, dtype=np.float64) for i in wanted_descriptors_list}
+        self.get_area()
+
+        for name in self.descriptors.keys():
+            if name == "mo":
+                self.get_mo()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.mo
+            elif name == "area":
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.area
+            elif name == "contours":
+                self.get_contours()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.contours
+            elif name == "min_bounding_rectangle":
+                self.get_min_bounding_rectangle()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.min_bounding_rectangle
+            elif name == "major_axis_len":
+                self.get_major_axis_len()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.major_axis_len
+            elif name == "minor_axis_len":
+                self.get_minor_axis_len()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.minor_axis_len
+            elif name == "axes_orientation":
+                self.get_inertia_axes()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.axes_orientation
+            elif name == "standard_deviation_y":
+                self.get_standard_deviations()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.sy
+            elif name == "standard_deviation_x":
+                self.get_standard_deviations()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.sx
+            elif name == "skewness_y":
+                self.get_skewness()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.sky
+            elif name == "skewness_x":
+                self.get_skewness()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.skx
+            elif name == "kurtosis_y":
+                self.get_kurtosis()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.ky
+            elif name == "kurtosis_x":
+                self.get_kurtosis()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.kx
+            elif name == "convex_hull":
+                self.get_convex_hull()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.convex_hull
+            elif name == "perimeter":
+                self.get_perimeter()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.perimeter
+            elif name == "circularity":
+                self.get_circularity()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.circularity
+            elif name == "rectangularity":
+                self.get_rectangularity()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.rectangularity
+            elif name == "total_hole_area":
+                self.get_total_hole_area()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.total_hole_area
+            elif name == "solidity":
+                self.get_solidity()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.solidity
+            elif name == "convexity":
+                self.get_convexity()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.convexity
+            elif name == "eccentricity":
+                self.get_eccentricity()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.eccentricity
+            elif name == "euler_number":
+                self.get_euler_number()
+                self.descriptors[name] = self.euler_number
+
+    """
+        The following methods can be called to compute parameters for descriptors requiring it
+    """
+
+    def get_mo(self):
+        """
+        Get moments of a binary image.
+
+        Calculate the image moments for a given binary image using OpenCV's
+        `cv2.moments` function and then translate these moments into a formatted
+        dictionary.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This function assumes the binary image has already been processed and is in a
+        suitable format for moment calculation.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+       >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["mo"])
+        >>> print(SD.mo["m00"])
+        9.0
+        """
+        self.mo = translate_dict(cv2.moments(self.binary_image))
+
+    def get_area(self):
+        """
+        Calculate the area of a binary image by summing its pixel values.
+
+        This function computes the area covered by white pixels (value 1) in a binary image,
+        which is equivalent to counting the number of 'on' pixels.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Sums values in `self.binary_image` and stores the result in `self.area`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["area"])
+        >>> print(SD.area)
+        9.0
+        """
+        self.area = self.binary_image.sum()
+
+    def get_contours(self):
+        """
+        Find and process the largest contour in a binary image.
+
+        Retrieves contours from a binary image, calculates the Euler number,
+        and identifies the largest contour based on its length.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This function modifies the internal state of the `self` object to store
+        the largest contour and Euler number.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["euler_number"])
+        >>> print(len(SD.contours))
+        8
+        """
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.euler_number = 0.
+            self.contours = np.array([], np.uint8)
+        else:
+            contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(self.binary_image, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
+            nb, shapes = cv2.connectedComponents(self.binary_image, ltype=cv2.CV_16U)
+            self.euler_number = (nb - 1) - len(contours)
+            self.contours = contours[0]
+            if len(contours) > 1:
+                all_lengths = np.zeros(len(contours))
+                for i, contour in enumerate(contours):
+                    all_lengths[i] = len(contour)
+                self.contours = contours[np.argmax(all_lengths)]
+
+    def get_min_bounding_rectangle(self):
+        """
+        Retrieve the minimum bounding rectangle from the contours of an image.
+
+        This method calculates the smallest area rectangle that can enclose
+        the object outlines present in the image, which is useful for
+        object detection and analysis tasks.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        - The bounding rectangle is calculated only if contours are available.
+          If not, they will be retrieved first before calculating the rectangle.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        RuntimeError
+            If the contours are not available and cannot be retrieved,
+            indicating a problem with the image or preprocessing steps.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["rectangularity"])
+        >>> print(len(SD.min_bounding_rectangle))
+        3
+        """
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.min_bounding_rectangle = np.array([], np.uint8)
+        else:
+            if self.contours is None:
+                self.get_contours()
+            if len(self.contours) == 0:
+                self.min_bounding_rectangle = np.array([], np.uint8)
+            else:
+                self.min_bounding_rectangle = cv2.minAreaRect(self.contours)  # ((cx, cy), (width, height), angle)
+
+    def get_inertia_axes(self):
+        """
+        Calculate and set the moments of inertia properties of an object.
+
+        This function computes the centroid, major axis length,
+        minor axis length, and axes orientation for an object. It
+        first ensures that the moments of inertia (`mo`) attribute is available,
+        computing them if necessary, before using the `get_inertia_axes` function.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+            This method sets the following attributes:
+            - `cx` : float
+                The x-coordinate of the centroid.
+            - `cy` : float
+                The y-coordinate of the centroid.
+            - `major_axis_len` : float
+                The length of the major axis.
+            - `minor_axis_len` : float
+                The length of the minor axis.
+            - `axes_orientation` : float
+                The orientation angle of the axes.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ValueError
+            If there is an issue with the moments of inertia computation.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This function modifies in-place the object's attributes related to its geometry.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["major_axis_len"])
+        >>> print(SD.axes_orientation)
+        0.0
+        """
+        if self.mo is None:
+            self.get_mo()
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.cx, self.cy, self.major_axis_len, self.minor_axis_len, self.axes_orientation = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
+        else:
+            self.cx, self.cy, self.major_axis_len, self.minor_axis_len, self.axes_orientation = get_inertia_axes(self.mo)
+
+    def get_standard_deviations(self):
+        """
+        Calculate and store standard deviations along x and y (sx, sy).
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Requires centroid and moments; values are stored in `self.sx` and `self.sy`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+       >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["standard_deviation_x", "standard_deviation_y"])
+        >>> print(SD.sx, SD.sy)
+        0.816496580927726 0.816496580927726
+        """
+        if self.sx is None:
+            if self.axes_orientation is None:
+                self.get_inertia_axes()
+            self.sx, self.sy = get_standard_deviations(self.mo, self.binary_image, self.cx, self.cy)
+
+    def get_skewness(self):
+        """
+        Calculate and store skewness along x and y (skx, sky).
+
+        This function computes the skewness about the x-axis and y-axis of
+        an image. Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability
+        distribution of values in an image.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Requires standard deviations; values are stored in `self.skx` and `self.sky`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["skewness_x", "skewness_y"])
+        >>> print(SD.skx, SD.sky)
+        0.0 0.0
+        """
+        if self.skx is None:
+            if self.sx is None:
+                self.get_standard_deviations()
+
+            self.skx, self.sky = get_skewness(self.mo, self.binary_image, self.cx, self.cy, self.sx, self.sy)
+
+    def get_kurtosis(self):
+        """
+        Calculates the kurtosis of the image moments.
+
+        Kurtosis is a statistical measure that describes the shape of
+        a distribution's tails in relation to its overall shape. It is
+        used here in the context of image moments analysis.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This function first checks if the kurtosis values have already been calculated.
+        If not, it calculates them using the `get_kurtosis` function.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["kurtosis_x", "kurtosis_y"])
+        >>> print(SD.kx, SD.ky)
+        1.5 1.5
+        """
+        if self.kx is None:
+            if self.sx is None:
+                self.get_standard_deviations()
+
+            self.kx, self.ky = get_kurtosis(self.mo, self.binary_image, self.cx, self.cy, self.sx, self.sy)
+
+    def get_convex_hull(self):
+        """
+        Compute and store the convex hull of the object's contour.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Stores the result in `self.convex_hull`. Computes contours if needed.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["solidity"])
+        >>> print(len(SD.convex_hull))
+        4
+        """
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.convex_hull = np.array([], np.uint8)
+        else:
+            if self.contours is None:
+                self.get_contours()
+            self.convex_hull = cv2.convexHull(self.contours)
+
+    def get_perimeter(self):
+        """
+        Compute and store the contour perimeter length.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Computes contours if needed and stores the length in `self.perimeter`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["perimeter"])
+        >>> print(SD.perimeter)
+        8.0
+        """
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.perimeter = 0.
+        else:
+            if self.contours is None:
+                self.get_contours()
+            if len(self.contours) == 0:
+                self.perimeter = 0.
+            else:
+                self.perimeter = cv2.arcLength(self.contours, True)
+
+    def get_circularity(self):
+        """
+        Compute and store circularity: 4πA / P².
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Uses `self.area` and `self.perimeter`; stores result in `self.circularity`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+         >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["circularity"])
+        >>> print(SD.circularity)
+        1.7671458676442586
+        """
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.circularity = 0.
+        else:
+            if self.perimeter is None:
+                self.get_perimeter()
+            if self.perimeter == 0:
+                self.circularity = 0.
+            else:
+                self.circularity = (4 * np.pi * self.binary_image.sum()) / np.square(self.perimeter)
+
+    def get_rectangularity(self):
+        """
+        Compute and store rectangularity: area / bounding-rectangle-area.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Uses `self.binary_image` and `self.min_bounding_rectangle`. Computes the MBR if needed.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["rectangularity"])
+        >>> print(SD.rectangularity)
+        2.25
+        """
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.rectangularity = 0.
+        else:
+            if self.min_bounding_rectangle is None:
+                self.get_min_bounding_rectangle()
+            bounding_rectangle_area = self.min_bounding_rectangle[1][0] * self.min_bounding_rectangle[1][1]
+            if bounding_rectangle_area == 0:
+                self.rectangularity = 0.
+            else:
+                self.rectangularity = self.binary_image.sum() / bounding_rectangle_area
+
+    def get_total_hole_area(self):
+        """
+        Calculate the total area of holes in a binary image.
+
+        This function uses connected component labeling to detect and
+        measure the area of holes in a binary image.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        float
+            The total area of all detected holes in the binary image.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This function assumes that the binary image has been pre-processed
+        and that holes are represented as connected components of zero
+        pixels within the foreground
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["total_hole_area"])
+        >>> print(SD.total_hole_area)
+        0
+        """
+        nb, new_order = cv2.connectedComponents(1 - self.binary_image)
+        if nb > 2:
+            self.total_hole_area = (new_order > 1).sum()
+        else:
+            self.total_hole_area = 0.
+
+    def get_solidity(self):
+        """
+        Compute and store solidity: contour area / convex hull area.
+
+        Extended Summary
+        ----------------
+        The solidity is a dimensionless measure that compares the area of a shape to
+        its convex hull. A solidity of 1 means the contour is fully convex, while a
+        value less than 1 indicates concavities.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        If the convex hull area is 0 or absent, solidity is set to 0.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["solidity"])
+        >>> print(SD.solidity)
+        1.0
+        """
+        if self.area == 0:
+            self.solidity = 0.
+        else:
+            if self.convex_hull is None:
+                self.get_convex_hull()
+            if len(self.convex_hull) == 0:
+                self.solidity = 0.
+            else:
+                hull_area = cv2.contourArea(self.convex_hull)
+                if hull_area == 0:
+                    self.solidity = 0.
+                else:
+                    self.solidity = cv2.contourArea(self.contours) / hull_area
+
+    def get_convexity(self):
+        """
+        Compute and store convexity: convex hull perimeter / contour perimeter.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Requires `self.perimeter` and `self.convex_hull`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["convexity"])
+        >>> print(SD.convexity)
+        1.0
+        """
+        if self.perimeter is None:
+            self.get_perimeter()
+        if self.convex_hull is None:
+            self.get_convex_hull()
+        if self.perimeter == 0 or len(self.convex_hull) == 0:
+            self.convexity = 0.
+        else:
+            self.convexity = cv2.arcLength(self.convex_hull, True) / self.perimeter
+
+    def get_eccentricity(self):
+        """
+        Compute and store eccentricity from major and minor axis lengths.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Calls `get_inertia_axes()` if needed and stores result in `self.eccentricity`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.uint8), ["eccentricity"])
+        >>> print(SD.eccentricity)
+        0.0
+        """
+        self.get_inertia_axes()
+        if self.major_axis_len == 0:
+            self.eccentricity = 0.
+        else:
+            self.eccentricity = np.sqrt(1 - np.square(self.minor_axis_len / self.major_axis_len))
+
+    def get_euler_number(self):
+        """
+        Ensure contours are computed; stores Euler number in `self.euler_number` via `get_contours()`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Euler number is computed in `get_contours()` as `(components - 1) - len(contours)`.
+        """
+        if self.contours is None:
+            self.get_contours()
+
+    def get_major_axis_len(self):
+        """
+        Ensure the major axis length is computed and stored in `self.major_axis_len`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Triggers `get_inertia_axes()` if needed.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=np.uint8), ["major_axis_len"])
+        >>> print(SD.major_axis_len)
+        2.8284271247461907
+        """
+        if self.major_axis_len is None:
+            self.get_inertia_axes()
+
+    def get_minor_axis_len(self):
+        """
+        Ensure the minor axis length is computed and stored in `self.minor_axis_len`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Triggers `get_inertia_axes()` if needed.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=np.uint8), ["minor_axis_len"])
+        >>> print(SD.minor_axis_len)
+        0.0
+        """
+        if self.minor_axis_len is None:
+            self.get_inertia_axes()
+
+    def get_axes_orientation(self):
+        """
+        Ensure the axes orientation angle is computed and stored in `self.axes_orientation`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        None
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Calls `get_inertia_axes()` if orientation is not yet computed.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> SD = ShapeDescriptors(np.array([[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=np.uint8), ["axes_orientation"])
+        >>> print(SD.axes_orientation)
+        1.5707963267948966
+        """
+        if self.axes_orientation is None:
+            self.get_inertia_axes()
+