ccxt 4.2.77__py2.py3-none-any.whl → 4.4.49__py2.py3-none-any.whl

ccxt/static_dependencies/marshmallow/fields.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2114 @@
+"""Field classes for various types of data."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import copy
+import datetime as dt
+import decimal
+import ipaddress
+import math
+import numbers
+import typing
+import uuid
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Mapping as _Mapping
+from enum import Enum as EnumType
+
+from . import class_registry, types, utils, validate
+from .base import FieldABC, SchemaABC
+from .exceptions import (
+    FieldInstanceResolutionError,
+    StringNotCollectionError,
+    ValidationError,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    is_aware,
+    is_collection,
+    resolve_field_instance,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    missing as missing_,
+)
+from .validate import And, Length
+from .warnings import RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Field",
+    "Raw",
+    "Nested",
+    "Mapping",
+    "Dict",
+    "List",
+    "Tuple",
+    "String",
+    "UUID",
+    "Number",
+    "Integer",
+    "Decimal",
+    "Boolean",
+    "Float",
+    "DateTime",
+    "NaiveDateTime",
+    "AwareDateTime",
+    "Time",
+    "Date",
+    "TimeDelta",
+    "Url",
+    "URL",
+    "Email",
+    "IP",
+    "IPv4",
+    "IPv6",
+    "IPInterface",
+    "IPv4Interface",
+    "IPv6Interface",
+    "Enum",
+    "Method",
+    "Function",
+    "Str",
+    "Bool",
+    "Int",
+    "Constant",
+    "Pluck",
+]
+
+_T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class Field(FieldABC):
+    """Basic field from which other fields should extend. It applies no
+    formatting by default, and should only be used in cases where
+    data does not need to be formatted before being serialized or deserialized.
+    On error, the name of the field will be returned.
+
+    :param dump_default: If set, this value will be used during serialization if the
+        input value is missing. If not set, the field will be excluded from the
+        serialized output if the input value is missing. May be a value or a callable.
+    :param load_default: Default deserialization value for the field if the field is not
+        found in the input data. May be a value or a callable.
+    :param data_key: The name of the dict key in the external representation, i.e.
+        the input of `load` and the output of `dump`.
+        If `None`, the key will match the name of the field.
+    :param attribute: The name of the key/attribute in the internal representation, i.e.
+        the output of `load` and the input of `dump`.
+        If `None`, the key/attribute will match the name of the field.
+        Note: This should only be used for very specific use cases such as
+        outputting multiple fields for a single attribute, or using keys/attributes
+        that are invalid variable names, unsuitable for field names. In most cases,
+        you should use ``data_key`` instead.
+    :param validate: Validator or collection of validators that are called
+        during deserialization. Validator takes a field's input value as
+        its only parameter and returns a boolean.
+        If it returns `False`, an :exc:`ValidationError` is raised.
+    :param required: Raise a :exc:`ValidationError` if the field value
+        is not supplied during deserialization.
+    :param allow_none: Set this to `True` if `None` should be considered a valid value during
+        validation/deserialization. If ``load_default=None`` and ``allow_none`` is unset,
+        will default to ``True``. Otherwise, the default is ``False``.
+    :param load_only: If `True` skip this field during serialization, otherwise
+        its value will be present in the serialized data.
+    :param dump_only: If `True` skip this field during deserialization, otherwise
+        its value will be present in the deserialized object. In the context of an
+        HTTP API, this effectively marks the field as "read-only".
+    :param dict error_messages: Overrides for `Field.default_error_messages`.
+    :param metadata: Extra information to be stored as field metadata.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Removed `error` parameter. Use ``error_messages`` instead.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Added `allow_none` parameter, which makes validation/deserialization of `None`
+        consistent across fields.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Added `load_only` and `dump_only` parameters, which allow field skipping
+        during the (de)serialization process.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Added `missing` parameter, which indicates the value for a field if the field
+        is not found during deserialization.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        ``default`` value is only used if explicitly set. Otherwise, missing values
+        inputs are excluded from serialized output.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0b8
+        Add ``data_key`` parameter for the specifying the key in the input and
+        output data. This parameter replaced both ``load_from`` and ``dump_to``.
+    """
+
+    # Some fields, such as Method fields and Function fields, are not expected
+    #  to exist as attributes on the objects to serialize. Set this to False
+    #  for those fields
+    _CHECK_ATTRIBUTE = True
+
+    #: Default error messages for various kinds of errors. The keys in this dictionary
+    #: are passed to `Field.make_error`. The values are error messages passed to
+    #: :exc:`marshmallow.exceptions.ValidationError`.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "required": "Missing data for required field.",
+        "null": "Field may not be null.",
+        "validator_failed": "Invalid value.",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        load_default: typing.Any = missing_,
+        missing: typing.Any = missing_,
+        dump_default: typing.Any = missing_,
+        default: typing.Any = missing_,
+        data_key: str | None = None,
+        attribute: str | None = None,
+        validate: (
+            None
+            | typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any]
+            | typing.Iterable[typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any]]
+        ) = None,
+        required: bool = False,
+        allow_none: bool | None = None,
+        load_only: bool = False,
+        dump_only: bool = False,
+        error_messages: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        metadata: typing.Mapping[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+        **additional_metadata,
+    ) -> None:
+        # handle deprecated `default` and `missing` parameters
+        if default is not missing_:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The 'default' argument to fields is deprecated. "
+                "Use 'dump_default' instead.",
+                RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            if dump_default is missing_:
+                dump_default = default
+        if missing is not missing_:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The 'missing' argument to fields is deprecated. "
+                "Use 'load_default' instead.",
+                RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            if load_default is missing_:
+                load_default = missing
+        self.dump_default = dump_default
+        self.load_default = load_default
+
+        self.attribute = attribute
+        self.data_key = data_key
+        self.validate = validate
+        if validate is None:
+            self.validators = []
+        elif callable(validate):
+            self.validators = [validate]
+        elif utils.is_iterable_but_not_string(validate):
+            self.validators = list(validate)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The 'validate' parameter must be a callable "
+                "or a collection of callables."
+            )
+
+        # If allow_none is None and load_default is None
+        # None should be considered valid by default
+        self.allow_none = load_default is None if allow_none is None else allow_none
+        self.load_only = load_only
+        self.dump_only = dump_only
+        if required is True and load_default is not missing_:
+            raise ValueError("'load_default' must not be set for required fields.")
+        self.required = required
+
+        metadata = metadata or {}
+        self.metadata = {**metadata, **additional_metadata}
+        if additional_metadata:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Passing field metadata as keyword arguments is deprecated. Use the "
+                "explicit `metadata=...` argument instead. "
+                f"Additional metadata: {additional_metadata}",
+                RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        # Collect default error message from self and parent classes
+        messages = {}  # type: dict[str, str]
+        for cls in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
+            messages.update(getattr(cls, "default_error_messages", {}))
+        messages.update(error_messages or {})
+        self.error_messages = messages
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"<fields.{self.__class__.__name__}(dump_default={self.dump_default!r}, "
+            f"attribute={self.attribute!r}, "
+            f"validate={self.validate}, required={self.required}, "
+            f"load_only={self.load_only}, dump_only={self.dump_only}, "
+            f"load_default={self.load_default}, allow_none={self.allow_none}, "
+            f"error_messages={self.error_messages})>"
+        )
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+        return copy.copy(self)
+
+    def get_value(self, obj, attr, accessor=None, default=missing_):
+        """Return the value for a given key from an object.
+
+        :param object obj: The object to get the value from.
+        :param str attr: The attribute/key in `obj` to get the value from.
+        :param callable accessor: A callable used to retrieve the value of `attr` from
+            the object `obj`. Defaults to `marshmallow.utils.get_value`.
+        """
+        accessor_func = accessor or utils.get_value
+        check_key = attr if self.attribute is None else self.attribute
+        return accessor_func(obj, check_key, default)
+
+    def _validate(self, value):
+        """Perform validation on ``value``. Raise a :exc:`ValidationError` if validation
+        does not succeed.
+        """
+        self._validate_all(value)
+
+    @property
+    def _validate_all(self):
+        return And(*self.validators, error=self.error_messages["validator_failed"])
+
+    def make_error(self, key: str, **kwargs) -> ValidationError:
+        """Helper method to make a `ValidationError` with an error message
+        from ``self.error_messages``.
+        """
+        try:
+            msg = self.error_messages[key]
+        except KeyError as error:
+            class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+            message = (
+                f"ValidationError raised by `{class_name}`, but error key `{key}` does "
+                "not exist in the `error_messages` dictionary."
+            )
+            raise AssertionError(message) from error
+        if isinstance(msg, (str, bytes)):
+            msg = msg.format(**kwargs)
+        return ValidationError(msg)
+
+    def fail(self, key: str, **kwargs):
+        """Helper method that raises a `ValidationError` with an error message
+        from ``self.error_messages``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 3.0.0
+            Use `make_error <marshmallow.fields.Field.make_error>` instead.
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            f'`Field.fail` is deprecated. Use `raise self.make_error("{key}", ...)` instead.',
+            RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        raise self.make_error(key=key, **kwargs)
+
+    def _validate_missing(self, value):
+        """Validate missing values. Raise a :exc:`ValidationError` if
+        `value` should be considered missing.
+        """
+        if value is missing_ and self.required:
+            raise self.make_error("required")
+        if value is None and not self.allow_none:
+            raise self.make_error("null")
+
+    def serialize(
+        self,
+        attr: str,
+        obj: typing.Any,
+        accessor: typing.Callable[[typing.Any, str, typing.Any], typing.Any]
+        | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Pulls the value for the given key from the object, applies the
+        field's formatting and returns the result.
+
+        :param attr: The attribute/key to get from the object.
+        :param obj: The object to access the attribute/key from.
+        :param accessor: Function used to access values from ``obj``.
+        :param kwargs: Field-specific keyword arguments.
+        """
+        if self._CHECK_ATTRIBUTE:
+            value = self.get_value(obj, attr, accessor=accessor)
+            if value is missing_:
+                default = self.dump_default
+                value = default() if callable(default) else default
+            if value is missing_:
+                return value
+        else:
+            value = None
+        return self._serialize(value, attr, obj, **kwargs)
+
+    def deserialize(
+        self,
+        value: typing.Any,
+        attr: str | None = None,
+        data: typing.Mapping[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Deserialize ``value``.
+
+        :param value: The value to deserialize.
+        :param attr: The attribute/key in `data` to deserialize.
+        :param data: The raw input data passed to `Schema.load`.
+        :param kwargs: Field-specific keyword arguments.
+        :raise ValidationError: If an invalid value is passed or if a required value
+            is missing.
+        """
+        # Validate required fields, deserialize, then validate
+        # deserialized value
+        self._validate_missing(value)
+        if value is missing_:
+            _miss = self.load_default
+            return _miss() if callable(_miss) else _miss
+        if self.allow_none and value is None:
+            return None
+        output = self._deserialize(value, attr, data, **kwargs)
+        self._validate(output)
+        return output
+
+    # Methods for concrete classes to override.
+
+    def _bind_to_schema(self, field_name, schema):
+        """Update field with values from its parent schema. Called by
+        :meth:`Schema._bind_field <marshmallow.Schema._bind_field>`.
+
+        :param str field_name: Field name set in schema.
+        :param Schema|Field schema: Parent object.
+        """
+        self.parent = self.parent or schema
+        self.name = self.name or field_name
+        self.root = self.root or (
+            self.parent.root if isinstance(self.parent, FieldABC) else self.parent
+        )
+
+    def _serialize(
+        self, value: typing.Any, attr: str | None, obj: typing.Any, **kwargs
+    ):
+        """Serializes ``value`` to a basic Python datatype. Noop by default.
+        Concrete :class:`Field` classes should implement this method.
+
+        Example: ::
+
+            class TitleCase(Field):
+                def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+                    if not value:
+                        return ""
+                    return str(value).title()
+
+        :param value: The value to be serialized.
+        :param str attr: The attribute or key on the object to be serialized.
+        :param object obj: The object the value was pulled from.
+        :param dict kwargs: Field-specific keyword arguments.
+        :return: The serialized value
+        """
+        return value
+
+    def _deserialize(
+        self,
+        value: typing.Any,
+        attr: str | None,
+        data: typing.Mapping[str, typing.Any] | None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Deserialize value. Concrete :class:`Field` classes should implement this method.
+
+        :param value: The value to be deserialized.
+        :param attr: The attribute/key in `data` to be deserialized.
+        :param data: The raw input data passed to the `Schema.load`.
+        :param kwargs: Field-specific keyword arguments.
+        :raise ValidationError: In case of formatting or validation failure.
+        :return: The deserialized value.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+            Added ``attr`` and ``data`` parameters.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+            Added ``**kwargs`` to signature.
+        """
+        return value
+
+    # Properties
+
+    @property
+    def context(self):
+        """The context dictionary for the parent :class:`Schema`."""
+        return self.parent.context
+
+    # the default and missing properties are provided for compatibility and
+    # emit warnings when they are accessed and set
+    @property
+    def default(self):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'default' attribute of fields is deprecated. "
+            "Use 'dump_default' instead.",
+            RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.dump_default
+
+    @default.setter
+    def default(self, value):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'default' attribute of fields is deprecated. "
+            "Use 'dump_default' instead.",
+            RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        self.dump_default = value
+
+    @property
+    def missing(self):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'missing' attribute of fields is deprecated. "
+            "Use 'load_default' instead.",
+            RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.load_default
+
+    @missing.setter
+    def missing(self, value):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'missing' attribute of fields is deprecated. "
+            "Use 'load_default' instead.",
+            RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        self.load_default = value
+
+
+class Raw(Field):
+    """Field that applies no formatting."""
+
+
+class Nested(Field):
+    """Allows you to nest a :class:`Schema <marshmallow.Schema>`
+    inside a field.
+
+    Examples: ::
+
+        class ChildSchema(Schema):
+            id = fields.Str()
+            name = fields.Str()
+            # Use lambda functions when you need two-way nesting or self-nesting
+            parent = fields.Nested(lambda: ParentSchema(only=("id",)), dump_only=True)
+            siblings = fields.List(fields.Nested(lambda: ChildSchema(only=("id", "name"))))
+
+
+        class ParentSchema(Schema):
+            id = fields.Str()
+            children = fields.List(
+                fields.Nested(ChildSchema(only=("id", "parent", "siblings")))
+            )
+            spouse = fields.Nested(lambda: ParentSchema(only=("id",)))
+
+    When passing a `Schema <marshmallow.Schema>` instance as the first argument,
+    the instance's ``exclude``, ``only``, and ``many`` attributes will be respected.
+
+    Therefore, when passing the ``exclude``, ``only``, or ``many`` arguments to `fields.Nested`,
+    you should pass a `Schema <marshmallow.Schema>` class (not an instance) as the first argument.
+
+    ::
+
+        # Yes
+        author = fields.Nested(UserSchema, only=("id", "name"))
+
+        # No
+        author = fields.Nested(UserSchema(), only=("id", "name"))
+
+    :param nested: `Schema` instance, class, class name (string), dictionary, or callable that
+        returns a `Schema` or dictionary. Dictionaries are converted with `Schema.from_dict`.
+    :param exclude: A list or tuple of fields to exclude.
+    :param only: A list or tuple of fields to marshal. If `None`, all fields are marshalled.
+        This parameter takes precedence over ``exclude``.
+    :param many: Whether the field is a collection of objects.
+    :param unknown: Whether to exclude, include, or raise an error for unknown
+        fields in the data. Use `EXCLUDE`, `INCLUDE` or `RAISE`.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+    """
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"type": "Invalid type."}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        nested: SchemaABC
+        | type
+        | str
+        | dict[str, Field | type]
+        | typing.Callable[[], SchemaABC | type | dict[str, Field | type]],
+        *,
+        dump_default: typing.Any = missing_,
+        default: typing.Any = missing_,
+        only: types.StrSequenceOrSet | None = None,
+        exclude: types.StrSequenceOrSet = (),
+        many: bool = False,
+        unknown: str | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        # Raise error if only or exclude is passed as string, not list of strings
+        if only is not None and not is_collection(only):
+            raise StringNotCollectionError('"only" should be a collection of strings.')
+        if not is_collection(exclude):
+            raise StringNotCollectionError(
+                '"exclude" should be a collection of strings.'
+            )
+        if nested == "self":
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Passing 'self' to `Nested` is deprecated. "
+                "Use `Nested(lambda: MySchema(...))` instead.",
+                RemovedInMarshmallow4Warning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        self.nested = nested
+        self.only = only
+        self.exclude = exclude
+        self.many = many
+        self.unknown = unknown
+        self._schema = None  # Cached Schema instance
+        super().__init__(default=default, dump_default=dump_default, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def schema(self):
+        """The nested Schema object.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
+            Renamed from `serializer` to `schema`.
+        """
+        if not self._schema:
+            # Inherit context from parent.
+            context = getattr(self.parent, "context", {})
+            if callable(self.nested) and not isinstance(self.nested, type):
+                nested = self.nested()
+            else:
+                nested = self.nested
+            if isinstance(nested, dict):
+                # defer the import of `marshmallow.schema` to avoid circular imports
+                from .schema import Schema
+
+                nested = Schema.from_dict(nested)
+
+            if isinstance(nested, SchemaABC):
+                self._schema = copy.copy(nested)
+                self._schema.context.update(context)
+                # Respect only and exclude passed from parent and re-initialize fields
+                set_class = self._schema.set_class
+                if self.only is not None:
+                    if self._schema.only is not None:
+                        original = self._schema.only
+                    else:  # only=None -> all fields
+                        original = self._schema.fields.keys()
+                    self._schema.only = set_class(self.only) & set_class(original)
+                if self.exclude:
+                    original = self._schema.exclude
+                    self._schema.exclude = set_class(self.exclude) | set_class(original)
+                self._schema._init_fields()
+            else:
+                if isinstance(nested, type) and issubclass(nested, SchemaABC):
+                    schema_class = nested
+                elif not isinstance(nested, (str, bytes)):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "`Nested` fields must be passed a "
+                        f"`Schema`, not {nested.__class__}."
+                    )
+                elif nested == "self":
+                    schema_class = self.root.__class__
+                else:
+                    schema_class = class_registry.get_class(nested)
+                self._schema = schema_class(
+                    many=self.many,
+                    only=self.only,
+                    exclude=self.exclude,
+                    context=context,
+                    load_only=self._nested_normalized_option("load_only"),
+                    dump_only=self._nested_normalized_option("dump_only"),
+                )
+        return self._schema
+
+    def _nested_normalized_option(self, option_name: str) -> list[str]:
+        nested_field = f"{self.name}."
+        return [
+            field.split(nested_field, 1)[1]
+            for field in getattr(self.root, option_name, set())
+            if field.startswith(nested_field)
+        ]
+
+    def _serialize(self, nested_obj, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        # Load up the schema first. This allows a RegistryError to be raised
+        # if an invalid schema name was passed
+        schema = self.schema
+        if nested_obj is None:
+            return None
+        many = schema.many or self.many
+        return schema.dump(nested_obj, many=many)
+
+    def _test_collection(self, value):
+        many = self.schema.many or self.many
+        if many and not utils.is_collection(value):
+            raise self.make_error("type", input=value, type=value.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def _load(self, value, data, partial=None):
+        try:
+            valid_data = self.schema.load(value, unknown=self.unknown, partial=partial)
+        except ValidationError as error:
+            raise ValidationError(
+                error.messages, valid_data=error.valid_data
+            ) from error
+        return valid_data
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, partial=None, **kwargs):
+        """Same as :meth:`Field._deserialize` with additional ``partial`` argument.
+
+        :param bool|tuple partial: For nested schemas, the ``partial``
+            parameter passed to `Schema.load`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+            Add ``partial`` parameter.
+        """
+        self._test_collection(value)
+        return self._load(value, data, partial=partial)
+
+
+class Pluck(Nested):
+    """Allows you to replace nested data with one of the data's fields.
+
+    Example: ::
+
+        from . import Schema, fields
+
+
+        class ArtistSchema(Schema):
+            id = fields.Int()
+            name = fields.Str()
+
+
+        class AlbumSchema(Schema):
+            artist = fields.Pluck(ArtistSchema, "id")
+
+
+        in_data = {"artist": 42}
+        loaded = AlbumSchema().load(in_data)  # => {'artist': {'id': 42}}
+        dumped = AlbumSchema().dump(loaded)  # => {'artist': 42}
+
+    :param Schema nested: The Schema class or class name (string)
+        to nest, or ``"self"`` to nest the :class:`Schema` within itself.
+    :param str field_name: The key to pluck a value from.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Nested` receives.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        nested: SchemaABC | type | str | typing.Callable[[], SchemaABC],
+        field_name: str,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(nested, only=(field_name,), **kwargs)
+        self.field_name = field_name
+
+    @property
+    def _field_data_key(self):
+        only_field = self.schema.fields[self.field_name]
+        return only_field.data_key or self.field_name
+
+    def _serialize(self, nested_obj, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        ret = super()._serialize(nested_obj, attr, obj, **kwargs)
+        if ret is None:
+            return None
+        if self.many:
+            return utils.pluck(ret, key=self._field_data_key)
+        return ret[self._field_data_key]
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, partial=None, **kwargs):
+        self._test_collection(value)
+        if self.many:
+            value = [{self._field_data_key: v} for v in value]
+        else:
+            value = {self._field_data_key: value}
+        return self._load(value, data, partial=partial)
+
+
+class List(Field):
+    """A list field, composed with another `Field` class or
+    instance.
+
+    Example: ::
+
+        numbers = fields.List(fields.Float())
+
+    :param cls_or_instance: A field class or instance.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        The ``allow_none`` parameter now applies to deserialization and
+        has the same semantics as the other fields.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0rc9
+        Does not serialize scalar values to single-item lists.
+    """
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": "Not a valid list."}
+
+    def __init__(self, cls_or_instance: Field | type, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        try:
+            self.inner = resolve_field_instance(cls_or_instance)
+        except FieldInstanceResolutionError as error:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The list elements must be a subclass or instance of "
+                "marshmallow.base.FieldABC."
+            ) from error
+        if isinstance(self.inner, Nested):
+            self.only = self.inner.only
+            self.exclude = self.inner.exclude
+
+    def _bind_to_schema(self, field_name, schema):
+        super()._bind_to_schema(field_name, schema)
+        self.inner = copy.deepcopy(self.inner)
+        self.inner._bind_to_schema(field_name, self)
+        if isinstance(self.inner, Nested):
+            self.inner.only = self.only
+            self.inner.exclude = self.exclude
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs) -> list[typing.Any] | None:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        return [self.inner._serialize(each, attr, obj, **kwargs) for each in value]
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> list[typing.Any]:
+        if not utils.is_collection(value):
+            raise self.make_error("invalid")
+
+        result = []
+        errors = {}
+        for idx, each in enumerate(value):
+            try:
+                result.append(self.inner.deserialize(each, **kwargs))
+            except ValidationError as error:
+                if error.valid_data is not None:
+                    result.append(error.valid_data)
+                errors.update({idx: error.messages})
+        if errors:
+            raise ValidationError(errors, valid_data=result)
+        return result
+
+
+class Tuple(Field):
+    """A tuple field, composed of a fixed number of other `Field` classes or
+    instances
+
+    Example: ::
+
+        row = Tuple((fields.String(), fields.Integer(), fields.Float()))
+
+    .. note::
+        Because of the structured nature of `collections.namedtuple` and
+        `typing.NamedTuple`, using a Schema within a Nested field for them is
+        more appropriate than using a `Tuple` field.
+
+    :param Iterable[Field] tuple_fields: An iterable of field classes or
+        instances.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0rc4
+    """
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": "Not a valid tuple."}
+
+    def __init__(self, tuple_fields, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if not utils.is_collection(tuple_fields):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "tuple_fields must be an iterable of Field classes or " "instances."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            self.tuple_fields = [
+                resolve_field_instance(cls_or_instance)
+                for cls_or_instance in tuple_fields
+            ]
+        except FieldInstanceResolutionError as error:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'Elements of "tuple_fields" must be subclasses or '
+                "instances of marshmallow.base.FieldABC."
+            ) from error
+
+        self.validate_length = Length(equal=len(self.tuple_fields))
+
+    def _bind_to_schema(self, field_name, schema):
+        super()._bind_to_schema(field_name, schema)
+        new_tuple_fields = []
+        for field in self.tuple_fields:
+            field = copy.deepcopy(field)
+            field._bind_to_schema(field_name, self)
+            new_tuple_fields.append(field)
+
+        self.tuple_fields = new_tuple_fields
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs) -> tuple | None:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+
+        return tuple(
+            field._serialize(each, attr, obj, **kwargs)
+            for field, each in zip(self.tuple_fields, value)
+        )
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> tuple:
+        if not utils.is_collection(value):
+            raise self.make_error("invalid")
+
+        self.validate_length(value)
+
+        result = []
+        errors = {}
+
+        for idx, (field, each) in enumerate(zip(self.tuple_fields, value)):
+            try:
+                result.append(field.deserialize(each, **kwargs))
+            except ValidationError as error:
+                if error.valid_data is not None:
+                    result.append(error.valid_data)
+                errors.update({idx: error.messages})
+        if errors:
+            raise ValidationError(errors, valid_data=result)
+
+        return tuple(result)
+
+
+class String(Field):
+    """A string field.
+
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+    """
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "invalid": "Not a valid string.",
+        "invalid_utf8": "Not a valid utf-8 string.",
+    }
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs) -> str | None:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        return utils.ensure_text_type(value)
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> typing.Any:
+        if not isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
+            raise self.make_error("invalid")
+        try:
+            return utils.ensure_text_type(value)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid_utf8") from error
+
+
+class UUID(String):
+    """A UUID field."""
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid_uuid": "Not a valid UUID."}
+
+    def _validated(self, value) -> uuid.UUID | None:
+        """Format the value or raise a :exc:`ValidationError` if an error occurs."""
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        if isinstance(value, uuid.UUID):
+            return value
+        try:
+            if isinstance(value, bytes) and len(value) == 16:
+                return uuid.UUID(bytes=value)
+            return uuid.UUID(value)
+        except (ValueError, AttributeError, TypeError) as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid_uuid") from error
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> uuid.UUID | None:
+        return self._validated(value)
+
+
+class Number(Field):
+    """Base class for number fields.
+
+    :param bool as_string: If `True`, format the serialized value as a string.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+    """
+
+    num_type = float  # type: typing.Type
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "invalid": "Not a valid number.",
+        "too_large": "Number too large.",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, *, as_string: bool = False, **kwargs):
+        self.as_string = as_string
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def _format_num(self, value) -> typing.Any:
+        """Return the number value for value, given this field's `num_type`."""
+        return self.num_type(value)
+
+    def _validated(self, value) -> _T | None:
+        """Format the value or raise a :exc:`ValidationError` if an error occurs."""
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        # (value is True or value is False) is ~5x faster than isinstance(value, bool)
+        if value is True or value is False:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid", input=value)
+        try:
+            return self._format_num(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid", input=value) from error
+        except OverflowError as error:
+            raise self.make_error("too_large", input=value) from error
+
+    def _to_string(self, value) -> str:
+        return str(value)
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs) -> str | _T | None:
+        """Return a string if `self.as_string=True`, otherwise return this field's `num_type`."""
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        ret = self._format_num(value)  # type: _T
+        return self._to_string(ret) if self.as_string else ret
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> _T | None:
+        return self._validated(value)
+
+
+class Integer(Number):
+    """An integer field.
+
+    :param strict: If `True`, only integer types are valid.
+        Otherwise, any value castable to `int` is valid.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Number` receives.
+    """
+
+    num_type = int
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": "Not a valid integer."}
+
+    def __init__(self, *, strict: bool = False, **kwargs):
+        self.strict = strict
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    # override Number
+    def _validated(self, value):
+        if self.strict and not isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
+            raise self.make_error("invalid", input=value)
+        return super()._validated(value)
+
+
+class Float(Number):
+    """A double as an IEEE-754 double precision string.
+
+    :param bool allow_nan: If `True`, `NaN`, `Infinity` and `-Infinity` are allowed,
+        even though they are illegal according to the JSON specification.
+    :param bool as_string: If `True`, format the value as a string.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Number` receives.
+    """
+
+    num_type = float
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "special": "Special numeric values (nan or infinity) are not permitted."
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, *, allow_nan: bool = False, as_string: bool = False, **kwargs):
+        self.allow_nan = allow_nan
+        super().__init__(as_string=as_string, **kwargs)
+
+    def _validated(self, value):
+        num = super()._validated(value)
+        if self.allow_nan is False:
+            if math.isnan(num) or num == float("inf") or num == float("-inf"):
+                raise self.make_error("special")
+        return num
+
+
+class Decimal(Number):
+    """A field that (de)serializes to the Python ``decimal.Decimal`` type.
+    It's safe to use when dealing with money values, percentages, ratios
+    or other numbers where precision is critical.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This field serializes to a `decimal.Decimal` object by default. If you need
+        to render your data as JSON, keep in mind that the `json` module from the
+        standard library does not encode `decimal.Decimal`. Therefore, you must use
+        a JSON library that can handle decimals, such as `simplejson`, or serialize
+        to a string by passing ``as_string=True``.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        If a JSON `float` value is passed to this field for deserialization it will
+        first be cast to its corresponding `string` value before being deserialized
+        to a `decimal.Decimal` object. The default `__str__` implementation of the
+        built-in Python `float` type may apply a destructive transformation upon
+        its input data and therefore cannot be relied upon to preserve precision.
+        To avoid this, you can instead pass a JSON `string` to be deserialized
+        directly.
+
+    :param places: How many decimal places to quantize the value. If `None`, does
+        not quantize the value.
+    :param rounding: How to round the value during quantize, for example
+        `decimal.ROUND_UP`. If `None`, uses the rounding value from
+        the current thread's context.
+    :param allow_nan: If `True`, `NaN`, `Infinity` and `-Infinity` are allowed,
+        even though they are illegal according to the JSON specification.
+    :param as_string: If `True`, serialize to a string instead of a Python
+        `decimal.Decimal` type.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Number` receives.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.0
+    """
+
+    num_type = decimal.Decimal
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "special": "Special numeric values (nan or infinity) are not permitted."
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        places: int | None = None,
+        rounding: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        allow_nan: bool = False,
+        as_string: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        self.places = (
+            decimal.Decimal((0, (1,), -places)) if places is not None else None
+        )
+        self.rounding = rounding
+        self.allow_nan = allow_nan
+        super().__init__(as_string=as_string, **kwargs)
+
+    # override Number
+    def _format_num(self, value):
+        num = decimal.Decimal(str(value))
+        if self.allow_nan:
+            if num.is_nan():
+                return decimal.Decimal("NaN")  # avoid sNaN, -sNaN and -NaN
+        if self.places is not None and num.is_finite():
+            num = num.quantize(self.places, rounding=self.rounding)
+        return num
+
+    # override Number
+    def _validated(self, value):
+        try:
+            num = super()._validated(value)
+        except decimal.InvalidOperation as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid") from error
+        if not self.allow_nan and (num.is_nan() or num.is_infinite()):
+            raise self.make_error("special")
+        return num
+
+    # override Number
+    def _to_string(self, value):
+        return format(value, "f")
+
+
+class Boolean(Field):
+    """A boolean field.
+
+    :param truthy: Values that will (de)serialize to `True`. If an empty
+        set, any non-falsy value will deserialize to `True`. If `None`,
+        `marshmallow.fields.Boolean.truthy` will be used.
+    :param falsy: Values that will (de)serialize to `False`. If `None`,
+        `marshmallow.fields.Boolean.falsy` will be used.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+    """
+
+    #: Default truthy values.
+    truthy = {
+        "t",
+        "T",
+        "true",
+        "True",
+        "TRUE",
+        "on",
+        "On",
+        "ON",
+        "y",
+        "Y",
+        "yes",
+        "Yes",
+        "YES",
+        "1",
+        1,
+        # Equal to 1
+        # True,
+    }
+    #: Default falsy values.
+    falsy = {
+        "f",
+        "F",
+        "false",
+        "False",
+        "FALSE",
+        "off",
+        "Off",
+        "OFF",
+        "n",
+        "N",
+        "no",
+        "No",
+        "NO",
+        "0",
+        0,
+        # Equal to 0
+        # 0.0,
+        # False,
+    }
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": "Not a valid boolean."}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        truthy: set | None = None,
+        falsy: set | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        if truthy is not None:
+            self.truthy = set(truthy)
+        if falsy is not None:
+            self.falsy = set(falsy)
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+
+        try:
+            if value in self.truthy:
+                return True
+            if value in self.falsy:
+                return False
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        return bool(value)
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs):
+        if not self.truthy:
+            return bool(value)
+        try:
+            if value in self.truthy:
+                return True
+            if value in self.falsy:
+                return False
+        except TypeError as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid", input=value) from error
+        raise self.make_error("invalid", input=value)
+
+
+class DateTime(Field):
+    """A formatted datetime string.
+
+    Example: ``'2014-12-22T03:12:58.019077+00:00'``
+
+    :param format: Either ``"rfc"`` (for RFC822), ``"iso"`` (for ISO8601),
+        ``"timestamp"``, ``"timestamp_ms"`` (for a POSIX timestamp) or a date format string.
+        If `None`, defaults to "iso".
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0rc9
+        Does not modify timezone information on (de)serialization.
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.19
+        Add timestamp as a format.
+    """
+
+    SERIALIZATION_FUNCS = {
+        "iso": utils.isoformat,
+        "iso8601": utils.isoformat,
+        "rfc": utils.rfcformat,
+        "rfc822": utils.rfcformat,
+        "timestamp": utils.timestamp,
+        "timestamp_ms": utils.timestamp_ms,
+    }  # type: typing.Dict[str, typing.Callable[[typing.Any], str | float]]
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_FUNCS = {
+        "iso": utils.from_iso_datetime,
+        "iso8601": utils.from_iso_datetime,
+        "rfc": utils.from_rfc,
+        "rfc822": utils.from_rfc,
+        "timestamp": utils.from_timestamp,
+        "timestamp_ms": utils.from_timestamp_ms,
+    }  # type: typing.Dict[str, typing.Callable[[str], typing.Any]]
+
+    DEFAULT_FORMAT = "iso"
+
+    OBJ_TYPE = "datetime"
+
+    SCHEMA_OPTS_VAR_NAME = "datetimeformat"
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "invalid": "Not a valid {obj_type}.",
+        "invalid_awareness": "Not a valid {awareness} {obj_type}.",
+        "format": '"{input}" cannot be formatted as a {obj_type}.',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, format: str | None = None, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        # Allow this to be None. It may be set later in the ``_serialize``
+        # or ``_deserialize`` methods. This allows a Schema to dynamically set the
+        # format, e.g. from a Meta option
+        self.format = format
+
+    def _bind_to_schema(self, field_name, schema):
+        super()._bind_to_schema(field_name, schema)
+        self.format = (
+            self.format
+            or getattr(self.root.opts, self.SCHEMA_OPTS_VAR_NAME)
+            or self.DEFAULT_FORMAT
+        )
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs) -> str | float | None:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        data_format = self.format or self.DEFAULT_FORMAT
+        format_func = self.SERIALIZATION_FUNCS.get(data_format)
+        if format_func:
+            return format_func(value)
+        return value.strftime(data_format)
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> dt.datetime:
+        data_format = self.format or self.DEFAULT_FORMAT
+        func = self.DESERIALIZATION_FUNCS.get(data_format)
+        try:
+            if func:
+                return func(value)
+            return self._make_object_from_format(value, data_format)
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError, ValueError) as error:
+            raise self.make_error(
+                "invalid", input=value, obj_type=self.OBJ_TYPE
+            ) from error
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_object_from_format(value, data_format) -> dt.datetime:
+        return dt.datetime.strptime(value, data_format)
+
+
+class NaiveDateTime(DateTime):
+    """A formatted naive datetime string.
+
+    :param format: See :class:`DateTime`.
+    :param timezone: Used on deserialization. If `None`,
+        aware datetimes are rejected. If not `None`, aware datetimes are
+        converted to this timezone before their timezone information is
+        removed.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0rc9
+    """
+
+    AWARENESS = "naive"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        format: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        timezone: dt.timezone | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(format=format, **kwargs)
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> dt.datetime:
+        ret = super()._deserialize(value, attr, data, **kwargs)
+        if is_aware(ret):
+            if self.timezone is None:
+                raise self.make_error(
+                    "invalid_awareness",
+                    awareness=self.AWARENESS,
+                    obj_type=self.OBJ_TYPE,
+                )
+            ret = ret.astimezone(self.timezone).replace(tzinfo=None)
+        return ret
+
+
+class AwareDateTime(DateTime):
+    """A formatted aware datetime string.
+
+    :param format: See :class:`DateTime`.
+    :param default_timezone: Used on deserialization. If `None`, naive
+        datetimes are rejected. If not `None`, naive datetimes are set this
+        timezone.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0rc9
+    """
+
+    AWARENESS = "aware"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        format: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        default_timezone: dt.tzinfo | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(format=format, **kwargs)
+        self.default_timezone = default_timezone
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> dt.datetime:
+        ret = super()._deserialize(value, attr, data, **kwargs)
+        if not is_aware(ret):
+            if self.default_timezone is None:
+                raise self.make_error(
+                    "invalid_awareness",
+                    awareness=self.AWARENESS,
+                    obj_type=self.OBJ_TYPE,
+                )
+            ret = ret.replace(tzinfo=self.default_timezone)
+        return ret
+
+
+class Time(DateTime):
+    """A formatted time string.
+
+    Example: ``'03:12:58.019077'``
+
+    :param format: Either ``"iso"`` (for ISO8601) or a date format string.
+        If `None`, defaults to "iso".
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+    """
+
+    SERIALIZATION_FUNCS = {"iso": utils.to_iso_time, "iso8601": utils.to_iso_time}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_FUNCS = {"iso": utils.from_iso_time, "iso8601": utils.from_iso_time}
+
+    DEFAULT_FORMAT = "iso"
+
+    OBJ_TYPE = "time"
+
+    SCHEMA_OPTS_VAR_NAME = "timeformat"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_object_from_format(value, data_format):
+        return dt.datetime.strptime(value, data_format).time()
+
+
+class Date(DateTime):
+    """ISO8601-formatted date string.
+
+    :param format: Either ``"iso"`` (for ISO8601) or a date format string.
+        If `None`, defaults to "iso".
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+    """
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "invalid": "Not a valid date.",
+        "format": '"{input}" cannot be formatted as a date.',
+    }
+
+    SERIALIZATION_FUNCS = {"iso": utils.to_iso_date, "iso8601": utils.to_iso_date}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_FUNCS = {"iso": utils.from_iso_date, "iso8601": utils.from_iso_date}
+
+    DEFAULT_FORMAT = "iso"
+
+    OBJ_TYPE = "date"
+
+    SCHEMA_OPTS_VAR_NAME = "dateformat"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_object_from_format(value, data_format):
+        return dt.datetime.strptime(value, data_format).date()
+
+
+class TimeDelta(Field):
+    """A field that (de)serializes a :class:`datetime.timedelta` object to an
+    integer or float and vice versa. The integer or float can represent the
+    number of days, seconds or microseconds.
+
+    :param precision: Influences how the integer or float is interpreted during
+        (de)serialization. Must be 'days', 'seconds', 'microseconds',
+        'milliseconds', 'minutes', 'hours' or 'weeks'.
+    :param serialization_type: Whether to (de)serialize to a `int` or `float`.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+
+    Integer Caveats
+    ---------------
+    Any fractional parts (which depends on the precision used) will be truncated
+    when serializing using `int`.
+
+    Float Caveats
+    -------------
+    Use of `float` when (de)serializing may result in data precision loss due
+    to the way machines handle floating point values.
+
+    Regardless of the precision chosen, the fractional part when using `float`
+    will always be truncated to microseconds.
+    For example, `1.12345` interpreted as microseconds will result in `timedelta(microseconds=1)`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Always serializes to an integer value to avoid rounding errors.
+        Add `precision` parameter.
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.17.0
+        Allow (de)serialization to `float` through use of a new `serialization_type` parameter.
+        `int` is the default to retain previous behaviour.
+    """
+
+    DAYS = "days"
+    SECONDS = "seconds"
+    MICROSECONDS = "microseconds"
+    MILLISECONDS = "milliseconds"
+    MINUTES = "minutes"
+    HOURS = "hours"
+    WEEKS = "weeks"
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "invalid": "Not a valid period of time.",
+        "format": "{input!r} cannot be formatted as a timedelta.",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        precision: str = SECONDS,
+        serialization_type: type[int | float] = int,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        precision = precision.lower()
+        units = (
+            self.DAYS,
+            self.SECONDS,
+            self.MICROSECONDS,
+            self.MILLISECONDS,
+            self.MINUTES,
+            self.HOURS,
+            self.WEEKS,
+        )
+
+        if precision not in units:
+            msg = 'The precision must be {} or "{}".'.format(
+                ", ".join([f'"{each}"' for each in units[:-1]]), units[-1]
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if serialization_type not in (int, float):
+            raise ValueError("The serialization type must be one of int or float")
+
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.serialization_type = serialization_type
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+
+        base_unit = dt.timedelta(**{self.precision: 1})
+
+        if self.serialization_type is int:
+            delta = utils.timedelta_to_microseconds(value)
+            unit = utils.timedelta_to_microseconds(base_unit)
+            return delta // unit
+        assert self.serialization_type is float
+        return value.total_seconds() / base_unit.total_seconds()
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            value = self.serialization_type(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid") from error
+
+        kwargs = {self.precision: value}
+
+        try:
+            return dt.timedelta(**kwargs)
+        except OverflowError as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid") from error
+
+
+class Mapping(Field):
+    """An abstract class for objects with key-value pairs.
+
+    :param keys: A field class or instance for dict keys.
+    :param values: A field class or instance for dict values.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Field` receives.
+
+    .. note::
+        When the structure of nested data is not known, you may omit the
+        `keys` and `values` arguments to prevent content validation.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0rc4
+    """
+
+    mapping_type = dict
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": "Not a valid mapping type."}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keys: Field | type | None = None,
+        values: Field | type | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        if keys is None:
+            self.key_field = None
+        else:
+            try:
+                self.key_field = resolve_field_instance(keys)
+            except FieldInstanceResolutionError as error:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    '"keys" must be a subclass or instance of '
+                    "marshmallow.base.FieldABC."
+                ) from error
+
+        if values is None:
+            self.value_field = None
+        else:
+            try:
+                self.value_field = resolve_field_instance(values)
+            except FieldInstanceResolutionError as error:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    '"values" must be a subclass or instance of '
+                    "marshmallow.base.FieldABC."
+                ) from error
+            if isinstance(self.value_field, Nested):
+                self.only = self.value_field.only
+                self.exclude = self.value_field.exclude
+
+    def _bind_to_schema(self, field_name, schema):
+        super()._bind_to_schema(field_name, schema)
+        if self.value_field:
+            self.value_field = copy.deepcopy(self.value_field)
+            self.value_field._bind_to_schema(field_name, self)
+        if isinstance(self.value_field, Nested):
+            self.value_field.only = self.only
+            self.value_field.exclude = self.exclude
+        if self.key_field:
+            self.key_field = copy.deepcopy(self.key_field)
+            self.key_field._bind_to_schema(field_name, self)
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        if not self.value_field and not self.key_field:
+            return self.mapping_type(value)
+
+        #  Serialize keys
+        if self.key_field is None:
+            keys = {k: k for k in value.keys()}
+        else:
+            keys = {
+                k: self.key_field._serialize(k, None, None, **kwargs)
+                for k in value.keys()
+            }
+
+        #  Serialize values
+        result = self.mapping_type()
+        if self.value_field is None:
+            for k, v in value.items():
+                if k in keys:
+                    result[keys[k]] = v
+        else:
+            for k, v in value.items():
+                result[keys[k]] = self.value_field._serialize(v, None, None, **kwargs)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs):
+        if not isinstance(value, _Mapping):
+            raise self.make_error("invalid")
+        if not self.value_field and not self.key_field:
+            return self.mapping_type(value)
+
+        errors = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+
+        #  Deserialize keys
+        if self.key_field is None:
+            keys = {k: k for k in value.keys()}
+        else:
+            keys = {}
+            for key in value.keys():
+                try:
+                    keys[key] = self.key_field.deserialize(key, **kwargs)
+                except ValidationError as error:
+                    errors[key]["key"] = error.messages
+
+        #  Deserialize values
+        result = self.mapping_type()
+        if self.value_field is None:
+            for k, v in value.items():
+                if k in keys:
+                    result[keys[k]] = v
+        else:
+            for key, val in value.items():
+                try:
+                    deser_val = self.value_field.deserialize(val, **kwargs)
+                except ValidationError as error:
+                    errors[key]["value"] = error.messages
+                    if error.valid_data is not None and key in keys:
+                        result[keys[key]] = error.valid_data
+                else:
+                    if key in keys:
+                        result[keys[key]] = deser_val
+
+        if errors:
+            raise ValidationError(errors, valid_data=result)
+
+        return result
+
+
+class Dict(Mapping):
+    """A dict field. Supports dicts and dict-like objects. Extends
+    Mapping with dict as the mapping_type.
+
+    Example: ::
+
+        numbers = fields.Dict(keys=fields.Str(), values=fields.Float())
+
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`Mapping` receives.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0
+    """
+
+    mapping_type = dict
+
+
+class Url(String):
+    """An URL field.
+
+    :param default: Default value for the field if the attribute is not set.
+    :param relative: Whether to allow relative URLs.
+    :param require_tld: Whether to reject non-FQDN hostnames.
+    :param schemes: Valid schemes. By default, ``http``, ``https``,
+        ``ftp``, and ``ftps`` are allowed.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`String` receives.
+    """
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": "Not a valid URL."}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        relative: bool = False,
+        absolute: bool = True,
+        schemes: types.StrSequenceOrSet | None = None,
+        require_tld: bool = True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.relative = relative
+        self.absolute = absolute
+        self.require_tld = require_tld
+        # Insert validation into self.validators so that multiple errors can be stored.
+        validator = validate.URL(
+            relative=self.relative,
+            absolute=self.absolute,
+            schemes=schemes,
+            require_tld=self.require_tld,
+            error=self.error_messages["invalid"],
+        )
+        self.validators.insert(0, validator)
+
+
+class Email(String):
+    """An email field.
+
+    :param args: The same positional arguments that :class:`String` receives.
+    :param kwargs: The same keyword arguments that :class:`String` receives.
+    """
+
+    #: Default error messages.
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": "Not a valid email address."}
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        # Insert validation into self.validators so that multiple errors can be stored.
+        validator = validate.Email(error=self.error_messages["invalid"])
+        self.validators.insert(0, validator)
+
+
+class IP(Field):
+    """A IP address field.
+
+    :param bool exploded: If `True`, serialize ipv6 address in long form, ie. with groups
+        consisting entirely of zeros included.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.8.0
+    """
+
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid_ip": "Not a valid IP address."}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_CLASS = None  # type: typing.Optional[typing.Type]
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, exploded=False, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.exploded = exploded
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs) -> str | None:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        if self.exploded:
+            return value.exploded
+        return value.compressed
+
+    def _deserialize(
+        self, value, attr, data, **kwargs
+    ) -> ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address | None:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            return (self.DESERIALIZATION_CLASS or ipaddress.ip_address)(
+                utils.ensure_text_type(value)
+            )
+        except (ValueError, TypeError) as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid_ip") from error
+
+
+class IPv4(IP):
+    """A IPv4 address field.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.8.0
+    """
+
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid_ip": "Not a valid IPv4 address."}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_CLASS = ipaddress.IPv4Address
+
+
+class IPv6(IP):
+    """A IPv6 address field.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.8.0
+    """
+
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid_ip": "Not a valid IPv6 address."}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_CLASS = ipaddress.IPv6Address
+
+
+class IPInterface(Field):
+    """A IPInterface field.
+
+    IP interface is the non-strict form of the IPNetwork type where arbitrary host
+    addresses are always accepted.
+
+    IPAddress and mask e.g. '192.168.0.2/24' or '192.168.0.2/255.255.255.0'
+
+    see https://python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/library/ipaddress.html#interface-objects
+
+    :param bool exploded: If `True`, serialize ipv6 interface in long form, ie. with groups
+        consisting entirely of zeros included.
+    """
+
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid_ip_interface": "Not a valid IP interface."}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_CLASS = None  # type: typing.Optional[typing.Type]
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, exploded: bool = False, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.exploded = exploded
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs) -> str | None:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        if self.exploded:
+            return value.exploded
+        return value.compressed
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs) -> None | (
+        ipaddress.IPv4Interface | ipaddress.IPv6Interface
+    ):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            return (self.DESERIALIZATION_CLASS or ipaddress.ip_interface)(
+                utils.ensure_text_type(value)
+            )
+        except (ValueError, TypeError) as error:
+            raise self.make_error("invalid_ip_interface") from error
+
+
+class IPv4Interface(IPInterface):
+    """A IPv4 Network Interface field."""
+
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid_ip_interface": "Not a valid IPv4 interface."}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_CLASS = ipaddress.IPv4Interface
+
+
+class IPv6Interface(IPInterface):
+    """A IPv6 Network Interface field."""
+
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid_ip_interface": "Not a valid IPv6 interface."}
+
+    DESERIALIZATION_CLASS = ipaddress.IPv6Interface
+
+
+class Enum(Field):
+    """An Enum field (de)serializing enum members by symbol (name) or by value.
+
+    :param enum Enum: Enum class
+    :param boolean|Schema|Field by_value: Whether to (de)serialize by value or by name,
+        or Field class or instance to use to (de)serialize by value. Defaults to False.
+
+    If `by_value` is `False` (default), enum members are (de)serialized by symbol (name).
+    If it is `True`, they are (de)serialized by value using :class:`Field`.
+    If it is a field instance or class, they are (de)serialized by value using this field.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.18.0
+    """
+
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "unknown": "Must be one of: {choices}.",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        enum: type[EnumType],
+        *,
+        by_value: bool | Field | type = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.enum = enum
+        self.by_value = by_value
+
+        # Serialization by name
+        if by_value is False:
+            self.field: Field = String()
+            self.choices_text = ", ".join(
+                str(self.field._serialize(m, None, None)) for m in enum.__members__
+            )
+        # Serialization by value
+        else:
+            if by_value is True:
+                self.field = Field()
+            else:
+                try:
+                    self.field = resolve_field_instance(by_value)
+                except FieldInstanceResolutionError as error:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        '"by_value" must be either a bool or a subclass or instance of '
+                        "marshmallow.base.FieldABC."
+                    ) from error
+            self.choices_text = ", ".join(
+                str(self.field._serialize(m.value, None, None)) for m in enum
+            )
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        if self.by_value:
+            val = value.value
+        else:
+            val = value.name
+        return self.field._serialize(val, attr, obj, **kwargs)
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs):
+        val = self.field._deserialize(value, attr, data, **kwargs)
+        if self.by_value:
+            try:
+                return self.enum(val)
+            except ValueError as error:
+                raise self.make_error("unknown", choices=self.choices_text) from error
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.enum, val)
+        except AttributeError as error:
+            raise self.make_error("unknown", choices=self.choices_text) from error
+
+
+class Method(Field):
+    """A field that takes the value returned by a `Schema` method.
+
+    :param str serialize: The name of the Schema method from which
+        to retrieve the value. The method must take an argument ``obj``
+        (in addition to self) that is the object to be serialized.
+    :param str deserialize: Optional name of the Schema method for deserializing
+        a value The method must take a single argument ``value``, which is the
+        value to deserialize.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Removed optional ``context`` parameter on methods. Use ``self.context`` instead.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.3.0
+        Deprecated ``method_name`` parameter in favor of ``serialize`` and allow
+        ``serialize`` to not be passed at all.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+        Removed ``method_name`` parameter.
+    """
+
+    _CHECK_ATTRIBUTE = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        serialize: str | None = None,
+        deserialize: str | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        # Set dump_only and load_only based on arguments
+        kwargs["dump_only"] = bool(serialize) and not bool(deserialize)
+        kwargs["load_only"] = bool(deserialize) and not bool(serialize)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.serialize_method_name = serialize
+        self.deserialize_method_name = deserialize
+        self._serialize_method = None
+        self._deserialize_method = None
+
+    def _bind_to_schema(self, field_name, schema):
+        if self.serialize_method_name:
+            self._serialize_method = utils.callable_or_raise(
+                getattr(schema, self.serialize_method_name)
+            )
+
+        if self.deserialize_method_name:
+            self._deserialize_method = utils.callable_or_raise(
+                getattr(schema, self.deserialize_method_name)
+            )
+
+        super()._bind_to_schema(field_name, schema)
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        if self._serialize_method is not None:
+            return self._serialize_method(obj)
+        return missing_
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs):
+        if self._deserialize_method is not None:
+            return self._deserialize_method(value)
+        return value
+
+
+class Function(Field):
+    """A field that takes the value returned by a function.
+
+    :param serialize: A callable from which to retrieve the value.
+        The function must take a single argument ``obj`` which is the object
+        to be serialized. It can also optionally take a ``context`` argument,
+        which is a dictionary of context variables passed to the serializer.
+        If no callable is provided then the ```load_only``` flag will be set
+        to True.
+    :param deserialize: A callable from which to retrieve the value.
+        The function must take a single argument ``value`` which is the value
+        to be deserialized. It can also optionally take a ``context`` argument,
+        which is a dictionary of context variables passed to the deserializer.
+        If no callable is provided then ```value``` will be passed through
+        unchanged.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.3.0
+        Deprecated ``func`` parameter in favor of ``serialize``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0a1
+        Removed ``func`` parameter.
+    """
+
+    _CHECK_ATTRIBUTE = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        serialize: (
+            None
+            | typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any]
+            | typing.Callable[[typing.Any, dict], typing.Any]
+        ) = None,
+        deserialize: (
+            None
+            | typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any]
+            | typing.Callable[[typing.Any, dict], typing.Any]
+        ) = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        # Set dump_only and load_only based on arguments
+        kwargs["dump_only"] = bool(serialize) and not bool(deserialize)
+        kwargs["load_only"] = bool(deserialize) and not bool(serialize)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.serialize_func = serialize and utils.callable_or_raise(serialize)
+        self.deserialize_func = deserialize and utils.callable_or_raise(deserialize)
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        return self._call_or_raise(self.serialize_func, obj, attr)
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, attr, data, **kwargs):
+        if self.deserialize_func:
+            return self._call_or_raise(self.deserialize_func, value, attr)
+        return value
+
+    def _call_or_raise(self, func, value, attr):
+        if len(utils.get_func_args(func)) > 1:
+            if self.parent.context is None:
+                msg = f"No context available for Function field {attr!r}"
+                raise ValidationError(msg)
+            return func(value, self.parent.context)
+        return func(value)
+
+
+class Constant(Field):
+    """A field that (de)serializes to a preset constant.  If you only want the
+    constant added for serialization or deserialization, you should use
+    ``dump_only=True`` or ``load_only=True`` respectively.
+
+    :param constant: The constant to return for the field attribute.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+    """
+
+    _CHECK_ATTRIBUTE = False
+
+    def __init__(self, constant: typing.Any, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.constant = constant
+        self.load_default = constant
+        self.dump_default = constant
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.constant
+
+    def _deserialize(self, value, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.constant
+
+
+class Inferred(Field):
+    """A field that infers how to serialize, based on the value type.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This class is treated as private API.
+        Users should not need to use this class directly.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        # We memoize the fields to avoid creating and binding new fields
+        # every time on serialization.
+        self._field_cache = {}
+
+    def _serialize(self, value, attr, obj, **kwargs):
+        field_cls = self.root.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type(value))
+        if field_cls is None:
+            field = super()
+        else:
+            field = self._field_cache.get(field_cls)
+            if field is None:
+                field = field_cls()
+                field._bind_to_schema(self.name, self.parent)
+                self._field_cache[field_cls] = field
+        return field._serialize(value, attr, obj, **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+URL = Url
+Str = String
+Bool = Boolean
+Int = Integer