braindecode 1.3.0.dev181065563__py3-none-any.whl → 1.3.0.dev183667303__py3-none-any.whl

braindecode/models/bendr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+import copy
+
+import torch
+from einops.layers.torch import Rearrange
+from torch import nn
+
+from braindecode.models.base import EEGModuleMixin
+
+
+class BENDR(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
+    """BENDR (BErt-inspired Neural Data Representations) from Kostas et al. (2021) [bendr]_.
+
+    :bdg-success:`Convolution` :bdg-danger:`Large Brain Model`
+
+    .. figure:: https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/653659/fnhum-15-653659-HTML/image_m/fnhum-15-653659-g001.jpg
+        :align: center
+        :alt: BENDR Architecture
+        :width: 1000px
+
+
+    The **BENDR** architecture adapts techniques used for language modeling (LM) toward the
+    development of encephalography modeling (EM) [bendr]_. It utilizes a self-supervised
+    training objective to learn compressed representations of raw EEG signals [bendr]_. The
+    model is capable of modeling completely novel raw EEG sequences recorded with differing
+    hardware and subjects, aiming for transferable performance across a variety of downstream
+    BCI and EEG classification tasks [bendr]_.
+
+    .. rubric:: Architectural Overview
+
+    BENDR is adapted from wav2vec 2.0 [wav2vec2]_ and is composed of two main stages: a
+    feature extractor (Convolutional stage) that produces BErt-inspired Neural Data
+    Representations (BENDR), followed by a transformer encoder (Contextualizer) [bendr]_.
+
+    .. rubric:: Macro Components
+
+    - `BENDR.encoder` **(Convolutional Stage/Feature Extractor)**
+        - *Operations.* A stack of six short-receptive field 1D convolutions [bendr]_. Each
+          block consists of 1D convolution, GroupNorm, and GELU activation.
+        - *Role.* Takes raw data :math:`X_{raw}` and dramatically downsamples it to a new
+          sequence of vectors (BENDR) [bendr]_. Each resulting vector has a length of 512.
+    - `BENDR.contextualizer` **(Transformer Encoder)**
+        - *Operations.* A transformer encoder that uses layered, multi-head self-attention
+          [bendr]_. It employs T-Fixup weight initialization [tfixup]_ and uses 8 layers
+          and 8 heads.
+        - *Role.* Maps the sequence of BENDR vectors to a contextualized sequence. The output
+          of a fixed start token is typically used as the aggregate representation for
+          downstream classification [bendr]_.
+    - `Contextualizer.position_encoder` **(Positional Encoding)**
+        - *Operations.* An additive (grouped) convolution layer with a receptive field of 25
+          and 16 groups [bendr]_.
+        - *Role.* Encodes position information before the input enters the transformer.
+
+    .. rubric:: How the information is encoded temporally, spatially, and spectrally
+
+    * **Temporal.**
+      The convolutional encoder uses a stack of blocks where the stride matches the receptive
+      field (e.g., 3 for the first block, 2 for subsequent blocks) [bendr]_. This process
+      downsamples the raw data by a factor of 96, resulting in an effective sampling frequency
+      of approximately 2.67 Hz.
+    * **Spatial.**
+      To maintain simplicity and reduce complexity, the convolutional stage uses **1D
+      convolutions** and elects not to mix EEG channels across the first stage [bendr]_. The
+      input includes 20 channels (19 EEG channels and one relative amplitude channel).
+    * **Spectral.**
+      The convolution operations implicitly extract features from the raw EEG signal [bendr]_.
+      The representations (BENDR) are derived from the raw waveform using convolutional
+      operations followed by sequence modeling [wav2vec2]_.
+
+    .. rubric:: Additional Mechanisms
+
+    - **Self-Supervision (Pre-training).** Uses a masked sequence learning approach (adapted
+      from wav2vec 2.0 [wav2vec2]_) where contiguous spans of BENDR sequences are masked, and
+      the model attempts to reconstruct the original underlying encoded vector based on the
+      transformer output and a set of negative distractors [bendr]_.
+    - **Regularization.** LayerDrop [layerdrop]_ and Dropout (at probabilities 0.01 and 0.15,
+      respectively) are used during pre-training [bendr]_. The implementation also uses T-Fixup
+      scaling for parameter initialization [tfixup]_.
+    - **Input Conditioning.** A fixed token (a vector filled with the value **-5**) is
+      prepended to the BENDR sequence before input to the transformer, serving as the aggregate
+      representation token [bendr]_.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    * The full BENDR architecture contains a large number of parameters; configuration (1)
+      involved training over **one billion parameters** [bendr]_.
+    * Randomly initialized full BENDR architecture was generally ineffective at solving
+      downstream tasks without prior self-supervised training [bendr]_.
+    * The pre-training task (contrastive predictive coding via masking) is generalizable,
+      exhibiting strong uniformity of performance across novel subjects, hardware, and
+      tasks [bendr]_.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        **Important:** To utilize the full potential of BENDR, the model requires
+        **self-supervised pre-training** on large, unlabeled EEG datasets (like TUEG) followed
+        by subsequent fine-tuning on the specific downstream classification task [bendr]_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    encoder_h : int, default=512
+        Hidden size (number of output channels) of the convolutional encoder. This determines
+        the dimensionality of the BENDR feature vectors produced by the encoder.
+    contextualizer_hidden : int, default=3076
+        Hidden size of the feedforward layer within each transformer block. The paper uses
+        approximately 2x the transformer dimension (3076 ~ 2 x 1536).
+    projection_head : bool, default=False
+        If True, adds a projection layer at the end of the encoder to project back to the
+        input feature size. This is used during self-supervised pre-training but typically
+        disabled during fine-tuning.
+    drop_prob : float, default=0.1
+        Dropout probability applied throughout the model. The paper recommends 0.15 for
+        pre-training and 0.0 for fine-tuning. Default is 0.1 as a compromise.
+    layer_drop : float, default=0.0
+        Probability of dropping entire transformer layers during training (LayerDrop
+        regularization [layerdrop]_). The paper uses 0.01 for pre-training and 0.0 for
+        fine-tuning.
+    activation : :class:`torch.nn.Module`, default=:class:`torch.nn.GELU`
+        Activation function used in the encoder convolutional blocks. The paper uses GELU
+        activation throughout.
+    transformer_layers : int, default=8
+        Number of transformer encoder layers in the contextualizer. The paper uses 8 layers.
+    transformer_heads : int, default=8
+        Number of attention heads in each transformer layer. The paper uses 8 heads with
+        head dimension of 192 (1536 / 8).
+    position_encoder_length : int, default=25
+        Kernel size for the convolutional positional encoding layer. The paper uses a
+        receptive field of 25 with 16 groups.
+    enc_width : tuple of int, default=(3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
+        Kernel sizes for each of the 6 convolutional blocks in the encoder. Each value
+        corresponds to one block.
+    enc_downsample : tuple of int, default=(3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
+        Stride values for each of the 6 convolutional blocks in the encoder. The total
+        downsampling factor is the product of all strides (3 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 96).
+    start_token : int or float, default=-5
+        Value used to fill the start token embedding that is prepended to the BENDR sequence
+        before input to the transformer. This token's output is used as the aggregate
+        representation for classification.
+    final_layer : bool, default=True
+        If True, includes a final linear classification layer that maps from encoder_h to
+        n_outputs. If False, the model outputs the contextualized features directly.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [bendr] Kostas, D., Aroca-Ouellette, S., & Rudzicz, F. (2021).
+       BENDR: Using transformers and a contrastive self-supervised learning task to learn from
+       massive amounts of EEG data.
+       Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 653659.
+       https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.653659
+    .. [wav2vec2] Baevski, A., Zhou, Y., Mohamed, A., & Auli, M. (2020).
+       wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representations.
+       In H. Larochelle, M. Ranzato, R. Hadsell, M. F. Balcan, & H. Lin (Eds),
+       Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 33, pp. 12449-12460).
+       https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3495724.3496768
+    .. [tfixup] Huang, T. K., Liang, S., Jha, A., & Salakhutdinov, R. (2020).
+       Improving Transformer Optimization Through Better Initialization.
+       In International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 4475-4483). PMLR.
+       https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3524938.3525354
+    .. [layerdrop] Fan, A., Grave, E., & Joulin, A. (2020).
+       Reducing Transformer Depth on Demand with Structured Dropout.
+       International Conference on Learning Representations.
+       Retrieved from https://openreview.net/forum?id=SylO2yStDr
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        # Signal related parameters
+        n_chans=None,
+        n_outputs=None,
+        n_times=None,
+        chs_info=None,
+        input_window_seconds=None,
+        sfreq=None,
+        # Model parameters
+        encoder_h=512,  # Hidden size of the encoder convolutional layers
+        contextualizer_hidden=3076,  # Feedforward hidden size in transformer
+        projection_head=False,  # Whether encoder should project back to input feature size (unused in original fine-tuning)
+        drop_prob=0.1,  # General dropout probability (paper: 0.15 for pretraining, 0.0 for fine-tuning)
+        layer_drop=0.0,  # Probability of dropping transformer layers during training (paper: 0.01 for pretraining)
+        activation=nn.GELU,  # Activation function
+        # Transformer specific parameters
+        transformer_layers=8,
+        transformer_heads=8,
+        position_encoder_length=25,  # Kernel size for positional encoding conv
+        enc_width=(3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
+        enc_downsample=(3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
+        start_token=-5,  # Value for start token embedding
+        final_layer=True,  # Whether to include the final linear layer
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            n_outputs=n_outputs,
+            n_chans=n_chans,
+            chs_info=chs_info,
+            n_times=n_times,
+            input_window_seconds=input_window_seconds,
+            sfreq=sfreq,
+        )
+
+        # Keep these parameters if needed later, otherwise they are captured by the mixin
+        del n_outputs, n_chans, chs_info, n_times, input_window_seconds, sfreq
+
+        self.encoder_h = encoder_h
+        self.contextualizer_hidden = contextualizer_hidden
+        self.include_final_layer = final_layer
+
+        # Encoder: Use parameters from __init__
+        self.encoder = _ConvEncoderBENDR(
+            in_features=self.n_chans,
+            encoder_h=encoder_h,
+            dropout=drop_prob,
+            projection_head=projection_head,
+            enc_width=enc_width,
+            enc_downsample=enc_downsample,
+            activation=activation,
+        )
+
+        self.contextualizer = _BENDRContextualizer(
+            in_features=self.encoder.encoder_h,  # Use the output feature size of the encoder
+            hidden_feedforward=contextualizer_hidden,
+            heads=transformer_heads,
+            layers=transformer_layers,
+            dropout=drop_prob,  # Use general dropout probability
+            activation=activation,
+            position_encoder=position_encoder_length,  # Pass position encoder kernel size
+            layer_drop=layer_drop,
+            start_token=start_token,  # Keep fixed start token value
+        )
+        in_features = self.encoder.encoder_h  # Set in_features for final layer
+
+        self.final_layer = None
+        if self.include_final_layer:
+            # Input to Linear will be [batch_size, encoder_h] after taking last timestep
+            linear = nn.Linear(in_features=in_features, out_features=self.n_outputs)
+            self.final_layer = nn.utils.parametrizations.weight_norm(
+                linear, name="weight", dim=1
+            )
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        # Input x: [batch_size, n_chans, n_times]
+        encoded = self.encoder(x)
+        # encoded: [batch_size, encoder_h, n_encoded_times]
+
+        context = self.contextualizer(encoded)
+        # context: [batch_size, encoder_h, n_encoded_times + 1] (due to start token)
+
+        # Extract features - use the output corresponding to the start token (index 0)
+        # The output has shape [batch_size, features, seq_len+1]
+        # The start token was prepended at position 0 in the contextualizer before the
+        # transformer layers. After permutation back to [batch, features, seq_len+1],
+        # the start token output is at index 0.
+        # According to the paper (Kostas et al. 2021): "The transformer output of this
+        # initial position was not modified during pre-training, and only used for
+        # downstream tasks." This follows BERT's [CLS] token convention where the
+        # first token aggregates sequence information via self-attention.
+        feature = context[:, :, 0]
+        # feature: [batch_size, encoder_h]
+
+        if self.final_layer is not None:
+            feature = self.final_layer(feature)
+            # feature: [batch_size, n_outputs]
+
+        return feature
+
+
+class _ConvEncoderBENDR(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        in_features,
+        encoder_h=512,
+        enc_width=(3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
+        dropout=0.0,
+        projection_head=False,
+        enc_downsample=(3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
+        activation=nn.GELU,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.encoder_h = encoder_h
+        self.in_features = in_features
+
+        if not isinstance(enc_width, (list, tuple)):
+            enc_width = [enc_width]
+        if not isinstance(enc_downsample, (list, tuple)):
+            enc_downsample = [enc_downsample]
+        if len(enc_downsample) != len(enc_width):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Encoder width and downsampling factors must have the same length."
+            )
+
+        # Centerable convolutions make life simpler
+        enc_width = [
+            e if e % 2 != 0 else e + 1 for e in enc_width
+        ]  # Ensure odd kernel size
+        self._downsampling = enc_downsample
+        self._width = enc_width
+
+        current_in_features = in_features
+        self.encoder = nn.Sequential()
+        for i, (width, downsample) in enumerate(zip(enc_width, enc_downsample)):
+            self.encoder.add_module(
+                "Encoder_{}".format(i),
+                nn.Sequential(
+                    nn.Conv1d(
+                        current_in_features,
+                        encoder_h,
+                        width,
+                        stride=downsample,
+                        padding=width
+                        // 2,  # Correct padding for 'same' output length before stride
+                    ),
+                    nn.Dropout2d(dropout),  # 2D dropout (matches paper specification)
+                    nn.GroupNorm(
+                        encoder_h // 2, encoder_h
+                    ),  # Consider making num_groups configurable or ensure encoder_h is divisible by 2
+                    activation(),
+                ),
+            )
+            current_in_features = encoder_h
+        if projection_head:
+            self.encoder.add_module(
+                "projection_head",
+                nn.Conv1d(encoder_h, encoder_h, 1),
+            )
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        return self.encoder(x)
+
+
+class _BENDRContextualizer(nn.Module):
+    """Transformer-based contextualizer for BENDR."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        in_features,
+        hidden_feedforward=3076,
+        heads=8,
+        layers=8,
+        dropout=0.1,  # Default dropout
+        activation=nn.GELU,  # Activation for transformer FF layer
+        position_encoder=25,  # Kernel size for conv positional encoding
+        layer_drop=0.0,  # Probability of dropping a whole layer
+        start_token=-5,  # Value for start token embedding
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dropout = dropout
+        self.layer_drop = layer_drop
+        self.start_token = start_token  # Store start token value
+
+        # Paper specification: transformer_dim = 3 * encoder_h (1536 for encoder_h=512)
+        self.transformer_dim = 3 * in_features
+        self.in_features = in_features
+        # --- Positional Encoding --- (Applied before projection)
+        self.position_encoder = None
+        if position_encoder > 0:
+            conv = nn.Conv1d(
+                in_features,
+                in_features,
+                kernel_size=position_encoder,
+                padding=position_encoder // 2,
+                groups=16,  # Number of groups for depthwise separation
+            )
+            # T-Fixup positional encoding initialization (paper specification)
+            nn.init.normal_(conv.weight, mean=0, std=2 / self.transformer_dim)
+            nn.init.constant_(conv.bias, 0)
+
+            conv = nn.utils.parametrizations.weight_norm(conv, name="weight", dim=2)
+            self.relative_position = nn.Sequential(conv, activation())
+
+        # --- Input Conditioning --- (Includes projection up to transformer_dim)
+        # Rearrange, Norm, Dropout, Project, Rearrange
+        self.input_conditioning = nn.Sequential(
+            Rearrange(
+                "batch channel time -> batch time channel"
+            ),  # Batch, Time, Channels
+            nn.LayerNorm(in_features),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout),
+            nn.Linear(in_features, self.transformer_dim),  # Project up using Linear
+            # nn.Conv1d(in_features, self.transformer_dim, 1), # Alternative: Project up using Conv1d
+            Rearrange(
+                "batch time channel -> time batch channel"
+            ),  # Time, Batch, Channels (Transformer expected format)
+        )
+
+        # --- Transformer Encoder Layers ---
+        # Paper uses T-Fixup: remove internal LayerNorm layers
+
+        encoder_layer = nn.TransformerEncoderLayer(
+            d_model=self.transformer_dim,  # Use projected dimension
+            nhead=heads,
+            dim_feedforward=hidden_feedforward,
+            dropout=dropout,  # Dropout within transformer layer
+            activation=activation(),
+            batch_first=False,  # Expects (T, B, C)
+            norm_first=False,  # Standard post-norm architecture
+        )
+
+        # T-Fixup: Replace internal LayerNorms with Identity
+        encoder_layer.norm1 = nn.Identity()
+        encoder_layer.norm2 = nn.Identity()
+
+        self.transformer_layers = nn.ModuleList(
+            [copy.deepcopy(encoder_layer) for _ in range(layers)]
+        )
+
+        # Add final LayerNorm after all transformer layers (paper specification)
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(self.transformer_dim)
+
+        # --- Output Layer --- (Project back down to in_features)
+        # Paper uses Conv1d with kernel=1 (equivalent to Linear but expects (B,C,T) input)
+        self.output_layer = nn.Conv1d(self.transformer_dim, in_features, 1)
+
+        # Initialize parameters with T-Fixup (paper specification)
+        self.apply(self._init_bert_params)
+
+    def _init_bert_params(self, module):
+        """Initialize linear layers and apply T-Fixup scaling."""
+        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
+            # Standard init
+            nn.init.xavier_uniform_(module.weight.data)
+            if module.bias is not None:
+                module.bias.data.zero_()
+            # Tfixup Scaling
+            module.weight.data = (
+                0.67 * len(self.transformer_layers) ** (-0.25) * module.weight.data
+            )
+        elif isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm):
+            module.bias.data.zero_()
+            module.weight.data.fill_(1.0)
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        # Input x: [batch_size, in_features, seq_len]
+
+        # Apply relative positional encoding
+        if hasattr(self, "relative_position"):
+            pos_enc = self.relative_position(x)
+            x = x + pos_enc
+
+        # Apply input conditioning (includes projection up and rearrange)
+        x = self.input_conditioning(x)
+        # x: [seq_len, batch_size, transformer_dim]
+
+        # Prepend start token
+        if self.start_token is not None:
+            token_emb = torch.full(
+                (1, x.shape[1], x.shape[2]),
+                float(self.start_token),
+                device=x.device,
+                requires_grad=False,
+            )
+            x = torch.cat([token_emb, x], dim=0)
+        # x: [seq_len + 1, batch_size, transformer_dim]
+
+        # Apply transformer layers with layer drop
+        for layer in self.transformer_layers:
+            if not self.training or torch.rand(1) > self.layer_drop:
+                x = layer(x)
+        # x: [seq_len + 1, batch_size, transformer_dim]
+
+        # Apply final LayerNorm (T-Fixup: norm only at the end)
+        x = self.norm(x)
+        # x: [seq_len + 1, batch_size, transformer_dim]
+
+        # Permute to (B, C, T) format for Conv1d output layer
+        x = Rearrange("time batch channel -> batch channel time")(x)
+        # x: [batch_size, transformer_dim, seq_len + 1]
+
+        # Apply output projection (Conv1d expects B, C, T)
+        x = self.output_layer(x)
+        # x: [batch_size, in_features, seq_len + 1]
+
+        return x

braindecode/models/biot.py

@@ -11,13 +11,15 @@ from braindecode.models.base import EEGModuleMixin
 class BIOT(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
     """BIOT from Yang et al. (2023) [Yang2023]_
 
+    :bdg-danger:`Large Brain Model`
+
     .. figure:: https://braindecode.org/dev/_static/model/biot.jpg
        :align: center
        :alt: BioT
 
     BIOT: Cross-data Biosignal Learning in the Wild.
 
-    BIOT is a large language model for biosignal classification. It is
+    BIOT is a large brain model for biosignal classification. It is
     a wrapper around the `BIOTEncoder` and `ClassificationHead` modules.
 
     It is designed for N-dimensional biosignal data such as EEG, ECG, etc.

braindecode/models/ctnet.py

@@ -39,16 +39,19 @@ class CTNet(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
     The architecture consists of three main components:
 
     1. **Convolutional Module**:
+
         - Apply :class:`EEGNet` to perform some feature extraction, denoted here as
-        _PatchEmbeddingEEGNet module.
+          _PatchEmbeddingEEGNet module.
 
     2. **Transformer Encoder Module**:
+
         - Utilizes multi-head self-attention mechanisms as EEGConformer but
-        with residual blocks.
+          with residual blocks.
 
     3. **Classifier Module**:
+
         - Combines features from both the convolutional module
-        and the Transformer encoder.
+          and the Transformer encoder.
         - Flattens the combined features and applies dropout for regularization.
         - Uses a fully connected layer to produce the final classification output.
 

braindecode/models/deepsleepnet.py

@@ -43,16 +43,21 @@ class DeepSleepNet(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
 
     - :class:`_RepresentationLearning` **(dual-path CNN → epoch feature)**
 
-       - *Operations.*
-       - **Small-filter CNN** 4 times:
-       - :class:`~torch.nn.Conv1d`
-       - :class:`~torch.nn.BatchNorm1d`
-       - :class:`~torch.nn.ReLU`
-       - :class:`~torch.nn.MaxPool1d` after.
-       First conv uses **filter length ≈ Fs/2** and **stride ≈ Fs/16** to emphasize *timing* of graphoelements.
+        - *Operations.*
+        - **Small-filter CNN** 4 times:
+
+            - :class:`~torch.nn.Conv1d`
+            - :class:`~torch.nn.BatchNorm1d`
+            - :class:`~torch.nn.ReLU`
+            - :class:`~torch.nn.MaxPool1d` after.
+
+        - First conv uses **filter length ≈ Fs/2** and **stride ≈ Fs/16** to emphasize *timing* of graphoelements.
+
     - **Large-filter CNN**:
+
         - Same stack but first conv uses **filter length ≈ 4·Fs** and
         - **stride ≈ Fs/2** to emphasize *frequency* content.
+
     - Outputs from both paths are **concatenated** into the epoch embedding ``a_t``.
 
     - *Rationale.*
@@ -81,20 +86,22 @@ class DeepSleepNet(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
 
     - **Temporal (where time-domain patterns are learned).**
 
-    Both CNN paths use **1-D temporal convolutions**. The *small-filter* path (first kernel ≈ Fs/2,
-    stride ≈ Fs/16) captures *when* characteristic transients occur; the *large-filter* path
-    (first kernel ≈ 4·Fs, stride ≈ Fs/2) captures *which* frequency components dominate over the
-    epoch. Deeper layers use **small kernels** to refine features with fewer parameters, interleaved
-    with **max pooling** for downsampling.
+      Both CNN paths use **1-D temporal convolutions**. The *small-filter* path (first kernel ≈ Fs/2,
+      stride ≈ Fs/16) captures *when* characteristic transients occur; the *large-filter* path
+      (first kernel ≈ 4·Fs, stride ≈ Fs/2) captures *which* frequency components dominate over the
+      epoch. Deeper layers use **small kernels** to refine features with fewer parameters, interleaved
+      with **max pooling** for downsampling.
 
     - **Spatial (how channels are processed).**
-    The original model operates on **single-channel** raw EEG; convolutions therefore mix only
-    along time (no spatial convolution across electrodes).
+
+      The original model operates on **single-channel** raw EEG; convolutions therefore mix only
+      along time (no spatial convolution across electrodes).
 
     - **Spectral (how frequency information emerges).**
-    No explicit Fourier/wavelet transform is used. The **large-filter path** serves as a
-    *frequency-sensitive* analyzer, while the **small-filter path** remains *time-sensitive*,
-    together functioning as a **two-band learned filter bank** at the first layer.
+
+      No explicit Fourier/wavelet transform is used. The **large-filter path** serves as a
+      *frequency-sensitive* analyzer, while the **small-filter path** remains *time-sensitive*,
+      together functioning as a **two-band learned filter bank** at the first layer.
 
     .. rubric:: Attention / Sequential Modules
 
@@ -112,9 +119,11 @@ class DeepSleepNet(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
     - **Residual shortcut over sequence encoder.** Adds projected CNN features to BiLSTM outputs,
       improving gradient flow and retaining discriminative content from representation learning.
     - **Two-step training.**
+
         - (i) **Pretrain** the CNN paths with class-balanced sampling;
         - (ii) **fine-tune** the full network with sequential batches, using **lower LR** for CNNs and **higher LR** for the
-        sequence encoder.
+          sequence encoder.
+
     - **State handling.** BiLSTM states are **reinitialized per subject** so that temporal context
       does not leak across recordings.
 

braindecode/models/eegconformer.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class EEGConformer(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
     The result is rearranged to a token sequence ``(B, S_tokens, D)``, where ``D = n_filters_time``.
 
     *Interpretability/robustness.* Temporal kernels can be inspected as FIR filters;
-    the spatial conv yields channel projections analogous to :class:`ShallowFBCSPNet`’s learned
+    the spatial conv yields channel projections analogous to :class:`ShallowFBCSPNet`'s learned
     spatial filters. Temporal pooling stabilizes statistics and reduces sequence length.
 
     - :class:`_TransformerEncoder` **(context over temporal tokens)**
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class EEGConformer(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
         capacity (but higher compute); larger strides → fewer tokens and stronger inductive bias.
 
     - **Embedding dimension = filters.** ``n_filters_time`` serves double duty as both the
-        number of temporal filters in the stem and the transformer’s embedding size ``D``,
+        number of temporal filters in the stem and the transformer's embedding size ``D``,
         simplifying dimensional alignment.
 
     .. rubric:: Usage and Configuration