bmtool 0.5.3__py3-none-any.whl → 0.5.5__py3-none-any.whl

bmtool/synapses.py

@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+import os
+import json
+import numpy as np
+import neuron
+from neuron import h
+from neuron.units import ms, mV
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from scipy.signal import find_peaks
+from scipy.optimize import curve_fit
+
+import ipywidgets as widgets
+from IPython.display import display, clear_output
+from ipywidgets import HBox, VBox
+
+class SynapseTuner:
+    def __init__(self, mechanisms_dir: str, templates_dir: str, conn_type_settings: dict, connection: str,
+                 general_settings: dict, json_folder_path: str = None, current_name: str = 'i',
+                 other_vars_to_record: list = None, slider_vars: list = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize the SynapseModule class with connection type settings, mechanisms, and template directories.
+        
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        mechanisms_dir : str
+            Directory path containing the compiled mod files needed for NEURON mechanisms.
+        templates_dir : str
+            Directory path containing cell template files (.hoc or .py) loaded into NEURON.
+        conn_type_settings : dict
+            A dictionary containing connection-specific settings, such as synaptic properties and details.
+        connection : str
+            Name of the connection type to be used from the conn_type_settings dictionary.
+        general_settings : dict
+            General settings dictionary including parameters like simulation time step, duration, and temperature.
+        json_folder_path : str, optional
+            Path to folder containing JSON files with additional synaptic properties to update settings.
+        current_name : str, optional
+            Name of the synaptic current variable to be recorded (default is 'i').
+        other_vars_to_record : list, optional
+            List of additional synaptic variables to record during the simulation (e.g., 'Pr', 'Use').
+        slider_vars : list, optional
+            List of synaptic variables you would like sliders set up for the STP sliders method by default will use all parameters in spec_syn_param.
+
+        """
+        neuron.load_mechanisms(mechanisms_dir)
+        h.load_file(templates_dir)
+        self.conn_type_settings = conn_type_settings
+        if json_folder_path:
+            print(f"updating settings from json path {json_folder_path}")
+            self.update_spec_syn_param(json_folder_path)
+        self.general_settings = general_settings
+        self.conn = self.conn_type_settings[connection]
+        self.synaptic_props = self.conn['spec_syn_param']
+        self.vclamp = general_settings['vclamp']
+        self.current_name = current_name
+        self.other_vars_to_record = other_vars_to_record
+
+        if slider_vars:
+            self.slider_vars = {key: value for key, value in self.synaptic_props.items() if key in slider_vars} # filters dict to have only the entries that have a key in the sliders var
+        else:
+            self.slider_vars = self.synaptic_props
+
+        h.tstop = general_settings['tstart'] + general_settings['tdur']
+        h.dt = general_settings['dt']  # Time step (resolution) of the simulation in ms
+        h.steps_per_ms = 1 / h.dt
+        h.celsius = general_settings['celsius']
+
+    def update_spec_syn_param(self, json_folder_path):
+        """
+        Update specific synaptic parameters using JSON files located in the specified folder.
+        
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        json_folder_path : str
+            Path to folder containing JSON files, where each JSON file corresponds to a connection type.
+        """
+        for conn_type, settings in self.conn_type_settings.items():
+            json_file_path = os.path.join(json_folder_path, f"{conn_type}.json")
+            if os.path.exists(json_file_path):
+                with open(json_file_path, 'r') as json_file:
+                    json_data = json.load(json_file)
+                    settings['spec_syn_param'].update(json_data)
+            else:
+                print(f"JSON file for {conn_type} not found.")
+
+
+    def set_up_cell(self):
+        """
+        Set up the neuron cell based on the specified connection settings.
+        """
+        self.cell = getattr(h, self.conn['spec_settings']['post_cell'])()
+
+
+    def set_up_synapse(self):
+        """
+        Set up the synapse on the target cell according to the synaptic parameters in `conn_type_settings`.
+        
+        Notes:
+        ------
+        - `set_up_cell()` should be called before setting up the synapse.
+        - Synapse location, type, and properties are specified within `spec_syn_param` and `spec_settings`.
+        """
+        self.syn = getattr(h, self.conn['spec_syn_param']['level_of_detail'])(list(self.cell.all)[self.conn['spec_settings']['sec_id']](self.conn['spec_settings']['sec_x']))
+        for key, value in self.conn['spec_syn_param'].items():
+            if isinstance(value, (int, float)):  # Only create sliders for numeric values
+                if hasattr(self.syn, key):
+                    setattr(self.syn, key, value)
+                else:
+                    print(f"Warning: {key} cannot be assigned as it does not exist in the synapse. Check your mod file or spec_syn_param.")
+
+
+    def set_up_recorders(self):
+        """
+        Set up recording vectors to capture simulation data.
+        
+        The method sets up recorders for:
+        - Synaptic current specified by `current_name`
+        - Other specified synaptic variables (`other_vars_to_record`)
+        - Time, soma voltage, and voltage clamp current for all simulations.
+        """
+        self.rec_vectors = {}
+        for var in self.other_vars_to_record:
+            self.rec_vectors[var] = h.Vector()
+            ref_attr = f'_ref_{var}'
+            if hasattr(self.syn, ref_attr):
+                self.rec_vectors[var].record(getattr(self.syn, ref_attr))
+            else:
+                print(f"Warning: {ref_attr} not found in the syn object. Use vars() to inspect available attributes.")
+
+        # Record synaptic current
+        self.rec_vectors[self.current_name] = h.Vector()
+        ref_attr = f'_ref_{self.current_name}'
+        if hasattr(self.syn, ref_attr):
+            self.rec_vectors[self.current_name].record(getattr(self.syn, ref_attr))
+        else:
+            print("Warning: Synaptic current recorder not set up correctly.")
+
+        # Record time, synaptic events, soma voltage, and voltage clamp current
+        self.t = h.Vector()
+        self.tspk = h.Vector()
+        self.soma_v = h.Vector()
+        self.ivcl = h.Vector()
+
+        self.t.record(h._ref_t)
+        self.nc.record(self.tspk)
+        self.nc2.record(self.tspk)
+        self.soma_v.record(self.cell.soma[0](0.5)._ref_v)
+        self.ivcl.record(self.vcl._ref_i)
+
+
+    def SingleEvent(self):
+        """
+        Simulate a single synaptic event by delivering an input stimulus to the synapse.
+        
+        The method sets up the neuron cell, synapse, stimulus, and voltage clamp, 
+        and then runs the NEURON simulation for a single event. The single synaptic event will occur at general_settings['tstart']
+        Will display graphs and synaptic properies works best with a jupyter notebook
+        """
+        self.set_up_cell()
+        self.set_up_synapse()
+
+        # Set up the stimulus
+        self.nstim = h.NetStim()
+        self.nstim.start = self.general_settings['tstart']
+        self.nstim.noise = 0
+        self.nstim2 = h.NetStim()
+        self.nstim2.start = h.tstop
+        self.nstim2.noise = 0
+        self.nc = h.NetCon(self.nstim, self.syn, self.general_settings['threshold'], self.general_settings['delay'], self.general_settings['weight'])
+        self.nc2 = h.NetCon(self.nstim2, self.syn, self.general_settings['threshold'], self.general_settings['delay'], self.general_settings['weight'])
+        
+        # Set up voltage clamp
+        self.vcl = h.VClamp(self.cell.soma[0](0.5))
+        vcldur = [[0, 0, 0], [self.general_settings['tstart'], h.tstop, 1e9]]
+        for i in range(3):
+            self.vcl.amp[i] = self.conn['spec_settings']['vclamp_amp']
+            self.vcl.dur[i] = vcldur[1][i]
+
+        self.set_up_recorders()
+
+        # Run simulation
+        h.tstop = self.general_settings['tstart'] + self.general_settings['tdur']
+        self.nstim.interval = self.general_settings['tdur']
+        self.nstim.number = 1
+        self.nstim2.start = h.tstop
+        h.run()
+        self.plot_model([self.general_settings['tstart'] - 5, self.general_settings['tstart'] + self.general_settings['tdur']])
+        syn_props = self.get_syn_prop(rise_interval=self.general_settings['rise_interval'])     
+        for prop in syn_props.items():
+            print(prop)
+
+
+    def find_first(self, x):
+        """
+        Find the index of the first non-zero element in a given array.
+        
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        x : np.array
+            The input array to search.
+        
+        Returns:
+        --------
+        int
+            Index of the first non-zero element, or None if none exist.
+        """
+        x = np.asarray(x)
+        idx = np.nonzero(x)[0]
+        return idx[0] if idx.size else None
+
+
+    def get_syn_prop(self, rise_interval=(0.2, 0.8), dt=h.dt, short=False):
+        """
+        Calculate synaptic properties such as peak amplitude, latency, rise time, decay time, and half-width.
+        
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        rise_interval : tuple of floats, optional
+            Fractional rise time interval to calculate (default is (0.2, 0.8)).
+        dt : float, optional
+            Time step of the simulation (default is NEURON's `h.dt`).
+        short : bool, optional
+            If True, only return baseline and sign without calculating full properties.
+        
+        Returns:
+        --------
+        dict
+            A dictionary containing the synaptic properties: baseline, sign, peak amplitude, latency, rise time, 
+            decay time, and half-width.
+        """
+        if self.vclamp:
+            isyn = self.ivcl
+        else:
+            isyn = self.rec_vectors['i']
+        isyn = np.asarray(isyn)
+        tspk = np.asarray(self.tspk)
+        if tspk.size:
+            tspk = tspk[0]
+            
+        ispk = int(np.floor(tspk / dt))
+        baseline = isyn[ispk]
+        isyn = isyn[ispk:] - baseline
+        # print(np.abs(isyn))
+        # print(np.argmax(np.abs(isyn)))
+        # print(isyn[np.argmax(np.abs(isyn))])
+        # print(np.sign(isyn[np.argmax(np.abs(isyn))]))  
+        sign = np.sign(isyn[np.argmax(np.abs(isyn))])  
+        if short:
+            return {'baseline': baseline, 'sign': sign}
+        isyn *= sign
+        # print(isyn)
+        # peak amplitude
+        ipk, _ = find_peaks(isyn)
+        ipk = ipk[0]
+        peak = isyn[ipk]
+        # latency
+        istart = self.find_first(np.diff(isyn[:ipk + 1]) > 0)
+        latency = dt * (istart + 1)
+        # rise time
+        rt1 = self.find_first(isyn[istart:ipk + 1] > rise_interval[0] * peak)
+        rt2 = self.find_first(isyn[istart:ipk + 1] > rise_interval[1] * peak)
+        rise_time = (rt2 - rt1) * dt
+        # decay time
+        iend = self.find_first(np.diff(isyn[ipk:]) > 0)
+        iend = isyn.size - 1 if iend is None else iend + ipk
+        decay_len = iend - ipk + 1
+        popt, _ = curve_fit(lambda t, a, tau: a * np.exp(-t / tau), dt * np.arange(decay_len),
+                            isyn[ipk:iend + 1], p0=(peak, dt * decay_len / 2))
+        decay_time = popt[1]
+        # half-width
+        hw1 = self.find_first(isyn[istart:ipk + 1] > 0.5 * peak)
+        hw2 = self.find_first(isyn[ipk:] < 0.5 * peak)
+        hw2 = isyn.size if hw2 is None else hw2 + ipk
+        half_width = dt * (hw2 - hw1)
+        output = {'baseline': baseline, 'sign': sign, 'latency': latency,
+            'amp': peak, 'rise_time': rise_time, 'decay_time': decay_time, 'half_width': half_width}
+        return output
+
+
+    def plot_model(self, xlim):
+        """
+        Plots the results of the simulation, including synaptic current, soma voltage,
+        and any additional recorded variables.
+
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        xlim : tuple
+            A tuple specifying the limits of the x-axis for the plot (start_time, end_time).
+        
+        Notes:
+        ------
+        - The function determines how many plots to generate based on the number of variables recorded.
+        - Synaptic current and either voltage clamp or soma voltage will always be plotted.
+        - If other variables are provided in `other_vars_to_record`, they are also plotted.
+        - The function adjusts the plot layout and removes any extra subplots that are not needed.
+        """
+        # Determine the number of plots to generate (at least 2: current and voltage)
+        num_vars_to_plot = 2 + (len(self.other_vars_to_record) if self.other_vars_to_record else 0)
+        
+        # Set up figure based on number of plots (2x2 grid max)
+        num_rows = (num_vars_to_plot + 1) // 2  # This ensures we have enough rows
+        fig, axs = plt.subplots(num_rows, 2, figsize=(12, 7))
+        axs = axs.ravel()
+        
+        # Plot synaptic current (always included)
+        axs[0].plot(self.t, 1000 * self.rec_vectors[self.current_name])
+        axs[0].set_ylabel('Synaptic Current (pA)')
+        
+        # Plot voltage clamp or soma voltage (always included)
+        ispk = int(np.round(self.tspk[0] / h.dt))
+        if self.vclamp:
+            baseline = self.ivcl[ispk]
+            ivcl_plt = np.array(self.ivcl) - baseline
+            ivcl_plt[:ispk] = 0
+            axs[1].plot(self.t, 1000 * ivcl_plt)
+            axs[1].set_ylabel('VClamp Current (pA)')
+        else:
+            soma_v_plt = np.array(self.soma_v)
+            soma_v_plt[:ispk] = soma_v_plt[ispk]
+            axs[1].plot(self.t, soma_v_plt)
+            axs[1].set_ylabel('Soma Voltage (mV)')
+        
+        # Plot any other variables from other_vars_to_record, if provided
+        if self.other_vars_to_record:
+            for i, var in enumerate(self.other_vars_to_record, start=2):
+                if var in self.rec_vectors:
+                    axs[i].plot(self.t, self.rec_vectors[var])
+                    axs[i].set_ylabel(f'{var.capitalize()}')
+
+        # Adjust the layout
+        for i, ax in enumerate(axs[:num_vars_to_plot]):
+            ax.set_xlim(*xlim)
+            if i >= num_vars_to_plot - 2:  # Add x-label to the last row
+                ax.set_xlabel('Time (ms)')
+        
+        # Remove extra subplots if less than 4 plots are present
+        if num_vars_to_plot < len(axs):
+            for j in range(num_vars_to_plot, len(axs)):
+                fig.delaxes(axs[j])
+
+        plt.tight_layout()
+        plt.show()
+
+
+    def set_drive_train(self,freq=50., delay=250.):
+        """
+        Configures trains of 12 action potentials at a specified frequency and delay period
+        between pulses 8 and 9.
+
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        freq : float, optional
+            Frequency of the pulse train in Hz. Default is 50 Hz.
+        delay : float, optional
+            Delay period in milliseconds between the 8th and 9th pulses. Default is 250 ms.
+
+        Returns:
+        --------
+        tstop : float
+            The time at which the last pulse stops.
+        
+        Notes:
+        ------
+        - This function is based on experiments from the Allen Database.
+        """
+        n_init_pulse = 8
+        n_ending_pulse = 4
+        self.nstim.start = self.general_settings['tstart']
+        self.nstim.interval = 1000 / freq
+        self.nstim2.interval = 1000 / freq
+        self.nstim.number = n_init_pulse
+        self.nstim2.number = n_ending_pulse
+        self.nstim2.start = self.nstim.start + (n_init_pulse - 1) * self.nstim.interval + delay
+        tstop = self.nstim2.start + n_ending_pulse * self.nstim2.interval
+        return tstop
+ 
+
+    def response_amplitude(self):
+        """
+        Calculates the amplitude of the synaptic response by analyzing the recorded synaptic current.
+
+        Returns:
+        --------
+        amp : list
+            A list containing the peak amplitudes for each segment of the recorded synaptic current.
+        
+        """
+        isyn = np.asarray(self.rec_vectors['i'])
+        tspk = np.append(np.asarray(self.tspk), h.tstop)
+        syn_prop = self.get_syn_prop(short=True)
+        # print("syn_prp[sign] = " + str(syn_prop['sign']))
+        isyn = (isyn - syn_prop['baseline']) 
+        isyn *= syn_prop['sign']
+        # print(isyn)
+        ispk = np.floor((tspk + self.general_settings['delay']) / h.dt).astype(int)
+        amp = [isyn[ispk[i]:ispk[i + 1]].max() for i in range(ispk.size - 1)]
+        return amp
+
+
+    def find_max_amp(self, amp, normalize_by_trial=True):
+        """
+        Determines the maximum amplitude from the response data.
+
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        amp : array-like
+            Array containing the amplitudes of synaptic responses.
+        normalize_by_trial : bool, optional
+            If True, normalize the maximum amplitude within each trial. Default is True.
+        
+        Returns:
+        --------
+        max_amp : float
+            The maximum or minimum amplitude based on the sign of the response.
+        """
+        max_amp = amp.max(axis=1 if normalize_by_trial else None)
+        min_amp = amp.min(axis=1 if normalize_by_trial else None)
+        if(abs(min_amp) > max_amp):
+            return min_amp
+        return max_amp
+
+
+    def induction_recovery(self,amp, normalize_by_trial=True):
+        """
+        Calculates induction and recovery metrics from the synaptic response amplitudes.
+
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        amp : array-like
+            Array containing the amplitudes of synaptic responses.
+        normalize_by_trial : bool, optional
+            If True, normalize the amplitudes within each trial. Default is True.
+
+        Returns:
+        --------
+        induction : float
+            The calculated induction value (difference between pulses 6-8 and 1st pulse).
+        recovery : float
+            The calculated recovery value (difference between pulses 9-12 and pulses 1-4).
+        maxamp : float
+            The maximum amplitude in the response.
+        """
+        amp = np.array(amp)
+        amp = amp.reshape(-1, amp.shape[-1])
+        
+        
+        maxamp = amp.max(axis=1 if normalize_by_trial else None)
+        induction = np.mean((amp[:, 5:8].mean(axis=1) - amp[:, :1].mean(axis=1)) / maxamp)
+        recovery = np.mean((amp[:, 8:12].mean(axis=1) - amp[:, :4].mean(axis=1)) / maxamp)
+
+        # maxamp = max(amp, key=lambda x: abs(x[0]))
+        maxamp = maxamp.max()
+        return induction, recovery, maxamp
+
+
+    def paired_pulse_ratio(self, dt=h.dt):
+        """
+        Computes the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) based on the recorded synaptic current or voltage.
+
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        dt : float, optional
+            Time step in milliseconds. Default is the NEURON simulation time step.
+
+        Returns:
+        --------
+        ppr : float
+            The ratio between the second and first pulse amplitudes.
+
+        Notes:
+        ------
+        - The function handles both voltage-clamp and current-clamp conditions.
+        - A minimum of two spikes is required to calculate PPR.
+        """
+        if self.vclamp:
+            isyn = self.ivcl
+        else:
+            isyn = self.rec_vectors['i']
+        isyn = np.asarray(isyn)
+        tspk = np.asarray(self.tspk)
+        if tspk.size < 2:
+            raise ValueError("Need at least two spikes.")
+        syn_prop = self.get_syn_prop()
+        isyn = (isyn - syn_prop['baseline']) * syn_prop['sign']
+        ispk2 = int(np.floor(tspk[1] / dt))
+        ipk, _ = find_peaks(isyn[ispk2:])
+        ipk2 = ipk[0] + ispk2
+        peak2 = isyn[ipk2]
+        return peak2 / syn_prop['amp']
+
+
+    def set_syn_prop(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Sets the synaptic parameters based on user inputs from sliders.
+        
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+            Synaptic properties (such as weight, Use, tau_f, tau_d) as keyword arguments.
+        """
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            setattr(self.syn, key, value)
+
+
+    def simulate_model(self,input_frequency, delay, vclamp=None):
+        """
+        Runs the simulation with the specified input frequency, delay, and voltage clamp settings.
+
+        Parameters:
+        -----------
+        input_frequency : float
+            Frequency of the input drive train in Hz.
+        delay : float
+            Delay period in milliseconds between the 8th and 9th pulses.
+        vclamp : bool or None, optional
+            Whether to use voltage clamp. If None, the current setting is used. Default is None.
+
+        """
+        if self.input_mode == False:
+            self.tstop = self.set_drive_train(input_frequency, delay)
+            h.tstop = self.tstop
+
+            vcldur = [[0, 0, 0], [self.general_settings['tstart'], self.tstop, 1e9]]
+            for i in range(3):
+                self.vcl.amp[i] = self.conn['spec_settings']['vclamp_amp']
+                self.vcl.dur[i] = vcldur[1][i]
+            h.finitialize(self.cell.Vinit * mV)
+            h.continuerun(self.tstop * ms)
+        else:
+            self.tstop = self.general_settings['tstart'] + self.general_settings['tdur']
+            self.nstim.interval = 1000 / input_frequency
+            self.nstim.number = np.ceil(self.w_duration.value / 1000 * input_frequency + 1)
+            self.nstim2.number = 0
+            self.tstop = self.w_duration.value + self.general_settings['tstart']
+            
+            h.finitialize(self.cell.Vinit * mV)
+            h.continuerun(self.tstop * ms)
+        
+    
+    def InteractiveTuner(self):
+        """
+        Sets up interactive sliders for short-term plasticity (STP) experiments in a Jupyter Notebook.
+        
+        Notes:
+        ------
+        - The sliders allow control over synaptic properties dynamically based on slider_vars.
+        - Additional buttons allow running the simulation and configuring voltage clamp settings.
+        """
+        # Widgets setup (Sliders)
+        freqs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200]
+        delays = [125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000]
+        durations = [300, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000]
+        freq0 = 50
+        delay0 = 250
+        duration0 = 300
+        vlamp_status = self.vclamp
+
+        w_run = widgets.Button(description='Run', icon='history', button_style='primary')
+        w_vclamp = widgets.ToggleButton(value=vlamp_status, description='Voltage Clamp', icon='fast-backward', button_style='warning')
+        w_input_mode = widgets.ToggleButton(value=False, description='Continuous input', icon='eject', button_style='info')
+        w_input_freq = widgets.SelectionSlider(options=freqs, value=freq0, description='Input Freq')
+
+        # Sliders for delay and duration
+        self.w_delay = widgets.SelectionSlider(options=delays, value=delay0, description='Delay')
+        self.w_duration = widgets.SelectionSlider(options=durations, value=duration0, description='Duration')
+
+        # Generate sliders dynamically based on valid numeric entries in self.slider_vars
+        dynamic_sliders = {}
+        print("Setting up slider! The sliders ranges are set by their init value so try changing that if you dont like the slider range!")
+        for key, value in self.slider_vars.items():
+            if isinstance(value, (int, float)):  # Only create sliders for numeric values
+                if hasattr(self.syn, key):
+                    if value == 0:
+                        print(f'{key} was set to zero, going to try to set a range of values, try settings the {key} to a nonzero value if you dont like the range!')
+                        slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=value, min=0, max=1000, step=1, description=key)
+                    else:
+                        slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=value, min=0, max=value*20, step=value/5, description=key)
+                    dynamic_sliders[key] = slider
+                else:
+                    print(f"skipping slider for {key} due to not being a synaptic variable")
+
+        # Function to update UI based on input mode
+        def update_ui(*args):
+            clear_output()
+            display(ui)
+            self.vclamp = w_vclamp.value
+            self.input_mode = w_input_mode.value
+            # Update synaptic properties based on slider values
+            syn_props = {var: slider.value for var, slider in dynamic_sliders.items()}
+            self.set_syn_prop(**syn_props)
+            if self.input_mode == False:
+                self.simulate_model(w_input_freq.value, self.w_delay.value, w_vclamp.value)
+            else:
+                self.simulate_model(w_input_freq.value, self.w_duration.value, w_vclamp.value)
+            self.plot_model([self.general_settings['tstart'] - self.nstim.interval / 3, self.tstop])
+            amp = self.response_amplitude()
+            induction_single, recovery, maxamp = self.induction_recovery(amp)
+            ppr = self.paired_pulse_ratio()
+            print('Paired Pulse Ratio using ' + ('PSC' if self.vclamp else 'PSP') + f': {ppr:.3f}')
+            print('Single trial ' + ('PSC' if self.vclamp else 'PSP'))
+            print(f'Induction: {induction_single:.2f}; Recovery: {recovery:.2f}')
+            print(f'Rest Amp: {amp[0]:.2f}; Maximum Amp: {maxamp:.2f}')
+
+        # Function to switch between delay and duration sliders
+        def switch_slider(*args):
+            if w_input_mode.value:
+                self.w_delay.layout.display = 'none'  # Hide delay slider
+                self.w_duration.layout.display = ''   # Show duration slider
+            else:
+                self.w_delay.layout.display = ''      # Show delay slider
+                self.w_duration.layout.display = 'none'  # Hide duration slider
+
+        # Link input mode to slider switch
+        w_input_mode.observe(switch_slider, names='value')
+
+        # Hide the duration slider initially
+        self.w_duration.layout.display = 'none'  # Hide duration slider
+
+        w_run.on_click(update_ui)
+
+        # Add the dynamic sliders to the UI
+        slider_widgets = [slider for slider in dynamic_sliders.values()]
+
+        # Divide sliders into two columns
+        half = len(slider_widgets) // 2
+        col1 = VBox(slider_widgets[:half])  # First half of sliders
+        col2 = VBox(slider_widgets[half:])  # Second half of sliders
+        
+        # Create a two-column layout with HBox
+        slider_columns = HBox([col1, col2])
+
+        ui = VBox([HBox([w_run, w_vclamp, w_input_mode]), HBox([w_input_freq, self.w_delay, self.w_duration]), slider_columns])
+
+        display(ui)
+
+
+
+
+