agno 2.1.2__py3-none-any.whl → 2.3.13__py3-none-any.whl

agno/db/sqlite/sqlite.py

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 import time
 from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union, cast
 from uuid import uuid4
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from agno.tracing.schemas import Span, Trace
+
 from agno.db.base import BaseDb, SessionType
+from agno.db.migrations.manager import MigrationManager
+from agno.db.schemas.culture import CulturalKnowledge
 from agno.db.schemas.evals import EvalFilterType, EvalRunRecord, EvalType
 from agno.db.schemas.knowledge import KnowledgeRow
 from agno.db.schemas.memory import UserMemory
@@ -13,10 +18,12 @@ from agno.db.sqlite.utils import (
     apply_sorting,
     bulk_upsert_metrics,
     calculate_date_metrics,
+    deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db,
     fetch_all_sessions_data,
     get_dates_to_calculate_metrics_for,
     is_table_available,
     is_valid_table,
+    serialize_cultural_knowledge_for_db,
 )
 from agno.db.utils import deserialize_session_json_fields, serialize_session_json_fields
 from agno.session import AgentSession, Session, TeamSession, WorkflowSession
@@ -24,11 +31,11 @@ from agno.utils.log import log_debug, log_error, log_info, log_warning
 from agno.utils.string import generate_id
 
 try:
-    from sqlalchemy import Column, MetaData, Table, and_, func, select, text
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, MetaData, String, Table, func, select, text
     from sqlalchemy.dialects import sqlite
     from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine, create_engine
     from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session, sessionmaker
-    from sqlalchemy.schema import Index, UniqueConstraint
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import ForeignKey, Index, UniqueConstraint
 except ImportError:
     raise ImportError("`sqlalchemy` not installed. Please install it using `pip install sqlalchemy`")
 
@@ -36,14 +43,18 @@ except ImportError:
 class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
     def __init__(
         self,
+        db_file: Optional[str] = None,
         db_engine: Optional[Engine] = None,
         db_url: Optional[str] = None,
-        db_file: Optional[str] = None,
         session_table: Optional[str] = None,
+        culture_table: Optional[str] = None,
         memory_table: Optional[str] = None,
         metrics_table: Optional[str] = None,
         eval_table: Optional[str] = None,
         knowledge_table: Optional[str] = None,
+        traces_table: Optional[str] = None,
+        spans_table: Optional[str] = None,
+        versions_table: Optional[str] = None,
         id: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
         """
@@ -56,14 +67,18 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             4. Create a new database in the current directory
 
         Args:
+            db_file (Optional[str]): The database file to connect to.
             db_engine (Optional[Engine]): The SQLAlchemy database engine to use.
             db_url (Optional[str]): The database URL to connect to.
-            db_file (Optional[str]): The database file to connect to.
             session_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store Agent, Team and Workflow sessions.
+            culture_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store cultural notions.
             memory_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store user memories.
             metrics_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store metrics.
             eval_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store evaluation runs data.
             knowledge_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store knowledge documents data.
+            traces_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store run traces.
+            spans_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store span events.
+            versions_table (Optional[str]): Name of the table to store schema versions.
             id (Optional[str]): ID of the database.
 
         Raises:
@@ -76,10 +91,14 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
         super().__init__(
             id=id,
             session_table=session_table,
+            culture_table=culture_table,
             memory_table=memory_table,
             metrics_table=metrics_table,
             eval_table=eval_table,
             knowledge_table=knowledge_table,
+            traces_table=traces_table,
+            spans_table=spans_table,
+            versions_table=versions_table,
         )
 
         _engine: Optional[Engine] = db_engine
@@ -107,6 +126,31 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
         self.Session: scoped_session = scoped_session(sessionmaker(bind=self.db_engine))
 
     # -- DB methods --
+    def table_exists(self, table_name: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a table with the given name exists in the SQLite database.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Name of the table to check
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the table exists in the database, False otherwise
+        """
+        with self.Session() as sess:
+            return is_table_available(session=sess, table_name=table_name)
+
+    def _create_all_tables(self):
+        """Create all tables for the database."""
+        tables_to_create = [
+            (self.session_table_name, "sessions"),
+            (self.memory_table_name, "memories"),
+            (self.metrics_table_name, "metrics"),
+            (self.eval_table_name, "evals"),
+            (self.knowledge_table_name, "knowledge"),
+            (self.versions_table_name, "versions"),
+        ]
+
+        for table_name, table_type in tables_to_create:
+            self._get_or_create_table(table_name=table_name, table_type=table_type, create_table_if_not_found=True)
 
     def _create_table(self, table_name: str, table_type: str) -> Table:
         """
@@ -120,8 +164,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             Table: SQLAlchemy Table object
         """
         try:
-            table_schema = get_table_schema_definition(table_type)
-            log_debug(f"Creating table {table_name} with schema: {table_schema}")
+            table_schema = get_table_schema_definition(table_type).copy()
 
             columns: List[Column] = []
             indexes: List[str] = []
@@ -143,11 +186,19 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                     column_kwargs["unique"] = True
                     unique_constraints.append(col_name)
 
+                # Handle foreign key constraint
+                if "foreign_key" in col_config:
+                    fk_ref = col_config["foreign_key"]
+                    # For spans table, dynamically replace the traces table reference
+                    # with the actual trace table name configured for this db instance
+                    if table_type == "spans" and "trace_id" in fk_ref:
+                        fk_ref = f"{self.trace_table_name}.trace_id"
+                    column_args.append(ForeignKey(fk_ref))
+
                 columns.append(Column(*column_args, **column_kwargs))  # type: ignore
 
             # Create the table object
-            table_metadata = MetaData()
-            table = Table(table_name, table_metadata, *columns)
+            table = Table(table_name, self.metadata, *columns)
 
             # Add multi-column unique constraints with table-specific names
             for constraint in schema_unique_constraints:
@@ -161,12 +212,17 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                 table.append_constraint(Index(idx_name, idx_col))
 
             # Create table
-            table.create(self.db_engine, checkfirst=True)
+            table_created = False
+            if not self.table_exists(table_name):
+                table.create(self.db_engine, checkfirst=True)
+                log_debug(f"Successfully created table '{table_name}'")
+                table_created = True
+            else:
+                log_debug(f"Table '{table_name}' already exists, skipping creation")
 
             # Create indexes
             for idx in table.indexes:
                 try:
-                    log_debug(f"Creating index: {idx.name}")
                     # Check if index already exists
                     with self.Session() as sess:
                         exists_query = text("SELECT 1 FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'index' AND name = :index_name")
@@ -177,13 +233,21 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
 
                     idx.create(self.db_engine)
 
+                    log_debug(f"Created index: {idx.name} for table {table_name}")
                 except Exception as e:
                     log_warning(f"Error creating index {idx.name}: {e}")
 
-            log_info(f"Successfully created table '{table_name}'")
+            # Store the schema version for the created table
+            if table_name != self.versions_table_name and table_created:
+                latest_schema_version = MigrationManager(self).latest_schema_version
+                self.upsert_schema_version(table_name=table_name, version=latest_schema_version.public)
+
             return table
 
         except Exception as e:
+            from traceback import print_exc
+
+            print_exc()
             log_error(f"Could not create table '{table_name}': {e}")
             raise e
 
@@ -229,11 +293,50 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             )
             return self.knowledge_table
 
+        elif table_type == "traces":
+            self.traces_table = self._get_or_create_table(
+                table_name=self.trace_table_name,
+                table_type="traces",
+                create_table_if_not_found=create_table_if_not_found,
+            )
+            return self.traces_table
+
+        elif table_type == "spans":
+            # Ensure traces table exists first (spans has FK to traces)
+            if create_table_if_not_found:
+                self._get_table(table_type="traces", create_table_if_not_found=True)
+
+            self.spans_table = self._get_or_create_table(
+                table_name=self.span_table_name,
+                table_type="spans",
+                create_table_if_not_found=create_table_if_not_found,
+            )
+            return self.spans_table
+
+        elif table_type == "culture":
+            self.culture_table = self._get_or_create_table(
+                table_name=self.culture_table_name,
+                table_type="culture",
+                create_table_if_not_found=create_table_if_not_found,
+            )
+            return self.culture_table
+
+        elif table_type == "versions":
+            self.versions_table = self._get_or_create_table(
+                table_name=self.versions_table_name,
+                table_type="versions",
+                create_table_if_not_found=create_table_if_not_found,
+            )
+            return self.versions_table
+
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Unknown table type: '{table_type}'")
 
     def _get_or_create_table(
-        self, table_name: str, table_type: str, create_table_if_not_found: Optional[bool] = False
+        self,
+        table_name: str,
+        table_type: str,
+        create_table_if_not_found: Optional[bool] = False,
     ) -> Optional[Table]:
         """
         Check if the table exists and is valid, else create it.
@@ -259,13 +362,48 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
 
         try:
             table = Table(table_name, self.metadata, autoload_with=self.db_engine)
-            log_debug(f"Loaded existing table {table_name}")
             return table
 
         except Exception as e:
             log_error(f"Error loading existing table {table_name}: {e}")
             raise e
 
+    def get_latest_schema_version(self, table_name: str):
+        """Get the latest version of the database schema."""
+        table = self._get_table(table_type="versions", create_table_if_not_found=True)
+        if table is None:
+            return "2.0.0"
+        with self.Session() as sess:
+            stmt = select(table)
+            # Latest version for the given table
+            stmt = stmt.where(table.c.table_name == table_name)
+            stmt = stmt.order_by(table.c.version.desc()).limit(1)
+            result = sess.execute(stmt).fetchone()
+            if result is None:
+                return "2.0.0"
+            version_dict = dict(result._mapping)
+            return version_dict.get("version") or "2.0.0"
+
+    def upsert_schema_version(self, table_name: str, version: str) -> None:
+        """Upsert the schema version into the database."""
+        table = self._get_table(table_type="versions", create_table_if_not_found=True)
+        if table is None:
+            return
+        current_datetime = datetime.now().isoformat()
+        with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+            stmt = sqlite.insert(table).values(
+                table_name=table_name,
+                version=version,
+                created_at=current_datetime,  # Store as ISO format string
+                updated_at=current_datetime,
+            )
+            # Update version if table_name already exists
+            stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+                index_elements=["table_name"],
+                set_=dict(version=version, updated_at=current_datetime),
+            )
+            sess.execute(stmt)
+
     # -- Session methods --
 
     def delete_session(self, session_id: str) -> bool:
@@ -357,8 +495,6 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                 # Filtering
                 if user_id is not None:
                     stmt = stmt.where(table.c.user_id == user_id)
-                if session_type is not None:
-                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.session_type == session_type)
 
                 result = sess.execute(stmt).fetchone()
                 if result is None:
@@ -483,7 +619,11 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             raise e
 
     def rename_session(
-        self, session_id: str, session_type: SessionType, session_name: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+        self,
+        session_id: str,
+        session_type: SessionType,
+        session_name: str,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
     ) -> Optional[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]:
         """
         Rename a session in the database.
@@ -664,7 +804,10 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             raise e
 
     def upsert_sessions(
-        self, sessions: List[Session], deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+        self,
+        sessions: List[Session],
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+        preserve_updated_at: bool = False,
     ) -> List[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]:
         """
         Bulk upsert multiple sessions for improved performance on large datasets.
@@ -672,6 +815,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
         Args:
             sessions (List[Session]): List of sessions to upsert.
             deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to deserialize the sessions. Defaults to True.
+            preserve_updated_at (bool): If True, preserve the updated_at from the session object.
 
         Returns:
             List[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]: List of upserted sessions.
@@ -715,6 +859,8 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                     agent_data = []
                     for session in agent_sessions:
                         serialized_session = serialize_session_json_fields(session.to_dict())
+                        # Use preserved updated_at if flag is set and value exists, otherwise use current time
+                        updated_at = serialized_session.get("updated_at") if preserve_updated_at else int(time.time())
                         agent_data.append(
                             {
                                 "session_id": serialized_session.get("session_id"),
@@ -727,7 +873,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                                 "runs": serialized_session.get("runs"),
                                 "summary": serialized_session.get("summary"),
                                 "created_at": serialized_session.get("created_at"),
-                                "updated_at": serialized_session.get("created_at"),
+                                "updated_at": updated_at,
                             }
                         )
 
@@ -743,7 +889,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                                 metadata=stmt.excluded.metadata,
                                 runs=stmt.excluded.runs,
                                 summary=stmt.excluded.summary,
-                                updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                                updated_at=stmt.excluded.updated_at,
                             ),
                         )
                         sess.execute(stmt, agent_data)
@@ -768,6 +914,8 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                     team_data = []
                     for session in team_sessions:
                         serialized_session = serialize_session_json_fields(session.to_dict())
+                        # Use preserved updated_at if flag is set and value exists, otherwise use current time
+                        updated_at = serialized_session.get("updated_at") if preserve_updated_at else int(time.time())
                         team_data.append(
                             {
                                 "session_id": serialized_session.get("session_id"),
@@ -777,7 +925,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                                 "runs": serialized_session.get("runs"),
                                 "summary": serialized_session.get("summary"),
                                 "created_at": serialized_session.get("created_at"),
-                                "updated_at": serialized_session.get("created_at"),
+                                "updated_at": updated_at,
                                 "team_data": serialized_session.get("team_data"),
                                 "session_data": serialized_session.get("session_data"),
                                 "metadata": serialized_session.get("metadata"),
@@ -796,7 +944,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                                 metadata=stmt.excluded.metadata,
                                 runs=stmt.excluded.runs,
                                 summary=stmt.excluded.summary,
-                                updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                                updated_at=stmt.excluded.updated_at,
                             ),
                         )
                         sess.execute(stmt, team_data)
@@ -821,6 +969,8 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                     workflow_data = []
                     for session in workflow_sessions:
                         serialized_session = serialize_session_json_fields(session.to_dict())
+                        # Use preserved updated_at if flag is set and value exists, otherwise use current time
+                        updated_at = serialized_session.get("updated_at") if preserve_updated_at else int(time.time())
                         workflow_data.append(
                             {
                                 "session_id": serialized_session.get("session_id"),
@@ -830,7 +980,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                                 "runs": serialized_session.get("runs"),
                                 "summary": serialized_session.get("summary"),
                                 "created_at": serialized_session.get("created_at"),
-                                "updated_at": serialized_session.get("created_at"),
+                                "updated_at": updated_at,
                                 "workflow_data": serialized_session.get("workflow_data"),
                                 "session_data": serialized_session.get("session_data"),
                                 "metadata": serialized_session.get("metadata"),
@@ -849,7 +999,7 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                                 metadata=stmt.excluded.metadata,
                                 runs=stmt.excluded.runs,
                                 summary=stmt.excluded.summary,
-                                updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                                updated_at=stmt.excluded.updated_at,
                             ),
                         )
                         sess.execute(stmt, workflow_data)
@@ -958,9 +1108,8 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
 
             with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
                 # Select topics from all results
-                stmt = select(func.json_array_elements_text(table.c.topics)).select_from(table)
+                stmt = select(table.c.topics)
                 result = sess.execute(stmt).fetchall()
-
                 return list(set([record[0] for record in result]))
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -968,7 +1117,10 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             raise e
 
     def get_user_memory(
-        self, memory_id: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True, user_id: Optional[str] = None
+        self,
+        memory_id: str,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Optional[Union[UserMemory, Dict[str, Any]]]:
         """Get a memory from the database.
 
@@ -1060,8 +1212,8 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                 if team_id is not None:
                     stmt = stmt.where(table.c.team_id == team_id)
                 if topics is not None:
-                    topic_conditions = [text(f"topics::text LIKE '%\"{topic}\"%'") for topic in topics]
-                    stmt = stmt.where(and_(*topic_conditions))
+                    for topic in topics:
+                        stmt = stmt.where(func.cast(table.c.topics, String).like(f'%"{topic}"%'))
                 if search_content is not None:
                     stmt = stmt.where(table.c.memory.ilike(f"%{search_content}%"))
 
@@ -1096,12 +1248,14 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
         self,
         limit: Optional[int] = None,
         page: Optional[int] = None,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]:
         """Get user memories stats.
 
         Args:
             limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of user stats to return.
             page (Optional[int]): The page number.
+            user_id (Optional[str]): User ID for filtering.
 
         Returns:
             Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]: A list of dictionaries containing user stats and total count.
@@ -1124,19 +1278,20 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                 return [], 0
 
             with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
-                stmt = (
-                    select(
-                        table.c.user_id,
-                        func.count(table.c.memory_id).label("total_memories"),
-                        func.max(table.c.updated_at).label("last_memory_updated_at"),
-                    )
-                    .where(table.c.user_id.is_not(None))
-                    .group_by(table.c.user_id)
-                    .order_by(func.max(table.c.updated_at).desc())
+                stmt = select(
+                    table.c.user_id,
+                    func.count(table.c.memory_id).label("total_memories"),
+                    func.max(table.c.updated_at).label("last_memory_updated_at"),
                 )
+                if user_id is not None:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.user_id == user_id)
+                else:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.user_id.is_not(None))
+                stmt = stmt.group_by(table.c.user_id)
+                stmt = stmt.order_by(func.max(table.c.updated_at).desc())
 
                 count_stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(stmt.alias())
-                total_count = sess.execute(count_stmt).scalar()
+                total_count = sess.execute(count_stmt).scalar() or 0
 
                 # Pagination
                 if limit is not None:
@@ -1186,6 +1341,8 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             if memory.memory_id is None:
                 memory.memory_id = str(uuid4())
 
+            current_time = int(time.time())
+
             with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
                 stmt = sqlite.insert(table).values(
                     user_id=memory.user_id,
@@ -1195,7 +1352,9 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                     memory=memory.memory,
                     topics=memory.topics,
                     input=memory.input,
-                    updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                    feedback=memory.feedback,
+                    created_at=memory.created_at,
+                    updated_at=memory.created_at,
                 )
                 stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(  # type: ignore
                     index_elements=["memory_id"],
@@ -1203,7 +1362,12 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                         memory=memory.memory,
                         topics=memory.topics,
                         input=memory.input,
-                        updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                        agent_id=memory.agent_id,
+                        team_id=memory.team_id,
+                        feedback=memory.feedback,
+                        updated_at=current_time,
+                        # Preserve created_at on update - don't overwrite existing value
+                        created_at=table.c.created_at,
                     ),
                 ).returning(table)
 
@@ -1224,7 +1388,10 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             raise e
 
     def upsert_memories(
-        self, memories: List[UserMemory], deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+        self,
+        memories: List[UserMemory],
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+        preserve_updated_at: bool = False,
     ) -> List[Union[UserMemory, Dict[str, Any]]]:
         """
         Bulk upsert multiple user memories for improved performance on large datasets.
@@ -1255,10 +1422,15 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                 ]
             # Prepare bulk data
             bulk_data = []
+            current_time = int(time.time())
+
             for memory in memories:
                 if memory.memory_id is None:
                     memory.memory_id = str(uuid4())
 
+                # Use preserved updated_at if flag is set and value exists, otherwise use current time
+                updated_at = memory.updated_at if preserve_updated_at else current_time
+
                 bulk_data.append(
                     {
                         "user_id": memory.user_id,
@@ -1267,7 +1439,10 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                         "memory_id": memory.memory_id,
                         "memory": memory.memory,
                         "topics": memory.topics,
-                        "updated_at": int(time.time()),
+                        "input": memory.input,
+                        "feedback": memory.feedback,
+                        "created_at": memory.created_at,
+                        "updated_at": updated_at,
                     }
                 )
 
@@ -1284,7 +1459,10 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                         input=stmt.excluded.input,
                         agent_id=stmt.excluded.agent_id,
                         team_id=stmt.excluded.team_id,
-                        updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                        feedback=stmt.excluded.feedback,
+                        updated_at=stmt.excluded.updated_at,
+                        # Preserve created_at on update
+                        created_at=table.c.created_at,
                     ),
                 )
                 sess.execute(stmt, bulk_data)
@@ -1450,7 +1628,9 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
                 start_timestamp=start_timestamp, end_timestamp=end_timestamp
             )
             all_sessions_data = fetch_all_sessions_data(
-                sessions=sessions, dates_to_process=dates_to_process, start_timestamp=start_timestamp
+                sessions=sessions,
+                dates_to_process=dates_to_process,
+                start_timestamp=start_timestamp,
             )
             if not all_sessions_data:
                 log_info("No new session data found. Won't calculate metrics.")
@@ -1697,7 +1877,11 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
                 current_time = int(time.time())
                 stmt = sqlite.insert(table).values(
-                    {"created_at": current_time, "updated_at": current_time, **eval_run.model_dump()}
+                    {
+                        "created_at": current_time,
+                        "updated_at": current_time,
+                        **eval_run.model_dump(),
+                    }
                 )
                 sess.execute(stmt)
                 sess.commit()
@@ -1930,6 +2114,510 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             log_error(f"Error renaming eval run {eval_run_id}: {e}")
             raise e
 
+    # -- Trace methods --
+
+    def _get_traces_base_query(self, table: Table, spans_table: Optional[Table] = None):
+        """Build base query for traces with aggregated span counts.
+
+        Args:
+            table: The traces table.
+            spans_table: The spans table (optional).
+
+        Returns:
+            SQLAlchemy select statement with total_spans and error_count calculated dynamically.
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy import case, func, literal
+
+        if spans_table is not None:
+            # JOIN with spans table to calculate total_spans and error_count
+            return (
+                select(
+                    table,
+                    func.coalesce(func.count(spans_table.c.span_id), 0).label("total_spans"),
+                    func.coalesce(func.sum(case((spans_table.c.status_code == "ERROR", 1), else_=0)), 0).label(
+                        "error_count"
+                    ),
+                )
+                .select_from(table.outerjoin(spans_table, table.c.trace_id == spans_table.c.trace_id))
+                .group_by(table.c.trace_id)
+            )
+        else:
+            # Fallback if spans table doesn't exist
+            return select(table, literal(0).label("total_spans"), literal(0).label("error_count"))
+
+    def _get_trace_component_level_expr(self, workflow_id_col, team_id_col, agent_id_col, name_col):
+        """Build a SQL CASE expression that returns the component level for a trace.
+
+        Component levels (higher = more important):
+            - 3: Workflow root (.run or .arun with workflow_id)
+            - 2: Team root (.run or .arun with team_id)
+            - 1: Agent root (.run or .arun with agent_id)
+            - 0: Child span (not a root)
+
+        Args:
+            workflow_id_col: SQL column/expression for workflow_id
+            team_id_col: SQL column/expression for team_id
+            agent_id_col: SQL column/expression for agent_id
+            name_col: SQL column/expression for name
+
+        Returns:
+            SQLAlchemy CASE expression returning the component level as an integer.
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy import and_, case, or_
+
+        is_root_name = or_(name_col.contains(".run"), name_col.contains(".arun"))
+
+        return case(
+            # Workflow root (level 3)
+            (and_(workflow_id_col.isnot(None), is_root_name), 3),
+            # Team root (level 2)
+            (and_(team_id_col.isnot(None), is_root_name), 2),
+            # Agent root (level 1)
+            (and_(agent_id_col.isnot(None), is_root_name), 1),
+            # Child span or unknown (level 0)
+            else_=0,
+        )
+
+    def upsert_trace(self, trace: "Trace") -> None:
+        """Create or update a single trace record in the database.
+
+        Uses INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE (upsert) to handle concurrent inserts
+        atomically and avoid race conditions.
+
+        Args:
+            trace: The Trace object to store (one per trace_id).
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy import case
+
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="traces", create_table_if_not_found=True)
+            if table is None:
+                return
+
+            trace_dict = trace.to_dict()
+            trace_dict.pop("total_spans", None)
+            trace_dict.pop("error_count", None)
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                # Use upsert to handle concurrent inserts atomically
+                # On conflict, update fields while preserving existing non-null context values
+                # and keeping the earliest start_time
+                insert_stmt = sqlite.insert(table).values(trace_dict)
+
+                # Build component level expressions for comparing trace priority
+                new_level = self._get_trace_component_level_expr(
+                    insert_stmt.excluded.workflow_id,
+                    insert_stmt.excluded.team_id,
+                    insert_stmt.excluded.agent_id,
+                    insert_stmt.excluded.name,
+                )
+                existing_level = self._get_trace_component_level_expr(
+                    table.c.workflow_id,
+                    table.c.team_id,
+                    table.c.agent_id,
+                    table.c.name,
+                )
+
+                # Build the ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE clause
+                # Use MIN for start_time, MAX for end_time to capture full trace duration
+                # SQLite stores timestamps as ISO strings, so string comparison works for ISO format
+                # Duration is calculated as: (MAX(end_time) - MIN(start_time)) in milliseconds
+                # SQLite doesn't have epoch extraction, so we calculate duration using julianday
+                upsert_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+                    index_elements=["trace_id"],
+                    set_={
+                        "end_time": func.max(table.c.end_time, insert_stmt.excluded.end_time),
+                        "start_time": func.min(table.c.start_time, insert_stmt.excluded.start_time),
+                        # Calculate duration in milliseconds using julianday (SQLite-specific)
+                        # julianday returns days, so multiply by 86400000 to get milliseconds
+                        "duration_ms": (
+                            func.julianday(func.max(table.c.end_time, insert_stmt.excluded.end_time))
+                            - func.julianday(func.min(table.c.start_time, insert_stmt.excluded.start_time))
+                        )
+                        * 86400000,
+                        "status": insert_stmt.excluded.status,
+                        # Update name only if new trace is from a higher-level component
+                        # Priority: workflow (3) > team (2) > agent (1) > child spans (0)
+                        "name": case(
+                            (new_level > existing_level, insert_stmt.excluded.name),
+                            else_=table.c.name,
+                        ),
+                        # Preserve existing non-null context values using COALESCE
+                        "run_id": func.coalesce(insert_stmt.excluded.run_id, table.c.run_id),
+                        "session_id": func.coalesce(insert_stmt.excluded.session_id, table.c.session_id),
+                        "user_id": func.coalesce(insert_stmt.excluded.user_id, table.c.user_id),
+                        "agent_id": func.coalesce(insert_stmt.excluded.agent_id, table.c.agent_id),
+                        "team_id": func.coalesce(insert_stmt.excluded.team_id, table.c.team_id),
+                        "workflow_id": func.coalesce(insert_stmt.excluded.workflow_id, table.c.workflow_id),
+                    },
+                )
+                sess.execute(upsert_stmt)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error creating trace: {e}")
+            # Don't raise - tracing should not break the main application flow
+
+    def get_trace(
+        self,
+        trace_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """Get a single trace by trace_id or other filters.
+
+        Args:
+            trace_id: The unique trace identifier.
+            run_id: Filter by run ID (returns first match).
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Trace]: The trace if found, None otherwise.
+
+        Note:
+            If multiple filters are provided, trace_id takes precedence.
+            For other filters, the most recent trace is returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Trace
+
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="traces")
+            if table is None:
+                return None
+
+            # Get spans table for JOIN
+            spans_table = self._get_table(table_type="spans")
+
+            with self.Session() as sess:
+                # Build query with aggregated span counts
+                stmt = self._get_traces_base_query(table, spans_table)
+
+                if trace_id:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.trace_id == trace_id)
+                elif run_id:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.run_id == run_id)
+                else:
+                    log_debug("get_trace called without any filter parameters")
+                    return None
+
+                # Order by most recent and get first result
+                stmt = stmt.order_by(table.c.start_time.desc()).limit(1)
+                result = sess.execute(stmt).fetchone()
+
+                if result:
+                    return Trace.from_dict(dict(result._mapping))
+                return None
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting trace: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def get_traces(
+        self,
+        run_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        session_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        workflow_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        status: Optional[str] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = 20,
+        page: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> tuple[List, int]:
+        """Get traces matching the provided filters with pagination.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id: Filter by run ID.
+            session_id: Filter by session ID.
+            user_id: Filter by user ID.
+            agent_id: Filter by agent ID.
+            team_id: Filter by team ID.
+            workflow_id: Filter by workflow ID.
+            status: Filter by status (OK, ERROR, UNSET).
+            start_time: Filter traces starting after this datetime.
+            end_time: Filter traces ending before this datetime.
+            limit: Maximum number of traces to return per page.
+            page: Page number (1-indexed).
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[List[Trace], int]: Tuple of (list of matching traces, total count).
+        """
+        try:
+            from sqlalchemy import func
+
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Trace
+
+            log_debug(
+                f"get_traces called with filters: run_id={run_id}, session_id={session_id}, user_id={user_id}, agent_id={agent_id}, page={page}, limit={limit}"
+            )
+
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="traces")
+            if table is None:
+                log_debug(" Traces table not found")
+                return [], 0
+
+            # Get spans table for JOIN
+            spans_table = self._get_table(table_type="spans")
+
+            with self.Session() as sess:
+                # Build base query with aggregated span counts
+                base_stmt = self._get_traces_base_query(table, spans_table)
+
+                # Apply filters
+                if run_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.run_id == run_id)
+                if session_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.session_id == session_id)
+                if user_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.user_id == user_id)
+                if agent_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.agent_id == agent_id)
+                if team_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.team_id == team_id)
+                if workflow_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.workflow_id == workflow_id)
+                if status:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.status == status)
+                if start_time:
+                    # Convert datetime to ISO string for comparison
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.start_time >= start_time.isoformat())
+                if end_time:
+                    # Convert datetime to ISO string for comparison
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.end_time <= end_time.isoformat())
+
+                # Get total count
+                count_stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(base_stmt.alias())
+                total_count = sess.execute(count_stmt).scalar() or 0
+
+                # Apply pagination
+                offset = (page - 1) * limit if page and limit else 0
+                paginated_stmt = base_stmt.order_by(table.c.start_time.desc()).limit(limit).offset(offset)
+
+                results = sess.execute(paginated_stmt).fetchall()
+
+                traces = [Trace.from_dict(dict(row._mapping)) for row in results]
+                return traces, total_count
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting traces: {e}")
+            return [], 0
+
+    def get_trace_stats(
+        self,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        workflow_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = 20,
+        page: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]:
+        """Get trace statistics grouped by session.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: Filter by user ID.
+            agent_id: Filter by agent ID.
+            team_id: Filter by team ID.
+            workflow_id: Filter by workflow ID.
+            start_time: Filter sessions with traces created after this datetime.
+            end_time: Filter sessions with traces created before this datetime.
+            limit: Maximum number of sessions to return per page.
+            page: Page number (1-indexed).
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[List[Dict], int]: Tuple of (list of session stats dicts, total count).
+        """
+        try:
+            from sqlalchemy import func
+
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="traces")
+            if table is None:
+                log_debug("Traces table not found")
+                return [], 0
+
+            with self.Session() as sess:
+                # Build base query grouped by session_id
+                base_stmt = (
+                    select(
+                        table.c.session_id,
+                        table.c.user_id,
+                        table.c.agent_id,
+                        table.c.team_id,
+                        table.c.workflow_id,
+                        func.count(table.c.trace_id).label("total_traces"),
+                        func.min(table.c.created_at).label("first_trace_at"),
+                        func.max(table.c.created_at).label("last_trace_at"),
+                    )
+                    .where(table.c.session_id.isnot(None))  # Only sessions with session_id
+                    .group_by(
+                        table.c.session_id, table.c.user_id, table.c.agent_id, table.c.team_id, table.c.workflow_id
+                    )
+                )
+
+                # Apply filters
+                if user_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.user_id == user_id)
+                if workflow_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.workflow_id == workflow_id)
+                if team_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.team_id == team_id)
+                if agent_id:
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.agent_id == agent_id)
+                if start_time:
+                    # Convert datetime to ISO string for comparison
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.created_at >= start_time.isoformat())
+                if end_time:
+                    # Convert datetime to ISO string for comparison
+                    base_stmt = base_stmt.where(table.c.created_at <= end_time.isoformat())
+
+                # Get total count of sessions
+                count_stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(base_stmt.alias())
+                total_count = sess.execute(count_stmt).scalar() or 0
+
+                # Apply pagination and ordering
+                offset = (page - 1) * limit if page and limit else 0
+                paginated_stmt = base_stmt.order_by(func.max(table.c.created_at).desc()).limit(limit).offset(offset)
+
+                results = sess.execute(paginated_stmt).fetchall()
+
+                # Convert to list of dicts with datetime objects
+                from datetime import datetime
+
+                stats_list = []
+                for row in results:
+                    # Convert ISO strings to datetime objects
+                    first_trace_at_str = row.first_trace_at
+                    last_trace_at_str = row.last_trace_at
+
+                    # Parse ISO format strings to datetime objects
+                    first_trace_at = datetime.fromisoformat(first_trace_at_str.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
+                    last_trace_at = datetime.fromisoformat(last_trace_at_str.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
+
+                    stats_list.append(
+                        {
+                            "session_id": row.session_id,
+                            "user_id": row.user_id,
+                            "agent_id": row.agent_id,
+                            "team_id": row.team_id,
+                            "workflow_id": row.workflow_id,
+                            "total_traces": row.total_traces,
+                            "first_trace_at": first_trace_at,
+                            "last_trace_at": last_trace_at,
+                        }
+                    )
+
+                return stats_list, total_count
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting trace stats: {e}")
+            return [], 0
+
+    # -- Span methods --
+
+    def create_span(self, span: "Span") -> None:
+        """Create a single span in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            span: The Span object to store.
+        """
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="spans", create_table_if_not_found=True)
+            if table is None:
+                return
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                stmt = sqlite.insert(table).values(span.to_dict())
+                sess.execute(stmt)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error creating span: {e}")
+
+    def create_spans(self, spans: List) -> None:
+        """Create multiple spans in the database as a batch.
+
+        Args:
+            spans: List of Span objects to store.
+        """
+        if not spans:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="spans", create_table_if_not_found=True)
+            if table is None:
+                return
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                for span in spans:
+                    stmt = sqlite.insert(table).values(span.to_dict())
+                    sess.execute(stmt)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error creating spans batch: {e}")
+
+    def get_span(self, span_id: str):
+        """Get a single span by its span_id.
+
+        Args:
+            span_id: The unique span identifier.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Span]: The span if found, None otherwise.
+        """
+        try:
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Span
+
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="spans")
+            if table is None:
+                return None
+
+            with self.Session() as sess:
+                stmt = table.select().where(table.c.span_id == span_id)
+                result = sess.execute(stmt).fetchone()
+                if result:
+                    return Span.from_dict(dict(result._mapping))
+                return None
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting span: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def get_spans(
+        self,
+        trace_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        parent_span_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> List:
+        """Get spans matching the provided filters.
+
+        Args:
+            trace_id: Filter by trace ID.
+            parent_span_id: Filter by parent span ID.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Span]: List of matching spans.
+        """
+        try:
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Span
+
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="spans")
+            if table is None:
+                return []
+
+            with self.Session() as sess:
+                stmt = table.select()
+
+                # Apply filters
+                if trace_id:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.trace_id == trace_id)
+                if parent_span_id:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.parent_span_id == parent_span_id)
+
+                results = sess.execute(stmt).fetchall()
+                return [Span.from_dict(dict(row._mapping)) for row in results]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting spans: {e}")
+            return []
+
     # -- Migrations --
 
     def migrate_table_from_v1_to_v2(self, v1_db_schema: str, v1_table_name: str, v1_table_type: str):
@@ -1987,3 +2675,234 @@ class SqliteDb(BaseDb):
             for memory in memories:
                 self.upsert_user_memory(memory)
             log_info(f"Migrated {len(memories)} memories to table: {self.memory_table}")
+
+    # -- Culture methods --
+
+    def clear_cultural_knowledge(self) -> None:
+        """Delete all cultural artifacts from the database.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during deletion.
+        """
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="culture")
+            if table is None:
+                return
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                sess.execute(table.delete())
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            from agno.utils.log import log_warning
+
+            log_warning(f"Exception deleting all cultural artifacts: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def delete_cultural_knowledge(self, id: str) -> None:
+        """Delete a cultural artifact from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            id (str): The ID of the cultural artifact to delete.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during deletion.
+        """
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="culture")
+            if table is None:
+                return
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                delete_stmt = table.delete().where(table.c.id == id)
+                result = sess.execute(delete_stmt)
+
+                success = result.rowcount > 0
+                if success:
+                    log_debug(f"Successfully deleted cultural artifact id: {id}")
+                else:
+                    log_debug(f"No cultural artifact found with id: {id}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting cultural artifact: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_cultural_knowledge(
+        self, id: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[CulturalKnowledge, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Get a cultural artifact from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            id (str): The ID of the cultural artifact to get.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the cultural artifact. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[CulturalKnowledge]: The cultural artifact, or None if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during retrieval.
+        """
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="culture")
+            if table is None:
+                return None
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                stmt = select(table).where(table.c.id == id)
+                result = sess.execute(stmt).fetchone()
+                if result is None:
+                    return None
+
+                db_row = dict(result._mapping)
+                if not db_row or not deserialize:
+                    return db_row
+
+            return deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db(db_row)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception reading from cultural artifacts table: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_all_cultural_knowledge(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        page: Optional[int] = None,
+        sort_by: Optional[str] = None,
+        sort_order: Optional[str] = None,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+    ) -> Union[List[CulturalKnowledge], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+        """Get all cultural artifacts from the database as CulturalNotion objects.
+
+        Args:
+            name (Optional[str]): The name of the cultural artifact to filter by.
+            agent_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the agent to filter by.
+            team_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the team to filter by.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of cultural artifacts to return.
+            page (Optional[int]): The page number.
+            sort_by (Optional[str]): The column to sort by.
+            sort_order (Optional[str]): The order to sort by.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the cultural artifacts. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[List[CulturalKnowledge], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: List of CulturalNotion objects
+                - When deserialize=False: List of CulturalNotion dictionaries and total count
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during retrieval.
+        """
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="culture")
+            if table is None:
+                return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                stmt = select(table)
+
+                # Filtering
+                if name is not None:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.name == name)
+                if agent_id is not None:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.agent_id == agent_id)
+                if team_id is not None:
+                    stmt = stmt.where(table.c.team_id == team_id)
+
+                # Get total count after applying filtering
+                count_stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(stmt.alias())
+                total_count = sess.execute(count_stmt).scalar()
+
+                # Sorting
+                stmt = apply_sorting(stmt, table, sort_by, sort_order)
+                # Paginating
+                if limit is not None:
+                    stmt = stmt.limit(limit)
+                    if page is not None:
+                        stmt = stmt.offset((page - 1) * limit)
+
+                result = sess.execute(stmt).fetchall()
+                if not result:
+                    return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+                db_rows = [dict(record._mapping) for record in result]
+
+                if not deserialize:
+                    return db_rows, total_count
+
+            return [deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db(row) for row in db_rows]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error reading from cultural artifacts table: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def upsert_cultural_knowledge(
+        self, cultural_knowledge: CulturalKnowledge, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[CulturalKnowledge, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Upsert a cultural artifact into the database.
+
+        Args:
+            cultural_knowledge (CulturalKnowledge): The cultural artifact to upsert.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the cultural artifact. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Union[CulturalNotion, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: CulturalNotion object
+                - When deserialize=False: CulturalNotion dictionary
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during upsert.
+        """
+        try:
+            table = self._get_table(table_type="culture", create_table_if_not_found=True)
+            if table is None:
+                return None
+
+            if cultural_knowledge.id is None:
+                cultural_knowledge.id = str(uuid4())
+
+            # Serialize content, categories, and notes into a JSON string for DB storage (SQLite requires strings)
+            content_json_str = serialize_cultural_knowledge_for_db(cultural_knowledge)
+
+            with self.Session() as sess, sess.begin():
+                stmt = sqlite.insert(table).values(
+                    id=cultural_knowledge.id,
+                    name=cultural_knowledge.name,
+                    summary=cultural_knowledge.summary,
+                    content=content_json_str,
+                    metadata=cultural_knowledge.metadata,
+                    input=cultural_knowledge.input,
+                    created_at=cultural_knowledge.created_at,
+                    updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                    agent_id=cultural_knowledge.agent_id,
+                    team_id=cultural_knowledge.team_id,
+                )
+                stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(  # type: ignore
+                    index_elements=["id"],
+                    set_=dict(
+                        name=cultural_knowledge.name,
+                        summary=cultural_knowledge.summary,
+                        content=content_json_str,
+                        metadata=cultural_knowledge.metadata,
+                        input=cultural_knowledge.input,
+                        updated_at=int(time.time()),
+                        agent_id=cultural_knowledge.agent_id,
+                        team_id=cultural_knowledge.team_id,
+                    ),
+                ).returning(table)
+
+                result = sess.execute(stmt)
+                row = result.fetchone()
+
+                if row is None:
+                    return None
+
+            db_row: Dict[str, Any] = dict(row._mapping)
+            if not db_row or not deserialize:
+                return db_row
+
+            return deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db(db_row)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error upserting cultural knowledge: {e}")
+            raise e