SQLAlchemy 2.1.0rc1__cp315-cp315-win32.whl

sqlalchemy/exc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+# exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2026 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Exceptions used with SQLAlchemy.
+
+The base exception class is :exc:`.SQLAlchemyError`.  Exceptions which are
+raised as a result of DBAPI exceptions are all subclasses of
+:exc:`.DBAPIError`.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from .util import compat
+from .util import preloaded as _preloaded
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .engine.interfaces import _AnyExecuteParams
+    from .engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from .sql.compiler import Compiled
+    from .sql.compiler import TypeCompiler
+    from .sql.elements import ClauseElement
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _version_token: str
+else:
+    # set by __init__.py
+    _version_token = None
+
+
+class HasDescriptionCode:
+    """helper which adds 'code' as an attribute and '_code_str' as a method"""
+
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        code = kw.pop("code", None)
+        if code is not None:
+            self.code = code
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+
+    _what_are_we = "error"
+
+    def _code_str(self) -> str:
+        if not self.code:
+            return ""
+        else:
+            return (
+                f"(Background on this {self._what_are_we} at: "
+                f"https://sqlalche.me/e/{_version_token}/{self.code})"
+            )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        message = super().__str__()
+        if self.code:
+            message = "%s %s" % (message, self._code_str())
+        return message
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyError(HasDescriptionCode, Exception):
+    """Generic error class."""
+
+    def _message(self) -> str:
+        # rules:
+        #
+        # 1. single arg string will usually be a unicode
+        # object, but since __str__() must return unicode, check for
+        # bytestring just in case
+        #
+        # 2. for multiple self.args, this is not a case in current
+        # SQLAlchemy though this is happening in at least one known external
+        # library, call str() which does a repr().
+        #
+        text: str
+
+        if len(self.args) == 1:
+            arg_text = self.args[0]
+
+            if isinstance(arg_text, bytes):
+                text = compat.decode_backslashreplace(arg_text, "utf-8")
+            # This is for when the argument is not a string of any sort.
+            # Otherwise, converting this exception to string would fail for
+            # non-string arguments.
+            else:
+                text = str(arg_text)
+
+            return text
+        else:
+            # this is not a normal case within SQLAlchemy but is here for
+            # compatibility with Exception.args - the str() comes out as
+            # a repr() of the tuple
+            return str(self.args)
+
+    def _sql_message(self) -> str:
+        message = self._message()
+
+        if self.code:
+            message = "%s %s" % (message, self._code_str())
+
+        return message
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._sql_message()
+
+
+class EmulatedDBAPIException(Exception):
+    """Serves as the base of the DBAPI ``Error`` class for dialects where
+    a DBAPI exception hierrchy needs to be emulated.
+
+    The current example is the asyncpg dialect.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.1
+
+    """
+
+    orig: Exception | None
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, orig: Exception | None = None):
+        # we accept None for Exception since all DBAPI.Error objects
+        # need to support construction with a message alone
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.orig = orig
+
+    @property
+    def driver_exception(self) -> Exception:
+        """The original driver exception that was raised.
+
+        This exception object will always originate from outside of
+        SQLAlchemy.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.orig is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No original exception is present.  Was this "
+                "EmulatedDBAPIException constructed without a driver error?"
+            )
+        return self.orig
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.orig)
+
+
+class ArgumentError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an invalid or conflicting function argument is supplied.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to construction time state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class DuplicateColumnError(ArgumentError):
+    """a Column is being added to a Table that would replace another
+    Column, without appropriate parameters to allow this in place.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    """
+
+
+class ObjectNotExecutableError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when an object is passed to .execute() that can't be
+    executed as SQL.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target: Any):
+        super().__init__(f"Not an executable object: {target!r}")
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.target,)
+
+
+class NoSuchModuleError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when a dynamically-loaded module (usually a database dialect)
+    of a particular name cannot be located."""
+
+
+class NoForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when no foreign keys can be located between two selectables
+    during a join."""
+
+
+class AmbiguousForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when more than one foreign key matching can be located
+    between two selectables during a join."""
+
+
+class ConstraintColumnNotFoundError(ArgumentError):
+    """raised when a constraint refers to a string column name that
+    is not present in the table being constrained.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class CircularDependencyError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised by topological sorts when a circular dependency is detected.
+
+    There are two scenarios where this error occurs:
+
+    * In a Session flush operation, if two objects are mutually dependent
+      on each other, they can not be inserted or deleted via INSERT or
+      DELETE statements alone; an UPDATE will be needed to post-associate
+      or pre-deassociate one of the foreign key constrained values.
+      The ``post_update`` flag described at :ref:`post_update` can resolve
+      this cycle.
+    * In a :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables` operation, two
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+      or :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects mutually refer to each
+      other.  Apply the ``use_alter=True`` flag to one or both,
+      see :ref:`use_alter`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        cycles: Any,
+        edges: Any,
+        msg: Optional[str] = None,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        if msg is None:
+            message += " (%s)" % ", ".join(repr(s) for s in cycles)
+        else:
+            message = msg
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message, code=code)
+        self.cycles = cycles
+        self.edges = edges
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (None, self.cycles, self.edges, self.args[0]),
+            {"code": self.code} if self.code is not None else {},
+        )
+
+
+class CompileError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an error occurs during SQL compilation"""
+
+
+class UnsupportedCompilationError(CompileError):
+    """Raised when an operation is not supported by the given compiler.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+        :ref:`error_l7de`
+    """
+
+    code = "l7de"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compiler: Union[Compiled, TypeCompiler],
+        element_type: Type[ClauseElement],
+        message: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            "Compiler %r can't render element of type %s%s"
+            % (compiler, element_type, ": %s" % message if message else "")
+        )
+        self.compiler = compiler
+        self.element_type = element_type
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.compiler, self.element_type, self.message)
+
+
+class IdentifierError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when a schema name is beyond the max character limit"""
+
+
+class DisconnectionError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A disconnect is detected on a raw DB-API connection.
+
+    This error is raised and consumed internally by a connection pool.  It can
+    be raised by the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`
+    event so that the host pool
+    forces a retry; the exception will be caught three times in a row before
+    the pool gives up and raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`
+    regarding the connection attempt.
+
+    """
+
+    invalidate_pool: bool = False
+
+
+class InvalidatePoolError(DisconnectionError):
+    """Raised when the connection pool should invalidate all stale connections.
+
+    A subclass of :class:`_exc.DisconnectionError` that indicates that the
+    disconnect situation encountered on the connection probably means the
+    entire pool should be invalidated, as the database has been restarted.
+
+    This exception will be handled otherwise the same way as
+    :class:`_exc.DisconnectionError`, allowing three attempts to reconnect
+    before giving up.
+
+    """
+
+    invalidate_pool: bool = True
+
+
+class TimeoutError(SQLAlchemyError):  # noqa
+    """Raised when a connection pool times out on getting a connection."""
+
+
+class InvalidRequestError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """SQLAlchemy was asked to do something it can't do.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to runtime state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class IllegalStateChangeError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """An object that tracks state encountered an illegal state change
+    of some kind.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoInspectionAvailable(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A subject passed to :func:`sqlalchemy.inspection.inspect` produced
+    no context for inspection."""
+
+
+class NoDBAPILoaded(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A DBAPI-level attribute was requested from a dialect which has no
+    DBAPI module loaded, or whose DBAPI does not publish the attribute.
+
+    This is not an error on the part of the dialect; a dialect which is
+    used only to compile statements, rather than to interact with a
+    database, has no DBAPI established, and a DBAPI module is not obliged
+    to publish a version number of its own.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.1
+
+    """
+
+
+class PendingRollbackError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A transaction has failed and needs to be rolled back before
+    continuing.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+
+class ResourceClosedError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """An operation was requested from a connection, cursor, or other
+    object that's in a closed state."""
+
+
+class NoSuchColumnError(InvalidRequestError, KeyError):
+    """A nonexistent column is requested from a ``Row``."""
+
+
+class AmbiguousColumnError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Raised when a column/attribute name is ambiguous across multiple
+    entities.
+
+    This can occur when using :meth:`_sql.Select.filter_by` with multiple
+    joined tables that have columns with the same name.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.1
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoResultFound(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A database result was required but none was found.
+
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  This exception is now part of the
+       ``sqlalchemy.exc`` module in Core, moved from the ORM.  The symbol
+       remains importable from ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc``.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+class MultipleResultsFound(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A single database result was required but more than one were found.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  This exception is now part of the
+       ``sqlalchemy.exc`` module in Core, moved from the ORM.  The symbol
+       remains importable from ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc``.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoReferenceError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` to indicate a reference cannot be resolved."""
+
+    table_name: str
+
+
+class AwaitRequired(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Error raised by the async greenlet spawn if no async operation
+    was awaited when it required one.
+
+    """
+
+    code = "xd1r"
+
+
+class MissingGreenlet(InvalidRequestError):
+    r"""Error raised by the async greenlet await\_ if called while not inside
+    the greenlet spawn context.
+
+    """
+
+    code = "xd2s"
+
+
+class NoReferencedTableError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Table`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, tname: str):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.table_name)
+
+
+class NoReferencedColumnError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Column`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, tname: str, cname: str):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+        self.column_name = cname
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (self.args[0], self.table_name, self.column_name),
+        )
+
+
+class NoSuchTableError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Table does not exist or is not visible to a connection."""
+
+
+class UnreflectableTableError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Table exists but can't be reflected for some reason."""
+
+
+class UnboundExecutionError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """SQL was attempted without a database connection to execute it on."""
+
+
+class DontWrapMixin:
+    """A mixin class which, when applied to a user-defined Exception class,
+    will not be wrapped inside of :exc:`.StatementError` if the error is
+    emitted within the process of executing a statement.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.exc import DontWrapMixin
+
+
+        class MyCustomException(Exception, DontWrapMixin):
+            pass
+
+
+        class MySpecialType(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                if value == "invalid":
+                    raise MyCustomException("invalid!")
+
+    """
+
+
+class StatementError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An error occurred during execution of a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`StatementError` wraps the exception raised
+    during execution, and features :attr:`.statement`
+    and :attr:`.params` attributes which supply context regarding
+    the specifics of the statement which had an issue.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in
+    the :attr:`.orig` attribute.
+
+    """
+
+    statement: Optional[str] = None
+    """The string SQL statement being invoked when this exception occurred."""
+
+    params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams] = None
+    """The parameter list being used when this exception occurred."""
+
+    orig: Optional[BaseException] = None
+    """The original exception that was thrown.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.DBAPIError.driver_exception` - a more specific attribute that
+        is guaranteed to return the exception object raised by the third
+        party driver in use, even when using asyncio.
+
+    """
+
+    ismulti: Optional[bool] = None
+    """multi parameter passed to repr_params().  None is meaningful."""
+
+    connection_invalidated: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: Optional[BaseException],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message, code=code)
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.orig = orig
+        self.ismulti = ismulti
+        self.hide_parameters = hide_parameters
+        self.detail: List[str] = []
+
+    def add_detail(self, msg: str) -> None:
+        self.detail.append(msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (
+                self.args[0],
+                self.statement,
+                self.params,
+                self.orig,
+                self.hide_parameters,
+                self.__dict__.get("code"),
+                self.ismulti,
+            ),
+            {"detail": self.detail},
+        )
+
+    @_preloaded.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _sql_message(self) -> str:
+        util = _preloaded.sql_util
+
+        details = [self._message()]
+        if self.statement:
+            stmt_detail = "[SQL: %s]" % self.statement
+            details.append(stmt_detail)
+            if self.params:
+                if self.hide_parameters:
+                    details.append(
+                        "[SQL parameters hidden due to hide_parameters=True]"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    params_repr = util._repr_params(
+                        self.params, 10, ismulti=self.ismulti
+                    )
+                    details.append("[parameters: %r]" % params_repr)
+        code_str = self._code_str()
+        if code_str:
+            details.append(code_str)
+        return "\n".join(["(%s)" % det for det in self.detail] + details)
+
+
+class DBAPIError(StatementError):
+    """Raised when the execution of a database operation fails.
+
+    Wraps exceptions raised by the DB-API underlying the
+    database operation.  Driver-specific implementations of the standard
+    DB-API exception types are wrapped by matching sub-types of SQLAlchemy's
+    :class:`DBAPIError` when possible.  DB-API's ``Error`` type maps to
+    :class:`DBAPIError` in SQLAlchemy, otherwise the names are identical.  Note
+    that there is no guarantee that different DB-API implementations will
+    raise the same exception type for any given error condition.
+
+    :class:`DBAPIError` features :attr:`~.StatementError.statement`
+    and :attr:`~.StatementError.params` attributes which supply context
+    regarding the specifics of the statement which had an issue, for the
+    typical case when the error was raised within the context of
+    emitting a SQL statement.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in the
+    :attr:`~.StatementError.orig` attribute. Its type and properties are
+    DB-API implementation specific.
+
+    """
+
+    code = "dbapi"
+
+    orig: Optional[Exception]
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: Exception,
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> StatementError: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: DontWrapMixin,
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> DontWrapMixin: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: BaseException,
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> BaseException: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: Union[BaseException, DontWrapMixin],
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Union[BaseException, DontWrapMixin]:
+        # Don't ever wrap these, just return them directly as if
+        # DBAPIError didn't exist.
+        if (
+            isinstance(orig, BaseException) and not isinstance(orig, Exception)
+        ) or isinstance(orig, DontWrapMixin):
+            return orig
+
+        if orig is not None:
+            # not a DBAPI error, statement is present.
+            # raise a StatementError
+            if isinstance(orig, SQLAlchemyError) and statement:
+                return StatementError(
+                    "(%s.%s) %s"
+                    % (
+                        orig.__class__.__module__,
+                        orig.__class__.__name__,
+                        orig.args[0],
+                    ),
+                    statement,
+                    params,
+                    orig,
+                    hide_parameters=hide_parameters,
+                    code=orig.code,
+                    ismulti=ismulti,
+                )
+            elif not isinstance(orig, dbapi_base_err) and statement:
+                return StatementError(
+                    "(%s.%s) %s"
+                    % (
+                        orig.__class__.__module__,
+                        orig.__class__.__name__,
+                        orig,
+                    ),
+                    statement,
+                    params,
+                    orig,
+                    hide_parameters=hide_parameters,
+                    ismulti=ismulti,
+                )
+
+            glob = globals()
+            for super_ in orig.__class__.__mro__:
+                name = super_.__name__
+                if dialect:
+                    name = dialect.dbapi_exception_translation_map.get(
+                        name, name
+                    )
+                if name in glob and issubclass(glob[name], DBAPIError):
+                    cls = glob[name]
+                    break
+
+        return cls(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            orig,
+            connection_invalidated=connection_invalidated,
+            hide_parameters=hide_parameters,
+            code=cls.code,
+            ismulti=ismulti,
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (
+                self.statement,
+                self.params,
+                self.orig,
+                self.hide_parameters,
+                self.connection_invalidated,
+                self.__dict__.get("code"),
+                self.ismulti,
+            ),
+            {"detail": self.detail},
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: BaseException,
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        try:
+            text = str(orig)
+        except Exception as e:
+            text = "Error in str() of DB-API-generated exception: " + str(e)
+        StatementError.__init__(
+            self,
+            "(%s.%s) %s"
+            % (orig.__class__.__module__, orig.__class__.__name__, text),
+            statement,
+            params,
+            orig,
+            hide_parameters,
+            code=code,
+            ismulti=ismulti,
+        )
+        self.connection_invalidated = connection_invalidated
+
+    @property
+    def driver_exception(self) -> Exception:
+        """The exception object originating from the driver (DBAPI) outside
+        of SQLAlchemy.
+
+        In the case of some asyncio dialects, special steps are taken to
+        resolve the exception to what the third party driver has raised, even
+        for SQLAlchemy dialects that include an "emulated" DBAPI exception
+        hierarchy.
+
+        For non-asyncio dialects, this attribute will be the same attribute
+        as the :attr:`.StatementError.orig` attribute.
+
+        For an asyncio dialect provided by SQLAlchemy, depending on if the
+        dialect provides an "emulated" exception hierarchy or if the underlying
+        DBAPI raises DBAPI-style exceptions, it will refer to either the
+        :attr:`.EmulatedDBAPIException.driver_exception` attribute on the
+        :class:`.EmulatedDBAPIException` that's thrown (such as when using
+        asyncpg), or to the actual exception object thrown by the
+        third party driver.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.1
+
+        """
+
+        if self.orig is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No original exception is present.  Was this "
+                "DBAPIError constructed without a driver error?"
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(self.orig, EmulatedDBAPIException):
+            return self.orig.driver_exception
+        else:
+            return self.orig
+
+
+class InterfaceError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InterfaceError."""
+
+    code = "rvf5"
+
+
+class DatabaseError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DatabaseError."""
+
+    code = "4xp6"
+
+
+class DataError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DataError."""
+
+    code = "9h9h"
+
+
+class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API OperationalError."""
+
+    code = "e3q8"
+
+
+class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API IntegrityError."""
+
+    code = "gkpj"
+
+
+class InternalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InternalError."""
+
+    code = "2j85"
+
+
+class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API ProgrammingError."""
+
+    code = "f405"
+
+
+class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API NotSupportedError."""
+
+    code = "tw8g"
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class SATestSuiteWarning(Warning):
+    """warning for a condition detected during tests that is non-fatal
+
+    Currently outside of SAWarning so that we can work around tools like
+    Alembic doing the wrong thing with warnings.
+
+    """
+
+
+class SADeprecationWarning(HasDescriptionCode, DeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued for usage of deprecated APIs."""
+
+    deprecated_since: Optional[str] = None
+    "Indicates the version that started raising this deprecation warning"
+
+    _what_are_we = "warning"
+
+
+class Base20DeprecationWarning(SADeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued for usage of APIs specifically deprecated or legacy in
+    SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`error_b8d9`.
+
+        :ref:`deprecation_20_mode`
+
+    """
+
+    deprecated_since: Optional[str] = "1.4"
+    "Indicates the version that started raising this deprecation warning"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            super().__str__()
+            + " (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: https://sqlalche.me/e/b8d9)"
+        )
+
+
+class LegacyAPIWarning(Base20DeprecationWarning):
+    """indicates an API that is in 'legacy' status, a long term deprecation."""
+
+
+class MovedIn20Warning(Base20DeprecationWarning):
+    """Subtype of Base20DeprecationWarning to indicate an API that moved
+    only.
+    """
+
+
+class SAPendingDeprecationWarning(PendingDeprecationWarning):
+    """A similar warning as :class:`_exc.SADeprecationWarning`, this warning
+    is not used in modern versions of SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+
+    deprecated_since: Optional[str] = None
+    "Indicates the version that started raising this deprecation warning"
+
+
+class SAWarning(HasDescriptionCode, RuntimeWarning):
+    """Issued at runtime."""
+
+    _what_are_we = "warning"