QuizGenerator 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

QuizGenerator/premade_questions/cst334/memory_questions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1398 @@
+#!env python
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import collections
+import copy
+import enum
+import logging
+import math
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from QuizGenerator.contentast import ContentAST
+from QuizGenerator.question import Question, Answer, QuestionRegistry, RegenerableChoiceMixin
+from QuizGenerator.mixins import TableQuestionMixin, BodyTemplatesMixin
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class MemoryQuestion(Question, abc.ABC):
+  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    kwargs["topic"] = kwargs.get("topic", Question.Topic.MEMORY)
+    super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+@QuestionRegistry.register("VirtualAddressParts")
+class VirtualAddressParts(MemoryQuestion, TableQuestionMixin):
+  MAX_BITS = 64
+  
+  class Target(enum.Enum):
+    VA_BITS = "# VA Bits"
+    VPN_BITS = "# VPN Bits"
+    OFFSET_BITS = "# Offset Bits"
+  
+  def refresh(self, rng_seed=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().refresh(rng_seed=rng_seed, *args, **kwargs)
+    
+    # Generate baselines, if not given
+    self.num_bits_va = kwargs.get("num_bits_va", self.rng.randint(2, self.MAX_BITS))
+    self.num_bits_offset = self.rng.randint(1, self.num_bits_va - 1)
+    self.num_bits_vpn = self.num_bits_va - self.num_bits_offset
+    
+    self.possible_answers = {
+      self.Target.VA_BITS: Answer.integer("answer__num_bits_va", self.num_bits_va),
+      self.Target.OFFSET_BITS: Answer.integer("answer__num_bits_offset", self.num_bits_offset),
+      self.Target.VPN_BITS: Answer.integer("answer__num_bits_vpn", self.num_bits_vpn)
+    }
+    
+    # Select what kind of question we are going to be
+    self.blank_kind = self.rng.choice(list(self.Target))
+    
+    self.answers['answer'] = self.possible_answers[self.blank_kind]
+    
+    return
+  
+  def get_body(self, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    # Create table data with one blank cell
+    table_data = [{}]
+    for target in list(self.Target):
+      if target == self.blank_kind:
+        # This cell should be an answer blank
+        table_data[0][target.value] = ContentAST.Answer(self.possible_answers[target], " bits")
+      else:
+        # This cell shows the value
+        table_data[0][target.value] = f"{self.possible_answers[target].display} bits"
+    
+    table = self.create_fill_in_table(
+      headers=[t.value for t in list(self.Target)],
+      template_rows=table_data
+    )
+    
+    body = ContentAST.Section()
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "Given the information in the below table, please complete the table as appropriate."
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    body.add_element(table)
+    return body
+  
+  def get_explanation(self, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    explanation = ContentAST.Section()
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "Remember, when we are calculating the size of virtual address spaces, "
+          "the number of bits in the overall address space is equal to the number of bits in the VPN "
+          "plus the number of bits for the offset.",
+          "We don't waste any bits!"
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          ContentAST.Text(f"{self.num_bits_va}", emphasis=(self.blank_kind == self.Target.VA_BITS)),
+          ContentAST.Text(" = "),
+          ContentAST.Text(f"{self.num_bits_vpn}", emphasis=(self.blank_kind == self.Target.VPN_BITS)),
+          ContentAST.Text(" + "),
+          ContentAST.Text(f"{self.num_bits_offset}", emphasis=(self.blank_kind == self.Target.OFFSET_BITS))
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    return explanation
+
+
+@QuestionRegistry.register()
+class CachingQuestion(MemoryQuestion, RegenerableChoiceMixin, TableQuestionMixin, BodyTemplatesMixin):
+  class Kind(enum.Enum):
+    FIFO = enum.auto()
+    LRU = enum.auto()
+    BELADY = enum.auto()
+    
+    def __str__(self):
+      return self.name
+  
+  class Cache:
+    def __init__(self, kind: CachingQuestion.Kind, cache_size: int, all_requests: List[int] = None):
+      self.kind = kind
+      self.cache_size = cache_size
+      self.all_requests = all_requests
+      
+      self.cache_state = []
+      self.last_used = collections.defaultdict(lambda: -math.inf)
+      self.frequency = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+    
+    def query_cache(self, request, request_number):
+      was_hit = request in self.cache_state
+      
+      evicted = None
+      if was_hit:
+        # hit!
+        pass
+      else:
+        # miss!
+        if len(self.cache_state) == self.cache_size:
+          # Then we are full and need to evict
+          evicted = self.cache_state[0]
+          self.cache_state = self.cache_state[1:]
+        
+        # Add to cache
+        self.cache_state.append(request)
+      
+      # update state variable
+      self.last_used[request] = request_number
+      self.frequency[request] += 1
+      
+      # update cache state
+      if self.kind == CachingQuestion.Kind.FIFO:
+        pass
+      elif self.kind == CachingQuestion.Kind.LRU:
+        self.cache_state = sorted(
+          self.cache_state,
+          key=(lambda e: self.last_used[e]),
+          reverse=False
+        )
+      # elif self.kind == CachingQuestion.Kind.LFU:
+      #   self.cache_state = sorted(
+      #     self.cache_state,
+      #     key=(lambda e: (self.frequency[e], e)),
+      #     reverse=False
+      #   )
+      elif self.kind == CachingQuestion.Kind.BELADY:
+        upcoming_requests = self.all_requests[request_number + 1:]
+        self.cache_state = sorted(
+          self.cache_state,
+          # key=(lambda e: (upcoming_requests.index(e), e) if e in upcoming_requests else (-math.inf, e)),
+          key=(lambda e: (upcoming_requests.index(e), -e) if e in upcoming_requests else (math.inf, -e)),
+          reverse=True
+        )
+      
+      return (was_hit, evicted, self.cache_state)
+  
+  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    # Store parameters in kwargs for config_params BEFORE calling super().__init__()
+    kwargs['num_elements'] = kwargs.get("num_elements", 5)
+    kwargs['cache_size'] = kwargs.get("cache_size", 3)
+    kwargs['num_requests'] = kwargs.get("num_requests", 10)
+
+    # Register the regenerable choice using the mixin
+    policy_str = (kwargs.get("policy") or kwargs.get("algo"))
+    self.register_choice('policy', self.Kind, policy_str, kwargs)
+
+    super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    self.num_elements = self.config_params.get("num_elements", 5)
+    self.cache_size = self.config_params.get("cache_size", 3)
+    self.num_requests = self.config_params.get("num_requests", 10)
+
+  def refresh(self, previous: Optional[CachingQuestion] = None, *args, hard_refresh: bool = False, **kwargs):
+    # Call parent refresh which seeds RNG and calls is_interesting()
+    # Note: We ignore the parent's return value since we need to generate the workload first
+    super().refresh(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    # Use the mixin to get the cache policy (randomly selected or fixed)
+    self.cache_policy = self.get_choice('policy', self.Kind)
+
+    self.requests = (
+        list(range(self.cache_size))  # Prime the cache with the compulsory misses
+        + self.rng.choices(
+      population=list(range(self.cache_size - 1)), k=1
+    )  # Add in one request to an earlier  that will differentiate clearly between FIFO and LRU
+        + self.rng.choices(
+      population=list(range(self.cache_size, self.num_elements)), k=1
+    )  ## Add in the rest of the requests
+        + self.rng.choices(population=list(range(self.num_elements)), k=(self.num_requests - 2))
+    ## Add in the rest of the requests
+    )
+    
+    self.cache = CachingQuestion.Cache(self.cache_policy, self.cache_size, self.requests)
+    
+    self.request_results = {}
+    number_of_hits = 0
+    for (request_number, request) in enumerate(self.requests):
+      was_hit, evicted, cache_state = self.cache.query_cache(request, request_number)
+      if was_hit:
+        number_of_hits += 1
+      self.request_results[request_number] = {
+        "request": (f"[answer__request]", request),
+        "hit": (f"[answer__hit-{request_number}]", ('hit' if was_hit else 'miss')),
+        "evicted": (f"[answer__evicted-{request_number}]", ('-' if evicted is None else f"{evicted}")),
+        "cache_state": (f"[answer__cache_state-{request_number}]", ','.join(map(str, cache_state)))
+      }
+      
+      self.answers.update(
+        {
+          f"answer__hit-{request_number}": Answer.string(
+            f"answer__hit-{request_number}", ('hit' if was_hit else 'miss')
+          ),
+          f"answer__evicted-{request_number}": Answer.string(
+            f"answer__evicted-{request_number}", ('-' if evicted is None else f"{evicted}")
+          ),
+          f"answer__cache_state-{request_number}": Answer.list_value(
+            f"answer__cache_state-{request_number}", copy.copy(cache_state)
+          ),
+        }
+      )
+    
+    self.hit_rate = 100 * number_of_hits / (self.num_requests)
+    self.answers.update(
+      {
+        "answer__hit_rate": Answer.auto_float("answer__hit_rate", self.hit_rate)
+      }
+    )
+
+    # Return whether this workload is interesting
+    return self.is_interesting()
+  
+  def get_body(self, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    # Create table data for cache simulation
+    table_rows = []
+    for request_number in sorted(self.request_results.keys()):
+      table_rows.append(
+        {
+          "Page Requested": f"{self.requests[request_number]}",
+          "Hit/Miss": f"answer__hit-{request_number}",  # Answer key
+          "Evicted": f"answer__evicted-{request_number}",  # Answer key
+          "Cache State": f"answer__cache_state-{request_number}"  # Answer key
+        }
+      )
+    
+    # Create table using mixin - automatically handles answer conversion
+    cache_table = self.create_answer_table(
+      headers=["Page Requested", "Hit/Miss", "Evicted", "Cache State"],
+      data_rows=table_rows,
+      answer_columns=["Hit/Miss", "Evicted", "Cache State"]
+    )
+    
+    # Create hit rate answer block
+    hit_rate_block = ContentAST.AnswerBlock(
+      ContentAST.Answer(
+        answer=self.answers["answer__hit_rate"],
+        label=f"Hit rate, excluding compulsory misses.  If appropriate, round to {Answer.DEFAULT_ROUNDING_DIGITS} decimal digits.",
+        unit="%"
+      )
+    )
+    
+    # Use mixin to create complete body
+    intro_text = (
+      f"Assume we are using a <b>{self.cache_policy}</b> caching policy and a cache size of <b>{self.cache_size}</b>. "
+      "Given the below series of requests please fill in the table. "
+      "For the hit/miss column, please write either \"hit\" or \"miss\". "
+      "For the eviction column, please write either the number of the evicted page or simply a dash (e.g. \"-\")."
+    )
+    
+    instructions = ContentAST.OnlyHtml([
+      "For the cache state, please enter the cache contents in the order suggested in class, "
+      "which means separated by commas with spaces (e.g. \"1, 2, 3\") "
+      "and with the left-most being the next to be evicted. "
+      "In the case where there is a tie, order by increasing number."
+    ])
+    
+    body = self.create_fill_in_table_body(intro_text, instructions, cache_table)
+    body.add_element(hit_rate_block)
+    return body
+  
+  def get_explanation(self, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    explanation = ContentAST.Section()
+    
+    explanation.add_element(ContentAST.Paragraph(["The full caching table can be seen below."]))
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Table(
+        headers=["Page", "Hit/Miss", "Evicted", "Cache State"],
+        data=[
+          [
+            self.request_results[request]["request"][1],
+            self.request_results[request]["hit"][1],
+            f'{self.request_results[request]["evicted"][1]}',
+            f'{self.request_results[request]["cache_state"][1]}',
+          ]
+          for (request_number, request) in enumerate(sorted(self.request_results.keys()))
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "To calculate the hit rate we calculate the percentage of requests "
+          "that were cache hits out of the total number of requests. "
+          f"In this case we are counting only all but {self.cache_size} requests, "
+          f"since we are excluding compulsory misses."
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    return explanation
+  
+  def is_interesting(self) -> bool:
+    # todo: interesting is more likely based on whether I can differentiate between it and another algo,
+    #  so maybe rerun with a different approach but same requests?
+    return (self.hit_rate / 100.0) < 0.7
+
+
+class MemoryAccessQuestion(MemoryQuestion, abc.ABC):
+  PROBABILITY_OF_VALID = .875
+
+
+@QuestionRegistry.register()
+class BaseAndBounds(MemoryAccessQuestion, TableQuestionMixin, BodyTemplatesMixin):
+  MAX_BITS = 32
+  MIN_BOUNDS_BIT = 5
+  MAX_BOUNDS_BITS = 16
+  
+  def refresh(self, rng_seed=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().refresh(rng_seed=rng_seed, *args, **kwargs)
+    
+    max_bound_bits = kwargs.get("max_bound_bits")
+    
+    bounds_bits = self.rng.randint(
+      self.MIN_BOUNDS_BIT,
+      self.MAX_BOUNDS_BITS
+    )
+    base_bits = self.MAX_BITS - bounds_bits
+    
+    self.bounds = int(math.pow(2, bounds_bits))
+    self.base = self.rng.randint(1, int(math.pow(2, base_bits))) * self.bounds
+    self.virtual_address = self.rng.randint(1, int(self.bounds / self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID))
+    
+    if self.virtual_address < self.bounds:
+      self.answers["answer"] = Answer.binary_hex(
+        "answer__physical_address",
+        self.base + self.virtual_address,
+        length=math.ceil(math.log2(self.base + self.virtual_address))
+      )
+    else:
+      self.answers["answer"] = Answer.string("answer__physical_address", "INVALID")
+  
+  def get_body(self) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    # Use mixin to create parameter table with answer
+    parameter_info = {
+      "Base": f"0x{self.base:X}",
+      "Bounds": f"0x{self.bounds:X}",
+      "Virtual Address": f"0x{self.virtual_address:X}"
+    }
+    
+    table = self.create_parameter_answer_table(
+      parameter_info=parameter_info,
+      answer_label="Physical Address",
+      answer_key="answer",
+      transpose=True
+    )
+    
+    return self.create_parameter_calculation_body(
+      intro_text=(
+        "Given the information in the below table, "
+        "please calcuate the physical address associated with the given virtual address. "
+        "If the virtual address is invalid please simply write ***INVALID***."
+      ),
+      parameter_table=table
+    )
+  
+  def get_explanation(self) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    explanation = ContentAST.Section()
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "There's two steps to figuring out base and bounds.",
+          "1. Are we within the bounds?\n",
+          "2. If so, add to our base.\n",
+          "",
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          f"Step 1: 0x{self.virtual_address:X} < 0x{self.bounds:X} "
+          f"--> {'***VALID***' if (self.virtual_address < self.bounds) else 'INVALID'}"
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    if self.virtual_address < self.bounds:
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            f"Step 2: Since the previous check passed, we calculate "
+            f"0x{self.base:X} + 0x{self.virtual_address:X} "
+            f"= ***0x{self.base + self.virtual_address:X}***.",
+            "If it had been invalid we would have simply written INVALID"
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+    else:
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            f"Step 2: Since the previous check failed, we simply write ***INVALID***.",
+            "***If*** it had been valid, we would have calculated "
+            f"0x{self.base:X} + 0x{self.virtual_address:X} "
+            f"= 0x{self.base + self.virtual_address:X}.",
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+    
+    return explanation
+
+
+@QuestionRegistry.register()
+class Segmentation(MemoryAccessQuestion, TableQuestionMixin, BodyTemplatesMixin):
+  MAX_BITS = 20
+  MIN_VIRTUAL_BITS = 5
+  MAX_VIRTUAL_BITS = 10
+  
+  def __within_bounds(self, segment, offset, bounds):
+    if segment == "unallocated":
+      return False
+    elif bounds < offset:
+      return False
+    else:
+      return True
+  
+  def refresh(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().refresh(*args, **kwargs)
+    
+    # Pick how big each of our address spaces will be
+    self.virtual_bits = self.rng.randint(self.MIN_VIRTUAL_BITS, self.MAX_VIRTUAL_BITS)
+    self.physical_bits = self.rng.randint(self.virtual_bits + 1, self.MAX_BITS)
+    
+    # Start with blank base and bounds
+    self.base = {
+      "code": 0,
+      "heap": 0,
+      "stack": 0,
+    }
+    self.bounds = {
+      "code": 0,
+      "heap": 0,
+      "stack": 0,
+    }
+    
+    min_bounds = 4
+    max_bounds = int(2 ** (self.virtual_bits - 2))
+    
+    def segment_collision(base, bounds):
+      # lol, I think this is probably silly, but should work
+      return 0 != len(
+        set.intersection(
+          *[
+            set(range(base[segment], base[segment] + bounds[segment] + 1))
+            for segment in base.keys()
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+    
+    self.base["unallocated"] = 0
+    self.bounds["unallocated"] = 0
+    
+    # Make random placements and check to make sure they are not overlapping
+    while (segment_collision(self.base, self.bounds)):
+      for segment in self.base.keys():
+        self.bounds[segment] = self.rng.randint(min_bounds, max_bounds - 1)
+        self.base[segment] = self.rng.randint(0, (2 ** self.physical_bits - self.bounds[segment]))
+    
+    # Pick a random segment for us to use
+    self.segment = self.rng.choice(list(self.base.keys()))
+    self.segment_bits = {
+      "code": 0,
+      "heap": 1,
+      "unallocated": 2,
+      "stack": 3
+    }[self.segment]
+    
+    # Try to pick a random address within that range
+    try:
+      self.offset = self.rng.randint(
+        1,
+        min(
+          [
+            max_bounds - 1,
+            int(self.bounds[self.segment] / self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID)
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+    except KeyError:
+      # If we are in an unallocated section, we'll get a key error (I think)
+      self.offset = self.rng.randint(0, max_bounds - 1)
+    
+    # Calculate a virtual address based on the segment and the offset
+    self.virtual_address = (
+        (self.segment_bits << (self.virtual_bits - 2))
+        + self.offset
+    )
+    
+    # Calculate physical address based on offset
+    self.physical_address = self.base[self.segment] + self.offset
+    
+    # Set answers based on whether it's in bounds or not
+    if self.__within_bounds(self.segment, self.offset, self.bounds[self.segment]):
+      self.answers["answer__physical_address"] = Answer.binary_hex(
+        "answer__physical_address",
+        self.physical_address,
+        length=self.physical_bits
+      )
+    else:
+      self.answers["answer__physical_address"] = Answer.string(
+        "answer__physical_address",
+        "INVALID"
+      )
+    
+    self.answers["answer__segment"] = Answer.string("answer__segment", self.segment)
+  
+  def get_body(self) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    body = ContentAST.Section()
+    
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          f"Given a virtual address space of {self.virtual_bits}bits, "
+          f"and a physical address space of {self.physical_bits}bits, "
+          "what is the physical address associated with the virtual address "
+          f"0b{self.virtual_address:0{self.virtual_bits}b}?",
+          "If it is invalid simply type INVALID.",
+          "Note: assume that the stack grows in the same way as the code and the heap."
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    # Create segment table using mixin
+    segment_rows = [
+      {"": "code", "base": f"0b{self.base['code']:0{self.physical_bits}b}", "bounds": f"0b{self.bounds['code']:0b}"},
+      {"": "heap", "base": f"0b{self.base['heap']:0{self.physical_bits}b}", "bounds": f"0b{self.bounds['heap']:0b}"},
+      {"": "stack", "base": f"0b{self.base['stack']:0{self.physical_bits}b}", "bounds": f"0b{self.bounds['stack']:0b}"}
+    ]
+    
+    segment_table = self.create_answer_table(
+      headers=["", "base", "bounds"],
+      data_rows=segment_rows,
+      answer_columns=[]  # No answer columns in this table
+    )
+    
+    body.add_element(segment_table)
+    
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.AnswerBlock(
+        [
+          ContentAST.Answer(
+            self.answers["answer__segment"],
+            label="Segment name"
+          ),
+          ContentAST.Answer(
+            self.answers["answer__physical_address"],
+            label="Physical Address"
+          )
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    return body
+  
+  def get_explanation(self) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    explanation = ContentAST.Section()
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "The core idea to keep in mind with segmentation is that you should always check ",
+          "the first two bits of the virtual address to see what segment it is in and then go from there."
+          "Keep in mind, "
+          "we also may need to include padding if our virtual address has a number of leading zeros left off!"
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          f"In this problem our virtual address, "
+          f"converted to binary and including padding, is 0b{self.virtual_address:0{self.virtual_bits}b}.",
+          f"From this we know that our segment bits are 0b{self.segment_bits:02b}, "
+          f"meaning that we are in the ***{self.segment}*** segment.",
+          ""
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    if self.segment == "unallocated":
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            "Since this is the unallocated segment there are no possible valid translations, so we enter ***INVALID***."
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+    else:
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            f"Since we are in the {self.segment} segment, "
+            f"we see from our table that our bounds are {self.bounds[self.segment]}. "
+            f"Remember that our check for our {self.segment} segment is: ",
+            f"`if (offset > bounds({self.segment})) : INVALID`",
+            "which becomes"
+            f"`if ({self.offset:0b} > {self.bounds[self.segment]:0b}) : INVALID`"
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+      
+      if not self.__within_bounds(self.segment, self.offset, self.bounds[self.segment]):
+        # then we are outside of bounds
+        explanation.add_element(
+          ContentAST.Paragraph(
+            [
+              "We can therefore see that we are outside of bounds so we should put ***INVALID***.",
+              "If we <i>were</i> requesting a valid memory location we could use the below steps to do so."
+              "<hr>"
+            ]
+          )
+        )
+      else:
+        explanation.add_element(
+          ContentAST.Paragraph(
+            [
+              "We are therefore in bounds so we can calculate our physical address, as we do below."
+            ]
+          )
+        )
+      
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            "To find the physical address we use the formula:",
+            "<code>physical_address = base(segment) + offset</code>",
+            "which becomes",
+            f"<code>physical_address = {self.base[self.segment]:0b} + {self.offset:0b}</code>.",
+            ""
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+      
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            "Lining this up for ease we can do this calculation as:"
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Code(
+          f"  0b{self.base[self.segment]:0{self.physical_bits}b}\n"
+          f"<u>+ 0b{self.offset:0{self.physical_bits}b}</u>\n"
+          f"  0b{self.physical_address:0{self.physical_bits}b}\n"
+        )
+      )
+    
+    return explanation
+
+
+@QuestionRegistry.register()
+class Paging(MemoryAccessQuestion, TableQuestionMixin, BodyTemplatesMixin):
+  MIN_OFFSET_BITS = 3
+  MIN_VPN_BITS = 3
+  MIN_PFN_BITS = 3
+  
+  MAX_OFFSET_BITS = 8
+  MAX_VPN_BITS = 8
+  MAX_PFN_BITS = 16
+  
+  def refresh(self, rng_seed=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().refresh(rng_seed=rng_seed, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    self.num_bits_offset = self.rng.randint(self.MIN_OFFSET_BITS, self.MAX_OFFSET_BITS)
+    self.num_bits_vpn = self.rng.randint(self.MIN_VPN_BITS, self.MAX_VPN_BITS)
+    self.num_bits_pfn = self.rng.randint(max([self.MIN_PFN_BITS, self.num_bits_vpn]), self.MAX_PFN_BITS)
+
+    self.virtual_address = self.rng.randint(1, 2 ** (self.num_bits_vpn + self.num_bits_offset))
+
+    # Calculate these two
+    self.offset = self.virtual_address % (2 ** (self.num_bits_offset))
+    self.vpn = self.virtual_address // (2 ** (self.num_bits_offset))
+
+    # Generate this randomly
+    self.pfn = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** (self.num_bits_pfn))
+
+    # Calculate this
+    self.physical_address = self.pfn * (2 ** self.num_bits_offset) + self.offset
+
+    if self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[(self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID), (1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID)], k=1)[0]:
+      self.is_valid = True
+      # Set our actual entry to be in the table and valid
+      self.pte = self.pfn + (2 ** (self.num_bits_pfn))
+      # self.physical_address_var = VariableHex("Physical Address", self.physical_address, num_bits=(self.num_pfn_bits+self.num_offset_bits), default_presentation=VariableHex.PRESENTATION.BINARY)
+      # self.pfn_var = VariableHex("PFN", self.pfn, num_bits=self.num_pfn_bits, default_presentation=VariableHex.PRESENTATION.BINARY)
+    else:
+      self.is_valid = False
+      # Leave it as invalid
+      self.pte = self.pfn
+      # self.physical_address_var = Variable("Physical Address", "INVALID")
+      # self.pfn_var = Variable("PFN",  "INVALID")
+
+    # self.pte_var = VariableHex("PTE", self.pte, num_bits=(self.num_pfn_bits+1), default_presentation=VariableHex.PRESENTATION.BINARY)
+
+    # Generate page table (moved from get_body to ensure deterministic generation)
+    table_size = self.rng.randint(5, 8)
+
+    lowest_possible_bottom = max([0, self.vpn - table_size])
+    highest_possible_bottom = min([2 ** self.num_bits_vpn - table_size, self.vpn])
+
+    table_bottom = self.rng.randint(lowest_possible_bottom, highest_possible_bottom)
+    table_top = table_bottom + table_size
+
+    self.page_table = {}
+    self.page_table[self.vpn] = self.pte
+
+    # Fill in the rest of the table
+    for vpn in range(table_bottom, table_top):
+      if vpn == self.vpn: continue
+      pte = self.page_table[self.vpn]
+      while pte in self.page_table.values():
+        pte = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+        if self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[(1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID), self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID], k=1)[0]:
+          # Randomly set it to be valid
+          pte += (2 ** (self.num_bits_pfn))
+      # Once we have a unique random entry, put it into the Page Table
+      self.page_table[vpn] = pte
+
+    self.answers.update(
+      {
+        "answer__vpn": Answer.binary_hex("answer__vpn", self.vpn, length=self.num_bits_vpn),
+        "answer__offset": Answer.binary_hex("answer__offset", self.offset, length=self.num_bits_offset),
+        "answer__pte": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pte", self.pte, length=(self.num_bits_pfn + 1)),
+      }
+    )
+
+    if self.is_valid:
+      self.answers.update(
+        {
+          "answer__is_valid": Answer.string("answer__is_valid", "VALID"),
+          "answer__pfn": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pfn", self.pfn, length=self.num_bits_pfn),
+          "answer__physical_address": Answer.binary_hex(
+            "answer__physical_address", self.physical_address, length=(self.num_bits_pfn + self.num_bits_offset)
+          ),
+        }
+      )
+    else:
+      self.answers.update(
+        {
+          "answer__is_valid": Answer.string("answer__is_valid", "INVALID"),
+          "answer__pfn": Answer.string("answer__pfn", "INVALID"),
+          "answer__physical_address": Answer.string("answer__physical_address", "INVALID"),
+        }
+      )
+  
+  def get_body(self, *args, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    body = ContentAST.Section()
+    
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "Given the below information please calculate the equivalent physical address of the given virtual address, filling out all steps along the way.",
+          "Remember, we typically have the MSB representing valid or invalid."
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    # Create parameter info table using mixin
+    parameter_info = {
+      "Virtual Address": f"0b{self.virtual_address:0{self.num_bits_vpn + self.num_bits_offset}b}",
+      "# VPN bits": f"{self.num_bits_vpn}",
+      "# PFN bits": f"{self.num_bits_pfn}"
+    }
+    
+    body.add_element(self.create_info_table(parameter_info))
+
+    # Use the page table generated in refresh() for deterministic output
+    # Add in ellipses before and after page table entries, if appropriate
+    value_matrix = []
+
+    if min(self.page_table.keys()) != 0:
+      value_matrix.append(["...", "..."])
+
+    value_matrix.extend(
+      [
+        [f"0b{vpn:0{self.num_bits_vpn}b}", f"0b{pte:0{(self.num_bits_pfn + 1)}b}"]
+        for vpn, pte in sorted(self.page_table.items())
+      ]
+    )
+
+    if (max(self.page_table.keys()) + 1) != 2 ** self.num_bits_vpn:
+      value_matrix.append(["...", "..."])
+    
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Table(
+        headers=["VPN", "PTE"],
+        data=value_matrix
+      )
+    )
+    
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.AnswerBlock(
+        [
+          
+          ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__vpn"], label="VPN"),
+          ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__offset"], label="Offset"),
+          ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pte"], label="PTE"),
+          ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__is_valid"], label="VALID or INVALID?"),
+          ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pfn"], label="PFN"),
+          ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__physical_address"], label="Physical Address"),
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    return body
+  
+  def get_explanation(self, *args, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    explanation = ContentAST.Section()
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "The core idea of Paging is we want to break the virtual address into the VPN and the offset.  "
+          "From here, we get the Page Table Entry corresponding to the VPN, and check the validity of the entry.  "
+          "If it is valid, we clear the metadata and attach the PFN to the offset and have our physical address.",
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "Don't forget to pad with the appropriate number of 0s (the appropriate number is the number of bits)!",
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          f"Virtual Address = VPN | offset",
+          f"<tt>0b{self.virtual_address:0{self.num_bits_vpn + self.num_bits_offset}b}</tt> "
+          f"= <tt>0b{self.vpn:0{self.num_bits_vpn}b}</tt> | <tt>0b{self.offset:0{self.num_bits_offset}b}</tt>",
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "We next use our VPN to index into our page table and find the corresponding entry."
+          f"Our Page Table Entry is ",
+          f"<tt>0b{self.pte:0{(self.num_bits_pfn + 1)}b}</tt>"
+          f"which we found by looking for our VPN in the page table.",
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    
+    if self.is_valid:
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            f"In our PTE we see that the first bit is <b>{self.pte // (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn)}</b> meaning that the translation is <b>VALID</b>"
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+    else:
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            f"In our PTE we see that the first bit is <b>{self.pte // (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn)}</b> meaning that the translation is <b>INVALID</b>.",
+            "Therefore, we just write \"INVALID\" as our answer.",
+            "If it were valid we would complete the below steps.",
+            "<hr>"
+          ]
+        )
+      )
+    
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph(
+        [
+          "Next, we convert our PTE to our PFN by removing our metadata.  "
+          "In this case we're just removing the leading bit.  We can do this by applying a binary mask.",
+          f"PFN = PTE & mask",
+          f"which is,"
+        ]
+      )
+    )
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Equation(
+        f"\\texttt{{{self.pfn:0{self.num_bits_pfn}b}}} "
+        f"= \\texttt{{0b{self.pte:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}}} "
+        f"\\& \\texttt{{0b{(2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) - 1:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}}}"
+      )
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_elements(
+      [
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(
+          [
+            "We then add combine our PFN and offset, "
+            "Physical Address = PFN | offset",
+          ]
+        ),
+        ContentAST.Equation(
+          fr"{r'\mathbf{' if self.is_valid else ''}\mathtt{{0b{self.physical_address:0{self.num_bits_pfn + self.num_bits_offset}b}}}{r'}' if self.is_valid else ''} = \mathtt{{0b{self.pfn:0{self.num_bits_pfn}b}}} \mid \mathtt{{0b{self.offset:0{self.num_bits_offset}b}}}"
+        )
+      ]
+    )
+    
+    explanation.add_elements(
+      [
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(["Note: Strictly speaking, this calculation is:", ]),
+        ContentAST.Equation(
+          fr"{r'\mathbf{' if self.is_valid else ''}\mathtt{{0b{self.physical_address:0{self.num_bits_pfn + self.num_bits_offset}b}}}{r'}' if self.is_valid else ''} = \mathtt{{0b{self.pfn:0{self.num_bits_pfn}b}{0:0{self.num_bits_offset}}}} + \mathtt{{0b{self.offset:0{self.num_bits_offset}b}}}"
+        ),
+        ContentAST.Paragraph(["But that's a lot of extra 0s, so I'm splitting them up for succinctness"])
+      ]
+    )
+
+    return explanation
+
+
+@QuestionRegistry.register()
+class HierarchicalPaging(MemoryAccessQuestion, TableQuestionMixin, BodyTemplatesMixin):
+  MIN_OFFSET_BITS = 3
+  MIN_PDI_BITS = 2
+  MIN_PTI_BITS = 2
+  MIN_PFN_BITS = 4
+
+  MAX_OFFSET_BITS = 5
+  MAX_PDI_BITS = 3
+  MAX_PTI_BITS = 3
+  MAX_PFN_BITS = 6
+
+  def refresh(self, rng_seed=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    super().refresh(rng_seed=rng_seed, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    # Set up bit counts
+    self.num_bits_offset = self.rng.randint(self.MIN_OFFSET_BITS, self.MAX_OFFSET_BITS)
+    self.num_bits_pdi = self.rng.randint(self.MIN_PDI_BITS, self.MAX_PDI_BITS)
+    self.num_bits_pti = self.rng.randint(self.MIN_PTI_BITS, self.MAX_PTI_BITS)
+    self.num_bits_pfn = self.rng.randint(self.MIN_PFN_BITS, self.MAX_PFN_BITS)
+
+    # Total VPN bits = PDI + PTI
+    self.num_bits_vpn = self.num_bits_pdi + self.num_bits_pti
+ 
+    # Generate a random virtual address
+    self.virtual_address = self.rng.randint(1, 2 ** (self.num_bits_vpn + self.num_bits_offset))
+
+    # Extract components from virtual address
+    self.offset = self.virtual_address % (2 ** self.num_bits_offset)
+    vpn = self.virtual_address // (2 ** self.num_bits_offset)
+
+    self.pti = vpn % (2 ** self.num_bits_pti)
+    self.pdi = vpn // (2 ** self.num_bits_pti)
+
+    # Generate PFN randomly
+    self.pfn = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+
+    # Calculate physical address
+    self.physical_address = self.pfn * (2 ** self.num_bits_offset) + self.offset
+
+    # Determine validity at both levels
+    # PD entry can be valid or invalid
+    self.pd_valid = self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID, 1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID], k=1)[0]
+
+    # PT entry only matters if PD is valid
+    if self.pd_valid:
+      self.pt_valid = self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID, 1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID], k=1)[0]
+    else:
+      self.pt_valid = False  # Doesn't matter, won't be checked
+
+    # Generate a page table number (PTBR - Page Table Base Register value in the PD entry)
+    # This represents which page table to use
+    self.page_table_number = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+
+    # Create PD entry: valid bit + page table number
+    if self.pd_valid:
+      self.pd_entry = (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) + self.page_table_number
+    else:
+      self.pd_entry = self.page_table_number  # Invalid, no valid bit set
+
+    # Create PT entry: valid bit + PFN
+    if self.pt_valid:
+      self.pte = (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) + self.pfn
+    else:
+      self.pte = self.pfn  # Invalid, no valid bit set
+
+    # Overall validity requires both levels to be valid
+    self.is_valid = self.pd_valid and self.pt_valid
+
+    # Build page directory - show 3-4 entries
+    pd_size = self.rng.randint(3, 4)
+    lowest_pd_bottom = max([0, self.pdi - pd_size])
+    highest_pd_bottom = min([2 ** self.num_bits_pdi - pd_size, self.pdi])
+    pd_bottom = self.rng.randint(lowest_pd_bottom, highest_pd_bottom)
+    pd_top = pd_bottom + pd_size
+
+    self.page_directory = {}
+    self.page_directory[self.pdi] = self.pd_entry
+
+    # Fill in other PD entries
+    for pdi in range(pd_bottom, pd_top):
+      if pdi == self.pdi:
+        continue
+      # Generate random PD entry
+      pt_num = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+      while pt_num == self.page_table_number:  # Make sure it's different
+        pt_num = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+
+      # Randomly valid or invalid
+      if self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID, 1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID], k=1)[0]:
+        pd_val = (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) + pt_num
+      else:
+        pd_val = pt_num
+
+      self.page_directory[pdi] = pd_val
+
+    # Build 2-3 page tables to show
+    # Always include the one we need, plus 1-2 others
+    num_page_tables_to_show = self.rng.randint(2, 3)
+
+    # Get unique page table numbers from the PD entries (extract PT numbers from valid entries)
+    shown_pt_numbers = set()
+    for pdi, pd_val in self.page_directory.items():
+      pt_num = pd_val % (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn)  # Extract PT number (remove valid bit)
+      shown_pt_numbers.add(pt_num)
+
+    # Ensure our required page table is included
+    shown_pt_numbers.add(self.page_table_number)
+
+    # Limit to requested number, but ALWAYS keep the required page table
+    shown_pt_numbers_list = list(shown_pt_numbers)
+    if self.page_table_number in shown_pt_numbers_list:
+      # Remove it temporarily so we can add it back first
+      shown_pt_numbers_list.remove(self.page_table_number)
+    # Start with required page table, then add others up to the limit
+    shown_pt_numbers = [self.page_table_number] + shown_pt_numbers_list[:num_page_tables_to_show - 1]
+
+    # Build each page table
+    self.page_tables = {}  # Dict mapping PT number -> dict of PTI -> PTE
+
+    # Use consistent size for all page tables for cleaner presentation
+    pt_size = self.rng.randint(2, 4)
+
+    # Determine the PTI range that all tables will use (based on target PTI)
+    # This ensures all tables show the same PTI values for consistency
+    lowest_pt_bottom = max([0, self.pti - pt_size + 1])
+    highest_pt_bottom = min([2 ** self.num_bits_pti - pt_size, self.pti])
+    pt_bottom = self.rng.randint(lowest_pt_bottom, highest_pt_bottom)
+    pt_top = pt_bottom + pt_size
+
+    # Generate all page tables using the SAME PTI range
+    for pt_num in shown_pt_numbers:
+      self.page_tables[pt_num] = {}
+
+      for pti in range(pt_bottom, pt_top):
+        if pt_num == self.page_table_number and pti == self.pti:
+          # Use the actual answer for the target page table entry
+          self.page_tables[pt_num][pti] = self.pte
+        else:
+          # Generate random PTE for all other entries
+          pfn = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+          if self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID, 1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID], k=1)[0]:
+            pte_val = (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) + pfn
+          else:
+            pte_val = pfn
+
+          self.page_tables[pt_num][pti] = pte_val
+
+    # Set up answers
+    self.answers.update({
+      "answer__pdi": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pdi", self.pdi, length=self.num_bits_pdi),
+      "answer__pti": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pti", self.pti, length=self.num_bits_pti),
+      "answer__offset": Answer.binary_hex("answer__offset", self.offset, length=self.num_bits_offset),
+      "answer__pd_entry": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pd_entry", self.pd_entry, length=(self.num_bits_pfn + 1)),
+      "answer__pt_number": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pt_number", self.page_table_number, length=self.num_bits_pfn) if self.pd_valid else Answer.string("answer__pt_number", "INVALID"),
+    })
+
+    # PTE answer: if PD is valid, accept the actual PTE value from the table
+    # (regardless of whether that PTE is valid or invalid)
+    if self.pd_valid:
+      self.answers.update({
+        "answer__pte": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pte", self.pte, length=(self.num_bits_pfn + 1)),
+      })
+    else:
+      # If PD is invalid, student can't look up the page table
+      # Accept both "INVALID" (for consistency) and "N/A" (for accuracy)
+      self.answers.update({
+        "answer__pte": Answer.string("answer__pte", ["INVALID", "N/A"]),
+      })
+
+    # Validity, PFN, and Physical Address depend on BOTH levels being valid
+    if self.pd_valid and self.pt_valid:
+      self.answers.update({
+        "answer__is_valid": Answer.string("answer__is_valid", "VALID"),
+        "answer__pfn": Answer.binary_hex("answer__pfn", self.pfn, length=self.num_bits_pfn),
+        "answer__physical_address": Answer.binary_hex(
+          "answer__physical_address", self.physical_address, length=(self.num_bits_pfn + self.num_bits_offset)
+        ),
+      })
+    else:
+      self.answers.update({
+        "answer__is_valid": Answer.string("answer__is_valid", "INVALID"),
+        "answer__pfn": Answer.string("answer__pfn", "INVALID"),
+        "answer__physical_address": Answer.string("answer__physical_address", "INVALID"),
+      })
+
+  def get_body(self, *args, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    body = ContentAST.Section()
+
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        "Given the below information please calculate the equivalent physical address of the given virtual address, filling out all steps along the way.",
+        "This problem uses <b>two-level (hierarchical) paging</b>.",
+        "Remember, we typically have the MSB representing valid or invalid."
+      ])
+    )
+
+    # Create parameter info table using mixin (same format as Paging question)
+    parameter_info = {
+      "Virtual Address": f"0b{self.virtual_address:0{self.num_bits_vpn + self.num_bits_offset}b}",
+      "# PDI bits": f"{self.num_bits_pdi}",
+      "# PTI bits": f"{self.num_bits_pti}",
+      "# Offset bits": f"{self.num_bits_offset}",
+      "# PFN bits": f"{self.num_bits_pfn}"
+    }
+
+    body.add_element(self.create_info_table(parameter_info))
+
+    # Page Directory table
+    pd_matrix = []
+    if min(self.page_directory.keys()) != 0:
+      pd_matrix.append(["...", "..."])
+
+    pd_matrix.extend([
+      [f"0b{pdi:0{self.num_bits_pdi}b}", f"0b{pd_val:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}"]
+      for pdi, pd_val in sorted(self.page_directory.items())
+    ])
+
+    if (max(self.page_directory.keys()) + 1) != 2 ** self.num_bits_pdi:
+      pd_matrix.append(["...", "..."])
+
+    # Use a simple text paragraph - the bold will come from markdown conversion
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        "**Page Directory:**"
+      ])
+    )
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Table(
+        headers=["PDI", "PD Entry"],
+        data=pd_matrix
+      )
+    )
+
+    # Page Tables - use TableGroup for side-by-side display
+    table_group = ContentAST.TableGroup()
+
+    for pt_num in sorted(self.page_tables.keys()):
+      pt_matrix = []
+      pt_entries = self.page_tables[pt_num]
+
+      min_pti = min(pt_entries.keys())
+      max_pti = max(pt_entries.keys())
+      max_possible_pti = 2 ** self.num_bits_pti - 1
+
+      # Smart leading ellipsis: only if there are 2+ hidden entries before
+      # (if only 1 hidden, we should just show it)
+      if min_pti > 1:
+        pt_matrix.append(["...", "..."])
+      elif min_pti == 1:
+        # Show the 0th entry instead of "..."
+        pfn = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+        if self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID, 1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID], k=1)[0]:
+          pte_val = (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) + pfn
+        else:
+          pte_val = pfn
+        pt_matrix.append([f"0b{0:0{self.num_bits_pti}b}", f"0b{pte_val:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}"])
+
+      # Add actual entries
+      pt_matrix.extend([
+        [f"0b{pti:0{self.num_bits_pti}b}", f"0b{pte:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}"]
+        for pti, pte in sorted(pt_entries.items())
+      ])
+
+      # Smart trailing ellipsis: only if there are 2+ hidden entries after
+      hidden_after = max_possible_pti - max_pti
+      if hidden_after > 1:
+        pt_matrix.append(["...", "..."])
+      elif hidden_after == 1:
+        # Show the last entry instead of "..."
+        pfn = self.rng.randint(0, 2 ** self.num_bits_pfn - 1)
+        if self.rng.choices([True, False], weights=[self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID, 1 - self.PROBABILITY_OF_VALID], k=1)[0]:
+          pte_val = (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) + pfn
+        else:
+          pte_val = pfn
+        pt_matrix.append([f"0b{max_possible_pti:0{self.num_bits_pti}b}", f"0b{pte_val:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}"])
+
+      table_group.add_table(
+        label=f"PTC 0b{pt_num:0{self.num_bits_pfn}b}:",
+        table=ContentAST.Table(headers=["PTI", "PTE"], data=pt_matrix)
+      )
+
+    body.add_element(table_group)
+
+    # Answer block
+    body.add_element(
+      ContentAST.AnswerBlock([
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pdi"], label="PDI (Page Directory Index)"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pti"], label="PTI (Page Table Index)"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__offset"], label="Offset"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pd_entry"], label="PD Entry (from Page Directory)"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pt_number"], label="Page Table Number"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pte"], label="PTE (from Page Table)"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__is_valid"], label="VALID or INVALID?"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__pfn"], label="PFN"),
+        ContentAST.Answer(self.answers["answer__physical_address"], label="Physical Address"),
+      ])
+    )
+
+    return body
+
+  def get_explanation(self, *args, **kwargs) -> ContentAST.Section:
+    explanation = ContentAST.Section()
+
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        "Two-level paging requires two lookups: first in the Page Directory, then in a Page Table.",
+        "The virtual address is split into three parts: PDI | PTI | Offset."
+      ])
+    )
+
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        "Don't forget to pad with the appropriate number of 0s!"
+      ])
+    )
+
+    # Step 1: Extract PDI, PTI, Offset
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        f"<b>Step 1: Extract components from Virtual Address</b>",
+        f"Virtual Address = PDI | PTI | Offset",
+        f"<tt>0b{self.virtual_address:0{self.num_bits_vpn + self.num_bits_offset}b}</tt> = "
+        f"<tt>0b{self.pdi:0{self.num_bits_pdi}b}</tt> | "
+        f"<tt>0b{self.pti:0{self.num_bits_pti}b}</tt> | "
+        f"<tt>0b{self.offset:0{self.num_bits_offset}b}</tt>"
+      ])
+    )
+
+    # Step 2: Look up PD Entry
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        f"<b>Step 2: Look up Page Directory Entry</b>",
+        f"Using PDI = <tt>0b{self.pdi:0{self.num_bits_pdi}b}</tt>, we find PD Entry = <tt>0b{self.pd_entry:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}</tt>"
+      ])
+    )
+
+    # Step 3: Check PD validity
+    pd_valid_bit = self.pd_entry // (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn)
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        f"<b>Step 3: Check Page Directory Entry validity</b>",
+        f"The MSB (valid bit) is <b>{pd_valid_bit}</b>, so this PD Entry is <b>{'VALID' if self.pd_valid else 'INVALID'}</b>."
+      ])
+    )
+
+    if not self.pd_valid:
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph([
+          "Since the Page Directory Entry is invalid, the translation fails here.",
+          "We write <b>INVALID</b> for all remaining fields.",
+          "If it were valid, we would continue with the steps below.",
+          "<hr>"
+        ])
+      )
+
+    # Step 4: Extract PT number (if PD valid)
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Paragraph([
+        f"<b>Step 4: Extract Page Table Number</b>",
+        "We remove the valid bit from the PD Entry to get the Page Table Number:"
+      ])
+    )
+
+    explanation.add_element(
+      ContentAST.Equation(
+        f"\\texttt{{{self.page_table_number:0{self.num_bits_pfn}b}}} = "
+        f"\\texttt{{0b{self.pd_entry:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}}} \\& "
+        f"\\texttt{{0b{(2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) - 1:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}}}"
+      )
+    )
+
+    if self.pd_valid:
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph([
+          f"This tells us to use <b>Page Table #{self.page_table_number}</b>."
+        ])
+      )
+
+      # Step 5: Look up PTE
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph([
+          f"<b>Step 5: Look up Page Table Entry</b>",
+          f"Using PTI = <tt>0b{self.pti:0{self.num_bits_pti}b}</tt> in Page Table #{self.page_table_number}, "
+          f"we find PTE = <tt>0b{self.pte:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}</tt>"
+        ])
+      )
+
+      # Step 6: Check PT validity
+      pt_valid_bit = self.pte // (2 ** self.num_bits_pfn)
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph([
+          f"<b>Step 6: Check Page Table Entry validity</b>",
+          f"The MSB (valid bit) is <b>{pt_valid_bit}</b>, so this PTE is <b>{'VALID' if self.pt_valid else 'INVALID'}</b>."
+        ])
+      )
+
+      if not self.pt_valid:
+        explanation.add_element(
+          ContentAST.Paragraph([
+            "Since the Page Table Entry is invalid, the translation fails.",
+            "We write <b>INVALID</b> for PFN and Physical Address.",
+            "If it were valid, we would continue with the steps below.",
+            "<hr>"
+          ])
+        )
+
+      # Step 7: Extract PFN
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph([
+          f"<b>Step 7: Extract PFN</b>",
+          "We remove the valid bit from the PTE to get the PFN:"
+        ])
+      )
+
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Equation(
+          f"\\texttt{{{self.pfn:0{self.num_bits_pfn}b}}} = "
+          f"\\texttt{{0b{self.pte:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}}} \\& "
+          f"\\texttt{{0b{(2 ** self.num_bits_pfn) - 1:0{self.num_bits_pfn + 1}b}}}"
+        )
+      )
+
+      # Step 8: Construct physical address
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Paragraph([
+          f"<b>Step 8: Construct Physical Address</b>",
+          "Physical Address = PFN | Offset"
+        ])
+      )
+
+      explanation.add_element(
+        ContentAST.Equation(
+          fr"{r'\mathbf{' if self.is_valid else ''}\mathtt{{0b{self.physical_address:0{self.num_bits_pfn + self.num_bits_offset}b}}}{r'}' if self.is_valid else ''} = "
+          f"\\mathtt{{0b{self.pfn:0{self.num_bits_pfn}b}}} \\mid "
+          f"\\mathtt{{0b{self.offset:0{self.num_bits_offset}b}}}"
+        )
+      )
+
+    return explanation