QuizGenerator 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

QuizGenerator/contentast.py

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+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import textwrap
+from io import BytesIO
+from typing import List, Callable
+
+import pypandoc
+import markdown
+
+from QuizGenerator.misc import log, Answer
+
+from QuizGenerator.qrcode_generator import QuestionQRCode
+import re
+
+class ContentAST:
+  """
+  Content Abstract Syntax Tree - The core content system for quiz generation.
+
+  IMPORTANT: ALWAYS use ContentAST elements for ALL content generation.
+  Never create custom LaTeX, HTML, or Markdown strings manually.
+
+  This system provides cross-format compatibility between:
+  - LaTeX/PDF output for printed exams
+  - HTML/Canvas output for online quizzes
+  - Markdown for documentation
+
+  Key Components:
+  - ContentAST.Section: Container for groups of elements (use for get_body/get_explanation)
+  - ContentAST.Paragraph: Text blocks that automatically handle spacing
+  - ContentAST.Equation: Mathematical equations with proper LaTeX/MathJax rendering
+  - ContentAST.Matrix: Mathematical matrices (DON'T use manual \\begin{bmatrix})
+  - ContentAST.Table: Data tables with proper formatting
+  - ContentAST.Answer: Answer input fields
+  - ContentAST.OnlyHtml/OnlyLatex: Platform-specific content
+
+  Examples:
+    # Good - uses ContentAST
+    body = ContentAST.Section()
+    body.add_element(ContentAST.Paragraph(["Calculate the matrix:"]))
+    matrix_data = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+    body.add_element(ContentAST.Matrix(data=matrix_data, bracket_type="b"))
+
+    # Bad - manual LaTeX (inconsistent, error-prone)
+    body.add_element(ContentAST.Text("\\\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\\\\\\\ 3 & 4 \\\\end{bmatrix}"))
+  """
+  
+  class Element:
+    """
+    Base class for all ContentAST elements providing cross-format rendering.
+
+    This is the foundation class that all ContentAST elements inherit from.
+    It provides the core rendering infrastructure that enables consistent
+    output across LaTeX/PDF, HTML/Canvas, and Markdown formats.
+
+    Key Features:
+    - Cross-format rendering (markdown, html, latex)
+    - Automatic format conversion via pypandoc
+    - Element composition and nesting
+    - Consistent spacing and formatting
+
+    When to inherit from Element:
+    - Creating new content types that need multi-format output
+    - Building container elements that hold other elements
+    - Implementing custom rendering logic for specific content types
+
+    Example usage:
+        # Most elements inherit from this automatically
+        section = ContentAST.Section()
+        section.add_element(ContentAST.Text("Hello world"))
+        section.add_element(ContentAST.Equation("x = 5"))
+
+        # Renders to any format
+        latex_output = section.render("latex")
+        html_output = section.render("html")
+    """
+    def __init__(self, elements=None, add_spacing_before=False):
+      self.elements : List[ContentAST.Element] = elements or []
+      self.add_spacing_before = add_spacing_before
+    
+    def __str__(self):
+      return self.render_markdown()
+    
+    def add_element(self, element):
+      self.elements.append(element)
+    
+    def add_elements(self, elements, new_paragraph=False):
+      if new_paragraph:
+        self.elements.append(ContentAST.Text(""))
+      self.elements.extend(elements)
+
+    def convert_markdown(self, str_to_convert, output_format):
+      if output_format == "html":
+        # Fast in-process HTML conversion using Python markdown library
+        try:
+          # Convert markdown to HTML using fast Python library
+          html_output = markdown.markdown(str_to_convert)
+
+          # Strip surrounding <p> tags for inline content (matching old behavior)
+          if html_output.startswith("<p>") and html_output.endswith("</p>"):
+            html_output = html_output[3:-4]
+
+          return html_output.strip()
+        except Exception as e:
+          log.warning(f"Markdown conversion failed: {e}. Returning original content.")
+          return str_to_convert
+      else:
+        # Keep using Pandoc for LaTeX and other formats (less critical path)
+        try:
+          output = pypandoc.convert_text(
+            str_to_convert,
+            output_format,
+            format='md',
+            extra_args=["-M2GB", "+RTS", "-K64m", "-RTS"]
+          )
+          return output
+        except RuntimeError as e:
+          log.warning(f"Specified conversion format '{output_format}' not recognized by pypandoc. Defaulting to markdown")
+        return None
+    
+    def render(self, output_format, **kwargs) -> str:
+      method_name = f"render_{output_format}"
+      if hasattr(self, method_name):
+        return getattr(self, method_name)(**kwargs)
+      
+      return self.render_markdown(**kwargs)  # Fallback to markdown
+    
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      return " ".join(element.render("markdown", **kwargs) for element in self.elements)
+    
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      
+      html_parts = []
+      for element in self.elements:
+        try:
+          html_parts.append(element.render("html", **kwargs))
+        except AttributeError:
+          log.error(f"That's the one: \"{element.__class__}\" \"{element}\"")
+          exit(8)
+          
+      html = " ".join(html_parts)
+      #html = " ".join(element.render("html", **kwargs) for element in self.elements)
+      return f"{'<br>' if self.add_spacing_before else ''}{html}"
+    
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      latex = "".join(element.render("latex", **kwargs) for element in self.elements)
+      return f"{'\n\n\\vspace{0.5cm}' if self.add_spacing_before else ''}{latex}"
+
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """
+      Default Typst rendering using markdown → typst conversion via pandoc.
+
+      This provides instant Typst support for all ContentAST elements without
+      needing explicit implementations. Override this method in subclasses
+      when pandoc conversion quality is insufficient or Typst-specific
+      features are needed.
+      """
+      # Render to markdown first
+      markdown_content = self.render_markdown(**kwargs)
+
+      # Convert markdown to Typst via pandoc
+      typst_content = self.convert_markdown(markdown_content, 'typst')
+
+      # Add spacing if needed (Typst equivalent of \vspace)
+      if self.add_spacing_before:
+        return f"\n{typst_content}"
+
+      return typst_content if typst_content else markdown_content
+
+    def is_mergeable(self, other: ContentAST.Element):
+      return False
+  
+  ## Big containers
+  class Document(Element):
+    """
+    Root document container for complete quiz documents with proper headers and structure.
+
+    This class provides document-level rendering with appropriate headers, packages,
+    and formatting for complete LaTeX documents. It's primarily used internally
+    by the quiz generation system.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Creating standalone PDF documents (handled automatically by quiz system)
+    - Need complete LaTeX document structure with packages and headers
+    - Root container for entire quiz content
+
+    Note: Most question developers should NOT use this directly.
+    Use ContentAST.Section for question bodies and explanations instead.
+
+    Features:
+    - Complete LaTeX document headers with all necessary packages
+    - Automatic title handling across all formats
+    - PDF-ready formatting with proper spacing and layout
+
+    Example (internal use):
+        # Usually created automatically by quiz system
+        doc = ContentAST.Document(title="Midterm Exam")
+        doc.add_element(question_section)
+        pdf_content = doc.render("latex")
+    """
+    
+    LATEX_HEADER = textwrap.dedent(r"""
+    \documentclass[12pt]{article}
+
+    % Page layout
+    \usepackage[a4paper, margin=1.5cm]{geometry}
+
+    % Graphics for QR codes
+    \usepackage{graphicx}       % For including QR code images
+
+    % Math packages
+    \usepackage[leqno,fleqn]{amsmath}        % For advanced math environments (matrices, equations)
+    \setlength{\mathindent}{0pt}  % flush left
+    \usepackage{amsfonts}       % For additional math fonts
+    \usepackage{amssymb}        % For additional math symbols
+
+    % Tables and formatting
+    \usepackage{booktabs}       % For clean table rules
+    \usepackage{array}          % For extra column formatting options
+    \usepackage{verbatim}       % For verbatim environments (code blocks)
+    \usepackage{enumitem}       % For customized list spacing
+    \usepackage{setspace}       % For \onehalfspacing
+
+    % Setting up Code environments
+    \let\originalverbatim\verbatim
+    \let\endoriginalverbatim\endverbatim
+    \renewenvironment{verbatim}
+      {\small\setlength{\baselineskip}{0.8\baselineskip}\originalverbatim}
+      {\endoriginalverbatim}
+
+    % Listings (for code)
+    \usepackage[final]{listings}
+    \lstset{
+      basicstyle=\ttfamily,
+      columns=fullflexible,
+      frame=single,
+      breaklines=true,
+      postbreak=\mbox{$\hookrightarrow$\,} % You can remove or customize this
+    }
+
+    % Custom commands
+    \newcounter{NumQuestions}
+    \newcommand{\question}[1]{%
+      \vspace{0.5cm}
+      \stepcounter{NumQuestions}%
+      \noindent\textbf{Question \theNumQuestions:} \hfill \rule{0.5cm}{0.15mm} / #1
+      \par\vspace{0.1cm}
+    }
+    \newcommand{\answerblank}[1]{\rule{0pt}{10mm}\rule[-1.5mm]{#1cm}{0.15mm}}
+
+    % Optional: spacing for itemized lists
+    \setlist[itemize]{itemsep=10pt, parsep=5pt}
+    \providecommand{\tightlist}{%
+      \setlength{\itemsep}{10pt}\setlength{\parskip}{10pt}
+    }
+
+    \begin{document}
+    """)
+
+    TYPST_HEADER = textwrap.dedent("""
+    #import "@preview/wrap-it:0.1.1": wrap-content
+
+    // Quiz document settings
+    #set page(
+      paper: "us-letter",
+      margin: 1.5cm,
+    )
+
+    #set text(
+      size: 12pt,
+    )
+
+    // Math equation settings
+    #set math.equation(numbering: none)
+
+    // Paragraph spacing
+    #set par(
+      spacing: 1.0em,
+      leading: 0.5em,
+    )
+
+    // Question counter and command
+    #let question_num = counter("question")
+
+    #let question(points, content, spacing: 3cm, qr_code: none) = {
+      block(breakable: false)[
+        #line(length: 100%, stroke: 1pt)
+        #v(0cm)
+        #question_num.step()
+
+        *Question #context question_num.display():* (#points #if points == 1 [point] else [points])
+        #v(0.0cm)
+
+        /*
+        #if qr_code != none {
+          let fig = figure(image(qr_code, width: 2cm))
+          // let fig = square(fill: teal, radius: 0.5em, width: 8em) // for debugging
+          wrap-content(fig, align: top + right)[
+            #h(100%)    // force the wrapper to fill line width
+            #content
+          ]
+        } else {
+          content
+        }
+        */
+        
+        #grid(
+          columns: (1fr, auto),
+          gutter: 1em,
+          align: top,
+        )[
+          #content
+          #v(spacing)
+        ][
+          #image(qr_code, width: 2cm)
+        ]
+        #if spacing >= 199cm {
+        
+          "Note: the next page is left blank for you to show work."
+        }
+
+      ]
+        // Check if spacing >= 199cm (EXTRA_PAGE preset)
+        // If so, add both spacing and a pagebreak for a full blank page
+        if spacing >= 199cm {
+          
+          pagebreak()
+          pagebreak()
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fill-in line for inline answer blanks (tables, etc.)
+    #let fillline(width: 5cm, height: 1.2em, stroke: 0.5pt) = {
+      box(width: width, height: height, baseline: 0.25em)[
+        #align(bottom + left)[
+          #line(length: 100%, stroke: stroke)
+        ]
+      ]
+    }
+
+    // Code block styling
+    #show raw.where(block: true): set text(size: 8pt)
+    #show raw.where(block: true): block.with(
+      fill: luma(240),
+      inset: 10pt,
+      radius: 4pt,
+    )
+    """)
+    
+    def __init__(self, title=None):
+      super().__init__()
+      self.title = title
+    
+    def render(self, output_format, **kwargs):
+      # Generate content from all elements
+      content = super().render(output_format, **kwargs)
+      
+      # Add title if present
+      if self.title and output_format == "markdown":
+        content = f"# {self.title}\n\n{content}"
+      elif self.title and output_format == "html":
+        content = f"<h1>{self.title}</h1>\n{content}"
+      elif self.title and output_format == "latex":
+        content = f"\\section{{{self.title}}}\n{content}"
+      
+      return content
+    
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      latex = self.LATEX_HEADER
+      latex += f"\\title{{{self.title}}}\n"
+      latex += textwrap.dedent(f"""
+        \\noindent\\Large {self.title} \\hfill \\normalsize Name: \\answerblank{{{5}}}
+
+        \\vspace{{0.5cm}}
+        \\onehalfspacing
+
+      """)
+
+      latex += "\n".join(element.render("latex", **kwargs) for element in self.elements)
+
+      latex += r"\end{document}"
+
+      return latex
+
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """Render complete Typst document with header and title"""
+      typst = self.TYPST_HEADER
+
+      # Add title and name line using grid for proper alignment
+      typst += f"\n#grid(\n"
+      typst += f"  columns: (1fr, auto),\n"
+      typst += f"  align: (left, right),\n"
+      typst += f"  [#text(size: 14pt, weight: \"bold\")[{self.title}]],\n"
+      typst += f"  [Name: #fillline(width: 5cm)]\n"
+      typst += f")\n"
+      typst += f"#v(0.5cm)\n"
+
+      # Render all elements
+      typst += "".join(element.render("typst", **kwargs) for element in self.elements)
+      
+      return typst
+  
+  class Question(Element):
+    """
+    Complete question container with body, explanation, and metadata.
+
+    This class represents a full question with both the question content
+    and its explanation/solution. It handles question-level formatting
+    like point values, spacing, and PDF layout.
+
+    Note: Most question developers should NOT use this directly.
+    It's created automatically by the quiz generation system.
+    Focus on building ContentAST.Section objects for get_body() and get_explanation().
+
+    When to use:
+    - Creating complete question objects (handled by quiz system)
+    - Custom question wrappers (advanced use)
+
+    Example (internal use):
+        # Usually created by quiz system from your question classes
+        body = ContentAST.Section()
+        body.add_element(ContentAST.Paragraph(["What is 2+2?"]))
+
+        explanation = ContentAST.Section()
+        explanation.add_element(ContentAST.Paragraph(["2+2=4"]))
+
+        question = ContentAST.Question(body=body, explanation=explanation, value=5)
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        body: ContentAST.Section,
+        explanation: ContentAST.Section,
+        name=None,
+        value=1,
+        interest=1.0,
+        spacing=0,
+        topic=None,
+        question_number=None
+    ):
+      super().__init__()
+      self.name = name
+      self.explanation = explanation
+      self.body = body
+      self.value = value
+      self.interest = interest
+      self.spacing = spacing
+      self.topic = topic  # todo: remove this bs.
+      self.question_number = question_number  # For QR code generation
+    
+    def render(self, output_format, **kwargs):
+      # Special handling for latex and typst - use dedicated render methods
+      if output_format == "typst":
+        return self.render_typst(**kwargs)
+      
+      # Generate content from all elements
+      content = self.body.render(output_format, **kwargs)
+      
+      # If output format is latex, add in minipage and question environments
+      if output_format == "latex":
+        # Build question header - either with or without QR code
+        if self.question_number is not None:
+          try:
+            from QuizGenerator.qrcode_generator import QuestionQRCode
+            
+            # Build extra_data dict with regeneration metadata if available
+            extra_data = {}
+            if hasattr(self, 'question_class_name') and hasattr(self, 'generation_seed') and hasattr(
+                self, 'question_version'
+            ):
+              if self.question_class_name and self.generation_seed is not None and self.question_version:
+                extra_data['question_type'] = self.question_class_name
+                extra_data['seed'] = self.generation_seed
+                extra_data['version'] = self.question_version
+                # Include question-specific configuration parameters if available
+                if hasattr(self, 'config_params') and self.config_params:
+                  extra_data['config'] = self.config_params
+            
+            qr_path = QuestionQRCode.generate_qr_pdf(
+              self.question_number,
+              self.value,
+              **extra_data
+            )
+            # Build custom question header with QR code centered
+            # Format: Question N:  [QR code centered]  __ / points
+            question_header = (
+                r"\vspace{0.5cm}" + "\n"
+                                    r"\noindent\textbf{Question " + str(self.question_number) + r":} \hfill "
+                                                                                                r"\rule{0.5cm}{0.15mm} / " + str(
+              int(self.value)
+            ) + "\n"
+                r"\raisebox{-1cm}{"  # Reduced lift to minimize extra space above
+                rf"\includegraphics[width={QuestionQRCode.DEFAULT_SIZE_CM}cm]{{{qr_path}}}"
+                r"} "
+                r"\par\vspace{-1cm}"
+            )
+          except Exception as e:
+            log.warning(f"Failed to generate QR code for question {self.question_number}: {e}")
+            # Fall back to standard question macro
+            question_header = r"\question{" + str(int(self.value)) + r"}"
+        else:
+          # Use standard question macro if no question number
+          question_header = r"\question{" + str(int(self.value)) + r"}"
+        
+        latex_lines = [
+          r"\noindent\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}",
+          r"\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\rule{\paperwidth}{1pt}}",
+          question_header,
+          r"\noindent\begin{minipage}{0.9\textwidth}",
+          content,
+          f"\\vspace{{{self.spacing}cm}}"
+          r"\end{minipage}",
+          r"\end{minipage}",
+          "\n\n",
+        ]
+        content = '\n'.join(latex_lines)
+      
+      log.debug(f"content: \n{content}")
+      
+      return content
+    
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """Render question in Typst format with proper formatting"""
+      # Render question body
+      content = self.body.render("typst", **kwargs)
+      
+      # Generate QR code if question number is available
+      qr_param = ""
+      if self.question_number is not None:
+        try:
+          
+          # Build extra_data dict with regeneration metadata if available
+          extra_data = {}
+          if hasattr(self, 'question_class_name') and hasattr(self, 'generation_seed') and hasattr(
+              self, 'question_version'
+          ):
+            if self.question_class_name and self.generation_seed is not None and self.question_version:
+              extra_data['question_type'] = self.question_class_name
+              extra_data['seed'] = self.generation_seed
+              extra_data['version'] = self.question_version
+              # Include question-specific configuration parameters if available
+              if hasattr(self, 'config_params') and self.config_params:
+                extra_data['config'] = self.config_params
+          
+          # Generate QR code PNG
+          qr_path = QuestionQRCode.generate_qr_pdf(
+            self.question_number,
+            self.value,
+            scale=1,
+            **extra_data
+          )
+          
+          # Add QR code parameter to question function call
+          qr_param = f'qr_code: "{qr_path}"'
+        
+        except Exception as e:
+          log.warning(f"Failed to generate QR code for question {self.question_number}: {e}")
+      
+      # Use the question function which handles all formatting including non-breaking
+      return textwrap.dedent(f"""
+      #question(
+          {int(self.value)},
+          spacing: {self.spacing}cm{'' if not qr_param else ", "}
+          {qr_param}
+        )[
+      """) + content + "\n]\n\n"
+      
+  # Individual elements
+  class Text(Element):
+    """
+    Basic text content with automatic format conversion and selective visibility.
+
+    This is the fundamental text element that handles plain text content
+    with automatic markdown-to-format conversion. It supports emphasis
+    and format-specific hiding.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Plain text content that needs cross-format rendering
+    - Text that should be hidden from specific output formats
+    - Simple text with optional emphasis
+
+    DON'T use for:
+    - Mathematical content (use ContentAST.Equation instead)
+    - Code (use ContentAST.Code instead)
+    - Structured content (use ContentAST.Paragraph for grouping)
+
+    Example:
+        # Basic text
+        text = ContentAST.Text("This is plain text")
+
+        # Emphasized text
+        important = ContentAST.Text("Important note", emphasis=True)
+
+        # HTML-only text (hidden from PDF)
+        web_note = ContentAST.Text("Click submit", hide_from_latex=True)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, content : str, *, hide_from_latex=False, hide_from_html=False, emphasis=False):
+      super().__init__()
+      self.content = content
+      self.hide_from_latex = hide_from_latex
+      self.hide_from_html = hide_from_html
+      self.emphasis = emphasis
+    
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      return f"{'***' if self.emphasis else ''}{self.content}{'***' if self.emphasis else ''}"
+
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      if self.hide_from_html:
+        return ""
+      # If the super function returns None then we just return content as is
+      conversion_results = super().convert_markdown(self.content.replace("#", r"\#"), "html").strip()
+      if conversion_results is not None:
+        if conversion_results.startswith("<p>") and conversion_results.endswith("</p>"):
+          conversion_results = conversion_results[3:-4]
+      return conversion_results or self.content
+    
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      if self.hide_from_latex:
+        return ""
+      # Escape # to prevent markdown header conversion in LaTeX
+      content = super().convert_markdown(self.content.replace("#", r"\#"), "latex") or self.content
+      return content
+
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """Render text to Typst, escaping special characters."""
+      # Hide HTML-only text from Typst (since Typst generates PDFs like LaTeX)
+      if self.hide_from_latex:
+        return ""
+
+      content = re.sub(
+        r"```\s*(.*)\s*```",
+        r"""
+        #box(
+          raw("\1",
+            block: true
+          )
+        )
+        """,
+        self.content,
+        flags=re.DOTALL
+      )
+
+      # In Typst, # starts code/function calls, so we need to escape it
+      content = content.replace("# ", r"\# ")
+      # content = self.content
+
+      # Apply emphasis if needed
+      if self.emphasis:
+        content = f"*{content}*"
+
+      return content
+
+    def is_mergeable(self, other: ContentAST.Element):
+      if not isinstance(other, ContentAST.Text):
+        return False
+      if self.hide_from_latex != other.hide_from_latex:
+        return False
+      return True
+    
+    def merge(self, other: ContentAST.Text):
+      self.content = self.render_markdown() + " " + other.render_markdown()
+      self.emphasis = False
+  
+  class Code(Text):
+    """
+    Code block formatter with proper syntax highlighting and monospace formatting.
+
+    Use this for displaying source code, terminal output, file contents,
+    or any content that should appear in monospace font with preserved formatting.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Source code examples
+    - Terminal/shell output
+    - File contents or configuration
+    - Any monospace-formatted text
+
+    Features:
+    - Automatic code block formatting in markdown
+    - Proper HTML code styling
+    - LaTeX verbatim environments
+    - Preserved whitespace and line breaks
+
+    Example:
+        # Code snippet
+        code_block = ContentAST.Code(
+            "if (x > 0) {\n    print('positive');\n}"
+        )
+        body.add_element(code_block)
+
+        # Terminal output
+        terminal = ContentAST.Code("$ ls -la\ntotal 24\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 user")
+    """
+    def __init__(self, lines, **kwargs):
+      super().__init__(lines)
+      self.make_normal = kwargs.get("make_normal", False)
+    
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      content = "```\n" + self.content + "\n```"
+      return content
+    
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      
+      return super().convert_markdown(textwrap.indent(self.content, "\t"), "html") or self.content
+    
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      content = super().convert_markdown(self.render_markdown(), "latex") or self.content
+      if self.make_normal:
+        content = (
+          r"{\normal "
+          + content +
+          r"}"
+        )
+      return content
+
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """Render code block in Typst with smaller monospace font."""
+      # Use raw block with 11pt font size
+      # Escape backticks in the content
+      escaped_content = self.content.replace("`", r"\`")
+      return f"#box[#text(size: 8pt)[```\n{escaped_content}\n```]]"
+
+  class Equation(Element):
+    """
+    Mathematical equation renderer with LaTeX input and cross-format output.
+
+    CRITICAL: Use this for ALL mathematical content instead of manual LaTeX strings.
+    Provides consistent math rendering across PDF (LaTeX) and Canvas (MathJax).
+
+    When to use:
+    - Any mathematical expressions, equations, or formulas
+    - Variables, functions, mathematical notation
+    - Both inline math (within text) and display math (separate lines)
+
+    DON'T manually write LaTeX in ContentAST.Text - always use ContentAST.Equation.
+
+    Example:
+        # Display equation (separate line, larger)
+        body.add_element(ContentAST.Equation("x^2 + y^2 = r^2"))
+
+        # Inline equation (within text)
+        paragraph = ContentAST.Paragraph([
+            "The solution is ",
+            ContentAST.Equation("x = \\frac{-b}{2a}", inline=True),
+            " which can be computed easily."
+        ])
+
+        # Complex equations
+        body.add_element(ContentAST.Equation(r"\\int_0^\\infty e^{-x^2} dx = \\frac{\\sqrt{\\pi}}{2}"))
+    """
+    def __init__(self, latex, inline=False):
+      super().__init__()
+      self.latex = latex
+      self.inline = inline
+    
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      if self.inline:
+        return f"${self.latex}$"
+      else:
+        return r"$$ \displaystyle " + f"{self.latex}" + r" \; $$"
+
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      if self.inline:
+        return fr"\({self.latex}\)"
+      else:
+        return f"<div class='math'>$$ \\displaystyle {self.latex} \\; $$</div>"
+
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      if self.inline:
+        return f"${self.latex}$~"
+      else:
+        return f"\\begin{{flushleft}}${self.latex}$\\end{{flushleft}}"
+
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """
+      Render equation in Typst format.
+
+      Typst uses LaTeX-like math syntax with $ delimiters, but with different
+      symbol names. This method converts LaTeX math to Typst-compatible syntax.
+      Inline: $equation$
+      Display: $ equation $
+      """
+      # Convert LaTeX to Typst-compatible math
+      typst_math = self._latex_to_typst(self.latex)
+
+      if self.inline:
+        # Inline math in Typst
+        return f"${typst_math}$"
+      else:
+        # Display math in Typst
+        return f"$ {typst_math} $"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _latex_to_typst(latex_str: str) -> str:
+      r"""
+      Convert LaTeX math syntax to Typst math syntax.
+
+      Typst uses different conventions:
+      - Greek letters: 'alpha' not '\alpha'
+      - No \left/\right: auto-sizing parentheses
+      - Operators: 'nabla' not '\nabla', 'times' not '\times'
+      """
+
+      # Remove \left and \right (Typst uses auto-sizing)
+      latex_str = latex_str.replace(r'\left', '').replace(r'\right', '')
+      
+      # Hat Notation
+      latex_str = re.sub(r'\\hat{([^}]+)}', r'hat("\1")', latex_str)  # \hat{...} -> hat(...)
+
+      # Convert subscripts and superscripts from LaTeX to Typst
+      # LaTeX uses braces: b_{out}, x_{10}, x^{2}
+      # Typst uses parentheses for multi-char: b_(out), x_(10), x^(2)
+      latex_str = re.sub(r'_{([^}]+)}', r'_("\1")', latex_str)  # _{...} -> _(...)
+      latex_str = re.sub(r'\^{([^}]+)}', r'^("\1")', latex_str)  # ^{...} -> ^(...)
+
+      # Convert LaTeX Greek letters to Typst syntax (remove backslash)
+      greek_letters = [
+        'alpha', 'beta', 'gamma', 'delta', 'epsilon', 'zeta', 'eta', 'theta',
+        'iota', 'kappa', 'lambda', 'mu', 'nu', 'xi', 'pi', 'rho', 'sigma',
+        'tau', 'phi', 'chi', 'psi', 'omega',
+        'Gamma', 'Delta', 'Theta', 'Lambda', 'Xi', 'Pi', 'Sigma', 'Phi', 'Psi', 'Omega'
+      ]
+
+      for letter in greek_letters:
+        # Use word boundaries to avoid replacing parts of other commands
+        latex_str = re.sub(rf'\\{letter}\b', letter, latex_str)
+
+      # Convert LaTeX operators to Typst syntax
+      latex_str = latex_str.replace(r'\nabla', 'nabla')
+      latex_str = latex_str.replace(r'\times', 'times')
+      latex_str = latex_str.replace(r'\cdot', 'dot')
+      latex_str = latex_str.replace(r'\partial', 'diff')
+
+      # Handle matrix environments
+      if r'\begin{matrix}' in latex_str:
+        matrix_pattern = r'\[\\begin\{matrix\}(.*?)\\end\{matrix\}\]'
+
+        def replace_matrix(match):
+          content = match.group(1)
+          elements = content.split(r'\\')
+          elements = [e.strip() for e in elements if e.strip()]
+          return f"vec({', '.join(elements)})"
+
+        latex_str = re.sub(matrix_pattern, replace_matrix, latex_str)
+
+      return latex_str
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make_block_equation__multiline_equals(cls, lhs : str, rhs : List[str]):
+      equation_lines = []
+      equation_lines.extend([
+        r"\begin{array}{l}",
+        f"{lhs} = {rhs[0]} \\\\",
+      ])
+      equation_lines.extend([
+        f"\\phantom{{{lhs}}} = {eq} \\\\"
+        for eq in rhs[1:]
+      ])
+      equation_lines.extend([
+        r"\end{array}",
+      ])
+      
+      return cls('\n'.join(equation_lines))
+
+  class Matrix(Element):
+    """
+    Mathematical matrix renderer for consistent cross-format display.
+
+    CRITICAL: Use this for ALL matrix and vector notation instead of manual LaTeX.
+
+    DON'T do this:
+        # Manual LaTeX (error-prone, inconsistent)
+        latex_str = f"\\\\begin{{bmatrix}} {a} & {b} \\\\\\\\ {c} & {d} \\\\end{{bmatrix}}"
+
+    DO this instead:
+        # ContentAST.Matrix (consistent, cross-format)
+        matrix_data = [[a, b], [c, d]]
+        ContentAST.Matrix(data=matrix_data, bracket_type="b")
+
+    For vectors (single column matrices):
+        vector_data = [[v1], [v2], [v3]]  # Note: list of single-element lists
+        ContentAST.Matrix(data=vector_data, bracket_type="b")
+
+    For LaTeX strings in equations:
+        matrix_latex = ContentAST.Matrix.to_latex(matrix_data, "b")
+        ContentAST.Equation(f"A = {matrix_latex}")
+
+    Bracket types:
+        - "b": square brackets [matrix] - most common for vectors/matrices
+        - "p": parentheses (matrix) - sometimes used for matrices
+        - "v": vertical bars |matrix| - for determinants
+        - "B": curly braces {matrix}
+        - "V": double vertical bars ||matrix|| - for norms
+    """
+    def __init__(self, data, bracket_type="p", inline=False):
+      """
+      Creates a matrix element that renders consistently across output formats.
+
+      Args:
+          data: Matrix data as List[List[numbers/strings]]
+                For vectors: [[v1], [v2], [v3]] (column vector)
+                For matrices: [[a, b], [c, d]]
+          bracket_type: Bracket style - "b" for [], "p" for (), "v" for |, etc.
+          inline: Whether to use inline (smaller) matrix formatting
+      """
+      super().__init__()
+      self.data = data
+      self.bracket_type = bracket_type
+      self.inline = inline
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def to_latex(data, bracket_type="p"):
+      """
+      Convert matrix data to LaTeX string for use in equations.
+
+      Use this when you need a LaTeX string to embed in ContentAST.Equation:
+          matrix_latex = ContentAST.Matrix.to_latex([[1, 2], [3, 4]], "b")
+          ContentAST.Equation(f"A = {matrix_latex}")
+
+      Args:
+          data: Matrix data as List[List[numbers/strings]]
+          bracket_type: Bracket style ("b", "p", "v", etc.)
+
+      Returns:
+          str: LaTeX matrix string (e.g., "\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\\\ 3 & 4 \\end{bmatrix}")
+      """
+      rows = []
+      for row in data:
+        rows.append(" & ".join(str(cell) for cell in row))
+      matrix_content = r" \\ ".join(rows)
+      return f"\\begin{{{bracket_type}matrix}} {matrix_content} \\end{{{bracket_type}matrix}}"
+
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      matrix_env = "smallmatrix" if self.inline else f"{self.bracket_type}matrix"
+      rows = []
+      for row in self.data:
+        rows.append(" & ".join(str(cell) for cell in row))
+      matrix_content = r" \\ ".join(rows)
+
+      if self.inline and self.bracket_type == "p":
+        return f"$\\big(\\begin{{{matrix_env}}} {matrix_content} \\end{{{matrix_env}}}\\big)$"
+      else:
+        return f"$$\\begin{{{matrix_env}}} {matrix_content} \\end{{{matrix_env}}}$$"
+
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      matrix_env = "smallmatrix" if self.inline else f"{self.bracket_type}matrix"
+      rows = []
+      for row in self.data:
+        rows.append(" & ".join(str(cell) for cell in row))
+      matrix_content = r" \\ ".join(rows)
+
+      if self.inline:
+        return f"<span class='math'>$\\big(\\begin{{{matrix_env}}} {matrix_content} \\end{{{matrix_env}}}\\big)$</span>"
+      else:
+        return f"<div class='math'>$$\\begin{{{matrix_env}}} {matrix_content} \\end{{{matrix_env}}}$$</div>"
+
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      matrix_env = "smallmatrix" if self.inline else f"{self.bracket_type}matrix"
+      rows = []
+      for row in self.data:
+        rows.append(" & ".join(str(cell) for cell in row))
+      matrix_content = r" \\ ".join(rows)
+
+      if self.inline and self.bracket_type == "p":
+        return f"$\\big(\\begin{{{matrix_env}}} {matrix_content} \\end{{{matrix_env}}}\\big)$"
+      else:
+        return f"\\[\\begin{{{matrix_env}}} {matrix_content} \\end{{{matrix_env}}}\\]"
+
+  class Picture(Element):
+    """
+    Image/diagram container with proper sizing and captioning.
+
+    Handles image content with automatic upload management for Canvas
+    and proper LaTeX figure environments for PDF output.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Diagrams, charts, or visual content
+    - Memory layout diagrams
+    - Process flowcharts
+    - Any visual aid for questions
+
+    Features:
+    - Automatic Canvas image upload handling
+    - Proper LaTeX figure environments
+    - Responsive sizing with width control
+    - Optional captions
+
+    Example:
+        # Image with caption
+        with open('diagram.png', 'rb') as f:
+            img_data = BytesIO(f.read())
+
+        picture = ContentAST.Picture(
+            img_data=img_data,
+            caption="Memory layout diagram",
+            width="80%"
+        )
+        body.add_element(picture)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, img_data, caption=None, width=None):
+      super().__init__()
+      self.img_data = img_data
+      self.caption = caption
+      self.width = width
+      self.path = None  # Will be set when image is saved
+
+    def _ensure_image_saved(self):
+      """Save image data to file if not already saved."""
+      if self.path is None:
+        import os
+        import uuid
+
+        # Create imgs directory if it doesn't exist (use absolute path)
+        img_dir = os.path.abspath("imgs")
+        if not os.path.exists(img_dir):
+          os.makedirs(img_dir)
+
+        # Generate unique filename
+        filename = f"image-{uuid.uuid4()}.png"
+        self.path = os.path.join(img_dir, filename)
+
+        # Save BytesIO data to file
+        with open(self.path, 'wb') as f:
+          self.img_data.seek(0)  # Reset buffer position
+          f.write(self.img_data.read())
+
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      self._ensure_image_saved()
+      if self.caption:
+        return f"![{self.caption}]({self.path})"
+      return f"![]({self.path})"
+
+    def render_html(
+        self,
+        upload_func: Callable[[BytesIO], str] = lambda _: "",
+        **kwargs
+    ) -> str:
+      attrs = []
+      if self.width:
+        attrs.append(f'width="{self.width}"')
+      
+      img = f'<img src="{upload_func(self.img_data)}" {" ".join(attrs)} alt="{self.caption or ""}">'
+      
+      if self.caption:
+        return f'<figure>\n  {img}\n  <figcaption>{self.caption}</figcaption>\n</figure>'
+      return img
+    
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      self._ensure_image_saved()
+
+      options = []
+      if self.width:
+        options.append(f"width={self.width}")
+
+      result = ["\\begin{figure}[h]"]
+      result.append(f"\\centering")
+      result.append(f"\\includegraphics[{','.join(options)}]{{{self.path}}}")
+
+      if self.caption:
+        result.append(f"\\caption{{{self.caption}}}")
+
+      result.append("\\end{figure}")
+      return "\n".join(result)
+  
+  class Table(Element):
+    """
+    Structured data table with cross-format rendering and proper formatting.
+
+    Creates properly formatted tables that work in PDF, Canvas, and Markdown.
+    Automatically handles headers, alignment, and responsive formatting.
+    All data is converted to ContentAST elements for consistent rendering.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Structured data presentation (comparison tables, data sets)
+    - Answer choices in tabular format
+    - Organized information display
+    - Memory layout diagrams, process tables, etc.
+
+    Features:
+    - Automatic alignment control (left, right, center)
+    - Optional headers with proper formatting
+    - Canvas-compatible HTML output
+    - LaTeX booktabs for professional PDF tables
+
+    Example:
+        # Basic data table
+        data = [
+            ["Process A", "4MB", "Running"],
+            ["Process B", "2MB", "Waiting"]
+        ]
+        headers = ["Process", "Memory", "Status"]
+        table = ContentAST.Table(data=data, headers=headers, alignments=["left", "right", "center"])
+        body.add_element(table)
+
+        # Mixed content table
+        data = [
+            [ContentAST.Text("x"), ContentAST.Equation("x^2", inline=True)],
+            [ContentAST.Text("y"), ContentAST.Equation("y^2", inline=True)]
+        ]
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self, data, headers=None, alignments=None, padding=False, transpose=False, hide_rules=False):
+      # todo: fix alignments
+      # todo: implement transpose
+      super().__init__()
+      
+      # Normalize data to ContentAST elements
+      self.data = []
+      for row in data:
+        normalized_row = []
+        for cell in row:
+          if isinstance(cell, ContentAST.Element):
+            normalized_row.append(cell)
+          else:
+            normalized_row.append(ContentAST.Text(str(cell)))
+        self.data.append(normalized_row)
+      
+      # Normalize headers to ContentAST elements
+      if headers:
+        self.headers = []
+        for header in headers:
+          if isinstance(header, ContentAST.Element):
+            self.headers.append(header)
+          else:
+            self.headers.append(ContentAST.Text(str(header)))
+      else:
+        self.headers = None
+      
+      self.alignments = alignments
+      self.padding = padding,
+      self.hide_rules = hide_rules
+    
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      # Basic markdown table implementation
+      result = []
+      
+      if self.headers:
+        result.append("| " + " | ".join(str(h) for h in self.headers) + " |")
+        
+        if self.alignments:
+          align_row = []
+          for align in self.alignments:
+            if align == "left":
+              align_row.append(":---")
+            elif align == "right":
+              align_row.append("---:")
+            else:  # center
+              align_row.append(":---:")
+          result.append("| " + " | ".join(align_row) + " |")
+        else:
+          result.append("| " + " | ".join(["---"] * len(self.headers)) + " |")
+      
+      for row in self.data:
+        result.append("| " + " | ".join(str(cell) for cell in row) + " |")
+      
+      return "\n".join(result)
+    
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      # HTML table implementation
+      result = ["<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">"]
+      
+      result.append("  <tbody>")
+      
+      # Render headers as bold first row instead of <th> tags for Canvas compatibility
+      if self.headers:
+        result.append("    <tr>")
+        for i, header in enumerate(self.headers):
+          align_attr = ""
+          if self.alignments and i < len(self.alignments):
+            align_attr = f' align="{self.alignments[i]}"'
+          # Render header as bold content in regular <td> tag
+          rendered_header = header.render(output_format="html", **kwargs)
+          result.append(
+            f"      <td style=\"padding: {'5px' if self.padding else '0x'}; font-weight: bold; {align_attr};\"><b>{rendered_header}</b></td>"
+          )
+        result.append("    </tr>")
+      
+      # Render data rows
+      for row in self.data:
+        result.append("    <tr>")
+        for i, cell in enumerate(row):
+          if isinstance(cell, ContentAST.Element):
+            cell = cell.render(output_format="html", **kwargs)
+          align_attr = ""
+          if self.alignments and i < len(self.alignments):
+            align_attr = f' align="{self.alignments[i]}"'
+          result.append(f"      <td  style=\"padding: {'5px' if self.padding else '0x'} ; {align_attr};\">{cell}</td>")
+        result.append("    </tr>")
+      result.append("  </tbody>")
+      result.append("</table>")
+      
+      return "\n".join(result)
+    
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      # LaTeX table implementation
+      if self.alignments:
+        col_spec = "".join(
+          "l" if a == "left" else "r" if a == "right" else "c"
+          for a in self.alignments
+        )
+      else:
+        col_spec = '|'.join(["l"] * (len(self.headers) if self.headers else len(self.data[0])))
+      
+      result = [f"\\begin{{tabular}}{{{col_spec}}}"]
+      if not self.hide_rules: result.append("\\toprule")
+      
+      if self.headers:
+        # Now all headers are ContentAST elements, so render them consistently
+        rendered_headers = [header.render(output_format="latex", **kwargs) for header in self.headers]
+        result.append(" & ".join(rendered_headers) + " \\\\")
+        if not self.hide_rules: result.append("\\midrule")
+      
+      for row in self.data:
+        # All data cells are now ContentAST elements, so render them consistently
+        rendered_row = [cell.render(output_format="latex", **kwargs) for cell in row]
+        result.append(" & ".join(rendered_row) + " \\\\")
+      
+      if len(self.data) > 1 and not self.hide_rules:
+        result.append("\\bottomrule")
+      result.append("\\end{tabular}")
+      
+      return "\n\n" + "\n".join(result)
+    
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """
+      Render table in Typst format using native table() function.
+
+      Typst syntax:
+      #table(
+        columns: N,
+        align: (left, center, right),
+        [Header1], [Header2],
+        [Cell1], [Cell2]
+      )
+      """
+      # Determine number of columns
+      num_cols = len(self.headers) if self.headers else len(self.data[0])
+      
+      # Build alignment specification
+      if self.alignments:
+        # Map alignment strings to Typst alignment
+        align_map = {"left": "left", "right": "right", "center": "center"}
+        aligns = [align_map.get(a, "left") for a in self.alignments]
+        align_spec = f"align: ({', '.join(aligns)})"
+      else:
+        align_spec = "align: left"
+      
+      # Start table
+      result = [f"table("]
+      result.append(f"  columns: {num_cols},")
+      result.append(f"  {align_spec},")
+      
+      # Add stroke if not hiding rules
+      if not self.hide_rules:
+        result.append(f"  stroke: 0.5pt,")
+      else:
+        result.append(f"  stroke: none,")
+      
+      # Collect all rows (headers + data) and calculate column widths for alignment
+      all_rows = []
+      
+      # Render headers
+      if self.headers:
+        header_cells = []
+        for header in self.headers:
+          rendered = header.render(output_format="typst", **kwargs).strip()
+          header_cells.append(f"[*{rendered}*]")
+        all_rows.append(header_cells)
+      
+      # Render data rows
+      for row in self.data:
+        row_cells = []
+        for cell in row:
+          rendered = cell.render(output_format="typst", **kwargs).strip()
+          row_cells.append(f"[{rendered}]")
+        all_rows.append(row_cells)
+      
+      # Calculate max width for each column
+      col_widths = [0] * num_cols
+      for row in all_rows:
+        for i, cell in enumerate(row):
+          col_widths[i] = max(col_widths[i], len(cell))
+      
+      # Format rows with padding
+      for row in all_rows:
+        padded_cells = []
+        for i, cell in enumerate(row):
+          padded_cells.append(cell.ljust(col_widths[i]))
+        result.append(f"  {', '.join(padded_cells)},")
+      
+      result.append(")")
+      
+      return "\n#box(" + "\n".join(result) + "\n)"
+  
+  ## Containers
+  class Section(Element):
+    """
+    Primary container for question content - USE THIS for get_body() and get_explanation().
+
+    This is the most important ContentAST class for question developers.
+    It serves as the main container for organizing question content
+    and should be the return type for your get_body() and get_explanation() methods.
+
+    CRITICAL: Always use ContentAST.Section as the container for:
+    - Question body content (return from get_body())
+    - Question explanation/solution content (return from get_explanation())
+    - Any grouped content that needs to render together
+
+    When to use:
+    - As the root container in get_body() and get_explanation() methods
+    - Grouping related content elements
+    - Organizing complex question content
+
+    Example:
+        def get_body(self):
+            body = ContentAST.Section()
+            body.add_element(ContentAST.Paragraph(["Calculate the determinant:"]))
+
+            matrix_data = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+            body.add_element(ContentAST.Matrix(data=matrix_data, bracket_type="v"))
+
+            body.add_element(ContentAST.Answer(answer=self.answer, label="Determinant"))
+            return body
+    """
+    
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """Render section by directly calling render on each child element."""
+      return "".join(element.render("typst", **kwargs) for element in self.elements)
+  
+  class Paragraph(Element):
+    """
+    Text block container with proper spacing and paragraph formatting.
+
+    IMPORTANT: Use this for grouping text content, especially in question bodies.
+    Automatically handles spacing between paragraphs and combines multiple
+    lines/elements into a cohesive text block.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Question instructions or problem statements
+    - Multi-line text content
+    - Grouping related text elements
+    - Any text that should be visually separated as a paragraph
+
+    When NOT to use:
+    - Single words or short phrases (use ContentAST.Text)
+    - Mathematical content (use ContentAST.Equation)
+    - Structured data (use ContentAST.Table)
+
+    Example:
+        # Multi-line question text
+        body.add_element(ContentAST.Paragraph([
+            "Consider the following system:",
+            "- Process A requires 4MB memory",
+            "- Process B requires 2MB memory",
+            "How much total memory is needed?"
+        ]))
+
+        # Mixed content paragraph
+        para = ContentAST.Paragraph([
+            "The equation ",
+            ContentAST.Equation("x^2 + 1 = 0", inline=True),
+            " has no real solutions."
+        ])
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self, lines_or_elements: List[str | ContentAST.Element] = None):
+      super().__init__(add_spacing_before=True)
+      for line in lines_or_elements:
+        if isinstance(line, str):
+          self.elements.append(ContentAST.Text(line))
+        else:
+          self.elements.append(line)
+    
+    def render(self, output_format, **kwargs):
+      # Add in new lines to break these up visually
+      return "\n\n" + super().render(output_format, **kwargs)
+    
+    def add_line(self, line: str):
+      self.elements.append(ContentAST.Text(line))
+  
+  class Answer(Element):
+    """
+    Answer input field that renders as blanks in PDF and shows answers in HTML.
+
+    CRITICAL: Use this for ALL answer inputs in questions.
+    Creates appropriate input fields that work across both PDF and Canvas formats.
+    In PDF, renders as blank lines for students to fill in.
+    In HTML/Canvas, can display the answer for checking.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Any place where students need to input an answer
+    - Numerical answers, short text answers, etc.
+    - Questions requiring fill-in-the-blank responses
+
+    Example:
+        # Basic answer field
+        body.add_element(ContentAST.Answer(
+            answer=self.answer,
+            label="Result",
+            unit="MB"
+        ))
+
+        # Multiple choice or complex answers
+        body.add_element(ContentAST.Answer(
+            answer=[self.answer_a, self.answer_b],
+            label="Choose the best answer"
+        ))
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self, answer: Answer = None, label: str = "", unit: str = "", blank_length=5):
+      super().__init__()
+      self.answer = answer
+      self.label = label
+      self.unit = unit
+      self.length = blank_length
+    
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      if not isinstance(self.answer, list):
+        key_to_display = self.answer.key
+      else:
+        key_to_display = self.answer[0].key
+      return f"{self.label + (':' if len(self.label) > 0 else '')} [{key_to_display}] {self.unit}".strip()
+    
+    def render_html(self, show_answers=False, **kwargs):
+      if show_answers and self.answer:
+        # Show actual answer value using formatted display string
+        if not isinstance(self.answer, list):
+          answer_display = self.answer.get_display_string()
+        else:
+          answer_display = ", ".join(a.get_display_string() for a in self.answer)
+        
+        label_part = f"{self.label}:" if self.label else ""
+        unit_part = f" {self.unit}" if self.unit else ""
+        return f"{label_part} <strong>{answer_display}</strong>{unit_part}".strip()
+      else:
+        # Default behavior: show [key]
+        return self.render_markdown(**kwargs)
+    
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      return fr"{self.label + (':' if len(self.label) > 0 else '')} \answerblank{{{self.length}}} {self.unit}".strip()
+    
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """Render answer blank as an underlined space in Typst."""
+      # Use the fillline function defined in TYPST_HEADER
+      # Width is based on self.length (in cm)
+      blank_width = self.length * 0.75  # Convert character length to cm
+      blank = f"#fillline(width: {blank_width}cm)"
+      
+      label_part = f"{self.label}:" if self.label else ""
+      unit_part = f" {self.unit}" if self.unit else ""
+      
+      return f"{label_part} {blank}{unit_part}".strip()
+
+  class TableGroup(Element):
+    """
+    Container for displaying multiple tables side-by-side in LaTeX, stacked in HTML.
+
+    Use this when you need to show multiple related tables together, such as
+    multiple page tables in hierarchical paging questions. In LaTeX, tables
+    are displayed side-by-side using minipages. In HTML/Canvas, they're stacked
+    vertically for better mobile compatibility.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Multiple related tables that should be visually grouped
+    - Page tables in hierarchical paging
+    - Comparison of multiple data structures
+
+    Features:
+    - Automatic side-by-side layout in PDF (using minipages)
+    - Vertical stacking in HTML for better readability
+    - Automatic width calculation based on number of tables
+    - Optional labels for each table
+
+    Example:
+        # Create table group with labels
+        table_group = ContentAST.TableGroup()
+
+        table_group.add_table(
+            label="Page Table #0",
+            table=ContentAST.Table(headers=["PTI", "PTE"], data=pt0_data)
+        )
+
+        table_group.add_table(
+            label="Page Table #1",
+            table=ContentAST.Table(headers=["PTI", "PTE"], data=pt1_data)
+        )
+
+        body.add_element(table_group)
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+      super().__init__()
+      self.tables = []  # List of (label, table) tuples
+
+    def add_table(self, table: ContentAST.Table, label: str = None):
+      """
+      Add a table to the group with an optional label.
+
+      Args:
+          table: ContentAST.Table to add
+          label: Optional label to display above the table
+      """
+      self.tables.append((label, table))
+
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      # Stack tables vertically in HTML
+      result = []
+      for label, table in self.tables:
+        if label:
+          result.append(f"<p><b>{label}</b></p>")
+        result.append(table.render("html", **kwargs))
+      return "\n".join(result)
+
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      if not self.tables:
+        return ""
+
+      # Calculate width based on number of tables
+      num_tables = len(self.tables)
+      if num_tables == 1:
+        width = 0.9
+      elif num_tables == 2:
+        width = 0.45
+      else:  # 3 or more
+        width = 0.30
+
+      result = ["\n\n"]  # Add spacing before table group
+
+      for i, (label, table) in enumerate(self.tables):
+        result.append(f"\\begin{{minipage}}{{{width}\\textwidth}}")
+
+        if label:
+          # Escape # characters in labels for LaTeX
+          escaped_label = label.replace("#", r"\#")
+          result.append(f"\\textbf{{{escaped_label}}}")
+          result.append("\\vspace{0.1cm}")
+
+        # Render the table
+        table_latex = table.render("latex", **kwargs)
+        result.append(table_latex)
+
+        result.append("\\end{minipage}")
+
+        # Add horizontal spacing between tables (but not after the last one)
+        if i < num_tables - 1:
+          result.append("\\hfill")
+
+      return "\n".join(result)
+
+    def render_typst(self, **kwargs):
+      """
+      Render table group in Typst format using grid layout for side-by-side tables.
+
+      Uses Typst's grid() function to arrange tables horizontally with automatic
+      column sizing and spacing.
+      """
+      if not self.tables:
+        return ""
+
+      num_tables = len(self.tables)
+
+      # Start grid with equal-width columns and some spacing
+      result = ["\n#grid("]
+      result.append(f"  columns: {num_tables},")
+      result.append(f"  column-gutter: 1em,")
+      result.append(f"  row-gutter: 0.5em,")
+
+      # Add each table as a grid cell
+      for label, table in self.tables:
+        result.append("  [")  # Start grid cell
+
+        if label:
+          # Escape # characters in labels (already done by Text.render_typst)
+          result.append(f"    *{label}*")
+          result.append("    #v(0.1cm)")
+          result.append("")  # Empty line for spacing
+
+        # Render the table (indent for readability)
+        table_typst = table.render("typst", **kwargs)
+        # Indent each line of the table
+        indented_table = "\n".join(f"    {line}" if line else "" for line in table_typst.split("\n"))
+        result.append(indented_table)
+
+        result.append("  ],")  # End grid cell
+
+      result.append(")")
+      result.append("")  # Empty line after grid
+
+      return "\n".join(result)
+
+  class AnswerBlock(Table):
+    """
+    Specialized table for organizing multiple answer fields with proper spacing.
+
+    Creates a clean layout for multiple answer inputs with extra vertical
+    spacing in PDF output. Inherits from Table but optimized for answers.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Questions with multiple answer fields
+    - Organized answer input sections
+    - Better visual grouping of related answers
+
+    Example:
+        # Multiple related answers
+        answers = [
+            ContentAST.Answer(answer=self.memory_answer, label="Memory used", unit="MB"),
+            ContentAST.Answer(answer=self.time_answer, label="Execution time", unit="ms")
+        ]
+        answer_block = ContentAST.AnswerBlock(answers)
+        body.add_element(answer_block)
+
+        # Single answer with better spacing
+        single_answer = ContentAST.AnswerBlock(
+            ContentAST.Answer(answer=self.result, label="Final result")
+        )
+    """
+    def __init__(self, answers: ContentAST.Answer|List[ContentAST.Answer]):
+      if not isinstance(answers, list):
+        answers = [answers]
+
+      super().__init__(
+        data=[
+          [answer]
+          for answer in answers
+        ]
+      )
+      self.hide_rules = True
+
+    def add_element(self, element):
+      self.data.append(element)
+
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      rendered_content = super().render_latex(**kwargs)
+      content = (
+        r"{"
+        r"\setlength{\extrarowheight}{20pt}"
+        + rendered_content +
+        r"}"
+      )
+      return content
+
+  ## Specialized Elements
+  class RepeatedProblemPart(Element):
+    """
+    Multi-part problem renderer for questions with labeled subparts (a), (b), (c), etc.
+
+    Creates the specialized alignat* LaTeX format for multipart math problems
+    where each subpart is labeled and aligned properly. Used primarily for
+    vector math questions that need multiple similar calculations.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Questions with multiple subparts that need (a), (b), (c) labeling
+    - Vector math problems with repeated calculations
+    - Any math problem where subparts should be aligned
+
+    Features:
+    - Automatic subpart labeling with (a), (b), (c), etc.
+    - Proper LaTeX alignat* formatting for PDF
+    - HTML fallback with organized layout
+    - Flexible content support (equations, matrices, etc.)
+
+    Example:
+        # Create subparts for vector dot products
+        subparts = [
+            (ContentAST.Matrix([[1], [2]]), "\\cdot", ContentAST.Matrix([[3], [4]])),
+            (ContentAST.Matrix([[5], [6]]), "\\cdot", ContentAST.Matrix([[7], [8]]))
+        ]
+        repeated_part = ContentAST.RepeatedProblemPart(subparts)
+        body.add_element(repeated_part)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, subpart_contents):
+      """
+      Create a repeated problem part with multiple subquestions.
+
+      Args:
+          subpart_contents: List of content for each subpart.
+                           Each item can be:
+                           - A string (rendered as equation)
+                           - A ContentAST.Element
+                           - A tuple/list of elements to be joined
+      """
+      super().__init__()
+      self.subpart_contents = subpart_contents
+
+    def render_markdown(self, **kwargs):
+      result = []
+      for i, content in enumerate(self.subpart_contents):
+        letter = chr(ord('a') + i)  # Convert to (a), (b), (c), etc.
+        if isinstance(content, str):
+          result.append(f"({letter}) {content}")
+        elif isinstance(content, (list, tuple)):
+          content_str = " ".join(str(item) for item in content)
+          result.append(f"({letter}) {content_str}")
+        else:
+          result.append(f"({letter}) {str(content)}")
+      return "\n\n".join(result)
+
+    def render_html(self, **kwargs):
+      result = []
+      for i, content in enumerate(self.subpart_contents):
+        letter = chr(ord('a') + i)
+        if isinstance(content, str):
+          result.append(f"<p>({letter}) {content}</p>")
+        elif isinstance(content, (list, tuple)):
+          rendered_items = []
+          for item in content:
+            if hasattr(item, 'render'):
+              rendered_items.append(item.render('html', **kwargs))
+            else:
+              rendered_items.append(str(item))
+          content_str = " ".join(rendered_items)
+          result.append(f"<p>({letter}) {content_str}</p>")
+        else:
+          if hasattr(content, 'render'):
+            content_str = content.render('html', **kwargs)
+          else:
+            content_str = str(content)
+          result.append(f"<p>({letter}) {content_str}</p>")
+      return "\n".join(result)
+
+    def render_latex(self, **kwargs):
+      if not self.subpart_contents:
+        return ""
+
+      # Start alignat environment - use 2 columns for alignment
+      result = [r"\begin{alignat*}{2}"]
+
+      for i, content in enumerate(self.subpart_contents):
+        letter = chr(ord('a') + i)
+        spacing = r"\\[6pt]" if i < len(self.subpart_contents) - 1 else r" \\"
+
+        if isinstance(content, str):
+          # Treat as raw LaTeX equation content
+          result.append(f"({letter})\\;& {content} &=&\\; {spacing}")
+        elif isinstance(content, (list, tuple)):
+          # Join multiple elements (e.g., matrix, operator, matrix)
+          rendered_items = []
+          for item in content:
+            if hasattr(item, 'render'):
+              rendered_items.append(item.render('latex', **kwargs))
+            elif isinstance(item, str):
+              rendered_items.append(item)
+            else:
+              rendered_items.append(str(item))
+          content_str = " ".join(rendered_items)
+          result.append(f"({letter})\\;& {content_str} &=&\\; {spacing}")
+        else:
+          # Single element (ContentAST element or string)
+          if hasattr(content, 'render'):
+            content_str = content.render('latex', **kwargs)
+          else:
+            content_str = str(content)
+          result.append(f"({letter})\\;& {content_str} &=&\\; {spacing}")
+
+      result.append(r"\end{alignat*}")
+      return "\n".join(result)
+
+  class OnlyLatex(Element):
+    """
+    Container element that only renders content in LaTeX/PDF output format.
+
+    Use this when you need LaTeX-specific content that should not appear
+    in HTML/Canvas or Markdown outputs. Content is completely hidden
+    from non-LaTeX formats.
+
+    When to use:
+    - LaTeX-specific formatting that has no HTML equivalent
+    - PDF-only instructions or content
+    - Complex LaTeX commands that break HTML rendering
+
+    Example:
+        # LaTeX-only spacing or formatting
+        latex_only = ContentAST.OnlyLatex()
+        latex_only.add_element(ContentAST.Text("\\newpage"))
+
+        # Add to main content - only appears in PDF
+        body.add_element(latex_only)
+    """
+    
+    def render(self, output_format, **kwargs):
+      if output_format != "latex":
+        return ""
+      return super().render(output_format, **kwargs)
+  
+  class OnlyHtml(Element):
+    """
+    Container element that only renders content in HTML/Canvas output format.
+
+    Use this when you need HTML-specific content that should not appear
+    in LaTeX/PDF or Markdown outputs. Content is completely hidden
+    from non-HTML formats.
+
+    When to use:
+    - Canvas-specific instructions or formatting
+    - HTML-only interactive elements
+    - Content that doesn't translate well to PDF
+
+    Example:
+        # HTML-only instructions
+        html_only = ContentAST.OnlyHtml()
+        html_only.add_element(ContentAST.Text("Click submit when done"))
+
+        # Add to main content - only appears in Canvas
+        body.add_element(html_only)
+    """
+    
+    def render(self, output_format, **kwargs):
+      if output_format != "html":
+        return ""
+      return super().render(output_format, **kwargs)
+