BESS-JPL 1.26.0__py3-none-any.whl

BESS_JPL/model.py

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+from typing import Union
+from datetime import datetime
+import logging
+import numpy as np
+from pytictoc import TicToc
+
+from rasters import Raster, RasterGeometry
+
+from check_distribution import check_distribution
+
+from solar_apparent_time import calculate_solar_day_of_year, calculate_solar_hour_of_day
+from gedi_canopy_height import GEDI_DOWNLOAD_DIRECTORY
+from FLiESANN import FLiESANN
+from GEOS5FP import GEOS5FP
+from MODISCI import MODISCI
+from NASADEM import NASADEMConnection
+
+from daylight_evapotranspiration import daylight_ET_from_instantaneous_LE
+
+from .constants import *
+from .colors import *
+from .C3_photosynthesis import *
+from .C4_photosynthesis import *
+from .canopy_energy_balance import *
+from .canopy_longwave_radiation import *
+from .canopy_shortwave_radiation import *
+from .carbon_water_fluxes import *
+from .FVC_from_NDVI import *
+from .interpolate_C3_C4 import *
+from .LAI_from_NDVI import *
+from .load_C4_fraction import *
+from .load_carbon_uptake_efficiency import *
+from .load_kn import *
+from .load_NDVI_minimum import *
+from .load_NDVI_maximum import *
+from .load_peakVCmax_C3 import *
+from .load_peakVCmax_C4 import *
+from .load_ball_berry_intercept_C3 import *
+from .load_ball_berry_slope_C3 import *
+from .load_ball_berry_slope_C4 import *
+from .calculate_VCmax import *
+from .meteorology import *
+from .soil_energy_balance import *
+from .retrieve_BESS_inputs import retrieve_BESS_inputs
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+def BESS_JPL(
+        ST_C: Union[Raster, np.ndarray],  # surface temperature in Celsius
+        NDVI: Union[Raster, np.ndarray],  # NDVI
+        albedo: Union[Raster, np.ndarray],  # surface albedo
+        geometry: RasterGeometry = None,
+        time_UTC: datetime = None,
+        hour_of_day: np.ndarray = None,
+        day_of_year: np.ndarray = None,
+        GEOS5FP_connection: GEOS5FP = None,
+        elevation_m: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # elevation in meters
+        Ta_C: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # air temperature in Celsius
+        RH: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # relative humidity as a proportion
+        NDVI_minimum: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # minimum NDVI
+        NDVI_maximum: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # maximum NDVI
+        SWin_Wm2: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # incoming shortwave radiation in W/m^2
+        PAR_diffuse_Wm2: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # diffuse visible radiation in W/m^2
+        PAR_direct_Wm2: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # direct visible radiation in W/m^2
+        NIR_diffuse_Wm2: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # diffuse near-infrared radiation in W/m^2
+        NIR_direct_Wm2: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # direct near-infrared radiation in W/m^2
+        UV_Wm2: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # incoming ultraviolet radiation in W/m^2
+        PAR_albedo: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None, # surface albedo in visible wavelengths (initialized to surface albedo if left as None)
+        NIR_albedo: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None, # surface albedo in near-infrared wavelengths (initialized to surface albedo if left as None)
+        COT: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # cloud optical thickness
+        AOT: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # aerosol optical thickness
+        vapor_gccm: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # water vapor in g/ccm
+        ozone_cm: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # ozone in cm
+        KG_climate: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # KG climate
+        canopy_height_meters: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # canopy height in meters
+        Ca: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # atmospheric CO2 concentration in ppm
+        wind_speed_mps: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # wind speed in meters per second
+        SZA_deg: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # solar zenith angle in degrees
+        canopy_temperature_C: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None, # canopy temperature in Celsius (initialized to surface temperature if left as None)
+        soil_temperature_C: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None, # soil temperature in Celsius (initialized to surface temperature if left as None)
+        C4_fraction: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # fraction of C4 plants
+        carbon_uptake_efficiency: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,  # intrinsic quantum efficiency for carbon uptake
+        kn: np.ndarray = None,
+        ball_berry_intercept_C3: np.ndarray = None,  # Ball-Berry intercept for C3 plants
+        ball_berry_intercept_C4: Union[np.ndarray, float] = BALL_BERRY_INTERCEPT_C4, # Ball-Berry intercept for C4 plants
+        ball_berry_slope_C3: np.ndarray = None,  # Ball-Berry slope for C3 plants
+        ball_berry_slope_C4: np.ndarray = None,  # Ball-Berry slope for C4 plants
+        peakVCmax_C3_μmolm2s1: np.ndarray = None,  # peak maximum carboxylation rate for C3 plants
+        peakVCmax_C4_μmolm2s1: np.ndarray = None,  # peak maximum carboxylation rate for C4 plants
+        CI: Union[Raster, np.ndarray] = None,
+        C4_fraction_scale_factor: float = C4_FRACTION_SCALE_FACTOR,
+        MODISCI_connection: MODISCI = None,
+        NASADEM_connection: NASADEMConnection = None,
+        upscale_to_daylight: bool = UPSCALE_TO_DAYLIGHT,
+        resampling: str = RESAMPLING,
+        GEDI_download_directory: str = GEDI_DOWNLOAD_DIRECTORY,
+        offline_mode: bool = False) -> dict:
+    """
+    Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS) model for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP)
+    and evapotranspiration (ET) using coupled atmospheric and canopy radiative transfer processes.
+    ...
+    """
+    # Initialize results dictionary to collect all inputs and outputs
+    results = {}
+    
+    if geometry is None and isinstance(ST_C, Raster):
+        geometry = ST_C.geometry
+
+    if GEOS5FP_connection is None:
+            GEOS5FP_connection = GEOS5FP()
+
+    if (day_of_year is None or hour_of_day is None) and time_UTC is not None and geometry is not None:
+        day_of_year = calculate_solar_day_of_year(time_UTC=time_UTC, geometry=geometry)
+        hour_of_day = calculate_solar_hour_of_day(time_UTC=time_UTC, geometry=geometry)
+
+    if time_UTC is None and day_of_year is None and hour_of_day is None:
+        raise ValueError("no time given between time_UTC, day_of_year, and hour_of_day")
+    
+    # Add primary inputs to results
+    results["ST_C"] = ST_C
+    results["NDVI"] = NDVI
+    results["albedo"] = albedo
+    results["geometry"] = geometry
+    results["time_UTC"] = time_UTC
+    results["day_of_year"] = day_of_year
+    results["hour_of_day"] = hour_of_day
+
+    BESS_inputs_dict = retrieve_BESS_inputs(
+        ST_C=ST_C,
+        NDVI=NDVI,
+        albedo=albedo,
+        geometry=geometry,
+        time_UTC=time_UTC,
+        hour_of_day=hour_of_day,
+        day_of_year=day_of_year,
+        GEOS5FP_connection=GEOS5FP_connection,
+        elevation_m=elevation_m,
+        Ta_C=Ta_C,
+        RH=RH,
+        NDVI_minimum=NDVI_minimum,
+        NDVI_maximum=NDVI_maximum,
+        PAR_albedo=PAR_albedo,
+        NIR_albedo=NIR_albedo,
+        COT=COT,
+        AOT=AOT,
+        vapor_gccm=vapor_gccm,
+        ozone_cm=ozone_cm,
+        KG_climate=KG_climate,
+        canopy_height_meters=canopy_height_meters,
+        Ca=Ca,
+        wind_speed_mps=wind_speed_mps,
+        SZA_deg=SZA_deg,
+        canopy_temperature_C=canopy_temperature_C,
+        soil_temperature_C=soil_temperature_C,
+        C4_fraction=C4_fraction,
+        carbon_uptake_efficiency=carbon_uptake_efficiency,
+        kn=kn,
+        ball_berry_intercept_C3=ball_berry_intercept_C3,
+        ball_berry_intercept_C4=ball_berry_intercept_C4,
+        ball_berry_slope_C3=ball_berry_slope_C3,
+        ball_berry_slope_C4=ball_berry_slope_C4,
+        peakVCmax_C3_μmolm2s1=peakVCmax_C3_μmolm2s1,
+        peakVCmax_C4_μmolm2s1=peakVCmax_C4_μmolm2s1,
+        CI=CI,
+        C4_fraction_scale_factor=C4_fraction_scale_factor,
+        MODISCI_connection=MODISCI_connection,
+        NASADEM_connection=NASADEM_connection,
+        resampling=resampling,
+        GEDI_download_directory=GEDI_download_directory,
+        offline_mode=offline_mode
+    )
+
+    # Extract all variables from the resulting dictionary
+    CI = BESS_inputs_dict["CI"]
+    elevation_m = BESS_inputs_dict["elevation_m"]
+    NDVI_minimum = BESS_inputs_dict["NDVI_minimum"]
+    NDVI_maximum = BESS_inputs_dict["NDVI_maximum"]
+    C4_fraction = BESS_inputs_dict["C4_fraction"]
+    carbon_uptake_efficiency = BESS_inputs_dict["carbon_uptake_efficiency"]
+    kn = BESS_inputs_dict["kn"]
+    peakVCmax_C3_μmolm2s1 = BESS_inputs_dict["peakVCmax_C3_μmolm2s1"]
+    peakVCmax_C4_μmolm2s1 = BESS_inputs_dict["peakVCmax_C4_μmolm2s1"]
+    ball_berry_slope_C3 = BESS_inputs_dict["ball_berry_slope_C3"]
+    ball_berry_slope_C4 = BESS_inputs_dict["ball_berry_slope_C4"]
+    ball_berry_intercept_C3 = BESS_inputs_dict["ball_berry_intercept_C3"]
+    KG_climate = BESS_inputs_dict["KG_climate"]
+    canopy_height_meters = BESS_inputs_dict["canopy_height_meters"]
+    canopy_temperature_C = BESS_inputs_dict["canopy_temperature_C"]
+    soil_temperature_C = BESS_inputs_dict["soil_temperature_C"]
+    SZA_deg = BESS_inputs_dict["SZA_deg"]
+
+    # Variables from GEOS5FP_inputs (merged via results.update())
+    Ta_C = BESS_inputs_dict["Ta_C"]
+    RH = BESS_inputs_dict["RH"]
+    COT = BESS_inputs_dict["COT"]
+    AOT = BESS_inputs_dict["AOT"]
+    vapor_gccm = BESS_inputs_dict["vapor_gccm"]
+    ozone_cm = BESS_inputs_dict["ozone_cm"]
+    PAR_albedo = BESS_inputs_dict["PAR_albedo"]
+    NIR_albedo = BESS_inputs_dict["NIR_albedo"]
+    Ca = BESS_inputs_dict["Ca"]
+    wind_speed_mps = BESS_inputs_dict["wind_speed_mps"]
+    
+    # Add all BESS inputs to results
+    results.update(BESS_inputs_dict)
+    
+    # Create a dictionary of variables to check
+    variables_to_check = {
+        "SWin_Wm2": SWin_Wm2,
+        "PAR_diffuse_Wm2": PAR_diffuse_Wm2,
+        "PAR_direct_Wm2": PAR_direct_Wm2,
+        "NIR_diffuse_Wm2": NIR_diffuse_Wm2,
+        "NIR_direct_Wm2": NIR_direct_Wm2,
+        "UV_Wm2": UV_Wm2,
+        "PAR_albedo": PAR_albedo,
+        "NIR_albedo": NIR_albedo
+    }
+
+    # Check for None values and size mismatches
+    reference_size = None
+
+    for name, var in variables_to_check.items():
+        if var is None:
+            logger.warning(f"Variable '{name}' is None.")
+        else:
+            # Get the size of the variable if it's a numpy array
+            size = var.shape if isinstance(var, np.ndarray) else None
+            if reference_size is None:
+                reference_size = size  # Set the first non-None size as the reference
+            elif size != reference_size:
+                logger.warning(f"Variable '{name}' has a different size: {size} (expected: {reference_size}).")
+
+    # check if any of the FLiES outputs are not given
+    FLiES_variables = [SWin_Wm2, PAR_diffuse_Wm2, PAR_direct_Wm2, NIR_diffuse_Wm2, NIR_direct_Wm2, UV_Wm2, PAR_albedo, NIR_albedo]
+    FLiES_variables_missing = False
+    
+    for variable in FLiES_variables:
+        if variable is None:
+            FLiES_variables_missing = True
+
+    if FLiES_variables_missing:
+        # run FLiES radiative transfer model
+        FLiES_results = FLiESANN(
+            time_UTC=time_UTC,
+            day_of_year=day_of_year,
+            hour_of_day=hour_of_day,
+            geometry=geometry,
+            albedo=albedo,
+            COT=COT,
+            AOT=AOT,
+            vapor_gccm=vapor_gccm,
+            ozone_cm=ozone_cm,
+            elevation_m=elevation_m,
+            SZA_deg=SZA_deg,
+            KG_climate=KG_climate,
+            GEOS5FP_connection=GEOS5FP_connection
+        )
+
+        # extract FLiES outputs
+        SWin_Wm2 = FLiES_results["SWin_Wm2"]
+        PAR_diffuse_Wm2 = FLiES_results["PAR_diffuse_Wm2"]
+        PAR_direct_Wm2 = FLiES_results["PAR_direct_Wm2"]
+        NIR_diffuse_Wm2 = FLiES_results["NIR_diffuse_Wm2"]
+        NIR_direct_Wm2 = FLiES_results["NIR_direct_Wm2"]
+        UV_Wm2 = FLiES_results["UV_Wm2"]
+        # albedo_visible = FLiES_results["VIS"]
+        # albedo_NIR = FLiES_results["NIR"]
+        
+        check_distribution(PAR_direct_Wm2, "PAR_direct_Wm2")
+    else:
+        logger.info("using given FLiES output as BESS parameters")
+    
+    # Add radiation inputs to results
+    results["SWin_Wm2"] = SWin_Wm2
+    results["PAR_diffuse_Wm2"] = PAR_diffuse_Wm2
+    results["PAR_direct_Wm2"] = PAR_direct_Wm2
+    results["NIR_diffuse_Wm2"] = NIR_diffuse_Wm2
+    results["NIR_direct_Wm2"] = NIR_direct_Wm2
+    results["UV_Wm2"] = UV_Wm2
+
+    # calculate saturation vapor pressure in Pascal from air temperature in Kelvin
+    Ta_K = Ta_C + 273.15
+    SVP_Pa = SVP_Pa_from_Ta_K(Ta_K)
+
+    # calculate actual vapor pressure in Pascal from relative humidity and saturation vapor pressure
+    Ea_Pa = RH * SVP_Pa
+
+    latitude = geometry.lat
+
+    meteorology_results = meteorology(
+        day_of_year=day_of_year,
+        hour_of_day=hour_of_day,
+        latitude=latitude,
+        elevation_m=elevation_m,
+        SZA=SZA_deg,
+        Ta_K=Ta_K,
+        Ea_Pa=Ea_Pa,
+        Rg_Wm2=SWin_Wm2,
+        wind_speed_mps=wind_speed_mps,
+        canopy_height_meters=canopy_height_meters
+    )
+
+    # Extract all variables from the dictionary returned by meteorology
+    Ps_Pa = meteorology_results["Ps_Pa"]
+    VPD_Pa = meteorology_results["VPD_Pa"]
+    RH = meteorology_results["RH"]
+    desTa = meteorology_results["desTa"]
+    ddesTa = meteorology_results["ddesTa"]
+    gamma = meteorology_results["gamma"]
+    Cp = meteorology_results["Cp"]
+    rhoa = meteorology_results["rhoa"]
+    epsa = meteorology_results["epsa"]
+    R = meteorology_results["R"]
+    Rc = meteorology_results["Rc"]
+    Rs = meteorology_results["Rs"]
+    SFd = meteorology_results["SFd"]
+    SFd2 = meteorology_results["SFd2"]
+    DL = meteorology_results["DL"]
+    Ra = meteorology_results["Ra"]
+    fStress = meteorology_results["fStress"]
+
+    # Check the distribution for each variable
+    for var_name, var_value in meteorology_results.items():
+        check_distribution(var_value, var_name)
+    
+    # Add meteorology results to output
+    results.update(meteorology_results)
+    results["Ta_K"] = Ta_K
+    results["SVP_Pa"] = SVP_Pa
+    results["Ea_Pa"] = Ea_Pa
+
+    # convert NDVI to LAI
+    LAI = LAI_from_NDVI(NDVI)
+    LAI_minimum = LAI_from_NDVI(NDVI_minimum)
+    LAI_maximum = LAI_from_NDVI(NDVI_maximum)
+
+    VCmax_results = calculate_VCmax(
+        LAI=LAI,
+        LAI_minimum=LAI_minimum,
+        LAI_maximum=LAI_maximum,
+        peakVCmax_C3_μmolm2s1=peakVCmax_C3_μmolm2s1,
+        peakVCmax_C4_μmolm2s1=peakVCmax_C4_μmolm2s1,
+        SZA_deg=SZA_deg,
+        kn=kn
+    )
+
+    VCmax_C3_sunlit_μmolm2s1 = VCmax_results["VCmax_C3_sunlit_μmolm2s1"]
+    VCmax_C4_sunlit_μmolm2s1 = VCmax_results["VCmax_C4_sunlit_μmolm2s1"]
+    VCmax_C3_shaded_μmolm2s1 = VCmax_results["VCmax_C3_shaded_μmolm2s1"]
+    VCmax_C4_shaded_μmolm2s1 = VCmax_results["VCmax_C4_shaded_μmolm2s1"]
+
+    # Check the distribution for each variable
+    for var_name, var_value in VCmax_results.items():
+        check_distribution(var_value, var_name)
+    
+    # Add LAI and VCmax results to output
+    results["LAI"] = LAI
+    results["LAI_minimum"] = LAI_minimum
+    results["LAI_maximum"] = LAI_maximum
+    results.update(VCmax_results)
+
+    canopy_shortwave_radiation_results = canopy_shortwave_radiation(
+        PAR_diffuse_Wm2=PAR_diffuse_Wm2,  # diffuse photosynthetically active radiation in W/m^2
+        PAR_direct_Wm2=PAR_direct_Wm2,  # direct photosynthetically active radiation in W/m^2
+        NIR_diffuse_Wm2=NIR_diffuse_Wm2,  # diffuse near-infrared radiation in W/m^2
+        NIR_direct_Wm2=NIR_direct_Wm2,  # direct near-infrared radiation in W/m^2
+        UV_Wm2=UV_Wm2,  # incoming ultraviolet radiation in W/m^2
+        SZA_deg=SZA_deg,  # solar zenith angle in degrees
+        LAI=LAI,  # leaf area index
+        CI=CI,  # clumping index
+        albedo_visible=PAR_albedo,  # surface albedo in visible wavelengths
+        albedo_NIR=NIR_albedo  # surface albedo in near-infrared wavelengths
+    )
+
+    # Check the distribution for each variable
+    for var_name, var_value in canopy_shortwave_radiation_results.items():
+        check_distribution(var_value, var_name)
+
+    # Extract values from the dictionary
+    sunlit_fraction = canopy_shortwave_radiation_results["fSun"]
+    APAR_sunlit_μmolm2s1 = canopy_shortwave_radiation_results["APAR_sunlit_μmolm2s1"]
+    APAR_shade_μmolm2s1 = canopy_shortwave_radiation_results["APAR_shade_μmolm2s1"]
+    ASW_sunlit_Wm2 = canopy_shortwave_radiation_results["ASW_sunlit_Wm2"]
+    ASW_shade_Wm2 = canopy_shortwave_radiation_results["ASW_shade_Wm2"]
+    ASW_soil_Wm2 = canopy_shortwave_radiation_results["ASW_soil_Wm2"]
+    G_Wm2 = canopy_shortwave_radiation_results["G_Wm2"]
+    
+    # Add canopy shortwave radiation results to output
+    results.update(canopy_shortwave_radiation_results)
+
+    # convert canopy temperature from Celsius to Kelvin
+    canopy_temperature_K = canopy_temperature_C + 273.15
+
+    # convert soil temperature from Celsius to Kelvin
+    soil_temperature_K = soil_temperature_C + 273.15
+
+    GPP_C3, LE_C3, LE_soil_C3, LE_canopy_C3, Rn_C3, Rn_soil_C3, Rn_canopy_C3 = carbon_water_fluxes(
+        canopy_temperature_K=canopy_temperature_K,  # canopy temperature in Kelvin
+        soil_temperature_K=soil_temperature_K,  # soil temperature in Kelvin
+        LAI=LAI,  # leaf area index
+        Ta_K=Ta_K,  # air temperature in Kelvin
+        APAR_sunlit_μmolm2s1=APAR_sunlit_μmolm2s1,  # sunlit leaf absorptance of photosynthetically active radiation
+        APAR_shaded_μmolm2s1=APAR_shade_μmolm2s1,  # shaded leaf absorptance of photosynthetically active radiation
+        ASW_sunlit_Wm2=ASW_sunlit_Wm2,  # sunlit absorbed shortwave radiation
+        ASW_shaded_Wm2=ASW_shade_Wm2,  # shaded absorbed shortwave radiation
+        ASW_soil_Wm2=ASW_soil_Wm2,  # absorbed shortwave radiation of soil
+        Vcmax25_sunlit=VCmax_C3_sunlit_μmolm2s1,  # sunlit maximum carboxylation rate at 25 degrees C
+        Vcmax25_shaded=VCmax_C3_shaded_μmolm2s1,  # shaded maximum carboxylation rate at 25 degrees C
+        ball_berry_slope=ball_berry_slope_C3,  # Ball-Berry slope for C3 photosynthesis
+        ball_berry_intercept=ball_berry_intercept_C3,  # Ball-Berry intercept for C3 photosynthesis
+        sunlit_fraction=sunlit_fraction,  # fraction of sunlit leaves
+        G_Wm2=G_Wm2,  # soil heat flux
+        SZA_deg=SZA_deg,  # solar zenith angle
+        Ca=Ca,  # atmospheric CO2 concentration
+        Ps_Pa=Ps_Pa,  # surface pressure in Pascal
+        gamma=gamma,  # psychrometric constant
+        Cp=Cp,  # specific heat of air in J/kg/K
+        rhoa=rhoa,  # density of air in kg/m3
+        VPD_Pa=VPD_Pa,  # vapor pressure deficit in Pascal
+        RH=RH,  # relative humidity as a fraction
+        desTa=desTa,
+        ddesTa=ddesTa,
+        epsa=epsa,
+        Rc=Rc,
+        Rs=Rs,
+        carbon_uptake_efficiency=carbon_uptake_efficiency,  # intrinsic quantum efficiency for carbon uptake
+        fStress=fStress,
+        C4_photosynthesis=False  # C3 or C4 photosynthesis
+    )
+
+    # List of variable names and their corresponding values
+    carbon_water_fluxes_outputs = {
+        "GPP_C3": GPP_C3,
+        "LE_C3": LE_C3,
+        "LE_soil_C3": LE_soil_C3,
+        "LE_canopy_C3": LE_canopy_C3,
+        "Rn_C3": Rn_C3,
+        "Rn_soil_C3": Rn_soil_C3,
+        "Rn_canopy_C3": Rn_canopy_C3
+    }
+
+    # Check the distribution for each variable
+    for var_name, var_value in carbon_water_fluxes_outputs.items():
+        check_distribution(var_value, var_name)
+    
+    # Add temperature conversions and C3 results to output
+    results["canopy_temperature_K"] = canopy_temperature_K
+    results["soil_temperature_K"] = soil_temperature_K
+    results.update(carbon_water_fluxes_outputs)
+
+    GPP_C4, LE_C4, LE_soil_C4, LE_canopy_C4, Rn_C4, Rn_soil_C4, Rn_canopy_C4 = carbon_water_fluxes(
+        canopy_temperature_K=canopy_temperature_K,  # canopy temperature in Kelvin
+        soil_temperature_K=soil_temperature_K,  # soil temperature in Kelvin
+        LAI=LAI,  # leaf area index
+        Ta_K=Ta_K,  # air temperature in Kelvin
+        APAR_sunlit_μmolm2s1=APAR_sunlit_μmolm2s1,  # sunlit leaf absorptance of photosynthetically active radiation
+        APAR_shaded_μmolm2s1=APAR_shade_μmolm2s1,  # shaded leaf absorptance of photosynthetically active radiation
+        ASW_sunlit_Wm2=ASW_sunlit_Wm2,  # sunlit absorbed shortwave radiation
+        ASW_shaded_Wm2=ASW_shade_Wm2,  # shaded absorbed shortwave radiation
+        ASW_soil_Wm2=ASW_soil_Wm2,  # absorbed shortwave radiation of soil
+        Vcmax25_sunlit=VCmax_C4_sunlit_μmolm2s1,  # sunlit maximum carboxylation rate at 25 degrees C
+        Vcmax25_shaded=VCmax_C4_shaded_μmolm2s1,  # shaded maximum carboxylation rate at 25 degrees C
+        ball_berry_slope=ball_berry_slope_C4,  # Ball-Berry slope for C4 photosynthesis
+        ball_berry_intercept=ball_berry_intercept_C4,  # Ball-Berry intercept for C4 photosynthesis
+        sunlit_fraction=sunlit_fraction,  # fraction of sunlit leaves
+        G_Wm2=G_Wm2,  # soil heat flux
+        SZA_deg=SZA_deg,  # solar zenith angle
+        Ca=Ca,  # atmospheric CO2 concentration
+        Ps_Pa=Ps_Pa,  # surface pressure in Pascal
+        gamma=gamma,  # psychrometric constant
+        Cp=Cp,  # specific heat of air in J/kg/K
+        rhoa=rhoa,  # density of air in kg/m3
+        VPD_Pa=VPD_Pa,  # vapor pressure deficit in Pascal
+        RH=RH,  # relative humidity as a fraction
+        desTa=desTa,
+        ddesTa=ddesTa,
+        epsa=epsa,
+        Rc=Rc,
+        Rs=Rs,
+        carbon_uptake_efficiency=carbon_uptake_efficiency,  # intrinsic quantum efficiency for carbon uptake
+        fStress=fStress,
+        C4_photosynthesis=True  # C3 or C4 photosynthesis
+    )
+
+    # List of variable names and their corresponding values
+    carbon_water_fluxes_C4_outputs = {
+        "GPP_C4": GPP_C4,
+        "LE_C4": LE_C4,
+        "LE_soil_C4": LE_soil_C4,
+        "LE_canopy_C4": LE_canopy_C4,
+        "Rn_C4": Rn_C4,
+        "Rn_soil_C4": Rn_soil_C4,
+        "Rn_canopy_C4": Rn_canopy_C4
+    }
+
+    # Check the distribution for each variable
+    for var_name, var_value in carbon_water_fluxes_C4_outputs.items():
+        check_distribution(var_value, var_name)
+    
+    # Add C4 results to output
+    results.update(carbon_water_fluxes_C4_outputs)
+
+    # interpolate C3 and C4 GPP
+    ST_K = ST_C + 273.15
+    results["ST_K"] = ST_K
+    GPP = np.clip(interpolate_C3_C4(GPP_C3, GPP_C4, C4_fraction), 0, 50)
+    GPP = np.where(np.isnan(ST_K), np.nan, GPP)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        GPP = Raster(GPP, geometry=geometry)
+        GPP.cmap = GPP_COLORMAP
+
+    # upscale from instantaneous to daily
+
+    # upscale GPP to daily
+    GPP_daily = 1800 * GPP / SFd * 1e-6 * 12  # Eq. (3) in Ryu et al 2008
+    GPP_daily = np.where(SFd < 0.01, 0, GPP_daily)
+    GPP_daily = np.where(SZA_deg >= 90, 0, GPP_daily)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        GPP_daily = Raster(GPP_daily, geometry=geometry)
+        GPP_daily.cmap = GPP_COLORMAP
+
+    # interpolate C3 and C4 net radiation
+    Rn_Wm2 = np.clip(interpolate_C3_C4(Rn_C3, Rn_C4, C4_fraction), 0, None)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        Rn_Wm2 = Raster(Rn_Wm2, geometry=geometry)
+
+    # interpolate C3 and C4 soil net radiation
+    Rn_soil_Wm2 = np.clip(interpolate_C3_C4(Rn_soil_C3, Rn_soil_C4, C4_fraction), 0, Rn_Wm2)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        Rn_soil_Wm2 = Raster(Rn_soil_Wm2, geometry=geometry)
+
+    # interpolate C3 and C4 canopy net radiation
+    Rn_canopy_Wm2 = np.clip(interpolate_C3_C4(Rn_canopy_C3, Rn_canopy_C4, C4_fraction), 0, Rn_Wm2)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        Rn_canopy_Wm2 = Raster(Rn_canopy_Wm2, geometry=geometry)
+
+    # interpolate C3 and C4 latent heat flux
+    LE_Wm2 = np.clip(interpolate_C3_C4(LE_C3, LE_C4, C4_fraction), 0, Rn_Wm2)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        LE_Wm2 = Raster(LE_Wm2, geometry=geometry)
+        LE_Wm2.cmap = ET_COLORMAP
+
+    # interpolate C3 and C4 soil latent heat flux
+    LE_soil_Wm2 = np.clip(interpolate_C3_C4(LE_soil_C3, LE_soil_C4, C4_fraction), 0, LE_Wm2)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        LE_soil_Wm2 = Raster(LE_soil_Wm2, geometry=geometry)
+        LE_soil_Wm2.cmap = ET_COLORMAP
+
+    # interpolate C3 and C4 canopy latent heat flux
+    LE_canopy_Wm2 = np.clip(interpolate_C3_C4(LE_canopy_C3, LE_canopy_C4, C4_fraction), 0, LE_Wm2)
+
+    if isinstance(geometry, RasterGeometry):
+        LE_canopy_Wm2 = Raster(LE_canopy_Wm2, geometry=geometry)
+        LE_canopy_Wm2.cmap = ET_COLORMAP
+
+    # Add final interpolated outputs to results
+    results["GPP"] = GPP
+    results["GPP_daily"] = GPP_daily
+    results["Rn_Wm2"] = Rn_Wm2
+    results["Rn_soil_Wm2"] = Rn_soil_Wm2
+    results["Rn_canopy_Wm2"] = Rn_canopy_Wm2
+    results["LE_Wm2"] = LE_Wm2
+    results["LE_soil_Wm2"] = LE_soil_Wm2
+    results["LE_canopy_Wm2"] = LE_canopy_Wm2
+    # G_Wm2 already added via canopy_shortwave_radiation_results
+
+    if upscale_to_daylight and time_UTC is not None:
+        logger.info("started daylight ET upscaling")
+        t_et = TicToc()
+        t_et.tic()
+
+        # Use new upscaling function from daylight_evapotranspiration
+        daylight_results = daylight_ET_from_instantaneous_LE(
+            LE_instantaneous_Wm2=LE_Wm2,
+            Rn_instantaneous_Wm2=Rn_Wm2,
+            G_instantaneous_Wm2=G_Wm2,
+            day_of_year=day_of_year,
+            time_UTC=time_UTC,
+            geometry=geometry
+        )
+        # Add all returned daylight results to output
+        results.update(daylight_results)
+
+        elapsed_et = t_et.tocvalue()
+        logger.info(f"completed daylight ET upscaling (elapsed: {elapsed_et:.2f} seconds)")
+
+    return results