viruagent-cli 0.4.2 → 0.5.1

package/src/providers/naver/imageUpload.js

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ const { createImageComponent } = require('./editorConvert');
 const { buildKeywordImageCandidates } = require('../tistory/imageSources');
 
 /**
- * 이미지 URL 또는 로컬 경로에서 이미지 버퍼를 가져온다.
+ * Fetches an image buffer from a URL or local file path.
  */
 const fetchImageBuffer = async (source) => {
   if (fs.existsSync(source)) {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const fetchImageBuffer = async (source) => {
       },
     });
     if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`이미지 다운로드 실패: ${response.status} — ${source}`);
+      throw new Error(`Image download failed: ${response.status} — ${source}`);
     }
     const arrayBuffer = await response.arrayBuffer();
     const urlPath = new URL(response.url || source).pathname;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const fetchImageBuffer = async (source) => {
 };
 
 /**
- * 이미지 소스들을 네이버에 업로드하고 에디터 컴포넌트 배열로 반환한다.
+ * Uploads image sources to Naver and returns an array of editor components.
  */
 const uploadAndCreateImageComponents = async (naverApi, imageSources, token) => {
   const components = [];
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ const uploadAndCreateImageComponents = async (naverApi, imageSources, token) =>
 };
 
 /**
- * relatedImageKeywords에서 이미지를 검색하고, imageUrls와 합쳐서 업로드한다.
- * 티스토리 imageSources.js의 buildKeywordImageCandidates를 재사용한다.
+ * Searches for images from relatedImageKeywords, merges with imageUrls, and uploads them.
+ * Reuses buildKeywordImageCandidates from Tistory's imageSources.js.
  */
 const collectAndUploadImages = async (naverApi, {
   imageUrls = [],
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ const collectAndUploadImages = async (naverApi, {
 }) => {
   const collectedUrls = [...imageUrls];
 
-  // 키워드에서 이미지 URL 검색
+  // Search image URLs from keywords
   const normalizedKeywords = Array.isArray(relatedImageKeywords)
     ? relatedImageKeywords.map((k) => String(k || '').trim()).filter(Boolean)
     : String(relatedImageKeywords || '').split(',').map((k) => k.trim()).filter(Boolean);
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ const collectAndUploadImages = async (naverApi, {
         }
       }
     } catch {
-      // 검색 실패 시 무시
+      // Ignore search failures
     }
   }
 

package/src/providers/naver/index.js

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
       };
 
       if (!resolved.manual && (!resolved.username || !resolved.password)) {
-        throw new Error('네이버 자동 로그인을 진행하려면 username/password가 필요합니다. 환경변수 NAVER_USERNAME / NAVER_PASSWORD를 설정하거나 --manual 모드를 사용해 주세요.');
+        throw new Error('Naver auto-login requires username/password. Set the NAVER_USERNAME / NAVER_PASSWORD environment variables or use --manual mode.');
       }
 
       const result = await askForAuthentication(resolved);
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
 
     async publish(payload) {
       return withProviderSession(async () => {
-        const title = payload.title || '제목 없음';
+        const title = payload.title || 'Untitled';
         const rawContent = payload.content || '';
         const openType = mapNaverVisibility(payload.visibility);
         const tags = normalizeNaverTagList(payload.tags);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
         const rawCategories = await naverApi.getCategories();
         const categories = Object.entries(rawCategories).map(([name, id]) => ({ name, id: Number(id) })).sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id);
 
-        // 카테고리 결정
+        // Determine category
         let categoryNo = payload.category;
         if (categoryNo === undefined || categoryNo === null || String(categoryNo).trim() === '') {
           if (categories.length === 0) {
@@ -107,14 +107,14 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
               title,
               openType,
               tags,
-              message: '발행을 위해 카테고리가 필요합니다. categories를 확인하고 category를 지정해 주세요.',
+              message: 'A category is required for publishing. Please check categories and specify a category.',
               categories,
             };
           }
         }
         categoryNo = String(categoryNo);
 
-        // 이미지 업로드 (imageUrls + relatedImageKeywords 기반 자동 검색)
+        // Image upload (auto-search based on imageUrls + relatedImageKeywords)
         let imageComponents = [];
         const hasImageSources = imageUrls.length > 0 || relatedImageKeywords.length > 0;
         if (autoUploadImages && hasImageSources) {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
           imageComponents = uploadResult.components;
         }
 
-        // HTML → 에디터 컴포넌트 변환
+        // Convert HTML to editor components
         const contentComponents = await convertHtmlToEditorComponents(naverApi, rawContent, imageComponents);
 
         const result = await naverApi.publishPost({
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
     },
 
     async saveDraft(payload) {
-      // 네이버는 임시저장 API가 없으므로 비공개(openType: 0)로 발행
+      // Naver has no draft API, so publish as private (openType: 0)
       return this.publish({
         ...payload,
         visibility: 'private',
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
             provider: 'naver',
             mode: 'post',
             status: 'invalid_post_id',
-            message: 'postId가 필요합니다.',
+            message: 'postId is required.',
           };
         }
 
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ const createNaverProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
             mode: 'post',
             status: 'not_found',
             postId: resolvedPostId,
-            message: '해당 postId의 글을 찾을 수 없습니다.',
+            message: 'Post not found for the given postId.',
           };
         }
         return {

package/src/providers/naver/session.js

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const persistNaverSession = async (context, targetSessionPath) => {
     allCookies.push(...cookies);
   }
 
-  // 중복 제거 (name+domain 기준)
+  // Deduplicate by name+domain
   const seen = new Set();
   const unique = allCookies.filter((c) => {
     const key = `${c.name}@${c.domain}`;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ const createNaverWithProviderSession = (askForAuthentication) => async (fn) => {
       });
 
       if (!loginResult.loggedIn) {
-        throw new Error(loginResult.message || '세션 갱신 후 로그인 상태가 확인되지 않았습니다.');
+        throw new Error(loginResult.message || 'Login status could not be verified after session refresh.');
       }
 
       return fn();

package/src/providers/naver/utils.js

@@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ const readNaverCredentials = () => {
 const parseNaverSessionError = (error) => {
   const message = String(error?.message || '').toLowerCase();
   return [
-    '세션 파일이 없습니다',
-    '세션에 유효한 쿠키',
-    '세션이 만료',
-    '로그인이 필요합니다',
-    'blogid를 찾을 수 없습니다',
-    '블로그 정보 조회 실패',
-    '다시 로그인',
+    'session file not found',
+    'no valid cookies',
+    'session expired',
+    'login required',
+    'find blogid',
+    'failed to fetch blog info',
+    'log in again',
     '401',
     '403',
   ].some((token) => message.includes(token.toLowerCase()));
 };
 
-const buildLoginErrorMessage = (error) => String(error?.message || '세션 검증에 실패했습니다.');
+const buildLoginErrorMessage = (error) => String(error?.message || 'Session validation failed.');
 
 const normalizeNaverTagList = (value = '') => {
   const source = Array.isArray(value)

package/src/providers/tistory/auth.js

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ const {
 } = require('./selectors');
 
 /**
- * askForAuthentication 팩토리.
- * sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult를 외부에서 주입받는다.
+ * askForAuthentication factory.
+ * Receives sessionPath, tistoryApi, and pending2faResult via dependency injection.
  */
 const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult }) => async ({
   headless = false,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult
   const shouldAutoFill = !manual;
 
   if (!manual && (!resolvedUsername || !resolvedPassword)) {
-    throw new Error('티스토리 로그인 요청에 id/pw가 없습니다. id/pw를 먼저 전달하거나 TISTORY_USERNAME/TISTORY_PASSWORD를 설정해 주세요.');
+    throw new Error('Tistory login requires id/pw. Please provide id/pw or set TISTORY_USERNAME/TISTORY_PASSWORD environment variables.');
   }
 
   const browser = await chromium.launch({
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult
 
       const kakaoLoginSelector = await pickValue(page, KAKAO_TRIGGER_SELECTORS);
       if (!kakaoLoginSelector) {
-        throw new Error('카카오 로그인 버튼을 찾지 못했습니다. 로그인 화면 UI가 변경되었는지 확인해 주세요.');
+        throw new Error('Could not find the Kakao login button. Please check if the login page UI has changed.');
       }
 
       await page.locator(kakaoLoginSelector).click({ timeout: 5000 }).catch(() => {});
@@ -68,16 +68,16 @@ const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult
       if (manual) {
         console.log('');
         console.log('==============================');
-        console.log('수동 로그인 모드로 전환합니다.');
-        console.log('브라우저에서 직접 ID/PW/2차 인증을 완료한 뒤, 로그인 완료 상태를 기다립니다.');
-        console.log('로그인 완료 또는 2차 인증은 최대 5분 내에 처리해 주세요.');
+        console.log('Switching to manual login mode.');
+        console.log('Please complete ID/PW/2FA verification in the browser.');
+        console.log('Login or 2FA must be completed within 5 minutes.');
         console.log('==============================');
         finalLoginStatus = await waitForLoginFinish(page, context, 300000);
       } else if (shouldAutoFill) {
         const usernameFilled = await fillBySelector(page, KAKAO_LOGIN_SELECTORS.username, loginId);
         const passwordFilled = await fillBySelector(page, KAKAO_LOGIN_SELECTORS.password, loginPw);
         if (!usernameFilled || !passwordFilled) {
-          throw new Error('카카오 로그인 폼 입력 필드를 찾지 못했습니다. 티스토리 로그인 화면 변경 시도를 확인해 주세요.');
+          throw new Error('Could not find Kakao login form input fields. Please check if the Tistory login page has changed.');
         }
 
         await checkBySelector(page, KAKAO_LOGIN_SELECTORS.rememberLogin);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult
           }
           const otpFilled = await fillBySelector(page, LOGIN_OTP_SELECTORS, twoFactorCode);
           if (!otpFilled) {
-            throw new Error('OTP 입력 필드를 찾지 못했습니다. 로그인 페이지를 확인해 주세요.');
+            throw new Error('Could not find the OTP input field. Please check the login page.');
           }
           await page.keyboard.press('Enter');
           finalLoginStatus = await waitForLoginFinish(page, context, 45000);
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult
           if (hasEmailCodeInput && twoFactorCode) {
             const codeFilled = await fillBySelector(page, KAKAO_2FA_SELECTORS.codeInput, twoFactorCode);
             if (!codeFilled) {
-              throw new Error('2차 인증 입력 필드를 찾지 못했습니다. 로그인 페이지를 확인해 주세요.');
+              throw new Error('Could not find the 2FA input field. Please check the login page.');
             }
             const confirmed = await clickSubmit(page, KAKAO_2FA_SELECTORS.confirm);
             if (!confirmed) {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult
 
             const codeFilled = await fillBySelector(page, KAKAO_2FA_SELECTORS.codeInput, twoFactorCode);
             if (!codeFilled) {
-              throw new Error('카카오 이메일 인증 입력 필드를 찾지 못했습니다. 로그인 페이지를 확인해 주세요.');
+              throw new Error('Could not find the Kakao email verification input field. Please check the login page.');
             }
 
             const confirmed = await clickSubmit(page, KAKAO_2FA_SELECTORS.confirm);
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ const createAskForAuthentication = ({ sessionPath, tistoryApi, pending2faResult
         if (pendingTwoFactorAction) {
           return pending2faResult('kakao');
         }
-        throw new Error('로그인에 실패했습니다. 아이디/비밀번호가 정확한지 확인하고, 없으면 환경변수 TISTORY_USERNAME/TISTORY_PASSWORD를 다시 설정해 주세요.');
+        throw new Error('Login failed. Please verify your credentials and ensure TISTORY_USERNAME/TISTORY_PASSWORD environment variables are set correctly.');
       }
 
       await context.storageState({ path: sessionPath });

package/src/providers/tistory/fetchLayer.js

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ const { sleep, imageTrace } = require('./utils');
 
 const fetchText = async (url, retryCount = 0) => {
   if (!url) {
-    throw new Error('텍스트 URL이 없습니다.');
+    throw new Error('Text URL is missing.');
   }
 
   const headers = {
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const fetchText = async (url, retryCount = 0) => {
     });
 
     if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`텍스트 요청 실패: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}, url=${url}`);
+      throw new Error(`Text request failed: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}, url=${url}`);
     }
 
     return response.text();
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const fetchText = async (url, retryCount = 0) => {
       await sleep(700);
       return fetchText(url, retryCount + 1);
     }
-    throw new Error(`웹 텍스트 다운로드 실패: ${error.message}`);
+    throw new Error(`Web text download failed: ${error.message}`);
   } finally {
     clearTimeout(timeout);
   }
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const fetchTextWithHeaders = async (url, headers = {}, retryCount = 0) => {
       signal: controller.signal,
     });
     if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`텍스트 요청 실패: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}, url=${url}`);
+      throw new Error(`Text request failed: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}, url=${url}`);
     }
     return response.text();
   } catch (error) {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ const fetchTextWithHeaders = async (url, headers = {}, retryCount = 0) => {
       await sleep(700);
       return fetchTextWithHeaders(url, headers, retryCount + 1);
     }
-    throw new Error(`웹 텍스트 다운로드 실패: ${error.message}`);
+    throw new Error(`Web text download failed: ${error.message}`);
   } finally {
     clearTimeout(timeout);
   }

package/src/providers/tistory/imageEnrichment.js

@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ const extractImagePlaceholders = (content = '') => {
 
 const fetchImageBuffer = async (url, retryCount = 0) => {
   if (!url) {
-    throw new Error('이미지 URL이 없습니다.');
+    throw new Error('Image URL is missing.');
   }
 
   const localPath = resolveLocalImagePath(url);
   if (localPath && !/https?:/.test(url)) {
     const buffer = await fs.promises.readFile(localPath);
     if (!buffer || buffer.length === 0) {
-      throw new Error(`이미지 파일이 비어 있습니다: ${localPath}`);
+      throw new Error(`Image file is empty: ${localPath}`);
     }
 
     const extensionFromSignature = getImageSignatureExtension(buffer);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ const fetchImageBuffer = async (url, retryCount = 0) => {
     });
 
     if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`이미지 다운로드 실패: ${response.status} ${response.statusText} (${url})`);
+      throw new Error(`Image download failed: ${response.status} ${response.statusText} (${url})`);
     }
 
     const contentType = response.headers.get('content-type') || '';
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ const fetchImageBuffer = async (url, retryCount = 0) => {
       || extensionFromSignature;
 
     if (!isImage) {
-      throw new Error(`이미지 콘텐츠가 아닙니다: ${contentType || '(미확인)'}, url=${finalUrl}`);
+      throw new Error(`Not an image content type: ${contentType || '(unknown)'}, url=${finalUrl}`);
     }
 
     return {
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ const fetchImageBuffer = async (url, retryCount = 0) => {
       await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 800));
       return fetchImageBuffer(url, retryCount + 1);
     }
-    throw new Error(`이미지 다운로드 실패: ${error.message}`);
+    throw new Error(`Image download failed: ${error.message}`);
   } finally {
     clearTimeout(timeout);
   }
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ const uploadImageFromRemote = async (api, remoteUrl, fallbackName = 'image', dep
   if (downloaded?.isHtml && downloaded?.html) {
     const extractedImageUrl = extractImageFromHtml(downloaded.html, downloaded.finalUrl || remoteUrl);
     if (!extractedImageUrl) {
-      throw new Error('이미지 페이지에서 유효한 대표 이미지를 찾지 못했습니다.');
+      throw new Error('Could not find a valid representative image from the image page.');
     }
     if (depth >= 1 || extractedImageUrl === remoteUrl) {
-      throw new Error('이미지 페이지에서 추출된 URL이 유효하지 않아 업로드를 중단했습니다.');
+      throw new Error('The extracted URL from the image page is invalid. Upload aborted.');
     }
     return uploadImageFromRemote(api, extractedImageUrl, fallbackName, depth + 1);
   }
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ const uploadImageFromRemote = async (api, remoteUrl, fallbackName = 'image', dep
   const uploadedKage = normalizeUploadedImageThumbnail(uploaded) || (uploaded?.key ? `kage@${uploaded.key}` : null);
 
   if (!uploaded || !(uploaded.url || uploaded.key)) {
-    throw new Error('이미지 업로드 응답이 비정상적입니다.');
+    throw new Error('Image upload response is invalid.');
   }
 
   return {
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
       uploaded: [],
       uploadedCount: 0,
       status: 'need_image_urls',
-      message: '자동 업로드할 이미지 후보 키워드가 없습니다. imageUrls 또는 relatedImageKeywords/플레이스홀더 키워드를 제공해 주세요.',
+      message: 'No image candidate keywords available for auto-upload. Please provide imageUrls or relatedImageKeywords/placeholder keywords.',
       requestedKeywords,
       requestedCount: requestedImageCount,
       providedImageUrls: collectedImageUrls.length,
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
         index: i,
         sourceUrl: null,
         keyword: target.keyword,
-        message: '이미지 소스가 없습니다.',
+        message: 'No image source available.',
       });
       continue;
     }
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
         break;
       } catch (error) {
         lastMessage = error.message;
-        console.log('이미지 처리 실패:', sourceUrl, error.message);
+        console.log('Image processing failed:', sourceUrl, error.message);
       }
     }
 
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
           break;
         } catch (error) {
           lastMessage = error.message;
-          console.log('이미지 처리 실패(보정 소스):', sourceUrl, error.message);
+          console.log('Image processing failed (fallback source):', sourceUrl, error.message);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
         index: i,
         sourceUrl: uniqueSources[0],
         keyword: target.keyword,
-        message: `이미지 업로드 실패(대체 이미지 재시도 포함): ${lastMessage}`,
+        message: `Image upload failed (including fallback retries): ${lastMessage}`,
       });
       continue;
     }
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
         uploaded: [],
         uploadedCount: 0,
         status: 'image_upload_failed',
-        message: '이미지 업로드에 실패했습니다. 수집한 이미지 URL을 확인해 다시 호출해 주세요.',
+        message: 'Image upload failed. Please verify the collected image URLs and try again.',
         errors: uploadErrors,
         requestedKeywords,
         requestedCount: requestedImageCount,
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
         uploaded: uploadedImages,
         uploadedCount: uploadedImages.length,
         status: 'insufficient_images',
-        message: `최소 이미지 업로드 장수를 충족하지 못했습니다. (요청: ${safeMinimumImageCount} / 실제: ${uploadedImages.length})`,
+        message: `Minimum image upload count not met. (required: ${safeMinimumImageCount} / actual: ${uploadedImages.length})`,
         errors: uploadErrors,
         requestedKeywords,
         requestedCount: requestedImageCount,
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
       uploaded: uploadedImages,
       uploadedCount: uploadedImages.length,
       status: 'image_upload_partial',
-      message: '일부 이미지 업로드가 실패했습니다.',
+      message: 'Some image uploads failed.',
       errors: uploadErrors,
       requestedCount: requestedImageCount,
       uploadedPlaceholders: uploadedImages.length,
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ const replaceImagePlaceholdersWithUploaded = async (
       uploaded: uploadedImages,
       uploadedCount: uploadedImages.length,
       status: 'insufficient_images',
-      message: `최소 이미지 업로드 장수를 충족하지 못했습니다. (요청: ${safeMinimumImageCount} / 실제: ${uploadedImages.length})`,
+      message: `Minimum image upload count not met. (required: ${safeMinimumImageCount} / actual: ${uploadedImages.length})`,
       errors: uploadErrors,
       requestedKeywords,
       requestedCount: requestedImageCount,
@@ -546,8 +546,8 @@ const resolveMandatoryThumbnail = async ({
         .split(',')
         .map((item) => item.trim())),
     String(title || '').trim(),
-    '뉴스 이미지',
-    '뉴스',
+    'news image',
+    'news',
     'thumbnail',
   ]);
 

package/src/providers/tistory/imageNormalization.js

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const normalizeKageFromUrl = (value) => {
       }
     }
   } catch {
-    // URL 파싱이 실패하면 기존 정규식 경로로 폴백
+    // If URL parsing fails, fall back to regex-based path extraction
   }
 
   const directKageMatch = trimmed.match(/kage@([^|\s\]>"']+)/u);

package/src/providers/tistory/imageSources.js

@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ const buildKeywordImageCandidates = async (keyword = '') => {
 
   const duckduckgoQueries = [
     safeKeyword,
-    `${safeKeyword} 이미지`,
-    `${safeKeyword} 뉴스`,
+    `${safeKeyword} image`,
+    `${safeKeyword} news`,
   ];
   const searchCandidates = [];
   const seen = new Set();
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ const buildKeywordImageCandidates = async (keyword = '') => {
 
   const fallbackQueries = [
     safeKeyword,
-    `${safeKeyword} 이미지`,
+    `${safeKeyword} image`,
     `${safeKeyword} news`,
-    '뉴스',
-    '세계 뉴스',
+    'news',
+    'world news',
   ];
   for (const query of fallbackQueries) {
     if (searchCandidates.length >= 6) {

package/src/providers/tistory/index.js

@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
     status: 'pending_2fa',
     loggedIn: false,
     message: mode === 'otp'
-      ? '2차 인증이 필요합니다. otp 코드를 twoFactorCode로 전달해 주세요.'
-      : '카카오 2차 인증이 필요합니다. 앱에서 인증 후 다시 실행하면 됩니다.',
+      ? '2FA is required. Please provide the OTP code via twoFactorCode.'
+      : 'Kakao 2FA is required. Please verify in the app and try again.',
   });
 
   const askForAuthentication = createAskForAuthentication({
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
       };
 
       if (!resolved.manual && (!resolved.username || !resolved.password)) {
-        throw new Error('티스토리 자동 로그인을 진행하려면 username/password가 필요합니다. 요청 값으로 전달하거나, 환경변수 TISTORY_USERNAME / TISTORY_PASSWORD를 설정해 주세요.');
+        throw new Error('Tistory auto-login requires username/password. Please provide them directly or set TISTORY_USERNAME/TISTORY_PASSWORD environment variables.');
       }
 
       const result = await askForAuthentication(resolved);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
 
     async publish(payload) {
       return withProviderSession(async () => {
-        const title = payload.title || '제목 없음';
+        const title = payload.title || 'Untitled';
         const rawContent = payload.content || '';
         const visibility = mapVisibility(payload.visibility);
         const tag = normalizeTagList(payload.tags);
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
               title,
               visibility,
               tags: tag,
-              message: '발행을 위해 카테고리가 필요합니다. categories를 확인하고 category를 지정해 주세요.',
+              message: 'A category is required for publishing. Please check categories and specify a category.',
               categories,
             };
           }
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
           } else {
             if (!process.stdin || !process.stdin.isTTY) {
               const sampleCategory = categories.slice(0, 5).map((item) => `${item.id}: ${item.name}`).join(', ');
-              const sampleText = sampleCategory.length > 0 ? ` 예: ${sampleCategory}` : '';
+              const sampleText = sampleCategory.length > 0 ? ` e.g. ${sampleCategory}` : '';
               return {
                 provider: 'tistory',
                 mode: 'publish',
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
                 title,
                 visibility,
                 tags: tag,
-                message: `카테고리가 지정되지 않았습니다. 비대화형 환경에서는 --category 옵션이 필수입니다. 사용법: --category <카테고리ID>.${sampleText}`,
+                message: `No category specified. The --category option is required in non-interactive mode. Usage: --category <categoryID>.${sampleText}`,
                 categories,
               };
             }
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
                 title,
                 visibility,
                 tags: tag,
-                message: '카테고리가 지정되지 않았습니다. 카테고리를 입력해 발행을 진행해 주세요.',
+                message: 'No category specified. Please enter a category to proceed with publishing.',
                 categories,
               };
             }
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
             title,
             visibility,
             tags: tag,
-            message: '유효한 category를 숫자로 지정해 주세요.',
+            message: 'Please specify a valid category as a number.',
             categories,
           };
         }
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
             title,
             visibility,
             tags: tag,
-            message: '존재하지 않는 category입니다. categories를 확인해 주세요.',
+            message: 'The specified category does not exist. Please check the available categories.',
             categories,
           };
         }
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
               minimumImageCount: safeMinimumImageCount,
               url: fallbackPublishResult.entryUrl || null,
               raw: fallbackPublishResult,
-              message: '발행 제한(403)으로 인해 비공개로 발행했습니다.',
+              message: 'Published as private due to publish limit (403).',
               fallbackThumbnail: finalThumbnail,
             };
           } catch (fallbackError) {
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
               images: enrichedImages.images,
               imageCount: enrichedImages.uploadedCount,
               minimumImageCount: safeMinimumImageCount,
-              message: '발행 제한(403)으로 인해 공개/비공개 모두 실패했습니다.',
+              message: 'Both public and private publishing failed due to publish limit (403).',
               raw: {
                 success: false,
                 error: fallbackError.message,
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
 
     async saveDraft(payload) {
       return withProviderSession(async () => {
-        const title = payload.title || '임시저장';
+        const title = payload.title || 'Draft';
         const rawContent = payload.content || '';
         const rawThumbnail = payload.thumbnail || null;
         const tag = normalizeTagList(payload.tags);
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
             provider: 'tistory',
             mode: 'post',
             status: 'invalid_post_id',
-            message: 'postId가 필요합니다.',
+            message: 'postId is required.',
           };
         }
 
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ const createTistoryProvider = ({ sessionPath }) => {
             status: 'not_found',
             postId: resolvedPostId,
             includeDraft: Boolean(includeDraft),
-            message: '해당 postId의 글을 찾을 수 없습니다.',
+            message: 'No post found with the specified postId.',
           };
         }
         return {