velocious 1.0.430 → 1.0.431

package/src/frontend-model-controller.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3491 @@
+// @ts-check
+
+import * as inflection from "inflection"
+import Controller from "./controller.js"
+import Response from "./http-server/client/response.js"
+import FrontendModelBaseResource from "./frontend-model-resource/base-resource.js"
+import {frontendModelResourceClassFromDefinition, frontendModelResourceConfigurationFromDefinition, frontendModelResourcePath, frontendModelResourcesForBackendProject} from "./frontend-models/resource-definition.js"
+import {normalizeGroup as normalizeQueryGroup, normalizeJoins as normalizeQueryJoins, normalizePluck as normalizeQueryPluck, normalizePreload as normalizeQueryPreload, normalizeSearchOperator as normalizeQuerySearchOperator, normalizeSort as normalizeQuerySort} from "./frontend-models/query.js"
+import {assignSafeProperty, deserializeFrontendModelTransportValue, isBackendModelInstance, serializeFrontendModelTransportValue} from "./frontend-models/transport-serialization.js"
+import RoutesResolver from "./routes/resolver.js"
+import {ValidationError} from "./database/record/index.js"
+import VelociousError from "./velocious-error.js"
+import isPlainObject from "./utils/plain-object.js"
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model preload.
+ * @param {import("./database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord | string | string[] | boolean | undefined | null} preload - Preload shorthand.
+ * @returns {import("./database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord | null} - Normalized preload.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelPreload(preload) {
+  if (!preload) return null
+
+  return normalizeQueryPreload(preload)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model joins.
+ * @param {?} joins - Joins payload.
+ * @returns {Record<string, ?> | null} - Normalized relationship-object joins.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelJoins(joins) {
+  if (!joins) return null
+
+  try {
+    return normalizeQueryJoins(joins)
+  } catch (error) {
+    throw frontendModelValidationErrorForError(error)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model select.
+ * @param {?} select - Select payload.
+ * @param {string | null} [rootModelName] - Optional root model name for shorthand payloads.
+ * @returns {Record<string, string[]> | null} - Normalized model-name keyed select record.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelSelect(select, rootModelName = null) {
+  if (!select) return null
+
+  if (typeof select === "string") {
+    if (!rootModelName) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationError("Invalid select shorthand without root model name")
+    }
+
+    return {[rootModelName]: [select]}
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(select)) {
+    if (!rootModelName) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationError("Invalid select shorthand without root model name")
+    }
+
+    for (const attributeName of select) {
+      if (typeof attributeName !== "string") {
+        throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid select attribute for ${rootModelName}: ${typeof attributeName}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {[rootModelName]: Array.from(new Set(select))}
+  }
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(select)) {
+    throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid select type: ${typeof select}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalized.
+    @type {Record<string, string[]>} */
+  const normalized = {}
+
+  for (const [modelName, selectValue] of Object.entries(select)) {
+    if (typeof selectValue === "string") {
+      normalized[modelName] = [selectValue]
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(selectValue)) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid select value for ${modelName}: ${typeof selectValue}`)
+    }
+
+    for (const attributeName of selectValue) {
+      if (typeof attributeName !== "string") {
+        throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid select attribute for ${modelName}: ${typeof attributeName}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    normalized[modelName] = Array.from(new Set(selectValue))
+  }
+
+  return normalized
+}
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelSearch type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelSearch
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path.
+ * @property {string} column - Column or attribute name.
+ * @property {"eq" | "like" | "notEq" | "gt" | "gteq" | "lt" | "lteq"} operator - Search operator.
+ * @property {?} value - Search value.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelSort type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelSort
+ * @property {string} column - Attribute name to sort by.
+ * @property {"asc" | "desc"} direction - Sort direction.
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path from root model.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelGroup type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelGroup
+ * @property {string} column - Attribute name to group by.
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path from root model.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelPluck type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelPluck
+ * @property {string} column - Attribute name to pluck.
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path from root model.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelPagination type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelPagination
+ * @property {number | null} limit - Maximum number of records.
+ * @property {number | null} offset - Number of records to skip.
+ * @property {number | null} page - 1-based page number.
+ * @property {number | null} perPage - Page size.
+ */
+
+const frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol = Symbol("frontendModelJoinedPaths")
+const frontendModelGroupedColumnsSymbol = Symbol("frontendModelGroupedColumns")
+const frontendModelWhereNoMatchSymbol = Symbol("frontendModelWhereNoMatch")
+const frontendModelClientSafeErrorMessage = "Request failed."
+const frontendModelDebugErrorEnvironments = new Set(["development", "test"])
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model query metadata.
+ * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} query - Query instance.
+ * @returns {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default & {[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol]?: Set<string>, [frontendModelGroupedColumnsSymbol]?: Set<string>}} - Query metadata access helper.
+ */
+function frontendModelQueryMetadata(query) {
+  return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default & {[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol]?: Set<string>, [frontendModelGroupedColumnsSymbol]?: Set<string>}} */ (query)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model validation error.
+ * @param {string} message - Validation error message.
+ * @returns {VelociousError} - Client-safe validation error.
+ */
+function frontendModelValidationError(message) {
+  return VelociousError.safe(message, {code: "frontend-model-validation"})
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model validation error for error.
+ * @param {?} error - Error raised while normalizing client query params.
+ * @returns {VelociousError} - Client-safe validation error preserving the normalizer message.
+ */
+function frontendModelValidationErrorForError(error) {
+  if (error instanceof VelociousError && error.safeToExpose) return error
+
+  const message = error instanceof Error
+    ? error.message
+    : String(error)
+
+  return frontendModelValidationError(message)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the error carries an `error.velocious` metadata bag. The
+ * presence of any such bag marks the error as "annotated by the
+ * developer for the frontend" — the framework treats it as
+ * user-facing: surface the message, forward the metadata, and skip
+ * the noisy endpoint-error log.
+ * @param {?} error - Caught error.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+function frontendModelErrorHasVelociousMetadata(error) {
+  return Boolean(error && typeof error === "object" && /**
+                                                        * Types the following value.
+                                                         @type {?} */ (error).velocious && typeof /**
+                                                                                                   * Types the following value.
+                                                                                                    @type {?} */ (error).velocious === "object")
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model velocious metadata for error.
+ * @param {?} error - Caught error.
+ * @returns {Record<string, ?> | null}
+ */
+function frontendModelVelociousMetadataForError(error) {
+  if (!frontendModelErrorHasVelociousMetadata(error)) return null
+  return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (/**
+                                                                                              * Types the following value.
+                                                                                               @type {?} */ (error).velocious)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model client message for error.
+ * @param {?} error - Caught error.
+ * @returns {string} - Message safe to return to API clients.
+ */
+function frontendModelClientMessageForError(error) {
+  if (error instanceof VelociousError && error.safeToExpose) {
+    return error.message
+  }
+
+  if (frontendModelErrorHasVelociousMetadata(error) && error instanceof Error) {
+    return error.message
+  }
+
+  return frontendModelClientSafeErrorMessage
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model debug payload for error.
+ * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+ * @param {import("./configuration.js").default} args.configuration - Current configuration.
+ * @param {string} args.environment - Current environment.
+ * @param {?} args.error - Caught error.
+ * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Optional debug payload for non-production environments.
+ */
+function frontendModelDebugPayloadForError({configuration, environment, error}) {
+  const debugAllowed = frontendModelDebugErrorEnvironments.has(environment) || environment !== "production" && configuration.getExposeInternalErrorsToClients()
+
+  if (!debugAllowed) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  if (error instanceof VelociousError && error.safeToExpose) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  if (frontendModelErrorHasVelociousMetadata(error)) {
+    return {}
+  }
+
+  const debugErrorClass = error instanceof Error && error.name
+    ? error.name
+    : typeof error
+  const debugErrorMessage = error instanceof Error
+    ? error.message
+    : String(error)
+  const debugBacktrace = error instanceof Error && typeof error.stack === "string" && error.stack.length > 0
+    ? error.stack.split("\n")
+    : undefined
+
+  return {
+    debugErrorClass,
+    debugErrorMessage,
+    ...(debugBacktrace ? {debugBacktrace} : {})
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model searches.
+ * @param {?} searches - Search payload.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelSearch[]} - Normalized searches.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelSearches(searches) {
+  if (!searches) return []
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(searches)) {
+    throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid searches type: ${typeof searches}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalized.
+    @type {FrontendModelSearch[]} */
+  const normalized = []
+
+  for (const search of searches) {
+    if (!isPlainObject(search)) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid search entry type: ${typeof search}`)
+    }
+
+    const path = search.path
+    const column = search.column
+    const operator = search.operator
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(path)) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationError("Invalid search path: expected an array")
+    }
+
+    for (const pathEntry of path) {
+      if (typeof pathEntry !== "string" || pathEntry.length < 1) {
+        throw frontendModelValidationError("Invalid search path entry: expected non-empty string")
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (typeof column !== "string" || column.length < 1) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationError("Invalid search column: expected non-empty string")
+    }
+
+    if (typeof operator !== "string") {
+      throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid search operator: ${operator}`)
+    }
+
+    normalized.push({
+      column,
+      operator: normalizeQuerySearchOperator(operator),
+      path: [...path],
+      value: search.value
+    })
+  }
+
+  return normalized
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model where.
+ * @param {?} where - Where payload.
+ * @returns {Record<string, ?> | null} - Normalized where hash.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelWhere(where) {
+  if (!where) return null
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(where)) {
+    throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid where type: ${typeof where}`)
+  }
+
+  return where
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model ransack.
+ * @param {?} ransack - Ransack payload.
+ * @returns {Record<string, ?> | null} - Normalized Ransack hash.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelRansack(ransack) {
+  if (!ransack) return null
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(ransack)) {
+    throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid ransack type: ${typeof ransack}`)
+  }
+
+  return ransack
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model integer param.
+ * @param {?} value - Candidate integer.
+ * @param {string} name - Param name for errors.
+ * @param {number} min - Minimum allowed value.
+ * @returns {number | null} - Normalized integer.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelIntegerParam(value, name, min) {
+  if (value == null) return null
+
+  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isInteger(value)) {
+    throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid ${name}: expected integer number`)
+  }
+
+  if (value < min) {
+    throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid ${name}: expected value >= ${min}`)
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model pagination.
+ * @param {object} args - Pagination args.
+ * @param {?} args.limit - Limit payload.
+ * @param {?} args.offset - Offset payload.
+ * @param {?} args.page - Page payload.
+ * @param {?} args.perPage - Per-page payload.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelPagination} - Normalized pagination data.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelPagination({limit, offset, page, perPage}) {
+  return {
+    limit: normalizeFrontendModelIntegerParam(limit, "limit", 0),
+    offset: normalizeFrontendModelIntegerParam(offset, "offset", 0),
+    page: normalizeFrontendModelIntegerParam(page, "page", 1),
+    perPage: normalizeFrontendModelIntegerParam(perPage, "perPage", 1)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize frontend model distinct.
+ * @param {?} distinct - Distinct payload.
+ * @returns {boolean | null} - Normalized distinct flag when provided.
+ */
+function normalizeFrontendModelDistinct(distinct) {
+  if (distinct == null) return null
+
+  if (typeof distinct !== "boolean") {
+    throw frontendModelValidationError(`Invalid distinct: expected boolean`)
+  }
+
+  return distinct
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs build frontend model join object from path.
+ * @param {string[]} path - Relationship path.
+ * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Join object.
+ */
+function buildFrontendModelJoinObjectFromPath(path) {
+  /**
+   * Join object.
+    @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+  const joinObject = {}
+  /**
+   * Current node.
+    @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+  let currentNode = joinObject
+
+  for (const relationshipName of path) {
+    currentNode[relationshipName] = {}
+    currentNode = currentNode[relationshipName]
+  }
+
+  return joinObject
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a successful single-model frontend-model response payload.
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} model - Serialized model payload.
+ * @returns {{model: Record<string, ?>, status: "success"}} - Success response payload.
+ */
+function frontendModelSerializedModelSuccess(model) {
+  return {model, status: "success"}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve and validate attachment params shared by attachment commands.
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} params - Frontend-model request params.
+ * @returns {{attachmentId: string | undefined, attachmentName: string} | string} - Attachment params or validation error message.
+ */
+function frontendModelAttachmentParams(params) {
+  const attachmentName = params.attachmentName
+
+  if (typeof attachmentName !== "string" || attachmentName.length < 1) {
+    return "Expected attachmentName."
+  }
+
+  return {
+    attachmentId: typeof params.attachmentId === "string" ? params.attachmentId : undefined,
+    attachmentName
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract mutation attributes shared by create and update commands.
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} params - Frontend-model request params.
+ * @returns {{attributes: Record<string, ?>, nestedAttributes: Record<string, ?> | null} | string} - Mutation attributes or validation error message.
+ */
+function frontendModelMutationAttributes(params) {
+  const attributes = params.attributes
+
+  if (!attributes || typeof attributes !== "object") {
+    return "Expected model attributes."
+  }
+
+  return {
+    attributes,
+    nestedAttributes: params.nestedAttributes && typeof params.nestedAttributes === "object"
+      ? /**
+         * Types the following value.
+          @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (params.nestedAttributes)
+      : null
+  }
+}
+
+/** Controller with built-in frontend model resource actions. */
+export default class FrontendModelController extends Controller {
+  /**
+   * Frontend model params.
+    @type {Record<string, ?> | undefined} */
+  _frontendModelParams = undefined
+  /**
+   * Frontend model params override.
+    @type {Record<string, ?> | undefined} */
+  _frontendModelParamsOverride = undefined
+  /**
+   * Frontend model ability override.
+    @type {import("./authorization/ability.js").default | undefined} */
+  _frontendModelAbilityOverride = undefined
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model params.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Decoded request params.
+   */
+  frontendModelParams() {
+    if (this._frontendModelParamsOverride) {
+      return this._frontendModelParamsOverride
+    }
+
+    this._frontendModelParams ||= /**
+                                   * Types the following value.
+                                    @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (deserializeFrontendModelTransportValue(this.params()))
+
+    return this._frontendModelParams
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs with frontend model params.
+   * @template T
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} params - Temporary frontend model params.
+   * @param {() => Promise<T>} callback - Callback executed with temporary params.
+   * @returns {Promise<T>} - Callback return value.
+   */
+  async withFrontendModelParams(params, callback) {
+    const previousOverride = this._frontendModelParamsOverride
+    const previousParams = this._frontendModelParams
+
+    this._frontendModelParamsOverride = params
+    this._frontendModelParams = undefined
+
+    try {
+      return await callback()
+    } finally {
+      this._frontendModelParamsOverride = previousOverride
+      this._frontendModelParams = previousParams
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs with frontend model request context.
+   * @template T
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} params - Request-scoped params.
+   * @param {import("./http-server/client/response.js").default} response - Response instance.
+   * @param {() => Promise<T>} callback - Callback executed inside resolved tenant and ability context.
+   * @returns {Promise<T>} - Callback return value.
+   */
+  async withFrontendModelRequestContext(params, response, callback) {
+    const configuration = this.getConfiguration()
+    const tenant = await configuration.resolveTenant({
+      params,
+      request: this.request(),
+      response
+    })
+
+    return await configuration.runWithTenant(tenant, async () => {
+      return await configuration.ensureConnections({name: "Frontend model request"}, async () => {
+        const ability = await configuration.resolveAbility({
+          params,
+          request: this.request(),
+          response
+        })
+        /**
+         * Previous ability override.
+          @type {import("./authorization/ability.js").default | undefined} */
+        const previousAbilityOverride = this._frontendModelAbilityOverride
+
+        this._frontendModelAbilityOverride = ability
+
+        try {
+          return await configuration.runWithAbility(ability, async () => {
+            return await callback()
+          })
+        } finally {
+          this._frontendModelAbilityOverride = previousAbilityOverride
+        }
+      })
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs current ability.
+   * @returns {import("./authorization/ability.js").default | undefined} - Current ability for frontend-model request scope.
+   */
+  currentAbility() {
+    return this._frontendModelAbilityOverride || super.currentAbility()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model class.
+   * @returns {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} - Frontend model class for controller resource actions.
+   */
+  frontendModelClass() {
+    const frontendModelClass = this.frontendModelClassFromConfiguration()
+    const params = this.frontendModelParams()
+    const modelName = typeof params.model === "string" ? params.model : undefined
+    const controllerName = typeof params.controller === "string" ? params.controller : undefined
+
+    if (frontendModelClass) return frontendModelClass
+
+    throw new Error(`No frontend model configured for model '${modelName || "unknown"}' and controller '${controllerName || "unknown"}'. Ensure a FrontendModelBaseResource subclass exists in src/resources/ or is listed in the ability resolver.`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model resource configuration.
+   * @returns {{backendProject: import("./configuration-types.js").BackendProjectConfiguration, modelName: string, resourceClass: import("./configuration-types.js").FrontendModelResourceClassType, resourceConfiguration: import("./configuration-types.js").NormalizedFrontendModelResourceConfiguration} | null} - Frontend model resource configuration for current controller.
+   */
+  frontendModelResourceConfiguration() {
+    const params = this.frontendModelParams()
+    const modelName = typeof params.model === "string" ? params.model : undefined
+    const controllerName = typeof params.controller === "string" ? params.controller : undefined
+    const backendProjects = this.getConfiguration().getBackendProjects()
+
+    for (const backendProject of backendProjects) {
+      const resources = frontendModelResourcesForBackendProject(backendProject)
+
+      if (modelName && modelName.length > 0 && resources[modelName]) {
+        const resourceDefinition = resources[modelName]
+        const resourceConfiguration = frontendModelResourceConfigurationFromDefinition(resourceDefinition)
+        const resourceClass = frontendModelResourceClassFromDefinition(resourceDefinition)
+
+        if (!resourceConfiguration || !resourceClass) {
+          throw new Error(`Frontend model resource '${modelName}' must be a FrontendModelBaseResource subclass`)
+        }
+
+        return {
+          backendProject,
+          modelName,
+          resourceClass,
+          resourceConfiguration
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!controllerName || controllerName.length < 1) continue
+
+      for (const resourceModelName in resources) {
+        const resourceDefinition = resources[resourceModelName]
+        const resourceConfiguration = frontendModelResourceConfigurationFromDefinition(resourceDefinition)
+        const resourceClass = frontendModelResourceClassFromDefinition(resourceDefinition)
+
+        if (!resourceConfiguration || !resourceClass) {
+          throw new Error(`Frontend model resource '${resourceModelName}' must be a FrontendModelBaseResource subclass`)
+        }
+
+        const resourcePath = this.frontendModelResourcePath(resourceModelName, resourceDefinition)
+
+        if (this.frontendModelResourceMatchesController({controllerName, resourcePath})) {
+          return {
+            backendProject,
+            modelName: resourceModelName,
+            resourceClass,
+            resourceConfiguration
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model resource configuration for backend project model name.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {import("./configuration-types.js").BackendProjectConfiguration} args.backendProject - Backend project configuration.
+   * @param {string} args.modelName - Model name.
+   * @returns {{backendProject: import("./configuration-types.js").BackendProjectConfiguration, modelName: string, resourceClass: import("./configuration-types.js").FrontendModelResourceClassType, resourceConfiguration: import("./configuration-types.js").NormalizedFrontendModelResourceConfiguration} | null} - Frontend model resource configuration for model name.
+   */
+  frontendModelResourceConfigurationForBackendProjectModelName({backendProject, modelName}) {
+    const resources = frontendModelResourcesForBackendProject(backendProject)
+    const resourceDefinition = resources[modelName]
+
+    if (!resourceDefinition) return null
+
+    const resourceConfiguration = frontendModelResourceConfigurationFromDefinition(resourceDefinition)
+    const resourceClass = frontendModelResourceClassFromDefinition(resourceDefinition)
+
+    if (!resourceConfiguration || !resourceClass) return null
+
+    return {
+      backendProject,
+      modelName,
+      resourceClass,
+      resourceConfiguration
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model resource configuration for model class.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+   * @returns {{backendProject: import("./configuration-types.js").BackendProjectConfiguration, modelName: string, resourceClass: import("./configuration-types.js").FrontendModelResourceClassType, resourceConfiguration: import("./configuration-types.js").NormalizedFrontendModelResourceConfiguration} | null} - Frontend model resource configuration for model class.
+   */
+  frontendModelResourceConfigurationForModelClass(modelClass) {
+    const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfiguration()
+
+    if (!frontendModelResource) return null
+
+    return this.frontendModelResourceConfigurationForBackendProjectModelName({
+      backendProject: frontendModelResource.backendProject,
+      modelName: modelClass.getModelName()
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model resource model class.
+   * @param {{modelName: string, resourceClass: import("./configuration-types.js").FrontendModelResourceClassType}} frontendModelResource - Frontend model resource configuration.
+   * @returns {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default | null} - Backing record class, when available.
+   */
+  frontendModelResourceModelClass(frontendModelResource) {
+    const resourceModelClass = frontendModelResource.resourceClass.ModelClass
+
+    if (resourceModelClass) return resourceModelClass
+
+    return this.getConfiguration().getModelClasses()[frontendModelResource.modelName] || null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model class from configuration.
+   * @returns {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default | null} - Frontend model class resolved from backend project configuration.
+   */
+  frontendModelClassFromConfiguration() {
+    const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfiguration()
+
+    if (!frontendModelResource) return null
+
+    const resourceModelClass = this.frontendModelResourceModelClass(frontendModelResource)
+
+    if (resourceModelClass) return resourceModelClass
+
+    const modelClasses = this.getConfiguration().getModelClasses()
+    const modelClass = modelClasses[frontendModelResource.modelName]
+
+    if (!modelClass) {
+      throw new Error(`Frontend model '${frontendModelResource.modelName}' is configured for '${this.frontendModelParams().controller}', but no model class was registered. Registered models: ${Object.keys(modelClasses).join(", ")}`)
+    }
+
+    return modelClass
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ensures the frontend model class and requested preload target classes are initialized.
+   * This handles the case where model initialization was skipped at startup (e.g., browser tests).
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when the model class is ready.
+   */
+  async ensureFrontendModelClassInitialized() {
+    const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfiguration()
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClassFromConfiguration()
+
+    if (!modelClass) return
+
+    await this.ensureFrontendModelRecordClassInitialized(modelClass)
+
+    if (!frontendModelResource) return
+
+    await this.ensureFrontendModelPreloadClassesInitialized({
+      backendProject: frontendModelResource.backendProject,
+      modelClass,
+      preload: this.frontendModelPreload()
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ensure frontend model record class initialized.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class to initialize.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when the model class is ready.
+   */
+  async ensureFrontendModelRecordClassInitialized(modelClass) {
+    if (!modelClass || modelClass.isInitialized()) return
+
+    const configuration = this.getConfiguration()
+
+    if (typeof modelClass.ensureInitialized === "function") {
+      await modelClass.ensureInitialized({configuration})
+    } else if (typeof modelClass.initializeRecord === "function") {
+      await modelClass.initializeRecord({configuration})
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ensure frontend model preload classes initialized.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {import("./configuration-types.js").BackendProjectConfiguration} args.backendProject - Backend project configuration.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} args.modelClass - Model class whose preload tree is being resolved.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord | null} args.preload - Normalized preload tree.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when preload target classes are initialized.
+   */
+  async ensureFrontendModelPreloadClassesInitialized({backendProject, modelClass, preload}) {
+    if (!preload) return
+
+    for (const [relationshipName, relationshipPreload] of Object.entries(preload)) {
+      if (relationshipPreload === false) continue
+
+      const relationship = modelClass.getRelationshipByName(relationshipName)
+      const targetModelClass = await this.ensureFrontendModelRelationshipTargetClassInitialized({
+        backendProject,
+        relationship
+      })
+
+      if (!targetModelClass || !isPlainObject(relationshipPreload)) continue
+
+      await this.ensureFrontendModelPreloadClassesInitialized({
+        backendProject,
+        modelClass: targetModelClass,
+        preload: /**
+                  * Types the following value.
+                   @type {import("./database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} */ (relationshipPreload)
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ensure frontend model relationship target class initialized.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {import("./configuration-types.js").BackendProjectConfiguration} args.backendProject - Backend project configuration.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/relationships/base.js").default} args.relationship - Relationship definition.
+   * @returns {Promise<typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default | null>} - Target model class, when available.
+   */
+  async ensureFrontendModelRelationshipTargetClassInitialized({backendProject, relationship}) {
+    if (relationship.through) {
+      const throughRelationship = relationship.getModelClass().getRelationshipByName(relationship.through)
+      await this.ensureFrontendModelRelationshipTargetClassInitialized({
+        backendProject,
+        relationship: throughRelationship
+      })
+    }
+
+    const targetModelClass = this.frontendModelRelationshipTargetModelClass({
+      backendProject,
+      relationship
+    })
+
+    if (!targetModelClass) return null
+
+    await this.ensureFrontendModelRecordClassInitialized(targetModelClass)
+
+    return targetModelClass
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model relationship target model class.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {import("./configuration-types.js").BackendProjectConfiguration} args.backendProject - Backend project configuration.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/relationships/base.js").default} args.relationship - Relationship definition.
+   * @returns {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default | null} - Target model class, when available.
+   */
+  frontendModelRelationshipTargetModelClass({backendProject, relationship}) {
+    if (relationship.getPolymorphic() && relationship.getType() === "belongsTo") return null
+
+    if (relationship.klass) return relationship.klass
+
+    if (relationship.className) {
+      const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfigurationForBackendProjectModelName({
+        backendProject,
+        modelName: relationship.className
+      })
+      const resourceModelClass = frontendModelResource ? this.frontendModelResourceModelClass(frontendModelResource) : null
+
+      if (resourceModelClass) return resourceModelClass
+
+      const registeredModelClass = this.getConfiguration().getModelClasses()[relationship.className]
+
+      if (registeredModelClass) return registeredModelClass
+    }
+
+    const targetModelClass = relationship.getTargetModelClass()
+
+    return targetModelClass || null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model resource path.
+   * @param {string} modelName - Model class name.
+   * @param {?} resourceDefinition - Resource definition.
+   * @returns {string} - Normalized resource path.
+   */
+  frontendModelResourcePath(modelName, resourceDefinition) {
+    return frontendModelResourcePath(modelName, resourceDefinition)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model resource matches controller.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {string} args.controllerName - Controller name from params.
+   * @param {string} args.resourcePath - Resource path from configuration.
+   * @returns {boolean} - Whether resource path matches current controller.
+   */
+  frontendModelResourceMatchesController({controllerName, resourcePath}) {
+    const normalizedController = controllerName.replace(/^\/+|\/+$/g, "")
+    const normalizedResourcePath = resourcePath.replace(/^\/+|\/+$/g, "")
+
+    if (normalizedResourcePath === normalizedController) return true
+
+    return normalizedResourcePath.endsWith(`/${normalizedController}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model resource instance.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelBaseResource} - Backend resource instance for current frontend-model action.
+   */
+  frontendModelResourceInstance() {
+    const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfiguration()
+
+    if (!frontendModelResource) {
+      throw new Error(`No frontend model resource configuration for controller '${this.frontendModelParams().controller}'`)
+    }
+
+    const resourceArgs = {
+      ability: this.currentAbility(),
+      controller: this,
+      context: {
+        ...(this.currentAbility()?.getContext() || {}),
+        params: this.frontendModelParams(),
+        request: this.request()
+      },
+      locals: this.currentAbility()?.getLocals() || {},
+      modelClass: this.frontendModelClass(),
+      modelName: frontendModelResource.modelName,
+      params: this.frontendModelParams(),
+      resourceConfiguration: frontendModelResource.resourceConfiguration
+    }
+
+    return new frontendModelResource.resourceClass(resourceArgs)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model primary key.
+   * @returns {string} - Frontend model primary key.
+   */
+  frontendModelPrimaryKey() {
+    return this.frontendModelClass().primaryKey()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model ability action.
+   * @param {"index" | "find" | "create" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url"} action - Frontend action.
+   * @returns {string} - Ability action configured for the frontend action.
+   */
+  frontendModelAbilityAction(action) {
+    const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfiguration()
+
+    if (!frontendModelResource) {
+      throw new Error(`No frontend model resource configuration for controller '${this.frontendModelParams().controller}'`)
+    }
+
+    const abilities = frontendModelResource.resourceConfiguration.abilities
+
+    if (!abilities || typeof abilities !== "object") {
+      throw new Error(`Resource '${frontendModelResource.modelName}' must define an 'abilities' object`)
+    }
+
+    const abilityKey = action === "attach"
+      ? "update"
+      : ((action === "download" || action === "url") ? "find" : action)
+    const abilityAction = abilities[abilityKey]
+
+    if (typeof abilityAction !== "string" || abilityAction.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error(`Resource '${frontendModelResource.modelName}' must define abilities.${abilityKey}`)
+    }
+
+    return abilityAction
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model authorized query.
+   * @param {"index" | "find" | "create" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url"} action - Frontend action.
+   * @returns {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default<typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default>} - Authorized query for the action.
+   */
+  frontendModelAuthorizedQuery(action) {
+    const abilityAction = this.frontendModelAbilityAction(action)
+
+    return this.frontendModelClass().accessibleFor(abilityAction, this.currentAbility())
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model primary key value.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default} model - Model instance.
+   * @returns {string} - Primary key value as string.
+   */
+  frontendModelPrimaryKeyValue(model) {
+    const columnName = this.frontendModelPrimaryKey()
+    const attributeNameMap = model.getModelClass().getColumnNameToAttributeNameMap()
+    const attributeName = attributeNameMap[columnName] || columnName
+    const value = model.readAttribute(attributeName)
+
+    return String(value)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model filter authorized models.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {"index" | "find" | "create" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url"} args.action - Frontend action.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default[]} args.models - Candidate models.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./database/record/index.js").default[]>} - Authorized models.
+   */
+  async frontendModelFilterAuthorizedModels({action, models}) {
+    if (models.length === 0) return models
+
+    const primaryKey = this.frontendModelPrimaryKey()
+    const ids = models.map((model) => this.frontendModelPrimaryKeyValue(model))
+    const authorizedQuery = this.frontendModelAuthorizedQuery(action).where({[primaryKey]: ids})
+
+    const authorizedIdsRaw = await authorizedQuery.pluck(primaryKey)
+
+    const authorizedIds = new Set(authorizedIdsRaw.map((id) => String(id)))
+
+    return models.filter((model) => authorizedIds.has(this.frontendModelPrimaryKeyValue(model)))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs run frontend model before action.
+   * @param {"index" | "find" | "create" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url"} action - Frontend action.
+   * @returns {Promise<boolean>} - Whether action should continue.
+   */
+  async runFrontendModelBeforeAction(action) {
+    const result = await this.frontendModelResourceInstance().beforeAction(action)
+
+    return result !== false
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model find record.
+   * @param {"find" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url"} action - Frontend action.
+   * @param {string | number} id - Record id.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./database/record/index.js").default | null>} - Located model record.
+   */
+  async frontendModelFindRecord(action, id) {
+    const model = await this.frontendModelResourceInstance().find(action, id)
+
+    if (!model) return null
+
+    const authorizedModels = await this.frontendModelFilterAuthorizedModels({action, models: [model]})
+
+    return authorizedModels[0] || null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model create record.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} attributes - Create attributes.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?> | null} [nestedAttributes] - Optional nested-attribute payload for cascading writes.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./database/record/index.js").default | null>} - Created model when authorized.
+   */
+  async frontendModelCreateRecord(attributes, nestedAttributes = null) {
+    const resource = this.frontendModelResourceInstance()
+    const model = await resource.create(attributes, {nestedAttributes, controller: this})
+
+    const authorizedModels = await this.frontendModelFilterAuthorizedModels({action: "create", models: [model]})
+
+    if (authorizedModels.length > 0) {
+      return authorizedModels[0]
+    }
+
+    await resource.handleUnauthorizedCreatedModel(model)
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model records.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./database/record/index.js").default[]>} - Frontend model records.
+   */
+  async frontendModelRecords() {
+    const models = await this.frontendModelResourceInstance().records()
+
+    return await this.frontendModelFilterAuthorizedModels({action: "index", models})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model preload.
+   * @returns {import("./database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord | null} - Frontend preload data.
+   */
+  frontendModelPreload() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelPreload(this.frontendModelParams().preload)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model select.
+   * @returns {Record<string, string[]> | null} - Frontend select data.
+   */
+  frontendModelSelect() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelSelect(this.frontendModelParams().select, this.frontendModelClass().getModelName())
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model selects extra.
+   * @returns {Record<string, string[]> | null} - Frontend extra-select data (defaults plus these), keyed by model name.
+   */
+  frontendModelSelectsExtra() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelSelect(this.frontendModelParams().selectsExtra, this.frontendModelClass().getModelName())
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model searches.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelSearch[]} - Frontend search filters.
+   */
+  frontendModelSearches() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelSearches(this.frontendModelParams().searches)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model where.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?> | null} - Frontend where filters.
+   */
+  frontendModelWhere() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelWhere(this.frontendModelParams().where)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model ransack.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?> | null} - Frontend Ransack filters.
+   */
+  frontendModelRansack() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelRansack(this.frontendModelParams().ransack)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model joins.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?> | null} - Frontend joins descriptors.
+   */
+  frontendModelJoins() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelJoins(this.frontendModelParams().joins)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model sort.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelSort[]} - Frontend sort definitions.
+   */
+  frontendModelSort() {
+    return normalizeQuerySort(this.frontendModelParams().sort)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model group.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelGroup[]} - Frontend group definitions.
+   */
+  frontendModelGroup() {
+    try {
+      return normalizeQueryGroup(this.frontendModelParams().group)
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationErrorForError(error)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model pagination.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelPagination} - Frontend pagination params.
+   */
+  frontendModelPagination() {
+    const params = this.frontendModelParams()
+
+    return normalizeFrontendModelPagination({
+      limit: params.limit,
+      offset: params.offset,
+      page: params.page,
+      perPage: params.perPage
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model distinct.
+   * @returns {boolean | null} - Frontend distinct flag when provided.
+   */
+  frontendModelDistinct() {
+    return normalizeFrontendModelDistinct(this.frontendModelParams().distinct)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model pluck.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelPluck[]} - Frontend pluck definitions.
+   */
+  frontendModelPluck() {
+    try {
+      return normalizeQueryPluck(this.frontendModelParams().pluck)
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw frontendModelValidationErrorForError(error)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model count requested.
+   * @returns {boolean} - Whether the request asks for an aggregate count.
+   */
+  frontendModelCountRequested() {
+    return this.frontendModelParams().count === true
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model with count.
+   * @returns {Array<{attributeName: string, relationshipName: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}>}
+   *   Frontend withCount entries. Empty array when not requested.
+   */
+  frontendModelWithCount() {
+    const raw = this.frontendModelParams().withCount
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(raw)) return []
+
+    /**
+     * Entries.
+      @type {Array<{attributeName: string, relationshipName: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}>} */
+    const entries = []
+
+    for (const entry of raw) {
+      if (!entry || typeof entry !== "object") continue
+      if (typeof entry.attributeName !== "string" || entry.attributeName.length === 0) continue
+      if (typeof entry.relationshipName !== "string" || entry.relationshipName.length === 0) continue
+
+      entries.push({
+        attributeName: entry.attributeName,
+        relationshipName: entry.relationshipName,
+        where: entry.where && typeof entry.where === "object" ? entry.where : undefined
+      })
+    }
+
+    return entries
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolve an entry from the frontend-model `abilities` payload to
+   * its backend model class by looking up the resource by modelName
+   * across all configured backend projects. Returns null when no
+   * resource matches — the spec entry is then silently ignored so a
+   * caller requesting abilities for a model they cannot resolve does
+   * not crash the request.
+   * @param {string} modelName
+   * @returns {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default | null}
+   */
+  _frontendModelClassForAbilities(modelName) {
+    if (typeof modelName !== "string" || modelName.length === 0) return null
+
+    const configuration = this.getConfiguration()
+    const backendProjects = configuration?.getBackendProjects?.() ?? []
+
+    for (const backendProject of backendProjects) {
+      const frontendModels = backendProject?.frontendModels
+      if (!frontendModels || typeof frontendModels !== "object") continue
+
+      const resourceDefinition = frontendModels[modelName]
+      if (!resourceDefinition) continue
+
+      const resourceClass = frontendModelResourceClassFromDefinition(resourceDefinition)
+      if (!resourceClass) continue
+
+      const modelClass = typeof resourceClass.modelClass === "function"
+        ? resourceClass.modelClass()
+        : resourceClass.ModelClass
+
+      if (typeof modelClass === "function") return modelClass
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Collect every loaded record whose `getModelName()` matches the
+   * requested name, walking across the root-level slice plus any
+   * preloaded relationships at any depth. Used to evaluate per-record
+   * abilities against nested preloaded children with a single batched
+   * query per (modelClass, action) pair.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default[]} rootModels
+   * @param {string} modelName
+   * @returns {import("./database/record/index.js").default[]}
+   */
+  _frontendModelCollectRecordsForName(rootModels, modelName) {
+    /**
+     * Out.
+      @type {import("./database/record/index.js").default[]} */
+    const out = []
+    /**
+     * Seen.
+      @type {Set<import("./database/record/index.js").default>} */
+    const seen = new Set()
+
+    /**
+     * Walk.
+      @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default | null | undefined} record */
+    const walk = (record) => {
+      if (!record || typeof record !== "object") return
+      if (seen.has(record)) return
+      seen.add(record)
+
+      const ModelClass = typeof record.getModelClass === "function"
+        ? record.getModelClass()
+        : null
+      if (ModelClass && typeof ModelClass.getModelName === "function" && ModelClass.getModelName() === modelName) {
+        out.push(record)
+      }
+
+      const relationshipsMap = typeof ModelClass?.getRelationshipsMap === "function"
+        ? ModelClass.getRelationshipsMap()
+        : null
+      if (!relationshipsMap) return
+
+      for (const relationshipName of Object.keys(relationshipsMap)) {
+        const relationship = typeof record.getRelationshipByName === "function"
+          ? record.getRelationshipByName(relationshipName)
+          : null
+        if (!relationship || typeof relationship.getLoadedOrUndefined !== "function") continue
+
+        const loaded = relationship.getLoadedOrUndefined()
+        if (loaded === undefined) continue
+
+        if (Array.isArray(loaded)) {
+          for (const child of loaded) walk(child)
+        } else {
+          walk(loaded)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const root of rootModels) walk(root)
+
+    return out
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Evaluate every ability requested via the frontend `abilities`
+   * param against the loaded model cohort (plus any preloaded
+   * children), attaching the results to each record via
+   * `_setComputedAbility`. Runs one batched `authorized query + pluck`
+   * per (modelClass, action) pair, regardless of how many records
+   * were loaded.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default[]} rootModels
+   * @returns {Promise<void>}
+   */
+  async frontendModelComputeAbilities(rootModels) {
+    const entries = this.frontendModelAbilities()
+    if (entries.length === 0) return
+    if (!Array.isArray(rootModels) || rootModels.length === 0) return
+
+    const ability = this.currentAbility()
+    if (!ability) return
+
+    for (const entry of entries) {
+      const modelClass = this._frontendModelClassForAbilities(entry.modelName)
+      if (!modelClass) continue
+
+      const candidates = this._frontendModelCollectRecordsForName(rootModels, entry.modelName)
+      if (candidates.length === 0) continue
+
+      const primaryKey = modelClass.primaryKey()
+      const ids = candidates
+        .map((record) => record.readAttribute(primaryKey))
+        .filter((value) => value !== null && value !== undefined)
+      if (ids.length === 0) continue
+
+      for (const action of entry.actions) {
+        let allowedIds
+        try {
+          const authorizedQuery = modelClass.accessibleFor(action, ability).where({[primaryKey]: ids})
+          const plucked = await authorizedQuery.pluck(primaryKey)
+          allowedIds = new Set(plucked.map((value) => String(value)))
+        } catch (error) {
+          // An ability with no allow rules for the action throws via
+          // `accessibleFor`; treat as a universal deny so the frontend
+          // gets `can(action) === false` for every candidate, instead
+          // of surfacing an error that the UI can't act on.
+          void error
+          allowedIds = new Set()
+        }
+
+        for (const record of candidates) {
+          const idValue = record.readAttribute(primaryKey)
+          const allowed = idValue !== null && idValue !== undefined && allowedIds.has(String(idValue))
+          record._setComputedAbility(action, allowed)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse the frontend-model `abilities` param into a list of
+   * `{modelName, actions}` entries to evaluate against loaded records.
+   * Unknown entries are silently skipped — downstream code resolves
+   * model names to classes when applying the check, so unresolved
+   * names naturally become no-ops.
+   * @returns {Array<{modelName: string, actions: string[]}>}
+   */
+  frontendModelAbilities() {
+    const raw = this.frontendModelParams().abilities
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(raw)) return []
+
+    /**
+     * Entries.
+      @type {Array<{modelName: string, actions: string[]}>} */
+    const entries = []
+
+    for (const entry of raw) {
+      if (!entry || typeof entry !== "object") continue
+      if (typeof entry.modelName !== "string" || entry.modelName.length === 0) continue
+      if (!Array.isArray(entry.actions)) continue
+
+      const actions = entry.actions.filter(
+        (/**
+          * Types the following value.
+           @type {?} */ action) => typeof action === "string" && action.length > 0
+      )
+
+      if (actions.length === 0) continue
+
+      entries.push({actions, modelName: entry.modelName})
+    }
+
+    return entries
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read the frontend-model `queryData` param. The wire format carries
+   * only **names** (the keys the frontend wants attached) plus the
+   * optional nested-relationship chain leading to them — the actual SQL
+   * fragments live on the backend model as `Model.queryData(name, fn)`
+   * registrations. Callers cannot push SQL through this endpoint.
+   *
+   * Returns the raw nested-record spec (shape validated by the
+   * normalizer inside `Query.queryData`) or `null` when not requested.
+   * @returns {import("./database/query/query-data.js").QueryDataSpec | null}
+   */
+  frontendModelQueryData() {
+    const raw = this.frontendModelParams().queryData
+
+    if (raw == null) return null
+
+    if (typeof raw === "string") return raw
+    if (Array.isArray(raw)) return raw
+    if (typeof raw === "object") return raw
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model index query.
+   * @returns {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} - Frontend index query with normalized params applied.
+   */
+  frontendModelIndexQuery() {
+    let query = this.frontendModelAuthorizedQuery("index")
+    const preload = this.frontendModelPreload()
+
+    if (preload) {
+      query = query.preload(preload)
+    }
+
+    const joins = this.frontendModelJoins()
+    const where = this.frontendModelWhere()
+    const pagination = this.frontendModelPagination()
+    const distinct = this.frontendModelDistinct()
+
+    this.applyFrontendModelPagination({pagination, query})
+
+    if (distinct !== null) {
+      query.distinct(distinct)
+    }
+
+    if (where) {
+      this.applyFrontendModelWhere({query, where})
+    }
+
+    const ransack = this.frontendModelRansack()
+
+    if (ransack) {
+      query.ransack(ransack)
+    }
+
+    if (joins) {
+      this.applyFrontendModelJoins({joins, query})
+    }
+
+    const searches = this.frontendModelSearches()
+
+    for (const search of searches) {
+      this.applyFrontendModelSearch({query, search})
+    }
+
+    const groups = this.frontendModelGroup()
+
+    if (groups.length > 0) {
+      this.applyFrontendModelRootGroupColumns({query})
+    }
+
+    for (const group of groups) {
+      this.applyFrontendModelGroup({group, query})
+    }
+
+    const sorts = this.frontendModelSort()
+
+    if (sorts.length > 0) {
+      for (const sort of sorts) {
+        this.applyFrontendModelSort({query, sort})
+      }
+    }
+
+    const withCount = this.frontendModelWithCount()
+
+    for (const entry of withCount) {
+      /**
+       * Spec.
+        @type {Record<string, boolean | {relationship?: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}>} */
+      const spec = {}
+      spec[entry.attributeName] = {relationship: entry.relationshipName, where: entry.where}
+      query.withCount(spec)
+    }
+
+    const queryData = this.frontendModelQueryData()
+
+    if (queryData != null) {
+      query.queryData(queryData)
+    }
+
+    query = this.applyFrontendModelTranslatedAttributePreloads({query})
+
+    if (query._distinct && query.driver.getType() === "mssql") {
+      return this.frontendModelMssqlDistinctByPrimaryKeyQuery({query})
+    }
+
+    return query
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * MSSQL cannot apply DISTINCT over non-comparable text columns in table.* selects.
+   * This rewrites distinct frontend-model queries to select root records by distinct PK subquery.
+   * @param {object} args - Args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query with distinct and filters.
+   * @returns {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} - MSSQL-safe distinct query.
+   */
+  frontendModelMssqlDistinctByPrimaryKeyQuery({query}) {
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const primaryKey = modelClass.primaryKey()
+    const rootTableSql = query.driver.quoteTable(modelClass.tableName())
+    const primaryKeySql = `${rootTableSql}.${query.driver.quoteColumn(primaryKey)}`
+    const distinctIdsQuery = query.clone()
+
+    distinctIdsQuery._preload = {}
+    distinctIdsQuery._selects = []
+    distinctIdsQuery.select(primaryKeySql)
+    distinctIdsQuery.distinct(true)
+
+    const distinctRootQuery = modelClass._newQuery()
+
+    distinctRootQuery.where(`${primaryKeySql} IN (${distinctIdsQuery.toSql()})`)
+    distinctRootQuery._preload = {...query._preload}
+
+    return distinctRootQuery
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model pluck values.
+   * @param {object} args - Pluck args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {FrontendModelPluck[]} args.pluck - Pluck descriptors.
+   * @returns {Promise<Array<?>>} - Plucked values.
+   */
+  async frontendModelPluckValues({query, pluck}) {
+    if (pluck.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error("No columns given to pluck")
+    }
+
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const pluckQuery = query.clone()
+    /**
+     * Aliases.
+      @type {string[]} */
+    const aliases = []
+    const queryMetadata = frontendModelQueryMetadata(query)
+    const pluckQueryMetadata = frontendModelQueryMetadata(pluckQuery)
+    const joinedPaths = queryMetadata[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol]
+
+    pluckQuery._preload = {}
+    pluckQuery._selects = []
+    pluckQueryMetadata[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol] = joinedPaths ? new Set(joinedPaths) : new Set()
+
+    for (const [pluckIndex, pluckEntry] of pluck.entries()) {
+      const targetModelClass = this.frontendModelSearchTargetModelClass({
+        modelClass,
+        path: pluckEntry.path
+      })
+      const columnName = this.resolveFrontendModelColumnName(targetModelClass, pluckEntry.column)
+
+      if (!columnName) {
+        throw new Error(`Unknown pluck column "${pluckEntry.column}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+      }
+
+      if (pluckEntry.path.length > 0) {
+        this.ensureFrontendModelJoinPath({path: pluckEntry.path, query: pluckQuery})
+      }
+
+      const tableReference = pluckQuery.getTableReferenceForJoin(...pluckEntry.path)
+      const columnSql = `${pluckQuery.driver.quoteTable(tableReference)}.${pluckQuery.driver.quoteColumn(columnName)}`
+      const alias = `frontend_model_pluck_${pluckIndex}`
+
+      pluckQuery.select(`${columnSql} AS ${pluckQuery.driver.quoteColumn(alias)}`)
+      aliases.push(alias)
+    }
+
+    const rows = await pluckQuery.results()
+
+    if (aliases.length === 1) {
+      const [alias] = aliases
+
+      return rows.map((row) => /**
+                                * Types the following value.
+                                 @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (row)[alias])
+    }
+
+    return rows.map((row) => {
+      const rowHash = /**
+                       * Types the following value.
+                        @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (row)
+
+      return aliases.map((alias) => rowHash[alias])
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model search target model class.
+   * @param {object} args - Search args.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} args.modelClass - Root model class.
+   * @param {string[]} args.path - Relationship path.
+   * @returns {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} - Target model class.
+   */
+  frontendModelSearchTargetModelClass({modelClass, path}) {
+    let targetModelClass = modelClass
+
+    for (const relationshipName of path) {
+      const relationship = targetModelClass.getRelationshipsMap()[relationshipName]
+
+      if (!relationship) {
+        throw new Error(`Unknown search relationship "${relationshipName}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+      }
+
+      const relationshipTargetModelClass = relationship.getTargetModelClass()
+
+      if (!relationshipTargetModelClass) {
+        throw new Error(`No target model class for ${targetModelClass.name}#${relationshipName}`)
+      }
+
+      targetModelClass = relationshipTargetModelClass
+    }
+
+    return targetModelClass
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model search.
+   * @param {object} args - Search args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {FrontendModelSearch} args.search - Search filter.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelSearch({query, search}) {
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const targetModelClass = this.frontendModelSearchTargetModelClass({
+      modelClass,
+      path: search.path
+    })
+    const columnName = this.resolveFrontendModelColumnName(targetModelClass, search.column)
+
+    if (!columnName) {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown search column "${search.column}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+    }
+
+    if (search.path.length > 0) {
+      this.ensureFrontendModelJoinPath({path: search.path, query})
+    }
+
+    const tableReference = query.getTableReferenceForJoin(...search.path)
+    const columnSql = `${query.driver.quoteTable(tableReference)}.${query.driver.quoteColumn(columnName)}`
+    const operatorMap = {
+      eq: "=",
+      gt: ">",
+      gteq: ">=",
+      like: "LIKE",
+      lt: "<",
+      lteq: "<=",
+      notEq: "!="
+    }
+    const sqlOperator = operatorMap[search.operator]
+
+    if (search.operator === "eq") {
+      if (this.applyFrontendModelArraySearch({emptySql: "1=0", operatorSql: "IN", query, search, columnSql})) return
+
+      if (search.value === null) {
+        query.where(`${columnSql} IS NULL`)
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (search.operator === "notEq") {
+      if (this.applyFrontendModelArraySearch({emptySql: "1=1", operatorSql: "NOT IN", query, search, columnSql})) return
+
+      if (search.value === null) {
+        query.where(`${columnSql} IS NOT NULL`)
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    query.where(`${columnSql} ${sqlOperator} ${query.driver.quote(search.value)}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Apply array-valued equality search filters.
+   * @param {object} args - Search arguments.
+   * @param {string} args.columnSql - SQL for the searched column.
+   * @param {string} args.emptySql - SQL predicate used when the array is empty.
+   * @param {"IN" | "NOT IN"} args.operatorSql - SQL array operator.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {FrontendModelSearch} args.search - Search descriptor.
+   * @returns {boolean} - Whether an array predicate was applied.
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelArraySearch({columnSql, emptySql, operatorSql, query, search}) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(search.value)) return false
+
+    if (search.value.length === 0) {
+      query.where(emptySql)
+    } else {
+      query.where(`${columnSql} ${operatorSql} (${search.value.map((entry) => query.driver.quote(entry)).join(", ")})`)
+    }
+
+    return true
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model pagination.
+   * @param {object} args - Pagination args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {FrontendModelPagination} args.pagination - Pagination values.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelPagination({query, pagination}) {
+    if (pagination.limit !== null) {
+      query.limit(pagination.limit)
+    }
+
+    if (pagination.offset !== null) {
+      query.offset(pagination.offset)
+    }
+
+    if (pagination.perPage !== null) {
+      query.perPage(pagination.perPage)
+    }
+
+    if (pagination.page !== null) {
+      query.page(pagination.page)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model where.
+   * @param {object} args - Where args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} args.where - Root-model where conditions.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelWhere({query, where}) {
+    this.applyFrontendModelWhereForPath({
+      modelClass: this.frontendModelClass(),
+      path: [],
+      query,
+      where
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model joins.
+   * @param {object} args - Joins args.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} args.joins - Relationship-object joins.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelJoins({joins, query}) {
+    const joinPathKeys = new Set()
+
+    this.applyFrontendModelJoinsForPath({
+      joins,
+      joinPathKeys,
+      modelClass: this.frontendModelClass(),
+      path: [],
+      query
+    })
+
+    query.joins(joins)
+
+    const queryMetadata = frontendModelQueryMetadata(query)
+    const joinedPaths = queryMetadata[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol] || new Set()
+
+    for (const joinPathKey of joinPathKeys) {
+      joinedPaths.add(joinPathKey)
+    }
+
+    queryMetadata[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol] = joinedPaths
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model joins for path.
+   * @param {object} args - Joins args.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} args.joins - Joins for current path.
+   * @param {Set<string>} args.joinPathKeys - Joined path keys.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} args.modelClass - Model class for current path.
+   * @param {string[]} args.path - Relationship path.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelJoinsForPath({joins, joinPathKeys, modelClass, path, query}) {
+    void query
+
+    for (const [relationshipName, relationshipJoin] of Object.entries(joins)) {
+      const relationship = modelClass.getRelationshipsMap()[relationshipName]
+
+      if (!relationship) {
+        throw new Error(`Unknown join relationship "${relationshipName}" for ${modelClass.name}`)
+      }
+
+      const targetModelClass = relationship.getTargetModelClass()
+
+      if (!targetModelClass) {
+        throw new Error(`No target model class for join relationship "${relationshipName}" on ${modelClass.name}`)
+      }
+
+      const relationshipPath = [...path, relationshipName]
+      joinPathKeys.add(relationshipPath.join("."))
+
+      if (relationshipJoin === true) continue
+
+      this.applyFrontendModelJoinsForPath({
+        joins: relationshipJoin,
+        joinPathKeys,
+        modelClass: targetModelClass,
+        path: relationshipPath,
+        query
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves a key that may be either a camelCase attribute name or a raw DB
+   * column name to its canonical column name.  Returns `undefined` when the
+   * key matches neither map.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+   * @param {string} key - Attribute name or column name to resolve.
+   * @returns {string | undefined} - Resolved DB column name, or `undefined`.
+   */
+  resolveFrontendModelColumnName(modelClass, key) {
+    const attributeNameToColumnNameMap = modelClass.getAttributeNameToColumnNameMap()
+    const columnName = attributeNameToColumnNameMap[key]
+
+    if (columnName) return columnName
+
+    // Fall back: check whether the key is already a raw DB column name.
+    const columnNameToAttributeNameMap = modelClass.getColumnNameToAttributeNameMap()
+
+    if (columnNameToAttributeNameMap[key]) return key
+
+    return undefined
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model where for path.
+   * @param {object} args - Where args.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} args.modelClass - Model class for current where scope.
+   * @param {string[]} args.path - Relationship path from root.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} args.where - Where conditions for current scope.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelWhereForPath({modelClass, path, query, where}) {
+    for (const [attributeName, value] of Object.entries(where)) {
+      const columnName = this.resolveFrontendModelColumnName(modelClass, attributeName)
+
+      if (columnName) {
+        this.ensureFrontendModelJoinPath({path, query})
+
+        const tableReference = query.getTableReferenceForJoin(...path)
+        const columnSql = `${query.driver.quoteTable(tableReference)}.${query.driver.quoteColumn(columnName)}`
+
+        if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+          if (value.length === 0) {
+            query.where("1=0")
+          } else {
+            const normalizedValues = value.map((entry) => this.normalizeFrontendModelWhereColumnValue({columnName, modelClass, value: entry}))
+
+            if (normalizedValues.includes(frontendModelWhereNoMatchSymbol)) {
+              query.where("1=0")
+            } else {
+              query.where(`${columnSql} IN (${normalizedValues.map((entry) => query.driver.quote(entry)).join(", ")})`)
+            }
+          }
+
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (value == null) {
+          query.where(`${columnSql} IS NULL`)
+        } else {
+          const normalizedValue = this.normalizeFrontendModelWhereColumnValue({columnName, modelClass, value})
+
+          if (normalizedValue === frontendModelWhereNoMatchSymbol) {
+            query.where("1=0")
+          } else {
+            query.where(`${columnSql} = ${query.driver.quote(normalizedValue)}`)
+          }
+        }
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (isPlainObject(value)) {
+        const relationship = modelClass.getRelationshipsMap()[attributeName]
+
+        if (!relationship) {
+          throw new Error(`Unknown where relationship "${attributeName}" for ${modelClass.name}`)
+        }
+
+        const targetModelClass = relationship.getTargetModelClass()
+
+        if (!targetModelClass) {
+          throw new Error(`No target model class for where relationship "${attributeName}" on ${modelClass.name}`)
+        }
+
+        const relationshipPath = [...path, attributeName]
+
+        this.applyFrontendModelWhereForPath({
+          modelClass: targetModelClass,
+          path: relationshipPath,
+          query,
+          where: value
+        })
+
+        continue
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`Unknown where column "${attributeName}" for ${modelClass.name}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs normalize frontend model where column value.
+   * @param {object} args - Args.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} args.modelClass - Model class.
+   * @param {string} args.columnName - Column name.
+   * @param {?} args.value - Where value.
+   * @returns {? | symbol} - SQL-safe where value.
+   */
+  normalizeFrontendModelWhereColumnValue({columnName, modelClass, value}) {
+    if (typeof value === "string") {
+      const columnType = modelClass.getColumnTypeByName(columnName)?.toLowerCase()
+      const isDateTimeColumn = typeof columnType === "string" && ["date", "datetime", "timestamp"].some((type) => columnType.includes(type))
+
+      if (isDateTimeColumn) {
+        const parsedDate = new Date(value)
+
+        if (!Number.isNaN(parsedDate.getTime())) {
+          return parsedDate
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (isPlainObject(value)) {
+      const columnType = modelClass.getColumnTypeByName(columnName)
+
+      if (typeof columnType !== "string") {
+        return frontendModelWhereNoMatchSymbol
+      }
+
+      const normalizedType = columnType.toLowerCase()
+      const objectValueTypes = new Set(["char", "varchar", "nvarchar", "string", "enum", "json", "jsonb", "citext", "binary", "varbinary"])
+      const supportsObjectValues = normalizedType.includes("text") || objectValueTypes.has(normalizedType)
+
+      if (!supportsObjectValues) {
+        return frontendModelWhereNoMatchSymbol
+      }
+
+      return JSON.stringify(value)
+    }
+
+    return value
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model group.
+   * @param {object} args - Group args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {FrontendModelGroup} args.group - Group definition.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelGroup({query, group}) {
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const targetModelClass = this.frontendModelSearchTargetModelClass({
+      modelClass,
+      path: group.path
+    })
+    const columnName = this.resolveFrontendModelColumnName(targetModelClass, group.column)
+
+    if (!columnName) {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown group column "${group.column}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+    }
+
+    this.ensureFrontendModelJoinPath({path: group.path, query})
+
+    const tableReference = query.getTableReferenceForJoin(...group.path)
+    const columnSql = `${query.driver.quoteTable(tableReference)}.${query.driver.quoteColumn(columnName)}`
+
+    this.ensureFrontendModelGroupColumn({columnSql, query})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds root-model columns to GROUP BY so strict SQL engines accept default root-table selects.
+   * @param {object} args - Args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelRootGroupColumns({query}) {
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const attributeNameToColumnNameMap = modelClass.getAttributeNameToColumnNameMap()
+    const rootTableReference = query.getTableReferenceForJoin()
+
+    for (const columnName of Object.values(attributeNameToColumnNameMap)) {
+      const columnSql = `${query.driver.quoteTable(rootTableReference)}.${query.driver.quoteColumn(columnName)}`
+
+      this.ensureFrontendModelGroupColumn({columnSql, query})
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ensures a group-by SQL column is only appended once.
+   * @param {object} args - Args.
+   * @param {string} args.columnSql - Fully-qualified column SQL.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  ensureFrontendModelGroupColumn({columnSql, query}) {
+    const queryMetadata = frontendModelQueryMetadata(query)
+    const groupedColumns = queryMetadata[frontendModelGroupedColumnsSymbol] || new Set()
+
+    if (groupedColumns.has(columnSql)) return
+
+    query.group(columnSql)
+    groupedColumns.add(columnSql)
+    queryMetadata[frontendModelGroupedColumnsSymbol] = groupedColumns
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model translated attribute preloads.
+   * @param {object} args - Args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default<typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default>} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @returns {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default<typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default>} - Query with translations preloaded if needed.
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelTranslatedAttributePreloads({query}) {
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const selectedAttributes = this.frontendModelEffectiveSelectedAttributesForModelClass(modelClass, this.frontendModelDefaultAttributesForModelClass(modelClass) || [])
+      || this.frontendModelDefaultAttributesForModelClass(modelClass)
+
+    if (!selectedAttributes) return query
+
+    const resource = this.frontendModelResourceInstance()
+    const resourceClass = /**
+                           * Types the following value.
+                            @type {typeof import("./frontend-model-resource/base-resource.js").default} */ (resource.constructor)
+    const translatedSet = new Set(resourceClass.translatedAttributes || [])
+    let needsTranslations = false
+
+    for (const attributeName of selectedAttributes) {
+      const hookName = `${attributeName}AttributeSelected`
+      const dynamicResource = /**
+                               * Types the following value.
+                                @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (/**
+                                                               * Types the following value.
+                                                                @type {?} */ (resource))
+
+      if (typeof dynamicResource[hookName] === "function") {
+        const result = dynamicResource[hookName]({query})
+
+        if (result) {
+          query = result
+        }
+      } else if (translatedSet.has(attributeName)) {
+        needsTranslations = true
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (needsTranslations) {
+      query = query.preload({translations: {}})
+    }
+
+    return query
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply frontend model sort.
+   * @param {object} args - Sort args.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @param {FrontendModelSort} args.sort - Sort definition.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  applyFrontendModelSort({query, sort}) {
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const targetModelClass = this.frontendModelSearchTargetModelClass({
+      modelClass,
+      path: sort.path
+    })
+    const translatedAttributesMap = targetModelClass.getTranslationsMap()
+    const translatedAttributeNames = Object.keys(translatedAttributesMap)
+    const isTranslatedSortAttribute = translatedAttributeNames.includes(sort.column)
+
+    const columnName = this.resolveFrontendModelColumnName(targetModelClass, sort.column)
+    const direction = sort.direction.toUpperCase()
+
+    if (isTranslatedSortAttribute) {
+      const translationModelClass = targetModelClass.getTranslationClass()
+      const translationAttributeNameToColumnNameMap = translationModelClass.getAttributeNameToColumnNameMap()
+      const translationColumnName = translationAttributeNameToColumnNameMap[sort.column]
+      const translationPath = sort.path.concat(["currentTranslation"])
+
+      if (!translationColumnName) {
+        throw new Error(`Unknown translated sort column "${sort.column}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+      }
+
+      this.ensureFrontendModelSortJoinPath({path: translationPath, query})
+
+      const translationTableReference = query.getTableReferenceForJoin(...translationPath)
+      const translationColumnSql = `${query.driver.quoteTable(translationTableReference)}.${query.driver.quoteColumn(translationColumnName)}`
+
+      query.order(`${translationColumnSql} ${direction}`)
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!columnName) {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown sort column "${sort.column}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+    }
+
+    this.ensureFrontendModelSortJoinPath({path: sort.path, query})
+
+    const tableReference = query.getTableReferenceForJoin(...sort.path)
+    const columnSql = `${query.driver.quoteTable(tableReference)}.${query.driver.quoteColumn(columnName)}`
+
+    query.order(`${columnSql} ${direction}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ensures a sort join path has been joined on query.
+   * @param {object} args - Join args.
+   * @param {string[]} args.path - Relationship join path.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  ensureFrontendModelSortJoinPath({path, query}) {
+    this.ensureFrontendModelJoinPath({path, query})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ensures a relationship path has exactly one SQL join.
+   * @param {object} args - Join args.
+   * @param {string[]} args.path - Relationship join path.
+   * @param {import("./database/query/model-class-query.js").default} args.query - Query instance.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  ensureFrontendModelJoinPath({path, query}) {
+    if (path.length < 1) return
+
+    const queryMetadata = frontendModelQueryMetadata(query)
+    const joinedPaths = queryMetadata[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol] || new Set()
+    const pathKey = path.join(".")
+
+    if (joinedPaths.has(pathKey)) return
+
+    query.joins(buildFrontendModelJoinObjectFromPath(path))
+    joinedPaths.add(pathKey)
+    queryMetadata[frontendModelJoinedPathsSymbol] = joinedPaths
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model selected attributes for model class.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+   * @returns {string[] | null} - Selected attributes for model class.
+   */
+  frontendModelSelectedAttributesForModelClass(modelClass) {
+    const select = this.frontendModelSelect()
+
+    if (!select) return null
+
+    return select[modelClass.getModelName()] || null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model selects extra for model class.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+   * @returns {string[] | null} - Extra attributes (loaded in addition to the defaults) for the model class.
+   */
+  frontendModelSelectsExtraForModelClass(modelClass) {
+    const selectsExtra = this.frontendModelSelectsExtra()
+
+    if (!selectsExtra) return null
+
+    return selectsExtra[modelClass.getModelName()] || null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves the final set of attribute names to serialize for a model class:
+   * an explicit narrowing `select` wins; otherwise, when `selectsExtra` is given,
+   * the default attributes plus the extras; otherwise null (default behavior).
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+   * @param {string[]} fallbackAttributeNames - Attribute names to treat as the defaults when the resource declares none.
+   * @returns {string[] | null} - Effective selected attribute names, or null for default serialization.
+   */
+  frontendModelEffectiveSelectedAttributesForModelClass(modelClass, fallbackAttributeNames) {
+    const selectedAttributes = this.frontendModelSelectedAttributesForModelClass(modelClass)
+
+    if (selectedAttributes) return selectedAttributes
+
+    const extraAttributes = this.frontendModelSelectsExtraForModelClass(modelClass)
+
+    if (!extraAttributes) return null
+
+    const defaultAttributes = this.frontendModelDefaultAttributesForModelClass(modelClass) || fallbackAttributeNames
+
+    return Array.from(new Set([...defaultAttributes, ...extraAttributes]))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model default attributes for model class.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+   * @returns {string[] | null} - Default frontend-model attributes declared on the resource.
+   */
+  frontendModelDefaultAttributesForModelClass(modelClass) {
+    const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfigurationForModelClass(modelClass)
+    const attributes = frontendModelResource?.resourceConfiguration.attributes
+
+    if (!attributes) return null
+
+    if (Array.isArray(attributes)) {
+      return attributes
+        .filter((entry) => {
+          if (typeof entry === "string") return true
+
+          const config = /**
+                          * Types the following value.
+                           @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (entry)
+
+          if (config && config.selectedByDefault === false) return false
+
+          return true
+        })
+        .map((entry) => typeof entry === "string" ? entry : /**
+                                                             * Types the following value.
+                                                              @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (entry).name)
+    }
+
+    if (typeof attributes === "object") {
+      return Object.entries(attributes)
+        .filter(([, config]) => {
+          if (!config || typeof config !== "object") return true
+
+          return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (config).selectedByDefault !== false
+        })
+        .map(([name]) => name)
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model non default attributes for model class.
+   * @param {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+   * @returns {string[]} - Attribute names explicitly marked selectedByDefault: false.
+   */
+  frontendModelNonDefaultAttributesForModelClass(modelClass) {
+    const frontendModelResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfigurationForModelClass(modelClass)
+    const attributes = frontendModelResource?.resourceConfiguration.attributes
+
+    if (!attributes) return []
+
+    if (Array.isArray(attributes)) {
+      return attributes
+        .filter((entry) => {
+          if (typeof entry !== "object" || !entry) return false
+
+          return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (entry).selectedByDefault === false
+        })
+        .map((entry) => /**
+                         * Types the following value.
+                          @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (/**
+                                                         * Types the following value.
+                                                          @type {?} */ (entry)).name)
+    }
+
+    if (typeof attributes === "object") {
+      return Object.entries(attributes)
+        .filter(([, config]) => typeof config === "object" && config && /**
+                                                                         * Types the following value.
+                                                                          @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (config).selectedByDefault === false)
+        .map(([name]) => name)
+    }
+
+    return []
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs serialize frontend model attributes.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default} model - Model instance.
+   * @returns {Promise<Record<string, ?>>} - Serialized attributes filtered by select map.
+   */
+  async serializeFrontendModelAttributes(model) {
+    const modelClass = /**
+                        * Types the following value.
+                         @type {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} */ (model.constructor)
+    const modelAttributes = model.attributes()
+    const selectedAttributes = this.frontendModelEffectiveSelectedAttributesForModelClass(modelClass, Object.keys(modelAttributes))
+    const defaultAttributes = this.frontendModelDefaultAttributesForModelClass(modelClass)
+    const resourceInstance = this._serializationResourceInstanceForModel(model)
+
+    /**
+     * Resource attribute method name.
+     * @param {string} attributeName - Attribute name.
+     */
+    const resourceAttributeMethodName = (attributeName) => `${attributeName}Attribute`
+
+    /**
+     * Resource has attribute.
+     * @param {string} attributeName - Attribute name.
+     */
+    const resourceHasAttribute = (attributeName) => {
+      const methodName = resourceAttributeMethodName(attributeName)
+
+      return resourceInstance && typeof /**
+                                         * Types the following value.
+                                          @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (/**
+                                                                         * Types the following value.
+                                                                          @type {?} */ (resourceInstance))[methodName] === "function"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prototype attribute method.
+     * @param {string} attributeName - Attribute name.
+     */
+    const prototypeAttributeMethod = (attributeName) => {
+      let currentPrototype = Object.getPrototypeOf(model)
+
+      while (currentPrototype && currentPrototype !== Object.prototype) {
+        const candidate = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(currentPrototype, attributeName)?.value
+
+        if (typeof candidate === "function") {
+          return {
+            method: candidate,
+            ownerName: currentPrototype.constructor?.name
+          }
+        }
+
+        currentPrototype = Object.getPrototypeOf(currentPrototype)
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Serialized attribute value.
+     * @param {string} attributeName - Attribute name.
+     */
+    const serializedAttributeValue = async (attributeName) => {
+      // Check resource instance first (virtual/computed attributes via ${name}Attribute convention)
+      if (resourceHasAttribute(attributeName)) {
+        const methodName = resourceAttributeMethodName(attributeName)
+
+        return await /**
+                      * Types the following value.
+                       @type {Record<string, Function>} */ (/**
+                                                             * Types the following value.
+                                                              @type {?} */ (resourceInstance))[methodName](model)
+      }
+
+      // Fall back to model method
+      const attributeMethodLookup = prototypeAttributeMethod(attributeName)
+      const attributeMethod = attributeMethodLookup?.method
+
+      if (typeof attributeMethod === "function") {
+        return await attributeMethod.call(model)
+      }
+
+      return modelAttributes[attributeName]
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attribute exists.
+     * @param {string} attributeName - Attribute name.
+     */
+    const attributeExists = (attributeName) => {
+      return (attributeName in modelAttributes) || (attributeName in /**
+                                                                      * Types the following value.
+                                                                       @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (model)) || resourceHasAttribute(attributeName)
+    }
+
+    if (!selectedAttributes) {
+      if (!defaultAttributes || defaultAttributes.length < 1) {
+        return modelAttributes
+      }
+
+      const excludedAttributes = this.frontendModelNonDefaultAttributesForModelClass(modelClass)
+      const serializedAttributes = {...modelAttributes}
+
+      for (const excludedName of excludedAttributes) {
+        delete serializedAttributes[excludedName]
+      }
+
+      for (const attributeName of defaultAttributes) {
+        if (!attributeExists(attributeName)) continue
+        serializedAttributes[attributeName] = await serializedAttributeValue(attributeName)
+      }
+
+      return serializedAttributes
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Serialized attributes.
+      @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+    const serializedAttributes = {}
+
+    for (const attributeName of selectedAttributes) {
+      if (!attributeExists(attributeName)) continue
+      serializedAttributes[attributeName] = await serializedAttributeValue(attributeName)
+    }
+
+    return serializedAttributes
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs serialization resource instance for model.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default} model - Model instance.
+   * @returns {import("./frontend-model-resource/base-resource.js").default | null} - Resource instance or null.
+   */
+  _serializationResourceInstanceForModel(model) {
+    const resource = this.frontendModelResourceInstance()
+
+    if (resource.modelClass() === model.constructor) {
+      return resource
+    }
+
+    const configuration = this.getConfiguration()
+    const backendProjects = configuration.getBackendProjects?.() || []
+    const modelClassName = /**
+                            * Types the following value.
+                             @type {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} */ (model.constructor).getModelName()
+
+    for (const backendProject of backendProjects) {
+      const resources = frontendModelResourcesForBackendProject(backendProject)
+      const resourceDefinition = resources[modelClassName]
+      const resourceClass = resourceDefinition ? frontendModelResourceClassFromDefinition(resourceDefinition) : null
+
+      if (resourceClass) {
+        return new resourceClass({
+          ability: this.currentAbility(),
+          context: this.currentAbility()?.getContext() || {},
+          locals: this.currentAbility()?.getLocals() || {},
+          modelClass: /**
+                       * Types the following value.
+                        @type {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} */ (model.constructor),
+          modelName: modelClassName,
+          params: {},
+          resourceConfiguration: /**
+                                  * Types the following value.
+                                   @type {import("./configuration-types.js").FrontendModelResourceConfiguration | undefined} */ (typeof resourceClass.resourceConfig === "function" ? resourceClass.resourceConfig() : undefined)
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model filter serializable related models.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default[]} args.models - Frontend model records.
+   * @param {boolean} args.relationshipIsCollection - Whether relation is has-many.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./database/record/index.js").default[]>} - Serializable related models.
+   */
+  async frontendModelFilterSerializableRelatedModels({models, relationshipIsCollection}) {
+    if (!this.currentAbility()) return models
+    if (models.length === 0) return models
+
+    /**
+     * Models by class.
+      @type {Map<typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default, import("./database/record/index.js").default[]>} */
+    const modelsByClass = new Map()
+
+    for (const model of models) {
+      const relatedModelClass = /**
+                                 * Types the following value.
+                                  @type {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} */ (model.constructor)
+      const existingModelsForClass = modelsByClass.get(relatedModelClass) || []
+
+      existingModelsForClass.push(model)
+      modelsByClass.set(relatedModelClass, existingModelsForClass)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Authorized ids by class.
+      @type {Map<typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default, Set<string>>} */
+    const authorizedIdsByClass = new Map()
+    /**
+     * Primary keys by class.
+      @type {Map<typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default, string>} */
+    const primaryKeysByClass = new Map()
+
+    for (const [relatedModelClass, relatedModels] of modelsByClass.entries()) {
+      const relatedResource = this.frontendModelResourceConfigurationForModelClass(relatedModelClass)
+
+      if (!relatedResource) {
+        authorizedIdsByClass.set(relatedModelClass, new Set())
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const abilityAction = relationshipIsCollection
+        ? relatedResource.resourceConfiguration.abilities?.index
+        : relatedResource.resourceConfiguration.abilities?.find
+
+      if (typeof abilityAction !== "string" || abilityAction.length < 1) {
+        authorizedIdsByClass.set(relatedModelClass, new Set())
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const primaryKey = relatedModelClass.primaryKey()
+      const ids = relatedModels
+        .map((model) => model.attributes()[primaryKey])
+        .filter((id) => id !== undefined && id !== null)
+
+      if (ids.length < 1) {
+        authorizedIdsByClass.set(relatedModelClass, new Set())
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const authorizedIdsRaw = await relatedModelClass
+        .accessibleFor(abilityAction)
+        .where({[primaryKey]: ids})
+        .pluck(primaryKey)
+
+      primaryKeysByClass.set(relatedModelClass, primaryKey)
+      authorizedIdsByClass.set(relatedModelClass, new Set(authorizedIdsRaw.map((id) => String(id))))
+    }
+
+    return models.filter((model) => {
+      const relatedModelClass = /**
+                                 * Types the following value.
+                                  @type {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} */ (model.constructor)
+      const authorizedIds = authorizedIdsByClass.get(relatedModelClass)
+      const primaryKey = primaryKeysByClass.get(relatedModelClass)
+
+      if (!authorizedIds || !primaryKey) return false
+
+      const primaryKeyValue = model.attributes()[primaryKey]
+
+      if (primaryKeyValue === undefined || primaryKeyValue === null) return false
+
+      return authorizedIds.has(String(primaryKeyValue))
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs is serializable frontend model.
+   * @param {?} value - Candidate preloaded value.
+   * @returns {value is import("./database/record/index.js").default} - Whether value behaves like a model.
+   */
+  isSerializableFrontendModel(value) {
+    return Boolean(value && typeof value === "object" && typeof /**
+                                                                 * Types the following value.
+                                                                  @type {?} */ (value).attributes === "function")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs serialize frontend models.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default[]} models - Models to serialize.
+   * @returns {Promise<Record<string, ?>[]>} - Serialized model payloads.
+   */
+  async serializeFrontendModels(models) {
+    if (models.length < 1) return []
+
+    /**
+     * Preloaded relationships per model.
+      @type {Array<Record<string, ?>>} */
+    const preloadedRelationshipsPerModel = Array.from({length: models.length}, () => ({}))
+
+    /**
+     * Collection relationship entries.
+      @type {Array<{loadedModels: import("./database/record/index.js").default[], modelIndex: number, relationshipName: string}>} */
+    const collectionRelationshipEntries = []
+    /**
+     * Singular relationship entries.
+      @type {Array<{loadedModel: import("./database/record/index.js").default, modelIndex: number, relationshipName: string}>} */
+    const singularRelationshipEntries = []
+
+    models.forEach((model, modelIndex) => {
+      const modelClass = /**
+                          * Types the following value.
+                           @type {typeof import("./database/record/index.js").default} */ (model.constructor)
+      const relationshipsMap = modelClass.getRelationshipsMap()
+
+      for (const relationshipName in relationshipsMap) {
+        const relationship = model.getRelationshipByName(relationshipName)
+
+        if (!relationship.getPreloaded()) continue
+
+        const loadedRelationship = relationship.loaded()
+
+        if (Array.isArray(loadedRelationship)) {
+          collectionRelationshipEntries.push({loadedModels: loadedRelationship, modelIndex, relationshipName})
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (this.isSerializableFrontendModel(loadedRelationship)) {
+          singularRelationshipEntries.push({loadedModel: loadedRelationship, modelIndex, relationshipName})
+          continue
+        }
+
+        preloadedRelationshipsPerModel[modelIndex][relationshipName] = loadedRelationship == undefined ? null : loadedRelationship
+      }
+    })
+
+    if (collectionRelationshipEntries.length > 0) {
+      const allCollectionModels = collectionRelationshipEntries.flatMap((entry) => entry.loadedModels)
+      const serializableCollectionModels = await this.frontendModelFilterSerializableRelatedModels({
+        models: allCollectionModels,
+        relationshipIsCollection: true
+      })
+      const serializableCollectionModelsSet = new Set(serializableCollectionModels)
+
+      for (const relationshipEntry of collectionRelationshipEntries) {
+        const allowedModels = relationshipEntry.loadedModels.filter((relatedModel) => serializableCollectionModelsSet.has(relatedModel))
+        const serializedRelatedModels = await this.serializeFrontendModels(allowedModels)
+
+        preloadedRelationshipsPerModel[relationshipEntry.modelIndex][relationshipEntry.relationshipName] = serializedRelatedModels
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (singularRelationshipEntries.length > 0) {
+      const allSingularModels = singularRelationshipEntries.map((entry) => entry.loadedModel)
+      const serializableSingularModels = await this.frontendModelFilterSerializableRelatedModels({
+        models: allSingularModels,
+        relationshipIsCollection: false
+      })
+      const serializableSingularModelsSet = new Set(serializableSingularModels)
+
+      for (const relationshipEntry of singularRelationshipEntries) {
+        if (!serializableSingularModelsSet.has(relationshipEntry.loadedModel)) {
+          preloadedRelationshipsPerModel[relationshipEntry.modelIndex][relationshipEntry.relationshipName] = null
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const serializedModel = (await this.serializeFrontendModels([relationshipEntry.loadedModel]))[0]
+        preloadedRelationshipsPerModel[relationshipEntry.modelIndex][relationshipEntry.relationshipName] = serializedModel
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Serialized models.
+      @type {Record<string, ?>[]} */
+    const serializedModels = []
+
+    for (const [modelIndex, model] of models.entries()) {
+      const serializedAttributes = await this.serializeFrontendModelAttributes(model)
+      const preloadedRelationships = preloadedRelationshipsPerModel[modelIndex]
+      const associationCounts = typeof model.associationCounts === "function"
+        ? model.associationCounts()
+        : {}
+      const queryDataValues = typeof model.queryDataValues === "function"
+        ? model.queryDataValues()
+        : {}
+      const computedAbilities = typeof model.computedAbilities === "function"
+        ? model.computedAbilities()
+        : {}
+      const hasCounts = Object.keys(associationCounts).length > 0
+      const hasQueryData = Object.keys(queryDataValues).length > 0
+      const hasAbilities = Object.keys(computedAbilities).length > 0
+      const hasPreloaded = Object.keys(preloadedRelationships).length > 0
+
+      if (!hasPreloaded && !hasCounts && !hasQueryData && !hasAbilities) {
+        serializedModels.push(serializedAttributes)
+        continue
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * Serialized.
+        @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+      const serialized = {...serializedAttributes}
+
+      if (hasPreloaded) serialized.__preloadedRelationships = preloadedRelationships
+      if (hasCounts) serialized.__associationCounts = associationCounts
+      if (hasQueryData) serialized.__queryData = queryDataValues
+      if (hasAbilities) serialized.__abilities = computedAbilities
+
+      serializedModels.push(serialized)
+    }
+
+    return serializedModels
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs serialize frontend model.
+   * @param {import("./database/record/index.js").default} model - Frontend model record.
+   * @returns {Promise<Record<string, ?>>} - Serialized frontend model payload.
+   */
+  async serializeFrontendModel(model) {
+    const serializedModels = await this.serializeFrontendModels([model])
+
+    return serializedModels[0]
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model render error.
+   * @param {string} errorMessage - Error message.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when error has been rendered.
+   */
+  async frontendModelRenderError(errorMessage) {
+    await this.logger.error(`Frontend model request failed: ${errorMessage}`)
+
+    const renderError = /**
+                         * Types the following value.
+                          @type {((errorMessage: string) => Promise<void>) | undefined} */ (
+      /**
+       * Types the following value.
+        @type {?} */ (this).renderError
+    )
+
+    if (typeof renderError === "function") {
+      await renderError.call(this, frontendModelClientSafeErrorMessage)
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.render({
+      json: /**
+             * Types the following value.
+              @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (serializeFrontendModelTransportValue({
+        errorMessage: frontendModelClientSafeErrorMessage,
+        status: "error"
+      }))
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model error payload.
+   * @param {string} errorMessage - Error message.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Error payload.
+   */
+  frontendModelErrorPayload(errorMessage) {
+    return {
+      errorMessage,
+      status: "error"
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model client safe error payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Client-safe error payload.
+   */
+  frontendModelClientSafeErrorPayload() {
+    return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(frontendModelClientSafeErrorMessage)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model client error payload for error.
+   * @param {?} error - Caught error.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Client payload for the current environment.
+   */
+  frontendModelClientErrorPayloadForError(error) {
+    const velociousMetadata = frontendModelVelociousMetadataForError(error)
+
+    let validationErrorsPayload = {}
+
+    if (error instanceof ValidationError) {
+      const validationErrors = error.getValidationErrors()
+      const model = error.getModel()
+      /**
+       * Structured errors.
+        @type {Record<string, {type: string, message: string, fullMessage: string}[]>} */
+      const structuredErrors = {}
+
+      for (const attributeName in validationErrors) {
+        structuredErrors[attributeName] = validationErrors[attributeName].map(err => ({
+          type: err.type,
+          message: err.message,
+          fullMessage: `${model.getModelClass().humanAttributeName(attributeName)} ${err.message}`
+        }))
+      }
+
+      validationErrorsPayload = {
+        errorType: "validation_error",
+        validationErrors: structuredErrors
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ...this.frontendModelErrorPayload(frontendModelClientMessageForError(error)),
+      ...frontendModelDebugPayloadForError({
+        configuration: this.getConfiguration(),
+        environment: this.getConfiguration().getEnvironment(),
+        error
+      }),
+      ...(velociousMetadata ? {velocious: velociousMetadata} : {}),
+      ...validationErrorsPayload
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model log endpoint error.
+   * @param {object} args - Error log args.
+   * @param {string} args.action - Endpoint/action label.
+   * @param {?} args.error - Caught error.
+   * @param {"index" | "find" | "create" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url" | "custom-command"} [args.commandType] - Frontend-model command type.
+   * @param {string | undefined} [args.model] - Request model name when available.
+   * @param {string | undefined} [args.requestId] - Batch request id when available.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves after logging.
+   */
+  async frontendModelLogEndpointError({action, error, commandType, model, requestId}) {
+    // Errors annotated with `error.velocious = {...}` are user-flow
+    // failures the developer has marked as expected (bad password,
+    // validation message, etc.). Surface the message + metadata to
+    // the client (handled by frontendModelClientErrorPayloadForError),
+    // but skip the error log so monitoring stays focused on real
+    // backend failures.
+    if (frontendModelErrorHasVelociousMetadata(error)) return
+
+    let resolvedModel = model
+
+    if (!resolvedModel) {
+      try {
+        resolvedModel = this.frontendModelParams().model
+      } catch {
+        resolvedModel = undefined
+      }
+    }
+
+    const errorMessage = error instanceof Error
+      ? `${error.message}\n${error.stack || ""}`
+      : String(error)
+
+    await this.logger.error(() => ["Frontend model endpoint request failed", {
+      action,
+      commandType,
+      error: errorMessage,
+      model: resolvedModel,
+      requestId
+    }])
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model render command response.
+   * @param {"index" | "find" | "create" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url"} action - Frontend action.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when response has been rendered.
+   */
+  async frontendModelRenderCommandResponse(action) {
+    try {
+      const responsePayload = await this.frontendModelCommandPayload(action)
+      if (!responsePayload) return
+
+      await this.render({
+        json: /**
+               * Types the following value.
+                @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (serializeFrontendModelTransportValue(responsePayload))
+      })
+    } catch (error) {
+      await this.frontendModelLogEndpointError({action, commandType: action, error})
+
+      await this.render({
+        json: /**
+               * Types the following value.
+                @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (serializeFrontendModelTransportValue(this.frontendModelClientErrorPayloadForError(error)))
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model command payload.
+   * @param {"index" | "find" | "create" | "update" | "destroy" | "attach" | "download" | "url"} action - Frontend action.
+   * @returns {Promise<Record<string, ?> | null>} - Response payload.
+   */
+  async frontendModelCommandPayload(action) {
+    await this.ensureFrontendModelClassInitialized()
+
+    if (!(await this.runFrontendModelBeforeAction(action))) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const resource = this.frontendModelResourceInstance()
+
+    if (action === "index") {
+      if (this.frontendModelCountRequested()) {
+        if (!(await resource.supportsCount("index"))) {
+          throw new Error("count is not supported when resource records are customized")
+        }
+
+        return {
+          count: await resource.count(),
+          status: "success"
+        }
+      }
+
+      const pluck = this.frontendModelPluck()
+
+      if (pluck.length > 0) {
+        if (!(await resource.supportsPluck("index"))) {
+          throw new Error("pluck is not supported when resource records are customized")
+        }
+
+        const values = await this.frontendModelPluckValues({
+          pluck,
+          query: this.frontendModelIndexQuery()
+        })
+
+        return {
+          status: "success",
+          values
+        }
+      }
+
+      const models = await this.frontendModelRecords()
+      await this.frontendModelComputeAbilities(models)
+      const serializedModels = await Promise.all(models.map(async (model) => await resource.serialize(model, "index")))
+
+      return {
+        models: serializedModels,
+        status: "success"
+      }
+    }
+
+    const params = this.frontendModelParams()
+    const modelClass = this.frontendModelClass()
+    const id = params.id
+
+    if (action === "create") {
+      const mutationAttributes = frontendModelMutationAttributes(params)
+      if (typeof mutationAttributes === "string") return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(mutationAttributes)
+
+      const model = await this.frontendModelCreateRecord(mutationAttributes.attributes, mutationAttributes.nestedAttributes)
+
+      if (!model) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`${modelClass.name} not found.`)
+      }
+
+      const serializedModel = await resource.serialize(model, "create")
+
+      return frontendModelSerializedModelSuccess(serializedModel)
+    }
+
+    if ((typeof id !== "string" && typeof id !== "number") || `${id}`.length < 1) {
+      return this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Expected model id.")
+    }
+
+    if (action === "attach") {
+      const attachmentName = params.attachmentName
+      const attachmentInput = params.attachment
+
+      if (typeof attachmentName !== "string" || attachmentName.length < 1) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Expected attachmentName.")
+      }
+
+      if (typeof attachmentInput === "undefined") {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Expected attachment input.")
+      }
+
+      const model = await this.frontendModelFindRecord("attach", id)
+
+      if (!model) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`${modelClass.name} not found.`)
+      }
+
+      await model.getAttachmentByName(attachmentName).attach(attachmentInput)
+      const serializedModel = await this.serializeFrontendModel(model)
+
+      return frontendModelSerializedModelSuccess(serializedModel)
+    }
+
+    if (action === "download") {
+      const attachmentParams = frontendModelAttachmentParams(params)
+      if (typeof attachmentParams === "string") return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(attachmentParams)
+
+      const model = await this.frontendModelFindRecord("download", id)
+
+      if (!model) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`${modelClass.name} not found.`)
+      }
+
+      const downloadedAttachment = await model.getAttachmentByName(attachmentParams.attachmentName).download(attachmentParams.attachmentId)
+
+      if (!downloadedAttachment) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Attachment not found.")
+      }
+
+      return {
+        attachment: {
+          byteSize: downloadedAttachment.byteSize(),
+          contentBase64: downloadedAttachment.content().toString("base64"),
+          contentType: downloadedAttachment.contentType(),
+          filename: downloadedAttachment.filename(),
+          id: downloadedAttachment.id(),
+          url: downloadedAttachment.url()
+        },
+        status: "success"
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (action === "url") {
+      const attachmentParams = frontendModelAttachmentParams(params)
+      if (typeof attachmentParams === "string") return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(attachmentParams)
+
+      const model = await this.frontendModelFindRecord("url", id)
+
+      if (!model) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`${modelClass.name} not found.`)
+      }
+
+      const url = await model.getAttachmentByName(attachmentParams.attachmentName).url(attachmentParams.attachmentId)
+
+      if (!url) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Attachment URL not available.")
+      }
+
+      return {
+        status: "success",
+        url
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (action === "find") {
+      const model = await this.frontendModelFindRecord("find", id)
+
+      if (!model) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`${modelClass.name} not found.`)
+      }
+
+      await this.frontendModelComputeAbilities([model])
+      const serializedModel = await resource.serialize(model, "find")
+
+      return frontendModelSerializedModelSuccess(serializedModel)
+    }
+
+    if (action === "update") {
+      const mutationAttributes = frontendModelMutationAttributes(params)
+      if (typeof mutationAttributes === "string") return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(mutationAttributes)
+
+      const model = await this.frontendModelFindRecord("update", id)
+
+      if (!model) {
+        return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`${modelClass.name} not found.`)
+      }
+
+      const updatedModel = await resource.update(model, mutationAttributes.attributes, {nestedAttributes: mutationAttributes.nestedAttributes, controller: this})
+      const serializedModel = await resource.serialize(updatedModel, "update")
+
+      return frontendModelSerializedModelSuccess(serializedModel)
+    }
+
+    const model = await this.frontendModelFindRecord("destroy", id)
+
+    if (!model) {
+      return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`${modelClass.name} not found.`)
+    }
+
+    await resource.destroy(model)
+
+    return {status: "success"}
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend api.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Shared frontend model API action with batch support.
+   */
+  async frontendApi() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    const params = /**
+                    * Types the following value.
+                     @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (deserializeFrontendModelTransportValue(this.params()))
+    const requests = Array.isArray(params.requests) ? params.requests : [params]
+    /**
+     * Responses.
+      @type {Array<Record<string, ?>>} */
+    const responses = []
+
+    for (const requestEntry of requests) {
+      const commandType = requestEntry?.commandType
+      const customPath = requestEntry?.customPath
+      const model = requestEntry?.model
+      const payload = requestEntry?.payload
+      const requestId = requestEntry?.requestId
+
+      if (typeof model !== "string" || model.length < 1) {
+        responses.push({
+          requestId,
+          response: this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Expected request model.")
+        })
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const isBuiltInCommand = ["index", "find", "create", "update", "destroy", "attach", "download", "url"].includes(commandType)
+
+      if (!isBuiltInCommand && (typeof customPath !== "string" || !customPath.startsWith("/"))) {
+        responses.push({
+          requestId,
+          response: this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Expected request customPath.")
+        })
+        continue
+      }
+
+      try {
+        let responsePayload
+
+        if (isBuiltInCommand) {
+          const commandParams = {
+            ...(payload && typeof payload === "object" ? payload : {}),
+            model
+          }
+
+          responsePayload = await this.withFrontendModelParams(commandParams, async () => {
+            return await this.withFrontendModelRequestContext(commandParams, this.response(), async () => {
+              return await this.frontendModelCommandPayload(commandType)
+            })
+          })
+        } else {
+          responsePayload = await this.frontendApiCustomCommandPayload({
+            customPath,
+            payload
+          })
+        }
+
+        responses.push({
+          requestId,
+          response: responsePayload || this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Action halted by beforeAction.")
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        await this.frontendModelLogEndpointError({
+          action: "frontendApi",
+          commandType,
+          error,
+          model,
+          requestId
+        })
+
+        responses.push({
+          requestId,
+          response: this.frontendModelClientErrorPayloadForError(error)
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    await this.render({
+      json: /**
+             * Types the following value.
+              @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (serializeFrontendModelTransportValue({
+        responses,
+        status: "success"
+      }))
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dispatches a custom frontend-model command through the shared frontend-model API endpoint.
+   * @param {object} args - Arguments.
+   * @param {string} args.customPath - Custom backend route path.
+   * @param {?} args.payload - Request payload.
+   * @returns {Promise<Record<string, ?>>} - Parsed JSON response payload.
+   */
+  async frontendApiCustomCommandPayload({customPath, payload}) {
+    const configuration = this.getConfiguration()
+    const response = new Response({configuration})
+    const resolver = new RoutesResolver({
+      configuration,
+      request: this.getRequest(),
+      response
+    })
+    resolver.params = {}
+    const routeHookMatch = await resolver.resolveRouteResolverHooks(customPath)
+    const configurationRoutes = configuration.getRoutes()
+    const routeMatch = routeHookMatch || !configurationRoutes?.rootRoute ? undefined : resolver.matchPathWithRoutes(configurationRoutes.rootRoute, customPath)
+
+    if (!routeHookMatch && !routeMatch) {
+      throw new Error(`No custom frontend model route matched '${customPath}'`)
+    }
+
+    const actionParam = routeHookMatch?.action || resolver.params.action
+    const controllerParam = routeHookMatch?.controller || resolver.params.controller
+    const actionValue = typeof actionParam === "string" ? actionParam : (Array.isArray(actionParam) ? actionParam[0] : undefined)
+    const controllerValue = typeof controllerParam === "string" ? controllerParam : (Array.isArray(controllerParam) ? controllerParam[0] : undefined)
+
+    if (typeof actionValue !== "string" || actionValue.length < 1 || typeof controllerValue !== "string" || controllerValue.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error(`Custom frontend model route matched '${customPath}' without controller/action params`)
+    }
+
+    const action = inflection.camelize(actionValue.replaceAll("-", "_").replaceAll("/", "_"), true)
+    const controller = controllerValue
+    const controllerPath = routeHookMatch?.controllerPath || `${configuration.getDirectory()}/src/routes/${controller}/controller.js`
+    const viewPath = routeHookMatch?.viewPath || `${configuration.getDirectory()}/src/routes/${controller}`
+    resolver.routeHookControllerClass = routeHookMatch?.controllerClass
+    const controllerClass = await resolver.resolveControllerClass({controllerPath})
+    const controllerParams = {
+      ...((payload && typeof payload === "object") ? payload : {}),
+      ...resolver.params
+    }
+    const controllerInstance = new controllerClass({
+      action,
+      configuration,
+      controller,
+      params: controllerParams,
+      request: /**
+                * Types the following value.
+                 @type {import("./http-server/client/request.js").default} */ (this.getRequest()),
+      response,
+      viewPath
+    })
+
+    await this.withFrontendModelRequestContext(controllerParams, response, async () => {
+      await controllerInstance._runBeforeCallbacks()
+      const controllerMethods = /**
+                                 * Types the following value.
+                                  @type {Record<string, () => Promise<void> | void>} */ (/**
+                                                                                          * Types the following value.
+                                                                                           @type {?} */ (controllerInstance))
+
+      await controllerMethods[action]()
+    })
+
+    const setCookieHeaders = response.headers["Set-Cookie"] || []
+
+    for (const setCookieHeader of setCookieHeaders) {
+      this.response().addHeader("Set-Cookie", setCookieHeader)
+    }
+
+    const responseBody = response.getBody()
+
+    if (typeof responseBody !== "string" || responseBody.length < 1) {
+      return {}
+    }
+
+    // Preserve nested transport markers so the outer shared frontend-model API
+    // can return them unchanged and let the client hydrate once at the edge.
+    return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (JSON.parse(responseBody))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend index.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Collection action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendIndex() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("index")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend find.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Member find action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendFind() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("find")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend update.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Member update action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendUpdate() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("update")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend attach.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Member attach action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendAttach() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("attach")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend download.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Member download action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendDownload() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("download")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend url.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Member URL action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendUrl() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("url")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend create.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Member create action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendCreate() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("create")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend destroy.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Member destroy action for frontend model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendDestroy() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    await this.frontendModelRenderCommandResponse("destroy")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend custom command.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Custom collection/member command action for frontend-model resources.
+   */
+  async frontendCustomCommand() {
+    if (this.request().httpMethod() === "OPTIONS") {
+      await this.render({status: 204, json: {}})
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const responsePayload = await this.frontendModelCustomCommandPayload()
+
+      await this.render({
+        json: /**
+               * Types the following value.
+                @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (serializeFrontendModelTransportValue(responsePayload))
+      })
+    } catch (error) {
+      await this.frontendModelLogEndpointError({action: "frontendCustomCommand", commandType: "custom-command", error})
+
+      await this.render({
+        json: /**
+               * Types the following value.
+                @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (serializeFrontendModelTransportValue(this.frontendModelClientErrorPayloadForError(error)))
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs frontend model custom command payload.
+   * @returns {Promise<Record<string, ?>>} - Response payload.
+   */
+  async frontendModelCustomCommandPayload() {
+    const params = this.frontendModelParams()
+    const methodName = params.frontendModelCustomCommandMethodName
+    const scope = params.frontendModelCustomCommandScope
+
+    if (typeof methodName !== "string" || methodName.length < 1) {
+      return this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Expected frontend-model custom command method name.")
+    }
+
+    if (scope !== "collection" && scope !== "member") {
+      return this.frontendModelErrorPayload("Expected frontend-model custom command scope.")
+    }
+
+    const resource = /**
+                      * Types the following value.
+                       @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (this.frontendModelResourceInstance())
+    const commandMethod = resource[methodName]
+
+    if (typeof commandMethod !== "function") {
+      return this.frontendModelErrorPayload(`Missing frontend-model custom command '${methodName}'.`)
+    }
+
+    const responsePayload = await commandMethod.call(resource)
+
+    if (!responsePayload || typeof responsePayload !== "object") {
+      return {status: "success"}
+    }
+
+    return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (
+      await this.autoSerializeFrontendModelsInPayload(
+        responsePayload,
+        /**
+         * Types the following value.
+          @type {{serialize: (model: ?, action: string) => Promise<Record<string, ?>>}} */ (resource),
+        methodName
+      )
+    )
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Walks a custom-command response payload and replaces any backend `Record`
+   * instance with the resource's per-action serialized form so handlers can
+   * return `{record, status: "ok"}` instead of explicitly calling
+   * `await this.serialize(record, action)`. Plain objects, arrays, and
+   * primitive values pass through and are later encoded by
+   * `serializeFrontendModelTransportValue`.
+   * @param {?} value - Payload value.
+   * @param {{serialize: (model: ?, action: string) => Promise<Record<string, ?>>}} resource - Resource instance providing `serialize`.
+   * @param {string} action - Custom command method name passed to `resource.serialize` for per-action authorization filtering.
+   * @param {WeakSet<object>} [seen] - Recursion stack of plain-object containers currently being walked. Membership is added on entry and removed on exit so a container shared between siblings (i.e. referenced twice but not cyclically) is walked on each reference instead of being short-circuited the second time, which would let backend `Record` instances inside it bypass `resource.serialize`.
+   * @returns {Promise<?>} - Payload with backend `Record` instances replaced by serialized markers.
+   */
+  async autoSerializeFrontendModelsInPayload(value, resource, action, seen = new WeakSet()) {
+    if (value === null || value === undefined) {
+      return value
+    }
+
+    if (isBackendModelInstance(value)) {
+      const richSerialized = await resource.serialize(value, action)
+      const modelClass = /**
+                          * Types the following value.
+                           @type {{constructor: {getModelName?: () => string, name?: string}}} */ (value).constructor
+      const modelName = typeof modelClass.getModelName === "function" ? modelClass.getModelName() : (modelClass.name || "")
+
+      // Wrap the resource-serialized payload in the frontend_model transport
+      // marker. Marker-based decoding routes through `instantiateFromResponse`,
+      // so abilities / queryData / associationCounts / preloadedRelationships
+      // baked into the rich attributes by `resource.serialize` are restored on
+      // the client without callers needing to wrap models manually.
+      return {
+        __velocious_type: "frontend_model",
+        attributes: richSerialized,
+        modelName
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      /**
+       * Result.
+        @type {Array<?>} */
+      const result = []
+
+      for (const entry of value) {
+        result.push(await this.autoSerializeFrontendModelsInPayload(entry, resource, action, seen))
+      }
+
+      return result
+    }
+
+    if (typeof value === "object" && Object.getPrototypeOf(value) === Object.prototype) {
+      const container = /**
+                         * Types the following value.
+                          @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (value)
+
+      if (seen.has(container)) {
+        // Cyclic back-reference along the current recursion path; the
+        // ancestor frame is still walking this container and will produce
+        // its serialized form. Returning the original container here
+        // breaks the cycle without bypassing the walker for siblings that
+        // share a non-cyclic reference (those re-enter the branch below
+        // because the container is removed from `seen` on stack exit).
+        return container
+      }
+
+      seen.add(container)
+
+      try {
+        /**
+         * Result.
+          @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+        const result = {}
+
+        for (const [key, nested] of Object.entries(container)) {
+          // `assignSafeProperty` stores keys like `__proto__` as own
+          // data properties instead of invoking the prototype setter,
+          // so a custom-command response that echoes parsed client
+          // input cannot pollute `Object.prototype` here. The transport
+          // serializer applies the same protection on its own pass; we
+          // just preserve it across the auto-serialize walk.
+          assignSafeProperty(result, key, await this.autoSerializeFrontendModelsInPayload(nested, resource, action, seen))
+        }
+
+        return result
+      } finally {
+        seen.delete(container)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return value
+  }
+
+}