velocious 1.0.430 → 1.0.431

package/src/background-jobs/store.js

@@ -0,0 +1,994 @@
+// @ts-check
+
+import {randomUUID} from "crypto"
+import Logger from "../logger.js"
+import TableData from "../database/table-data/index.js"
+import BackgroundJobRecord from "./job-record.js"
+import normalizeBackgroundJobError from "./normalize-error.js"
+
+const MIGRATIONS_TABLE = "velocious_internal_migrations"
+const MIGRATION_SCOPE = "background_jobs"
+const MIGRATION_VERSION = "20250215000000"
+const EXECUTION_MODE_BACKFILL_MIGRATION_VERSION = "20260607131010"
+const JOBS_TABLE = "background_jobs"
+const DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES = 10
+const ORPHANED_AFTER_MS = 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+/**
+ * Execution modes.
+  @type {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobExecutionMode[]} */
+const EXECUTION_MODES = ["inline", "forked", "spawned"]
+const DEFAULT_EXECUTION_MODE = "forked"
+
+/**
+ * Columns the dashboard is allowed to sort job listings by, mapped to their
+ * database column names. Restricting to this set keeps the sort parameter
+ * (which originates from untrusted query strings) from reaching raw SQL.
+ * @type {Record<string, string>}
+ */
+const SORTABLE_COLUMNS = {
+  attempts: "attempts",
+  completedAtMs: "completed_at_ms",
+  createdAtMs: "created_at_ms",
+  failedAtMs: "failed_at_ms",
+  handedOffAtMs: "handed_off_at_ms",
+  scheduledAtMs: "scheduled_at_ms"
+}
+
+export default class BackgroundJobsStore {
+  /**
+   * Runs constructor.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {import("../configuration.js").default} args.configuration - Configuration.
+   * @param {string} [args.databaseIdentifier] - Database identifier.
+   */
+  constructor({configuration, databaseIdentifier}) {
+    this.configuration = configuration
+    this.databaseIdentifier = databaseIdentifier
+    this.logger = new Logger(this)
+    this._readyPromise = null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs get database identifier.
+   * @returns {string} - Database identifier.
+   */
+  getDatabaseIdentifier() {
+    if (this.databaseIdentifier) return this.databaseIdentifier
+
+    return this.configuration.getBackgroundJobsConfig().databaseIdentifier
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ensure ready.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when ready.
+   */
+  async ensureReady() {
+    if (this._readyPromise) return await this._readyPromise
+
+    this._readyPromise = (async () => {
+      this.configuration.setCurrent()
+      await this._ensureSchema()
+      await this._initializeModel()
+    })()
+
+    try {
+      await this._readyPromise
+    } finally {
+      this._readyPromise = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs enqueue.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {string} args.jobName - Job name.
+   * @param {Array<?>} args.args - Arguments.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobOptions} [args.options] - Options.
+   * @returns {Promise<string>} - Job id.
+   */
+  async enqueue({jobName, args, options}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    const jobId = randomUUID()
+    const now = Date.now()
+    const executionMode = this._normalizeExecutionMode(options)
+    const maxRetries = this._normalizeMaxRetries(options?.maxRetries)
+    const argsJson = JSON.stringify(args || [])
+
+    await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      await db.insert({
+        tableName: JOBS_TABLE,
+        data: {
+          id: jobId,
+          job_name: jobName,
+          args_json: argsJson,
+          forked: executionMode !== "inline",
+          execution_mode: executionMode,
+          max_retries: maxRetries,
+          attempts: 0,
+          status: "queued",
+          scheduled_at_ms: now,
+          created_at_ms: now
+        }
+      })
+    })
+
+    return jobId
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs next available job.
+   * @param {object} [args] - Options.
+   * @param {boolean} [args.forked] - Compatibility filter for non-inline vs inline jobs.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobExecutionMode | import("./types.js").BackgroundJobExecutionMode[]} [args.executionMode] - Execution mode or modes to match.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow | null>} - Next job.
+   */
+  async nextAvailableJob(args = {}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      return await this._nextQueuedJob({
+        db,
+        scheduledAtOperator: "<=",
+        forked: args.forked,
+        executionMode: args.executionMode
+      })
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the soonest future-scheduled queued job (one whose
+   * `scheduled_at_ms` is in the future), or null when there are no
+   * future-scheduled jobs. Used by the event-driven dispatcher to arm a
+   * `setTimeout` for the exact moment the next scheduled job becomes
+   * eligible, replacing the legacy 1-second polling loop.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow | null>} - Soonest future-scheduled job, or null.
+   */
+  async nextScheduledJob() {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      return await this._nextQueuedJob({db, scheduledAtOperator: ">"})
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs next queued job.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} args.db - Database connection.
+   * @param {"<=" | ">"} args.scheduledAtOperator - Scheduled timestamp operator.
+   * @param {boolean} [args.forked] - Compatibility filter for non-inline vs inline jobs.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobExecutionMode | import("./types.js").BackgroundJobExecutionMode[]} [args.executionMode] - Execution mode or modes to match.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow | null>} - Next matching queued job.
+   */
+  async _nextQueuedJob({db, scheduledAtOperator, forked, executionMode}) {
+    const now = Date.now()
+    let query = db
+      .newQuery()
+      .from(JOBS_TABLE)
+      .where({status: "queued"})
+      .where(`scheduled_at_ms ${scheduledAtOperator} ${db.quote(now)}`)
+
+    if (typeof forked === "boolean") {
+      query = query.where({forked})
+    }
+    if (executionMode) {
+      const executionModes = Array.isArray(executionMode) ? executionMode : [executionMode]
+
+      query = query.where({execution_mode: executionModes})
+    }
+
+    query = query
+      .order("scheduled_at_ms ASC")
+      .order("created_at_ms ASC")
+      .limit(1)
+
+    const rows = await query.results()
+    const row = rows[0]
+
+    if (!row) return null
+
+    return this._normalizeJobRow(row)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs get job.
+   * @param {string} jobId - Job id.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow | null>} - Job row.
+   */
+  async getJob(jobId) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      const query = db
+        .newQuery()
+        .from(JOBS_TABLE)
+        .where({id: jobId})
+        .limit(1)
+
+      const rows = await query.results()
+      const row = rows[0]
+
+      if (!row) return null
+
+      return this._normalizeJobRow(row)
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Counts jobs grouped by status. Used by the dashboard overview.
+   * @returns {Promise<Record<string, number>>} - Counts keyed by status.
+   */
+  async countsByStatus() {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      const rows = await db
+        .newQuery()
+        .from(JOBS_TABLE)
+        .select("status")
+        .select("COUNT(*) AS count")
+        .group("status")
+        .results()
+
+      /**
+       * Counts.
+        @type {Record<string, number>} */
+      const counts = {}
+
+      for (const row of rows) {
+        const typedRow = /**
+                          * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                           @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (row)
+
+        counts[String(typedRow.status)] = this._normalizeNumber(typedRow.count) || 0
+      }
+
+      return counts
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Counts jobs matching the given filters.
+   * @param {object} [args] - Options.
+   * @param {string} [args.status] - Filter by status.
+   * @param {string} [args.jobName] - Filter by job name.
+   * @returns {Promise<number>} - Matching job count.
+   */
+  async countJobs({status, jobName} = {}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      let query = db.newQuery().from(JOBS_TABLE).select("COUNT(*) AS count")
+
+      if (status) query = query.where({status})
+      if (jobName) query = query.where({job_name: jobName})
+
+      const rows = await query.results()
+      const countRow = /**
+                        * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                         @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (rows[0] || {})
+
+      return this._normalizeNumber(countRow.count) || 0
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Lists jobs for the dashboard, filtered, sorted and paginated.
+   * @param {object} [args] - Options.
+   * @param {string} [args.status] - Filter by status.
+   * @param {string} [args.jobName] - Filter by job name.
+   * @param {number} [args.limit] - Maximum rows to return.
+   * @param {number} [args.offset] - Rows to skip.
+   * @param {string} [args.sortColumn] - Camel-cased column to sort by (see SORTABLE_COLUMNS).
+   * @param {"ASC" | "DESC"} [args.sortDirection] - Sort direction.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow[]>} - Normalized job rows.
+   */
+  async listJobs({status, jobName, limit = 25, offset = 0, sortColumn = "createdAtMs", sortDirection = "DESC"} = {}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    const column = SORTABLE_COLUMNS[sortColumn] || SORTABLE_COLUMNS.createdAtMs
+    const direction = sortDirection === "ASC" ? "ASC" : "DESC"
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      let query = db.newQuery().from(JOBS_TABLE)
+
+      if (status) query = query.where({status})
+      if (jobName) query = query.where({job_name: jobName})
+
+      query = query.order({column, direction})
+      if (column !== SORTABLE_COLUMNS.createdAtMs) query = query.order({column: SORTABLE_COLUMNS.createdAtMs, direction: "DESC"})
+
+      const rows = await query.limit(limit).offset(offset).results()
+
+      return rows.map((row) => this._normalizeJobRow(row))
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs mark handed off.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {string} args.jobId - Job id.
+   * @param {string} [args.workerId] - Worker id.
+   * @returns {Promise<number>} - Resolves with handed off timestamp.
+   */
+  async markHandedOff({jobId, workerId}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    const handedOffAtMs = Date.now()
+
+    await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      await db.update({
+        tableName: JOBS_TABLE,
+        data: {
+          status: "handed_off",
+          handed_off_at_ms: handedOffAtMs,
+          worker_id: workerId || null
+        },
+        conditions: {id: jobId}
+      })
+    })
+
+    return handedOffAtMs
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs mark completed.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {string} args.jobId - Job id.
+   * @param {string} [args.workerId] - Worker id.
+   * @param {number} [args.handedOffAtMs] - Handed off timestamp.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when updated.
+   */
+  async markCompleted({jobId, workerId, handedOffAtMs}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      const job = await this._getJobRowById(db, jobId)
+
+      if (!job) return
+      if (!this._shouldAcceptReport({job, workerId, handedOffAtMs})) return
+
+      await db.update({
+        tableName: JOBS_TABLE,
+        data: {
+          status: "completed",
+          completed_at_ms: Date.now()
+        },
+        conditions: {id: jobId}
+      })
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs mark returned to queue.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {string} args.jobId - Job id.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when updated.
+   */
+  async markReturnedToQueue({jobId}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      await db.update({
+        tableName: JOBS_TABLE,
+        data: {
+          status: "queued",
+          scheduled_at_ms: Date.now(),
+          handed_off_at_ms: null,
+          worker_id: null
+        },
+        conditions: {id: jobId}
+      })
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs mark failed.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {string} args.jobId - Job id.
+   * @param {?} args.error - Error.
+   * @param {string} [args.workerId] - Worker id.
+   * @param {number} [args.handedOffAtMs] - Handed off timestamp.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow | null>} - Updated job row when the report was accepted.
+   */
+  async markFailed({jobId, error, workerId, handedOffAtMs}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      const job = await this._getJobRowById(db, jobId)
+
+      if (!job) return null
+      if (!this._shouldAcceptReport({job, workerId, handedOffAtMs})) return null
+
+      return await this._applyFailure({db, job, error, markOrphaned: false})
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs mark orphaned jobs.
+   * @param {object} [args] - Options.
+   * @param {number} [args.orphanedAfterMs] - Mark jobs orphaned after this duration.
+   * @returns {Promise<number>} - Count of orphaned jobs.
+   */
+  async markOrphanedJobs({orphanedAfterMs = ORPHANED_AFTER_MS} = {}) {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    return await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      const cutoff = Date.now() - orphanedAfterMs
+      const query = db
+        .newQuery()
+        .from(JOBS_TABLE)
+        .where({status: "handed_off"})
+        .where(`handed_off_at_ms <= ${db.quote(cutoff)}`)
+
+      const rows = await query.results()
+
+      for (const row of rows) {
+        const job = this._normalizeJobRow(row)
+
+        await this._applyFailure({
+          db,
+          job,
+          error: "Job orphaned after timeout",
+          markOrphaned: true
+        })
+      }
+
+      return rows.length
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs clear all.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when cleared.
+   */
+  async clearAll() {
+    await this.ensureReady()
+
+    await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      await db.query(`DELETE FROM ${db.quoteTable(JOBS_TABLE)}`)
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs get retry delay ms.
+   * @param {number} retryCount - Retry attempt count (1-based).
+   * @returns {number} - Delay in milliseconds.
+   */
+  getRetryDelayMs(retryCount) {
+    const scheduleSeconds = [10, 60, 600, 3600]
+
+    if (retryCount <= scheduleSeconds.length) {
+      return scheduleSeconds[retryCount - 1] * 1000
+    }
+
+    return (retryCount - 3) * 60 * 60 * 1000
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs normalize max retries.
+   * @param {number | null | undefined} maxRetries - Input.
+   * @returns {number} - Normalized max retries.
+   */
+  _normalizeMaxRetries(maxRetries) {
+    if (typeof maxRetries === "number" && Number.isFinite(maxRetries) && maxRetries >= 0) {
+      return Math.floor(maxRetries)
+    }
+
+    return DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES
+  }
+
+  async _ensureSchema() {
+    await this._withDb(async (db) => {
+      await this._ensureMigrationsTable(db)
+
+      const alreadyApplied = await this._hasMigration(db)
+
+      // Even when the migration row is present, the jobs table itself can have
+      // been dropped underneath us by a transaction rollback in another caller
+      // (DDL is transactional on SQLite/MSSQL). Verify the table physically
+      // exists and recreate it when missing rather than trusting the migration
+      // row alone, otherwise later callers fail with "no such table".
+      if (alreadyApplied && await db.tableExists(JOBS_TABLE)) {
+        await this._ensureJobsTableColumns(db)
+        return
+      }
+
+      await this._applyMigrations(db)
+      await this._ensureJobsTableColumns(db)
+
+      if (alreadyApplied) return
+
+      await this._recordMigration(db, MIGRATION_VERSION)
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ensure migrations table.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} db - Database connection.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when complete.
+   */
+  async _ensureMigrationsTable(db) {
+    if (await db.tableExists(MIGRATIONS_TABLE)) return
+
+    const table = new TableData(MIGRATIONS_TABLE, {ifNotExists: true})
+
+    table.string("key", {null: false, primaryKey: true})
+    table.string("scope", {null: false})
+    table.string("version", {null: false})
+    table.bigint("applied_at_ms", {null: false})
+
+    await db.createTable(table)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs has migration.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} db - Database connection.
+   * @param {string} [version] - Migration version.
+   * @returns {Promise<boolean>} - Whether migration exists.
+   */
+  async _hasMigration(db, version = MIGRATION_VERSION) {
+    const query = db
+      .newQuery()
+      .from(MIGRATIONS_TABLE)
+      .where({key: this._migrationKey(version)})
+      .limit(1)
+
+    const rows = await query.results()
+
+    return rows.length > 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply migrations.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} db - Database connection.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when complete.
+   */
+  async _applyMigrations(db) {
+    this.logger.info("Applying background jobs schema")
+
+    if (await db.tableExists(JOBS_TABLE)) {
+      this.logger.info("Background jobs table already exists - skipping create")
+      return
+    }
+
+    const table = new TableData(JOBS_TABLE, {ifNotExists: true})
+
+    table.string("id", {primaryKey: true})
+    table.string("job_name", {null: false, index: true})
+    table.text("args_json", {null: false})
+    table.boolean("forked", {null: false})
+    table.string("execution_mode", {null: false})
+    table.integer("max_retries", {null: false})
+    table.integer("attempts", {null: false})
+    table.string("status", {null: false, index: true})
+    table.bigint("scheduled_at_ms", {null: false, index: true})
+    table.bigint("created_at_ms", {null: false, index: true})
+    table.bigint("handed_off_at_ms", {null: true, index: true})
+    table.bigint("completed_at_ms", {null: true})
+    table.bigint("failed_at_ms", {null: true})
+    table.bigint("orphaned_at_ms", {null: true, index: true})
+    table.string("worker_id", {null: true})
+    table.text("last_error", {null: true})
+
+    await db.createTable(table)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ensure jobs table columns.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} db - Database connection.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when complete.
+   */
+  async _ensureJobsTableColumns(db) {
+    if (!(await db.tableExists(JOBS_TABLE))) return
+
+    const table = await db.getTableByNameOrFail(JOBS_TABLE)
+    const executionModeColumn = await table.getColumnByName("execution_mode")
+
+    if (!executionModeColumn) {
+      const tableData = new TableData(JOBS_TABLE)
+      tableData.string("execution_mode", {null: true})
+      const sqls = await db.alterTableSQLs(tableData)
+
+      for (const sql of sqls) {
+        await db.query(sql)
+      }
+
+      db.clearSchemaCache()
+    }
+
+    await this._backfillExecutionModesOnce(db)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs backfill execution modes once.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} db - Database connection.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when complete.
+   */
+  async _backfillExecutionModesOnce(db) {
+    const migrationVersion = EXECUTION_MODE_BACKFILL_MIGRATION_VERSION
+    const migrationKey = this._migrationKey(migrationVersion)
+
+    if (await this._hasMigration(db, migrationVersion)) return
+
+    await db.acquireAdvisoryLock(migrationKey)
+
+    try {
+      if (await this._hasMigration(db, migrationVersion)) return
+
+      const tableNameSql = db.quoteTable(JOBS_TABLE)
+      const forkedColumnSql = db.quoteColumn("forked")
+      const executionModeColumnSql = db.quoteColumn("execution_mode")
+
+      await db.query(
+        `UPDATE ${tableNameSql} SET ${executionModeColumnSql} = ${db.quote(DEFAULT_EXECUTION_MODE)} ` +
+        `WHERE ${forkedColumnSql} = ${db.quote(true)} AND ${executionModeColumnSql} IS NULL`
+      )
+      await db.query(
+        `UPDATE ${tableNameSql} SET ${executionModeColumnSql} = ${db.quote("inline")} ` +
+        `WHERE ${forkedColumnSql} = ${db.quote(false)} AND ${executionModeColumnSql} IS NULL`
+      )
+
+      await this._recordMigration(db, migrationVersion)
+    } finally {
+      await db.releaseAdvisoryLock(migrationKey)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs record migration.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} db - Database connection.
+   * @param {string} version - Migration version.
+   * @returns {Promise<void>} - Resolves when complete.
+   */
+  async _recordMigration(db, version) {
+    await db.insert({
+      tableName: MIGRATIONS_TABLE,
+      data: {
+        key: this._migrationKey(version),
+        scope: MIGRATION_SCOPE,
+        version,
+        applied_at_ms: Date.now()
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  async _initializeModel() {
+    BackgroundJobRecord.setDatabaseIdentifier(this.getDatabaseIdentifier())
+
+    if (BackgroundJobRecord.isInitialized()) return
+
+    const pool = this.configuration.getDatabasePool(this.getDatabaseIdentifier())
+
+    await pool.withConnection({name: "Background jobs store initialize model"}, async () => {
+      await BackgroundJobRecord.initializeRecord({configuration: this.configuration})
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs get job row by id.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} db - Database connection.
+   * @param {string} jobId - Job id.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow | null>} - Job row.
+   */
+  async _getJobRowById(db, jobId) {
+    const query = db
+      .newQuery()
+      .from(JOBS_TABLE)
+      .where({id: jobId})
+      .limit(1)
+
+    const rows = await query.results()
+
+    if (!rows[0]) return null
+
+    return this._normalizeJobRow(rows[0])
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply failure.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {import("../database/drivers/base.js").default} args.db - Database connection.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow} args.job - Job row.
+   * @param {?} args.error - Error.
+   * @param {boolean} args.markOrphaned - Whether marking orphaned.
+   * @returns {Promise<import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow>} - Updated job row.
+   */
+  async _applyFailure({db, job, error, markOrphaned}) {
+    const now = Date.now()
+    const nextAttempt = (job.attempts || 0) + 1
+    const maxRetries = this._normalizeMaxRetries(job.maxRetries)
+    const shouldRetry = nextAttempt <= maxRetries
+    const failureMessage = normalizeBackgroundJobError(error)
+    const scheduledAt = shouldRetry ? now + this.getRetryDelayMs(nextAttempt) : job.scheduledAtMs
+    const update = this._failureUpdate({
+      failureMessage,
+      markOrphaned,
+      nextAttempt,
+      now,
+      scheduledAt,
+      shouldRetry
+    })
+
+    await db.update({
+      tableName: JOBS_TABLE,
+      data: update,
+      conditions: {id: job.id}
+    })
+
+    return this._jobWithFailureUpdate({failureMessage, job, nextAttempt, update})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs failure update.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {string} args.failureMessage - Last failure message.
+   * @param {boolean} args.markOrphaned - Whether marking orphaned.
+   * @param {number} args.nextAttempt - Next attempt count.
+   * @param {number} args.now - Current timestamp.
+   * @param {number | null} args.scheduledAt - Next scheduled timestamp.
+   * @param {boolean} args.shouldRetry - Whether the job should retry.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Database update data.
+   */
+  _failureUpdate({failureMessage, markOrphaned, nextAttempt, now, scheduledAt, shouldRetry}) {
+    /**
+     * Update.
+      @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+    const update = {
+      attempts: nextAttempt,
+      handed_off_at_ms: null,
+      worker_id: null,
+      last_error: failureMessage
+    }
+
+    this._applyOrphanedFailureUpdate({markOrphaned, now, update})
+    this._applyFailureStatusUpdate({markOrphaned, now, scheduledAt, shouldRetry, update})
+
+    return update
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply orphaned failure update.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {boolean} args.markOrphaned - Whether marking orphaned.
+   * @param {number} args.now - Current timestamp.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} args.update - Database update data.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  _applyOrphanedFailureUpdate({markOrphaned, now, update}) {
+    if (markOrphaned) update.orphaned_at_ms = now
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs apply failure status update.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {boolean} args.markOrphaned - Whether marking orphaned.
+   * @param {number} args.now - Current timestamp.
+   * @param {number | null} args.scheduledAt - Next scheduled timestamp.
+   * @param {boolean} args.shouldRetry - Whether the job should retry.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} args.update - Database update data.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  _applyFailureStatusUpdate({markOrphaned, now, scheduledAt, shouldRetry, update}) {
+    if (shouldRetry) {
+      update.status = "queued"
+      update.scheduled_at_ms = scheduledAt
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (markOrphaned) {
+      update.status = "orphaned"
+      return
+    }
+
+    update.status = "failed"
+    update.failed_at_ms = now
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs job with failure update.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {string} args.failureMessage - Last failure message.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow} args.job - Job row.
+   * @param {number} args.nextAttempt - Next attempt count.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} args.update - Database update data.
+   * @returns {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow} - Updated job row.
+   */
+  _jobWithFailureUpdate({failureMessage, job, nextAttempt, update}) {
+    return {
+      ...job,
+      attempts: nextAttempt,
+      failedAtMs: update.failed_at_ms ?? job.failedAtMs,
+      handedOffAtMs: null,
+      lastError: failureMessage,
+      orphanedAtMs: update.orphaned_at_ms ?? job.orphanedAtMs,
+      scheduledAtMs: update.scheduled_at_ms ?? job.scheduledAtMs,
+      status: update.status,
+      workerId: null
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs normalize job row.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} row - Raw database row.
+   * @returns {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow} - Normalized job row.
+   */
+  _normalizeJobRow(row) {
+    const executionMode = row.execution_mode
+      ? this._normalizeExecutionModeName(String(row.execution_mode))
+      : this._normalizeExecutionMode({forked: this._normalizeBoolean(row.forked)})
+
+    return {
+      id: String(row.id),
+      jobName: String(row.job_name),
+      args: this._parseArgs(row.args_json),
+      executionMode,
+      forked: executionMode !== "inline",
+      status: row.status ? String(row.status) : "queued",
+      attempts: this._normalizeNumber(row.attempts),
+      maxRetries: this._normalizeNumber(row.max_retries),
+      scheduledAtMs: this._normalizeNumber(row.scheduled_at_ms),
+      createdAtMs: this._normalizeNumber(row.created_at_ms),
+      handedOffAtMs: this._normalizeNumber(row.handed_off_at_ms),
+      completedAtMs: this._normalizeNumber(row.completed_at_ms),
+      failedAtMs: this._normalizeNumber(row.failed_at_ms),
+      orphanedAtMs: this._normalizeNumber(row.orphaned_at_ms),
+      workerId: row.worker_id ? String(row.worker_id) : null,
+      lastError: row.last_error ? String(row.last_error) : null
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs normalize number.
+   * @param {?} value - Input value.
+   * @returns {number | null} - Normalized number.
+   */
+  _normalizeNumber(value) {
+    if (value === null || value === undefined || value === "") return null
+
+    const numeric = Number(value)
+
+    if (Number.isNaN(numeric)) return null
+
+    return numeric
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs normalize boolean.
+   * @param {?} value - Input value.
+   * @returns {boolean} - Normalized boolean.
+   */
+  _normalizeBoolean(value) {
+    if (value === null || value === undefined) return false
+    if (typeof value === "boolean") return value
+    if (typeof value === "number") return value !== 0
+
+    return value === "true"
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs normalize execution mode.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobOptions} [options] - Job options.
+   * @returns {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobExecutionMode} - Normalized execution mode.
+   */
+  _normalizeExecutionMode(options) {
+    const executionMode = options?.executionMode
+
+    if (executionMode) {
+      return this._normalizeExecutionModeName(executionMode)
+    }
+    if (options?.forked === false) return "inline"
+
+    return DEFAULT_EXECUTION_MODE
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs normalize execution mode name.
+   * @param {string} executionMode - Execution mode name.
+   * @returns {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobExecutionMode} - Normalized execution mode.
+   */
+  _normalizeExecutionModeName(executionMode) {
+    for (const mode of EXECUTION_MODES) {
+      if (mode === executionMode) return mode
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`Invalid background job executionMode: ${executionMode}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs parse args.
+   * @param {?} value - Input value.
+   * @returns {Array<?>} - Parsed args.
+   */
+  _parseArgs(value) {
+    if (!value) return []
+
+    try {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(String(value))
+
+      if (Array.isArray(parsed)) return parsed
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore parse errors.
+    }
+
+    return []
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs with db.
+   * @template T
+   * @param {(db: import("../database/drivers/base.js").default) => Promise<T>} callback - Callback.
+   * @returns {Promise<T>} - Callback result.
+   */
+  async _withDb(callback) {
+    const pool = this.configuration.getDatabasePool(this.getDatabaseIdentifier())
+    let callbackCalled = false
+    /**
+     * Defines result.
+      @type {T | undefined} */
+    let result
+
+    await pool.withConnection({name: "Background jobs store"}, async (db) => {
+      callbackCalled = true
+      result = await callback(db)
+    })
+
+    if (!callbackCalled) {
+      throw new Error("Background jobs store callback was not invoked")
+    }
+
+    return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {T} */ (result)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs should accept report.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow} args.job - Job row.
+   * @param {string | null | undefined} args.workerId - Worker id from report.
+   * @param {number | null | undefined} args.handedOffAtMs - Handed off timestamp from report.
+   * @returns {boolean} - Whether to accept the report.
+   */
+  _shouldAcceptReport({job, workerId, handedOffAtMs}) {
+    if (job.status !== "handed_off") return false
+
+    return this._workerReportMatches({job, workerId}) && this._handoffReportMatches({handedOffAtMs, job})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs worker report matches.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow} args.job - Job row.
+   * @param {string | null | undefined} args.workerId - Worker id from report.
+   * @returns {boolean} - Whether the worker report matches.
+   */
+  _workerReportMatches({job, workerId}) {
+    if (!workerId) return true
+    if (!job.workerId) return true
+
+    return workerId === job.workerId
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs handoff report matches.
+   * @param {object} args - Options.
+   * @param {number | null | undefined} args.handedOffAtMs - Handed off timestamp from report.
+   * @param {import("./types.js").BackgroundJobRow} args.job - Job row.
+   * @returns {boolean} - Whether the handoff report matches.
+   */
+  _handoffReportMatches({handedOffAtMs, job}) {
+    if (!handedOffAtMs) return true
+    if (!job.handedOffAtMs) return true
+
+    return handedOffAtMs === job.handedOffAtMs
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs migration key.
+   * @param {string} [version] - Migration version.
+   * @returns {string} - Migration key.
+   */
+  _migrationKey(version = MIGRATION_VERSION) {
+    return `${MIGRATION_SCOPE}:${version}`
+  }
+}