usb 2.17.0 → 3.0.0-alpha.2

package/libusb/libusb/core.c

@@ -1,2925 +0,0 @@
-/* -*- Mode: C; indent-tabs-mode:t ; c-basic-offset:8 -*- */
-/*
- * Core functions for libusb
- * Copyright © 2012-2023 Nathan Hjelm <hjelmn@cs.unm.edu>
- * Copyright © 2007-2008 Daniel Drake <dsd@gentoo.org>
- * Copyright © 2001 Johannes Erdfelt <johannes@erdfelt.com>
- *
- * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
- * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
- * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
- * Lesser General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
- * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
- */
-
-#include "libusbi.h"
-#include "version.h"
-
-#ifdef __ANDROID__
-#include <android/log.h>
-#endif
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#ifdef HAVE_SYSLOG
-#include <syslog.h>
-#endif
-
-static const struct libusb_version libusb_version_internal =
-	{ LIBUSB_MAJOR, LIBUSB_MINOR, LIBUSB_MICRO, LIBUSB_NANO,
-	  LIBUSB_RC, "https://libusb.info" };
-static struct timespec timestamp_origin;
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(USE_SYSTEM_LOGGING_FACILITY)
-static libusb_log_cb log_handler;
-#endif
-
-struct libusb_context *usbi_default_context;
-struct libusb_context *usbi_fallback_context;
-static int default_context_refcnt;
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-static usbi_atomic_t default_debug_level = -1;
-#endif
-static usbi_mutex_static_t default_context_lock = USBI_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-static struct usbi_option default_context_options[LIBUSB_OPTION_MAX];
-
-
-usbi_mutex_static_t active_contexts_lock = USBI_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-struct list_head active_contexts_list;
-
-/**
- * \mainpage libusb-1.0 API Reference
- *
- * \section intro Introduction
- *
- * libusb is an open source library that allows you to communicate with USB
- * devices from user space. For more info, see the
- * <a href="https://libusb.info">libusb homepage</a>.
- *
- * This documentation is aimed at application developers wishing to
- * communicate with USB peripherals from their own software. After reviewing
- * this documentation, feedback and questions can be sent to the
- * <a href="https://mailing-list.libusb.info">libusb-devel mailing list</a>.
- *
- * This documentation assumes knowledge of how to operate USB devices from
- * a software standpoint (descriptors, configurations, interfaces, endpoints,
- * control/bulk/interrupt/isochronous transfers, etc). Full information
- * can be found in the <a href="http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/">USB 3.0
- * Specification</a> which is available for free download. You can probably
- * find less verbose introductions by searching the web.
- *
- * \section API Application Programming Interface (API)
- *
- * See the \ref libusb_api page for a complete list of the libusb functions.
- *
- * \section features Library features
- *
- * - All transfer types supported (control/bulk/interrupt/isochronous)
- * - 2 transfer interfaces:
- *    -# Synchronous (simple)
- *    -# Asynchronous (more complicated, but more powerful)
- * - Thread safe (although the asynchronous interface means that you
- *   usually won't need to thread)
- * - Lightweight with lean API
- * - Compatible with libusb-0.1 through the libusb-compat-0.1 translation layer
- * - Hotplug support (on some platforms). See \ref libusb_hotplug.
- *
- * \section gettingstarted Getting Started
- *
- * To begin reading the API documentation, start with the Topics page which
- * links to the different categories of libusb's functionality.
- *
- * One decision you will have to make is whether to use the synchronous
- * or the asynchronous data transfer interface. The \ref libusb_io documentation
- * provides some insight into this topic.
- *
- * Some example programs can be found in the libusb source distribution under
- * the "examples" subdirectory. The libusb homepage includes a list of
- * real-life project examples which use libusb.
- *
- * \section errorhandling Error handling
- *
- * libusb functions typically return 0 on success or a negative error code
- * on failure. These negative error codes relate to LIBUSB_ERROR constants
- * which are listed on the \ref libusb_misc "miscellaneous" documentation page.
- *
- * \section msglog Debug message logging
- *
- * libusb uses stderr for all logging. By default, logging is set to NONE,
- * which means that no output will be produced. However, unless the library
- * has been compiled with logging disabled, then any application calls to
- * libusb_set_option(ctx, LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL, level),
- * libusb_init_context, or the setting of the environmental variable
- * LIBUSB_DEBUG outside of the application, can result in logging being
- * produced. Your application should therefore not close stderr, but instead
- * direct it to the null device if its output is undesirable.
- *
- * The libusb_set_option(ctx, LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL, level) or
- * libusb_init_context functions can be used to enable logging of certain
- * messages. With the default configuration, libusb will not log much so if
- * you are advised to use one of these functions to enable all
- * error/warning/informational messages. It will help debug problems with your
- * software.
- *
- * The logged messages are unstructured. There is no one-to-one correspondence
- * between messages being logged and success or failure return codes from
- * libusb functions. There is no format to the messages, so you should not
- * try to capture or parse them. They are not and will not be localized.
- * These messages are not intended to being passed to your application user;
- * instead, you should interpret the error codes returned from libusb functions
- * and provide appropriate notification to the user. The messages are simply
- * there to aid you as a programmer, and if you're confused because you're
- * getting a strange error code from a libusb function, enabling message
- * logging may give you a suitable explanation.
- *
- * The LIBUSB_DEBUG environment variable can be used to enable message logging
- * at run-time. This environment variable should be set to a log level number,
- * which is interpreted the same as the
- * libusb_set_option(ctx, LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL, level), or
- * libusb_init_context(&ctx, &(struct libusb_init_option){.option = LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL, .value = {.ival = level}}, 0).
- * When the environment variable is set, the message logging verbosity level is
- * fixed and setting the LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL option has no effect.
- *
- * libusb can be compiled without any logging functions, useful for embedded
- * systems. In this case, neither the LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL option, nor the
- * LIBUSB_DEBUG environment variable will have any effect.
- *
- * libusb can also be compiled with verbose debugging messages always. When
- * the library is compiled in this way, all messages of all verbosities are
- * always logged. Again, in this case, neither the LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL
- * option, nor the LIBUSB_DEBUG environment variable will have any effect.
- *
- * \section remarks Other remarks
- *
- * libusb does have imperfections. The \ref libusb_caveats "caveats" page attempts
- * to document these.
- */
-
-/**
- * \page libusb_caveats Caveats
- *
- * \section threadsafety Thread safety
- *
- * libusb is designed to be completely thread-safe, but as with any API it
- * cannot prevent a user from sabotaging themselves, either intentionally or
- * otherwise.
- *
- * Observe the following general guidelines:
- *
- * - Calls to functions that release a resource (e.g. libusb_close(),
- *   libusb_free_config_descriptor()) should not be called concurrently on
- *   the same resource. This is no different than concurrently calling free()
- *   on the same allocated pointer.
- * - Each individual \ref libusb_transfer should be prepared by a single
- *   thread. In other words, no two threads should ever be concurrently
- *   filling out the fields of a \ref libusb_transfer. You can liken this to
- *   calling sprintf() with the same destination buffer from multiple threads.
- *   The results will likely not be what you want unless the input parameters
- *   are all the same, but its best to avoid this situation entirely.
- * - Both the \ref libusb_transfer structure and its associated data buffer
- *   should not be accessed between the time the transfer is submitted and the
- *   time the completion callback is invoked. You can think of "ownership" of
- *   these things as being transferred to libusb while the transfer is active.
- * - The various "setter" functions (e.g. libusb_set_log_cb(),
- *   libusb_set_pollfd_notifiers()) should not be called concurrently on the
- *   resource. Though doing so will not lead to any undefined behavior, it
- *   will likely produce results that the application does not expect.
- *
- * Rules for multiple threads and asynchronous I/O are detailed
- * \ref libusb_mtasync "here".
- *
- * \section fork Fork considerations
- *
- * libusb is <em>not</em> designed to work across fork() calls. Depending on
- * the platform, there may be resources in the parent process that are not
- * available to the child (e.g. the hotplug monitor thread on Linux). In
- * addition, since the parent and child will share libusb's internal file
- * descriptors, using libusb in any way from the child could cause the parent
- * process's \ref libusb_context to get into an inconsistent state.
- *
- * On Linux, libusb's file descriptors will be marked as CLOEXEC, which means
- * that it is safe to fork() and exec() without worrying about the child
- * process needing to clean up state or having access to these file descriptors.
- * Other platforms may not be so forgiving, so consider yourself warned!
- *
- * \section devresets Device resets
- *
- * The libusb_reset_device() function allows you to reset a device. If your
- * program has to call such a function, it should obviously be aware that
- * the reset will cause device state to change (e.g. register values may be
- * reset).
- *
- * The problem is that any other program could reset the device your program
- * is working with, at any time. libusb does not offer a mechanism to inform
- * you when this has happened, so if someone else resets your device it will
- * not be clear to your own program why the device state has changed.
- *
- * Ultimately, this is a limitation of writing drivers in user space.
- * Separation from the USB stack in the underlying kernel makes it difficult
- * for the operating system to deliver such notifications to your program.
- * The Linux kernel USB stack allows such reset notifications to be delivered
- * to in-kernel USB drivers, but it is not clear how such notifications could
- * be delivered to second-class drivers that live in user space.
- *
- * \section blockonly Blocking-only functionality
- *
- * The functionality listed below is only available through synchronous,
- * blocking functions. There are no asynchronous/non-blocking alternatives,
- * and no clear ways of implementing these.
- *
- * - Configuration activation (libusb_set_configuration())
- * - Interface/alternate setting activation (libusb_set_interface_alt_setting())
- * - Releasing of interfaces (libusb_release_interface())
- * - Clearing of halt/stall condition (libusb_clear_halt())
- * - Device resets (libusb_reset_device())
- *
- * \section configsel Configuration selection and handling
- *
- * When libusb presents a device handle to an application, there is a chance
- * that the corresponding device may be in unconfigured state. For devices
- * with multiple configurations, there is also a chance that the configuration
- * currently selected is not the one that the application wants to use.
- *
- * The obvious solution is to add a call to libusb_set_configuration() early
- * on during your device initialization routines, but there are caveats to
- * be aware of:
- * -# If the device is already in the desired configuration, calling
- *    libusb_set_configuration() using the same configuration value will cause
- *    a lightweight device reset. This may not be desirable behaviour.
- * -# In the case where the desired configuration is already active, libusb
- *    may not even be able to perform a lightweight device reset. For example,
- *    take my USB keyboard with fingerprint reader: I'm interested in driving
- *    the fingerprint reader interface through libusb, but the kernel's
- *    USB-HID driver will almost always have claimed the keyboard interface.
- *    Because the kernel has claimed an interface, it is not even possible to
- *    perform the lightweight device reset, so libusb_set_configuration() will
- *    fail. (Luckily the device in question only has a single configuration.)
- * -# libusb will be unable to set a configuration if other programs or
- *    drivers have claimed interfaces. In particular, this means that kernel
- *    drivers must be detached from all the interfaces before
- *    libusb_set_configuration() may succeed.
- *
- * One solution to some of the above problems is to consider the currently
- * active configuration. If the configuration we want is already active, then
- * we don't have to select any configuration:
-\code
-cfg = -1;
-libusb_get_configuration(dev, &cfg);
-if (cfg != desired)
-	libusb_set_configuration(dev, desired);
-\endcode
- *
- * This is probably suitable for most scenarios, but is inherently racy:
- * another application or driver may change the selected configuration
- * <em>after</em> the libusb_get_configuration() call.
- *
- * Even in cases where libusb_set_configuration() succeeds, consider that other
- * applications or drivers may change configuration after your application
- * calls libusb_set_configuration().
- *
- * One possible way to lock your device into a specific configuration is as
- * follows:
- * -# Set the desired configuration (or use the logic above to realise that
- *    it is already in the desired configuration)
- * -# Claim the interface that you wish to use
- * -# Check that the currently active configuration is the one that you want
- *    to use.
- *
- * The above method works because once an interface is claimed, no application
- * or driver is able to select another configuration.
- *
- * \section earlycomp Early transfer completion
- *
- * NOTE: This section is currently Linux-centric. I am not sure if any of these
- * considerations apply to Darwin or other platforms.
- *
- * When a transfer completes early (i.e. when less data is received/sent in
- * any one packet than the transfer buffer allows for) then libusb is designed
- * to terminate the transfer immediately, not transferring or receiving any
- * more data unless other transfers have been queued by the user.
- *
- * On legacy platforms, libusb is unable to do this in all situations. After
- * the incomplete packet occurs, "surplus" data may be transferred. For recent
- * versions of libusb, this information is kept (the data length of the
- * transfer is updated) and, for device-to-host transfers, any surplus data was
- * added to the buffer. Still, this is not a nice solution because it loses the
- * information about the end of the short packet, and the user probably wanted
- * that surplus data to arrive in the next logical transfer.
- *
- * \section zlp Zero length packets
- *
- * - libusb is able to send a packet of zero length to an endpoint simply by
- * submitting a transfer of zero length.
- * - The \ref libusb_transfer_flags::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ADD_ZERO_PACKET
- * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ADD_ZERO_PACKET" flag is currently supported on Linux,
- * Darwin and Windows (WinUSB).
- */
-
-/**
- * \page libusb_contexts Contexts
- *
- * It is possible that libusb may be used simultaneously from two independent
- * libraries linked into the same executable. For example, if your application
- * has a plugin-like system which allows the user to dynamically load a range
- * of modules into your program, it is feasible that two independently
- * developed modules may both use libusb.
- *
- * libusb is written to allow for these multiple user scenarios. The two
- * "instances" of libusb will not interfere: an option set by one user will have
- * no effect the same option for other users, other users can continue using
- * libusb after one of them calls libusb_exit(), etc.
- *
- * This is made possible through libusb's <em>context</em> concept. When you
- * call libusb_init_context(), you are (optionally) given a context. You can then pass
- * this context pointer back into future libusb functions.
- *
- * In order to keep things simple for more simplistic applications, it is
- * legal to pass NULL to all functions requiring a context pointer (as long as
- * you're sure no other code will attempt to use libusb from the same process).
- * When you pass NULL, the default context will be used. The default context
- * is created the first time a process calls libusb_init_context() when no other
- * context is alive. Contexts are destroyed during libusb_exit().
- *
- * The default context is reference-counted and can be shared. That means that
- * if libusb_init_context(NULL, x, y) is called twice within the same process, the two
- * users end up sharing the same context. The deinitialization and freeing of
- * the default context will only happen when the last user calls libusb_exit().
- * In other words, the default context is created and initialized when its
- * reference count goes from 0 to 1, and is deinitialized and destroyed when
- * its reference count goes from 1 to 0.
- *
- * You may be wondering why only a subset of libusb functions require a
- * context pointer in their function definition. Internally, libusb stores
- * context pointers in other objects (e.g. libusb_device instances) and hence
- * can infer the context from those objects.
- */
-
- /**
-  * \page libusb_api Application Programming Interface
-  *
-  * This is the complete list of libusb functions, structures and
-  * enumerations in alphabetical order.
-  *
-  * \section Functions
-  * - libusb_alloc_streams()
-  * - libusb_alloc_transfer()
-  * - libusb_attach_kernel_driver()
-  * - libusb_bulk_transfer()
-  * - libusb_cancel_transfer()
-  * - libusb_claim_interface()
-  * - libusb_clear_halt()
-  * - libusb_close()
-  * - libusb_control_transfer()
-  * - libusb_control_transfer_get_data()
-  * - libusb_control_transfer_get_setup()
-  * - libusb_cpu_to_le16()
-  * - libusb_detach_kernel_driver()
-  * - libusb_dev_mem_alloc()
-  * - libusb_dev_mem_free()
-  * - libusb_error_name()
-  * - libusb_event_handler_active()
-  * - libusb_event_handling_ok()
-  * - libusb_exit()
-  * - libusb_fill_bulk_stream_transfer()
-  * - libusb_fill_bulk_transfer()
-  * - libusb_fill_control_setup()
-  * - libusb_fill_control_transfer()
-  * - libusb_fill_interrupt_transfer()
-  * - libusb_fill_iso_transfer()
-  * - libusb_free_bos_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_free_config_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_free_container_id_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_free_device_list()
-  * - libusb_free_pollfds()
-  * - libusb_free_ss_endpoint_companion_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_free_ss_usb_device_capability_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_free_streams()
-  * - libusb_free_transfer()
-  * - libusb_free_usb_2_0_extension_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_active_config_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_bos_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_bus_number()
-  * - libusb_get_config_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_config_descriptor_by_value()
-  * - libusb_get_configuration()
-  * - libusb_get_container_id_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_device()
-  * - libusb_get_device_address()
-  * - libusb_get_device_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_device_list()
-  * - libusb_get_device_speed()
-  * - libusb_get_iso_packet_buffer()
-  * - libusb_get_iso_packet_buffer_simple()
-  * - libusb_get_max_alt_packet_size()
-  * - libusb_get_max_iso_packet_size()
-  * - libusb_get_max_packet_size()
-  * - libusb_get_next_timeout()
-  * - libusb_get_parent()
-  * - libusb_get_pollfds()
-  * - libusb_get_port_number()
-  * - libusb_get_port_numbers()
-  * - libusb_get_port_path()
-  * - libusb_get_ss_endpoint_companion_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_ss_usb_device_capability_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_string_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_string_descriptor_ascii()
-  * - libusb_get_usb_2_0_extension_descriptor()
-  * - libusb_get_version()
-  * - libusb_handle_events()
-  * - libusb_handle_events_completed()
-  * - libusb_handle_events_locked()
-  * - libusb_handle_events_timeout()
-  * - libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed()
-  * - libusb_has_capability()
-  * - libusb_hotplug_deregister_callback()
-  * - libusb_hotplug_register_callback()
-  * - libusb_init()
-  * - libusb_init_context()
-  * - libusb_interrupt_event_handler()
-  * - libusb_interrupt_transfer()
-  * - libusb_kernel_driver_active()
-  * - libusb_lock_events()
-  * - libusb_lock_event_waiters()
-  * - libusb_open()
-  * - libusb_open_device_with_vid_pid()
-  * - libusb_pollfds_handle_timeouts()
-  * - libusb_ref_device()
-  * - libusb_release_interface()
-  * - libusb_reset_device()
-  * - libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver()
-  * - libusb_set_configuration()
-  * - libusb_set_debug()
-  * - libusb_set_log_cb()
-  * - libusb_set_interface_alt_setting()
-  * - libusb_set_iso_packet_lengths()
-  * - libusb_set_option()
-  * - libusb_setlocale()
-  * - libusb_set_pollfd_notifiers()
-  * - libusb_strerror()
-  * - libusb_submit_transfer()
-  * - libusb_transfer_get_stream_id()
-  * - libusb_transfer_set_stream_id()
-  * - libusb_try_lock_events()
-  * - libusb_unlock_events()
-  * - libusb_unlock_event_waiters()
-  * - libusb_unref_device()
-  * - libusb_wait_for_event()
-  * - libusb_wrap_sys_device()
-  *
-  * \section Structures
-  * - libusb_bos_descriptor
-  * - libusb_bos_dev_capability_descriptor
-  * - libusb_config_descriptor
-  * - libusb_container_id_descriptor
-  * - \ref libusb_context
-  * - libusb_control_setup
-  * - \ref libusb_device
-  * - libusb_device_descriptor
-  * - \ref libusb_device_handle
-  * - libusb_endpoint_descriptor
-  * - libusb_interface
-  * - libusb_interface_descriptor
-  * - libusb_iso_packet_descriptor
-  * - libusb_pollfd
-  * - libusb_ss_endpoint_companion_descriptor
-  * - libusb_ss_usb_device_capability_descriptor
-  * - libusb_transfer
-  * - libusb_usb_2_0_extension_descriptor
-  * - libusb_version
-  *
-  * \section Enums
-  * - \ref libusb_bos_type
-  * - \ref libusb_capability
-  * - \ref libusb_class_code
-  * - \ref libusb_descriptor_type
-  * - \ref libusb_endpoint_direction
-  * - \ref libusb_endpoint_transfer_type
-  * - \ref libusb_error
-  * - \ref libusb_iso_sync_type
-  * - \ref libusb_iso_usage_type
-  * - \ref libusb_log_level
-  * - \ref libusb_option
-  * - \ref libusb_request_recipient
-  * - \ref libusb_request_type
-  * - \ref libusb_speed
-  * - \ref libusb_ss_usb_device_capability_attributes
-  * - \ref libusb_standard_request
-  * - \ref libusb_supported_speed
-  * - \ref libusb_transfer_flags
-  * - \ref libusb_transfer_status
-  * - \ref libusb_transfer_type
-  * - \ref libusb_usb_2_0_extension_attributes
-  */
-
-/**
- * @defgroup libusb_lib Library initialization/deinitialization
- * This page details how to initialize and deinitialize libusb. Initialization
- * must be performed before using any libusb functionality, and similarly you
- * must not call any libusb functions after deinitialization.
- */
-
-/**
- * @defgroup libusb_dev Device handling and enumeration
- * The functionality documented below is designed to help with the following
- * operations:
- * - Enumerating the USB devices currently attached to the system
- * - Choosing a device to operate from your software
- * - Opening and closing the chosen device
- *
- * \section nutshell In a nutshell...
- *
- * The description below really makes things sound more complicated than they
- * actually are. The following sequence of function calls will be suitable
- * for almost all scenarios and does not require you to have such a deep
- * understanding of the resource management issues:
- * \code
-// discover devices
-libusb_device **list;
-libusb_device *found = NULL;
-ssize_t cnt = libusb_get_device_list(NULL, &list);
-ssize_t i = 0;
-int err = 0;
-if (cnt < 0)
-	error();
-
-for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-	libusb_device *device = list[i];
-	if (is_interesting(device)) {
-		found = device;
-		break;
-	}
-}
-
-if (found) {
-	libusb_device_handle *handle;
-
-	err = libusb_open(found, &handle);
-	if (err)
-		error();
-	// etc
-}
-
-libusb_free_device_list(list, 1);
-\endcode
- *
- * The two important points:
- * - You asked libusb_free_device_list() to unreference the devices (2nd
- *   parameter)
- * - You opened the device before freeing the list and unreferencing the
- *   devices
- *
- * If you ended up with a handle, you can now proceed to perform I/O on the
- * device.
- *
- * \section devshandles Devices and device handles
- * libusb has a concept of a USB device, represented by the
- * \ref libusb_device opaque type. A device represents a USB device that
- * is currently or was previously connected to the system. Using a reference
- * to a device, you can determine certain information about the device (e.g.
- * you can read the descriptor data).
- *
- * The libusb_get_device_list() function can be used to obtain a list of
- * devices currently connected to the system. This is known as device
- * discovery. Devices can also be discovered with the hotplug mechanism,
- * whereby a callback function registered with libusb_hotplug_register_callback()
- * will be called when a device of interest is connected or disconnected.
- *
- * Just because you have a reference to a device does not mean it is
- * necessarily usable. The device may have been unplugged, you may not have
- * permission to operate such device, or another program or driver may be
- * using the device.
- *
- * When you've found a device that you'd like to operate, you must ask
- * libusb to open the device using the libusb_open() function. Assuming
- * success, libusb then returns you a <em>device handle</em>
- * (a \ref libusb_device_handle pointer). All "real" I/O operations then
- * operate on the handle rather than the original device pointer.
- *
- * \section devref Device discovery and reference counting
- *
- * Device discovery (i.e. calling libusb_get_device_list()) returns a
- * freshly-allocated list of devices. The list itself must be freed when
- * you are done with it. libusb also needs to know when it is OK to free
- * the contents of the list - the devices themselves.
- *
- * To handle these issues, libusb provides you with two separate items:
- * - A function to free the list itself
- * - A reference counting system for the devices inside
- *
- * New devices presented by the libusb_get_device_list() function all have a
- * reference count of 1. You can increase and decrease reference count using
- * libusb_ref_device() and libusb_unref_device(). A device is destroyed when
- * its reference count reaches 0.
- *
- * With the above information in mind, the process of opening a device can
- * be viewed as follows:
- * -# Discover devices using libusb_get_device_list() or libusb_hotplug_register_callback().
- * -# Choose the device that you want to operate, and call libusb_open().
- * -# Unref all devices in the discovered device list.
- * -# Free the discovered device list.
- *
- * The order is important - you must not unreference the device before
- * attempting to open it, because unreferencing it may destroy the device.
- *
- * For convenience, the libusb_free_device_list() function includes a
- * parameter to optionally unreference all the devices in the list before
- * freeing the list itself. This combines steps 3 and 4 above.
- *
- * As an implementation detail, libusb_open() actually adds a reference to
- * the device in question. This is because the device remains available
- * through the handle via libusb_get_device(). The reference is deleted during
- * libusb_close().
- */
-
-/** @defgroup libusb_misc Miscellaneous */
-
-/* we traverse usbfs without knowing how many devices we are going to find.
- * so we create this discovered_devs model which is similar to a linked-list
- * which grows when required. it can be freed once discovery has completed,
- * eliminating the need for a list node in the libusb_device structure
- * itself. */
-#define DISCOVERED_DEVICES_SIZE_STEP 16
-
-static struct discovered_devs *discovered_devs_alloc(void)
-{
-	struct discovered_devs *ret =
-		malloc(sizeof(*ret) + (sizeof(void *) * DISCOVERED_DEVICES_SIZE_STEP));
-
-	if (ret) {
-		ret->len = 0;
-		ret->capacity = DISCOVERED_DEVICES_SIZE_STEP;
-	}
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static void discovered_devs_free(struct discovered_devs *discdevs)
-{
-	size_t i;
-
-	for (i = 0; i < discdevs->len; i++)
-		libusb_unref_device(discdevs->devices[i]);
-
-	free(discdevs);
-}
-
-/* append a device to the discovered devices collection. may realloc itself,
- * returning new discdevs. returns NULL on realloc failure. */
-struct discovered_devs *discovered_devs_append(
-	struct discovered_devs *discdevs, struct libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	size_t len = discdevs->len;
-	size_t capacity;
-	struct discovered_devs *new_discdevs;
-
-	/* if there is space, just append the device */
-	if (len < discdevs->capacity) {
-		discdevs->devices[len] = libusb_ref_device(dev);
-		discdevs->len++;
-		return discdevs;
-	}
-
-	/* exceeded capacity, need to grow */
-	usbi_dbg(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "need to increase capacity");
-	capacity = discdevs->capacity + DISCOVERED_DEVICES_SIZE_STEP;
-	/* can't use usbi_reallocf here because in failure cases it would
-	 * free the existing discdevs without unreferencing its devices. */
-	new_discdevs = realloc(discdevs,
-		sizeof(*discdevs) + (sizeof(void *) * capacity));
-	if (!new_discdevs) {
-		discovered_devs_free(discdevs);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	discdevs = new_discdevs;
-	discdevs->capacity = capacity;
-	discdevs->devices[len] = libusb_ref_device(dev);
-	discdevs->len++;
-
-	return discdevs;
-}
-
-/* Allocate a new device with a specific session ID. The returned device has
- * a reference count of 1. */
-struct libusb_device *usbi_alloc_device(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-	unsigned long session_id)
-{
-	size_t priv_size = usbi_backend.device_priv_size;
-	struct libusb_device *dev = calloc(1, PTR_ALIGN(sizeof(*dev)) + priv_size);
-
-	if (!dev)
-		return NULL;
-
-	usbi_atomic_store(&dev->refcnt, 1);
-
-	dev->ctx = ctx;
-	dev->session_data = session_id;
-	dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_UNKNOWN;
-
-	if (!libusb_has_capability(LIBUSB_CAP_HAS_HOTPLUG))
-		usbi_connect_device(dev);
-
-	return dev;
-}
-
-void usbi_connect_device(struct libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-
-	usbi_atomic_store(&dev->attached, 1);
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&dev->ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-	list_add(&dev->list, &dev->ctx->usb_devs);
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&dev->ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-
-	usbi_hotplug_notification(ctx, dev, LIBUSB_HOTPLUG_EVENT_DEVICE_ARRIVED);
-}
-
-void usbi_disconnect_device(struct libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-
-	usbi_atomic_store(&dev->attached, 0);
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-	list_del(&dev->list);
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-
-	usbi_hotplug_notification(ctx, dev, LIBUSB_HOTPLUG_EVENT_DEVICE_LEFT);
-}
-
-/* Perform some final sanity checks on a newly discovered device. If this
- * function fails (negative return code), the device should not be added
- * to the discovered device list. */
-int usbi_sanitize_device(struct libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	uint8_t num_configurations;
-
-	if (dev->device_descriptor.bLength != LIBUSB_DT_DEVICE_SIZE ||
-	    dev->device_descriptor.bDescriptorType != LIBUSB_DT_DEVICE) {
-		usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "invalid device descriptor");
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-	}
-
-	num_configurations = dev->device_descriptor.bNumConfigurations;
-	if (num_configurations > USB_MAXCONFIG) {
-		usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "too many configurations");
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-	} else if (0 == num_configurations) {
-		usbi_dbg(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "zero configurations, maybe an unauthorized device");
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-/* Examine libusb's internal list of known devices, looking for one with
- * a specific session ID. Returns the matching device if it was found, and
- * NULL otherwise. */
-struct libusb_device *usbi_get_device_by_session_id(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-	unsigned long session_id)
-{
-	struct libusb_device *dev;
-	struct libusb_device *ret = NULL;
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-	for_each_device(ctx, dev) {
-		if (dev->session_data == session_id) {
-			ret = libusb_ref_device(dev);
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-/** @ingroup libusb_dev
- * Returns a list of USB devices currently attached to the system. This is
- * your entry point into finding a USB device to operate.
- *
- * You are expected to unreference all the devices when you are done with
- * them, and then free the list with libusb_free_device_list(). Note that
- * libusb_free_device_list() can unref all the devices for you. Be careful
- * not to unreference a device you are about to open until after you have
- * opened it.
- *
- * This return value of this function indicates the number of devices in
- * the resultant list. The list is actually one element larger, as it is
- * NULL-terminated.
- *
- * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
- * \param list output location for a list of devices. Must be later freed with
- * libusb_free_device_list().
- * \returns the number of devices in the outputted list, or any
- * \ref libusb_error according to errors encountered by the backend.
- */
-ssize_t API_EXPORTED libusb_get_device_list(libusb_context *ctx,
-	libusb_device ***list)
-{
-	struct discovered_devs *discdevs = discovered_devs_alloc();
-	struct libusb_device **ret;
-	int r = 0;
-	ssize_t i, len;
-
-	usbi_dbg(ctx, " ");
-
-	if (!discdevs)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-
-	ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
-
-	if (libusb_has_capability(LIBUSB_CAP_HAS_HOTPLUG)) {
-		/* backend provides hotplug support */
-		struct libusb_device *dev;
-
-		if (usbi_backend.hotplug_poll)
-			usbi_backend.hotplug_poll();
-
-		usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-		for_each_device(ctx, dev) {
-			discdevs = discovered_devs_append(discdevs, dev);
-
-			if (!discdevs) {
-				r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-		usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-	} else {
-		/* backend does not provide hotplug support */
-		r = usbi_backend.get_device_list(ctx, &discdevs);
-	}
-
-	if (r < 0) {
-		len = r;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	/* convert discovered_devs into a list */
-	len = (ssize_t)discdevs->len;
-	ret = calloc((size_t)len + 1, sizeof(struct libusb_device *));
-	if (!ret) {
-		len = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	ret[len] = NULL;
-	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-		struct libusb_device *dev = discdevs->devices[i];
-		ret[i] = libusb_ref_device(dev);
-	}
-	*list = ret;
-
-out:
-	if (discdevs)
-		discovered_devs_free(discdevs);
-	return len;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Frees a list of devices previously discovered using
- * libusb_get_device_list(). If the unref_devices parameter is set, the
- * reference count of each device in the list is decremented by 1.
- * \param list the list to free
- * \param unref_devices whether to unref the devices in the list
- */
-void API_EXPORTED libusb_free_device_list(libusb_device **list,
-	int unref_devices)
-{
-	if (!list)
-		return;
-
-	if (unref_devices) {
-		int i = 0;
-		struct libusb_device *dev;
-
-		while ((dev = list[i++]) != NULL)
-			libusb_unref_device(dev);
-	}
-	free(list);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Get the number of the bus that a device is connected to.
- * \param dev a device
- * \returns the bus number
- */
-uint8_t API_EXPORTED libusb_get_bus_number(libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	return dev->bus_number;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Get the number of the port that a device is connected to.
- * Unless the OS does something funky, or you are hot-plugging USB extension cards,
- * the port number returned by this call is usually guaranteed to be uniquely tied
- * to a physical port, meaning that different devices plugged on the same physical
- * port should return the same port number.
- *
- * But outside of this, there is no guarantee that the port number returned by this
- * call will remain the same, or even match the order in which ports have been
- * numbered by the HUB/HCD manufacturer.
- *
- * \param dev a device
- * \returns the port number (0 if not available)
- */
-uint8_t API_EXPORTED libusb_get_port_number(libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	return dev->port_number;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Get the list of all port numbers from root for the specified device
- *
- * Since version 1.0.16, \ref LIBUSBX_API_VERSION >= 0x01000102
- * \param dev a device
- * \param port_numbers the array that should contain the port numbers
- * \param port_numbers_len the maximum length of the array. As per the USB 3.0
- * specs, the current maximum limit for the depth is 7.
- * \returns the number of elements filled
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_OVERFLOW if the array is too small
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_port_numbers(libusb_device *dev,
-	uint8_t *port_numbers, int port_numbers_len)
-{
-	int i = port_numbers_len;
-	struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-
-	if (port_numbers_len <= 0)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	/* HCDs can be listed as devices with port #0 */
-	while((dev) && (dev->port_number != 0)) {
-		if (--i < 0) {
-			usbi_warn(ctx, "port numbers array is too small");
-			return LIBUSB_ERROR_OVERFLOW;
-		}
-		port_numbers[i] = dev->port_number;
-		dev = dev->parent_dev;
-	}
-	if (i < port_numbers_len)
-		memmove(port_numbers, &port_numbers[i], (size_t)(port_numbers_len - i));
-	return port_numbers_len - i;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * \deprecated Please use \ref libusb_get_port_numbers() instead.
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_port_path(libusb_context *ctx, libusb_device *dev,
-	uint8_t *port_numbers, uint8_t port_numbers_len)
-{
-	UNUSED(ctx);
-
-	return libusb_get_port_numbers(dev, port_numbers, port_numbers_len);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Get the the parent from the specified device.
- * \param dev a device
- * \returns the device parent or NULL if not available
- * You should issue a \ref libusb_get_device_list() before calling this
- * function and make sure that you only access the parent before issuing
- * \ref libusb_free_device_list(). The reason is that libusb currently does
- * not maintain a permanent list of device instances, and therefore can
- * only guarantee that parents are fully instantiated within a
- * libusb_get_device_list() - libusb_free_device_list() block.
- */
-DEFAULT_VISIBILITY
-libusb_device * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_get_parent(libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	return dev->parent_dev;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Get the address of the device on the bus it is connected to.
- * \param dev a device
- * \returns the device address
- */
-uint8_t API_EXPORTED libusb_get_device_address(libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	return dev->device_address;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Get the negotiated connection speed for a device.
- * \param dev a device
- * \returns a \ref libusb_speed code, where LIBUSB_SPEED_UNKNOWN means that
- * the OS doesn't know or doesn't support returning the negotiated speed.
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_device_speed(libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	return (int)(dev->speed);
-}
-
-static const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *find_endpoint(
-	struct libusb_config_descriptor *config, unsigned char endpoint)
-{
-	int iface_idx;
-	for (iface_idx = 0; iface_idx < config->bNumInterfaces; iface_idx++) {
-		const struct libusb_interface *iface = &config->interface[iface_idx];
-		int altsetting_idx;
-
-		for (altsetting_idx = 0; altsetting_idx < iface->num_altsetting;
-				altsetting_idx++) {
-			const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *altsetting
-				= &iface->altsetting[altsetting_idx];
-			int ep_idx;
-
-			for (ep_idx = 0; ep_idx < altsetting->bNumEndpoints; ep_idx++) {
-				const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *ep =
-					&altsetting->endpoint[ep_idx];
-				if (ep->bEndpointAddress == endpoint)
-					return ep;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Convenience function to retrieve the wMaxPacketSize value for a particular
- * endpoint in the active device configuration.
- *
- * This function was originally intended to be of assistance when setting up
- * isochronous transfers, but a design mistake resulted in this function
- * instead. It simply returns the wMaxPacketSize value without considering
- * its contents. If you're dealing with isochronous transfers, you probably
- * want libusb_get_max_iso_packet_size() instead.
- *
- * \param dev a device
- * \param endpoint address of the endpoint in question
- * \returns the wMaxPacketSize value
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the endpoint does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER on other failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_max_packet_size(libusb_device *dev,
-	unsigned char endpoint)
-{
-	struct libusb_config_descriptor *config;
-	const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *ep;
-	int r;
-
-	r = libusb_get_active_config_descriptor(dev, &config);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev),
-			"could not retrieve active config descriptor");
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-	}
-
-	ep = find_endpoint(config, endpoint);
-	if (!ep) {
-		r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	r = ep->wMaxPacketSize;
-
-out:
-	libusb_free_config_descriptor(config);
-	return r;
-}
-
-static const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *find_alt_endpoint(
-	struct libusb_config_descriptor *config,
-	int iface_idx, int altsetting_idx, unsigned char endpoint)
-{
-	if (iface_idx >= config->bNumInterfaces) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	const struct libusb_interface *iface = &config->interface[iface_idx];
-
-	if (altsetting_idx >= iface->num_altsetting) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	const struct libusb_interface_descriptor *altsetting
-		= &iface->altsetting[altsetting_idx];
-	int ep_idx;
-
-	for (ep_idx = 0; ep_idx < altsetting->bNumEndpoints; ep_idx++) {
-		const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *ep =
-			&altsetting->endpoint[ep_idx];
-		if (ep->bEndpointAddress == endpoint)
-			return ep;
-	}
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-static int get_endpoint_max_packet_size(libusb_device *dev,
-	const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *ep)
-{
-	struct libusb_ss_endpoint_companion_descriptor *ss_ep_cmp;
-	enum libusb_endpoint_transfer_type ep_type;
-	uint16_t val;
-	int r = 0;
-	int speed;
-
-	speed = libusb_get_device_speed(dev);
-	if (speed >= LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER) {
-		r = libusb_get_ss_endpoint_companion_descriptor(dev->ctx, ep, &ss_ep_cmp);
-		if (r == LIBUSB_SUCCESS) {
-			r = ss_ep_cmp->wBytesPerInterval;
-			libusb_free_ss_endpoint_companion_descriptor(ss_ep_cmp);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* If the device isn't a SuperSpeed device or retrieving the SS endpoint didn't worked. */
-	if (speed < LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER || r < 0) {
-		val = ep->wMaxPacketSize;
-		ep_type = (enum libusb_endpoint_transfer_type) (ep->bmAttributes & 0x3);
-
-		r = val & 0x07ff;
-		if (ep_type == LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS
-		    || ep_type == LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT)
-			r *= (1 + ((val >> 11) & 3));
-	}
-
-	return r;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Calculate the maximum packet size which a specific endpoint is capable is
- * sending or receiving in the duration of 1 microframe
- *
- * Only the active configuration is examined. The calculation is based on the
- * wMaxPacketSize field in the endpoint descriptor as described in section
- * 9.6.6 in the USB 2.0 specifications.
- *
- * If acting on an isochronous or interrupt endpoint, this function will
- * multiply the value found in bits 0:10 by the number of transactions per
- * microframe (determined by bits 11:12). Otherwise, this function just
- * returns the numeric value found in bits 0:10. For USB 3.0 device, it
- * will attempts to retrieve the Endpoint Companion Descriptor to return
- * wBytesPerInterval.
- *
- * This function is useful for setting up isochronous transfers, for example
- * you might pass the return value from this function to
- * libusb_set_iso_packet_lengths() in order to set the length field of every
- * isochronous packet in a transfer.
- *
- * This function only considers the first alternate setting of the interface.
- * If the endpoint has different maximum packet sizes for different alternate
- * settings, you probably want libusb_get_max_alt_packet_size() instead.
- *
- * Since v1.0.3.
- *
- * \param dev a device
- * \param endpoint address of the endpoint in question
- * \returns the maximum packet size which can be sent/received on this endpoint
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the endpoint does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER on other failure
- * \see libusb_get_max_alt_packet_size
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_max_iso_packet_size(libusb_device *dev,
-	unsigned char endpoint)
-{
-	struct libusb_config_descriptor *config;
-	const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *ep;
-	int r;
-
-	r = libusb_get_active_config_descriptor(dev, &config);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev),
-			"could not retrieve active config descriptor");
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-	}
-
-	ep = find_endpoint(config, endpoint);
-	if (!ep) {
-		r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	r = get_endpoint_max_packet_size(dev, ep);
-
-out:
-	libusb_free_config_descriptor(config);
-	return r;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Calculate the maximum packet size which a specific endpoint is capable of
- * sending or receiving in the duration of 1 microframe
- *
- * Only the active configuration is examined. The calculation is based on the
- * wMaxPacketSize field in the endpoint descriptor as described in section
- * 9.6.6 in the USB 2.0 specifications.
- *
- * If acting on an isochronous or interrupt endpoint, this function will
- * multiply the value found in bits 0:10 by the number of transactions per
- * microframe (determined by bits 11:12). Otherwise, this function just
- * returns the numeric value found in bits 0:10. For USB 3.0 device, it
- * will attempts to retrieve the Endpoint Companion Descriptor to return
- * wBytesPerInterval.
- *
- * This function is useful for setting up isochronous transfers, for example
- * you might pass the return value from this function to
- * libusb_set_iso_packet_lengths() in order to set the length field of every
- * isochronous packet in a transfer.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.27, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x0100010A
- *
- * \param dev a device
- * \param interface_number the <tt>bInterfaceNumber</tt> of the interface
- * the endpoint belongs to
- * \param alternate_setting the <tt>bAlternateSetting</tt> of the interface
- * \param endpoint address of the endpoint in question
- * \returns the maximum packet size which can be sent/received on this endpoint
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the endpoint does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER on other failure
- * \see libusb_get_max_iso_packet_size
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_max_alt_packet_size(libusb_device *dev,
-	int interface_number, int alternate_setting, unsigned char endpoint)
-{
-	struct libusb_config_descriptor *config;
-	const struct libusb_endpoint_descriptor *ep;
-	int r;
-
-	r = libusb_get_active_config_descriptor(dev, &config);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev),
-			"could not retrieve active config descriptor");
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-	}
-
-	ep = find_alt_endpoint(config, interface_number,
-		alternate_setting, endpoint);
-	if (!ep) {
-		r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	r = get_endpoint_max_packet_size(dev, ep);
-
-out:
-	libusb_free_config_descriptor(config);
-	return r;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Increment the reference count of a device.
- * \param dev the device to reference
- * \returns the same device
- */
-DEFAULT_VISIBILITY
-libusb_device * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_ref_device(libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	long refcnt;
-
-	refcnt = usbi_atomic_inc(&dev->refcnt);
-	assert(refcnt >= 2);
-
-	return dev;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Decrement the reference count of a device. If the decrement operation
- * causes the reference count to reach zero, the device shall be destroyed.
- * \param dev the device to unreference
- */
-void API_EXPORTED libusb_unref_device(libusb_device *dev)
-{
-	long refcnt;
-
-	if (!dev)
-		return;
-
-	refcnt = usbi_atomic_dec(&dev->refcnt);
-	assert(refcnt >= 0);
-
-	if (refcnt == 0) {
-		usbi_dbg(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "destroy device %d.%d", dev->bus_number, dev->device_address);
-
-		libusb_unref_device(dev->parent_dev);
-
-		if (usbi_backend.destroy_device)
-			usbi_backend.destroy_device(dev);
-
-		if (!libusb_has_capability(LIBUSB_CAP_HAS_HOTPLUG)) {
-			/* backend does not support hotplug */
-			usbi_disconnect_device(dev);
-		}
-
-		free(dev);
-	}
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Wrap a platform-specific system device handle and obtain a libusb device
- * handle for the underlying device. The handle allows you to use libusb to
- * perform I/O on the device in question.
- *
- * Call libusb_init_context with the LIBUSB_OPTION_NO_DEVICE_DISCOVERY
- * option if you want to skip enumeration of USB devices. In particular, this
- * might be needed on Android if you don't have authority to access USB
- * devices in general. Setting this option with libusb_set_option is deprecated.
- *
- * On Linux, the system device handle must be a valid file descriptor opened
- * on the device node.
- *
- * The system device handle must remain open until libusb_close() is called.
- * The system device handle will not be closed by libusb_close().
- *
- * Internally, this function creates a temporary device and makes it
- * available to you through libusb_get_device(). This device is destroyed
- * during libusb_close(). The device shall not be opened through libusb_open().
- *
- * This is a non-blocking function; no requests are sent over the bus.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.23, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000107
- *
- * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
- * \param sys_dev the platform-specific system device handle
- * \param dev_handle output location for the returned device handle pointer. Only
- * populated when the return code is 0.
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM on memory allocation failure
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_ACCESS if the user has insufficient permissions
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED if the operation is not supported on this
- * platform
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_wrap_sys_device(libusb_context *ctx, intptr_t sys_dev,
-	libusb_device_handle **dev_handle)
-{
-	struct libusb_device_handle *_dev_handle;
-	size_t priv_size = usbi_backend.device_handle_priv_size;
-	int r;
-
-	usbi_dbg(ctx, "wrap_sys_device 0x%" PRIxPTR, (uintptr_t)sys_dev);
-
-	ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
-
-	if (!usbi_backend.wrap_sys_device)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-	_dev_handle = calloc(1, PTR_ALIGN(sizeof(*_dev_handle)) + priv_size);
-	if (!_dev_handle)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-
-	usbi_mutex_init(&_dev_handle->lock);
-
-	r = usbi_backend.wrap_sys_device(ctx, _dev_handle, sys_dev);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		usbi_dbg(ctx, "wrap_sys_device 0x%" PRIxPTR " returns %d", (uintptr_t)sys_dev, r);
-		usbi_mutex_destroy(&_dev_handle->lock);
-		free(_dev_handle);
-		return r;
-	}
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	list_add(&_dev_handle->list, &ctx->open_devs);
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	*dev_handle = _dev_handle;
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Open a device and obtain a device handle. A handle allows you to perform
- * I/O on the device in question.
- *
- * Internally, this function adds a reference to the device and makes it
- * available to you through libusb_get_device(). This reference is removed
- * during libusb_close().
- *
- * This is a non-blocking function; no requests are sent over the bus.
- *
- * \param dev the device to open
- * \param dev_handle output location for the returned device handle pointer. Only
- * populated when the return code is 0.
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM on memory allocation failure
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_ACCESS if the user has insufficient permissions
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_open(libusb_device *dev,
-	libusb_device_handle **dev_handle)
-{
-	struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-	struct libusb_device_handle *_dev_handle;
-	size_t priv_size = usbi_backend.device_handle_priv_size;
-	int r;
-
-	usbi_dbg(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "open %d.%d", dev->bus_number, dev->device_address);
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	_dev_handle = calloc(1, PTR_ALIGN(sizeof(*_dev_handle)) + priv_size);
-	if (!_dev_handle)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-
-	usbi_mutex_init(&_dev_handle->lock);
-
-	_dev_handle->dev = libusb_ref_device(dev);
-
-	r = usbi_backend.open(_dev_handle);
-	if (r < 0) {
-		usbi_dbg(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "open %d.%d returns %d", dev->bus_number, dev->device_address, r);
-		libusb_unref_device(dev);
-		usbi_mutex_destroy(&_dev_handle->lock);
-		free(_dev_handle);
-		return r;
-	}
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	list_add(&_dev_handle->list, &ctx->open_devs);
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	*dev_handle = _dev_handle;
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Convenience function for finding a device with a particular
- * <tt>idVendor</tt>/<tt>idProduct</tt> combination. This function is intended
- * for those scenarios where you are using libusb to knock up a quick test
- * application - it allows you to avoid calling libusb_get_device_list() and
- * worrying about traversing/freeing the list.
- *
- * This function has limitations and is hence not intended for use in real
- * applications: if multiple devices have the same IDs it will only
- * give you the first one, etc.
- *
- * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
- * \param vendor_id the idVendor value to search for
- * \param product_id the idProduct value to search for
- * \returns a device handle for the first found device, or NULL on error
- * or if the device could not be found. */
-DEFAULT_VISIBILITY
-libusb_device_handle * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_open_device_with_vid_pid(
-	libusb_context *ctx, uint16_t vendor_id, uint16_t product_id)
-{
-	struct libusb_device **devs;
-	struct libusb_device *found = NULL;
-	struct libusb_device *dev;
-	struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle = NULL;
-	size_t i = 0;
-	int r;
-
-	if (libusb_get_device_list(ctx, &devs) < 0)
-		return NULL;
-
-	while ((dev = devs[i++]) != NULL) {
-		struct libusb_device_descriptor desc;
-		r = libusb_get_device_descriptor(dev, &desc);
-		if (r < 0)
-			goto out;
-		if (desc.idVendor == vendor_id && desc.idProduct == product_id) {
-			found = dev;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (found) {
-		r = libusb_open(found, &dev_handle);
-		if (r < 0)
-			dev_handle = NULL;
-	}
-
-out:
-	libusb_free_device_list(devs, 1);
-	return dev_handle;
-}
-
-static void do_close(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-	struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle)
-{
-	struct usbi_transfer *itransfer;
-	struct usbi_transfer *tmp;
-
-	/* remove any transfers in flight that are for this device */
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
-
-	/* safe iteration because transfers may be being deleted */
-	for_each_transfer_safe(ctx, itransfer, tmp) {
-		struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-			USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-		uint32_t state_flags;
-
-		if (transfer->dev_handle != dev_handle)
-			continue;
-
-		usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
-		state_flags = itransfer->state_flags;
-		usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-		if (!(state_flags & USBI_TRANSFER_DEVICE_DISAPPEARED)) {
-			usbi_err(ctx, "Device handle closed while transfer was still being processed, but the device is still connected as far as we know");
-
-			if (state_flags & USBI_TRANSFER_CANCELLING)
-				usbi_warn(ctx, "A cancellation for an in-flight transfer hasn't completed but closing the device handle");
-			else
-				usbi_err(ctx, "A cancellation hasn't even been scheduled on the transfer for which the device is closing");
-		}
-
-		/* remove from the list of in-flight transfers and make sure
-		 * we don't accidentally use the device handle in the future
-		 * (or that such accesses will be easily caught and identified as a crash)
-		 */
-		list_del(&itransfer->list);
-		transfer->dev_handle = NULL;
-
-		/* it is up to the user to free up the actual transfer struct.  this is
-		 * just making sure that we don't attempt to process the transfer after
-		 * the device handle is invalid
-		 */
-		usbi_dbg(ctx, "Removed transfer %p from the in-flight list because device handle %p closed",
-			 (void *) transfer, (void *) dev_handle);
-	}
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	list_del(&dev_handle->list);
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-
-	usbi_backend.close(dev_handle);
-	libusb_unref_device(dev_handle->dev);
-	usbi_mutex_destroy(&dev_handle->lock);
-	free(dev_handle);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Close a device handle. Should be called on all open handles before your
- * application exits.
- *
- * Internally, this function destroys the reference that was added by
- * libusb_open() on the given device.
- *
- * This is a non-blocking function; no requests are sent over the bus.
- *
- * \param dev_handle the device handle to close
- */
-void API_EXPORTED libusb_close(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle)
-{
-	struct libusb_context *ctx;
-	unsigned int event_flags;
-	int handling_events;
-
-	if (!dev_handle)
-		return;
-	ctx = HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle);
-	usbi_dbg(ctx, " ");
-
-	handling_events = usbi_handling_events(ctx);
-
-	/* Similarly to libusb_open(), we want to interrupt all event handlers
-	 * at this point. More importantly, we want to perform the actual close of
-	 * the device while holding the event handling lock (preventing any other
-	 * thread from doing event handling) because we will be removing a file
-	 * descriptor from the polling loop. If this is being called by the current
-	 * event handler, we can bypass the interruption code because we already
-	 * hold the event handling lock. */
-
-	if (!handling_events) {
-		/* Record that we are closing a device.
-		 * Only signal an event if there are no prior pending events. */
-		usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
-		event_flags = ctx->event_flags;
-		if (!ctx->device_close++)
-			ctx->event_flags |= USBI_EVENT_DEVICE_CLOSE;
-		if (!event_flags)
-			usbi_signal_event(&ctx->event);
-		usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
-
-		/* take event handling lock */
-		libusb_lock_events(ctx);
-	}
-
-	/* Close the device */
-	do_close(ctx, dev_handle);
-
-	if (!handling_events) {
-		/* We're done with closing this device.
-		 * Clear the event pipe if there are no further pending events. */
-		usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
-		if (!--ctx->device_close)
-			ctx->event_flags &= ~USBI_EVENT_DEVICE_CLOSE;
-		if (!ctx->event_flags)
-			usbi_clear_event(&ctx->event);
-		usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
-
-		/* Release event handling lock and wake up event waiters */
-		libusb_unlock_events(ctx);
-	}
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Get the underlying device for a device handle. This function does not modify
- * the reference count of the returned device, so do not feel compelled to
- * unreference it when you are done.
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \returns the underlying device
- */
-DEFAULT_VISIBILITY
-libusb_device * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_get_device(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle)
-{
-	return dev_handle->dev;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Determine the bConfigurationValue of the currently active configuration.
- *
- * You could formulate your own control request to obtain this information,
- * but this function has the advantage that it may be able to retrieve the
- * information from operating system caches (no I/O involved).
- *
- * If the OS does not cache this information, then this function will block
- * while a control transfer is submitted to retrieve the information.
- *
- * This function will return a value of 0 in the <tt>config</tt> output
- * parameter if the device is in unconfigured state.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param config output location for the bConfigurationValue of the active
- * configuration (only valid for return code 0)
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_configuration(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int *config)
-{
-	int r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-	uint8_t tmp = 0;
-	struct libusb_context *ctx = HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle);
-
-	usbi_dbg(ctx, " ");
-	if (usbi_backend.get_configuration)
-		r = usbi_backend.get_configuration(dev_handle, &tmp);
-
-	if (r == LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
-		usbi_dbg(ctx, "falling back to control message");
-		r = libusb_control_transfer(dev_handle, LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN,
-			LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_CONFIGURATION, 0, 0, &tmp, 1, 1000);
-		if (r == 1) {
-			r = 0;
-		} else if (r == 0) {
-			usbi_err(ctx, "zero bytes returned in ctrl transfer?");
-			r = LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-		} else {
-			usbi_dbg(ctx, "control failed, error %d", r);
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (r == 0) {
-		usbi_dbg(ctx, "active config %u", tmp);
-		*config = (int)tmp;
-	}
-
-	return r;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Set the active configuration for a device.
- *
- * The operating system may or may not have already set an active
- * configuration on the device. It is up to your application to ensure the
- * correct configuration is selected before you attempt to claim interfaces
- * and perform other operations.
- *
- * If you call this function on a device already configured with the selected
- * configuration, then this function will act as a lightweight device reset:
- * it will issue a SET_CONFIGURATION request using the current configuration,
- * causing most USB-related device state to be reset (altsetting reset to zero,
- * endpoint halts cleared, toggles reset).
- *
- * Not all backends support setting the configuration from user space, which
- * will be indicated by the return code \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED. As this
- * suggests that the platform is handling the device configuration itself,
- * this error should generally be safe to ignore.
- *
- * You cannot change/reset configuration if your application has claimed
- * interfaces. It is advised to set the desired configuration before claiming
- * interfaces.
- *
- * Alternatively you can call libusb_release_interface() first. Note if you
- * do things this way you must ensure that auto_detach_kernel_driver for
- * <tt>dev</tt> is 0, otherwise the kernel driver will be re-attached when you
- * release the interface(s).
- *
- * You cannot change/reset configuration if other applications or drivers have
- * claimed interfaces.
- *
- * A configuration value of -1 will put the device in unconfigured state.
- * The USB specifications state that a configuration value of 0 does this,
- * however buggy devices exist which actually have a configuration 0.
- *
- * You should always use this function rather than formulating your own
- * SET_CONFIGURATION control request. This is because the underlying operating
- * system needs to know when such changes happen.
- *
- * This is a blocking function.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param configuration the bConfigurationValue of the configuration you
- * wish to activate, or -1 if you wish to put the device in an unconfigured
- * state
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the requested configuration does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY if interfaces are currently claimed
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED if setting or changing the configuration
- * is not supported by the backend
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- * \see libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver()
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_set_configuration(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int configuration)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "configuration %d", configuration);
-	if (configuration < -1 || configuration > (int)UINT8_MAX)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-	return usbi_backend.set_configuration(dev_handle, configuration);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Claim an interface on a given device handle. You must claim the interface
- * you wish to use before you can perform I/O on any of its endpoints.
- *
- * It is legal to attempt to claim an already-claimed interface, in which
- * case libusb just returns 0 without doing anything.
- *
- * If auto_detach_kernel_driver is set to 1 for <tt>dev</tt>, the kernel driver
- * will be detached if necessary, on failure the detach error is returned.
- *
- * Claiming of interfaces is a purely logical operation; it does not cause
- * any requests to be sent over the bus. Interface claiming is used to
- * instruct the underlying operating system that your application wishes
- * to take ownership of the interface.
- *
- * This is a non-blocking function.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param interface_number the <tt>bInterfaceNumber</tt> of the interface you
- * wish to claim
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the requested interface does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY if another program or driver has claimed the
- * interface
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns a LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- * \see libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver()
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_claim_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int interface_number)
-{
-	int r = 0;
-
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "interface %d", interface_number);
-	if (interface_number < 0 || interface_number >= USB_MAXINTERFACES)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&dev_handle->lock);
-	if (dev_handle->claimed_interfaces & (1U << interface_number))
-		goto out;
-
-	r = usbi_backend.claim_interface(dev_handle, (uint8_t)interface_number);
-	if (r == 0)
-		dev_handle->claimed_interfaces |= 1U << interface_number;
-
-out:
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&dev_handle->lock);
-	return r;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Release an interface previously claimed with libusb_claim_interface(). You
- * should release all claimed interfaces before closing a device handle.
- *
- * This is a blocking function. A SET_INTERFACE control request will be sent
- * to the device, resetting interface state to the first alternate setting.
- *
- * If auto_detach_kernel_driver is set to 1 for <tt>dev</tt>, the kernel
- * driver will be re-attached after releasing the interface.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param interface_number the <tt>bInterfaceNumber</tt> of the
- * previously-claimed interface
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the interface was not claimed
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- * \see libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver()
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_release_interface(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int interface_number)
-{
-	int r;
-
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "interface %d", interface_number);
-	if (interface_number < 0 || interface_number >= USB_MAXINTERFACES)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&dev_handle->lock);
-	if (!(dev_handle->claimed_interfaces & (1U << interface_number))) {
-		r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	r = usbi_backend.release_interface(dev_handle, (uint8_t)interface_number);
-	if (r == 0)
-		dev_handle->claimed_interfaces &= ~(1U << interface_number);
-
-out:
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&dev_handle->lock);
-	return r;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Activate an alternate setting for an interface. The interface must have
- * been previously claimed with libusb_claim_interface().
- *
- * You should always use this function rather than formulating your own
- * SET_INTERFACE control request. This is because the underlying operating
- * system needs to know when such changes happen.
- *
- * This is a blocking function.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param interface_number the <tt>bInterfaceNumber</tt> of the
- * previously-claimed interface
- * \param alternate_setting the <tt>bAlternateSetting</tt> of the alternate
- * setting to activate
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the interface was not claimed, or the
- * requested alternate setting does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_set_interface_alt_setting(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int interface_number, int alternate_setting)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "interface %d altsetting %d",
-		interface_number, alternate_setting);
-	if (interface_number < 0 || interface_number >= USB_MAXINTERFACES)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-	if (alternate_setting < 0 || alternate_setting > (int)UINT8_MAX)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached)) {
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-	}
-
-	usbi_mutex_lock(&dev_handle->lock);
-	if (!(dev_handle->claimed_interfaces & (1U << interface_number))) {
-		usbi_mutex_unlock(&dev_handle->lock);
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-	}
-	usbi_mutex_unlock(&dev_handle->lock);
-
-	return usbi_backend.set_interface_altsetting(dev_handle,
-		(uint8_t)interface_number, (uint8_t)alternate_setting);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Clear the halt/stall condition for an endpoint. Endpoints with halt status
- * are unable to receive or transmit data until the halt condition is stalled.
- *
- * You should cancel all pending transfers before attempting to clear the halt
- * condition.
- *
- * This is a blocking function.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param endpoint the endpoint to clear halt status
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the endpoint does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_clear_halt(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	unsigned char endpoint)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "endpoint 0x%x", endpoint);
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	return usbi_backend.clear_halt(dev_handle, endpoint);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Perform a USB port reset to reinitialize a device. The system will attempt
- * to restore the previous configuration and alternate settings after the
- * reset has completed.
- *
- * If the reset fails, the descriptors change, or the previous state cannot be
- * restored, the device will appear to be disconnected and reconnected. This
- * means that the device handle is no longer valid (you should close it) and
- * rediscover the device. A return code of \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND indicates
- * when this is the case.
- *
- * This is a blocking function which usually incurs a noticeable delay.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a handle of the device to reset
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if re-enumeration is required, or if the
- * device has been disconnected
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_reset_device(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), " ");
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	if (usbi_backend.reset_device)
-		return usbi_backend.reset_device(dev_handle);
-	else
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
- * Allocate up to num_streams usb bulk streams on the specified endpoints. This
- * function takes an array of endpoints rather then a single endpoint because
- * some protocols require that endpoints are setup with similar stream ids.
- * All endpoints passed in must belong to the same interface.
- *
- * Note this function may return less streams then requested. Also note that the
- * same number of streams are allocated for each endpoint in the endpoint array.
- *
- * Stream id 0 is reserved, and should not be used to communicate with devices.
- * If libusb_alloc_streams() returns with a value of N, you may use stream ids
- * 1 to N.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.19, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000103
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param num_streams number of streams to try to allocate
- * \param endpoints array of endpoints to allocate streams on
- * \param num_endpoints length of the endpoints array
- * \returns number of streams allocated, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_alloc_streams(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	uint32_t num_streams, unsigned char *endpoints, int num_endpoints)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "streams %u eps %d", (unsigned)num_streams, num_endpoints);
-
-	if (!num_streams || !endpoints || num_endpoints <= 0)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	if (usbi_backend.alloc_streams)
-		return usbi_backend.alloc_streams(dev_handle, num_streams, endpoints,
-						   num_endpoints);
-	else
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
- * Free usb bulk streams allocated with libusb_alloc_streams().
- *
- * Note streams are automatically free-ed when releasing an interface.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.19, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000103
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param endpoints array of endpoints to free streams on
- * \param num_endpoints length of the endpoints array
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_SUCCESS, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_free_streams(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	unsigned char *endpoints, int num_endpoints)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "eps %d", num_endpoints);
-
-	if (!endpoints || num_endpoints <= 0)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	if (usbi_backend.free_streams)
-		return usbi_backend.free_streams(dev_handle, endpoints,
-						  num_endpoints);
-	else
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
- * Attempts to allocate a block of persistent DMA memory suitable for transfers
- * against the given device. If successful, will return a block of memory
- * that is suitable for use as "buffer" in \ref libusb_transfer against this
- * device. Using this memory instead of regular memory means that the host
- * controller can use DMA directly into the buffer to increase performance, and
- * also that transfers can no longer fail due to kernel memory fragmentation.
- *
- * Note that this means you should not modify this memory (or even data on
- * the same cache lines) when a transfer is in progress, although it is legal
- * to have several transfers going on within the same memory block.
- *
- * Will return NULL on failure. Many systems do not support such zero-copy
- * and will always return NULL. Memory allocated with this function must be
- * freed with \ref libusb_dev_mem_free. Specifically, this means that the
- * flag \ref LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_BUFFER cannot be used to free memory allocated
- * with this function.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.21, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000105
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param length size of desired data buffer
- * \returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, or NULL on failure
- */
-DEFAULT_VISIBILITY
-unsigned char * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_dev_mem_alloc(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-        size_t length)
-{
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (usbi_backend.dev_mem_alloc)
-		return usbi_backend.dev_mem_alloc(dev_handle, length);
-	else
-		return NULL;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
- * Free device memory allocated with libusb_dev_mem_alloc().
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param buffer pointer to the previously allocated memory
- * \param length size of previously allocated memory
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_SUCCESS, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_dev_mem_free(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	unsigned char *buffer, size_t length)
-{
-	if (usbi_backend.dev_mem_free)
-		return usbi_backend.dev_mem_free(dev_handle, buffer, length);
-	else
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Determine if a kernel driver is active on an interface. If a kernel driver
- * is active, you cannot claim the interface, and libusb will be unable to
- * perform I/O.
- *
- * This functionality is not available on Windows.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param interface_number the interface to check
- * \returns 0 if no kernel driver is active
- * \returns 1 if a kernel driver is active
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED on platforms where the functionality
- * is not available
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- * \see libusb_detach_kernel_driver()
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_kernel_driver_active(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int interface_number)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "interface %d", interface_number);
-
-	if (interface_number < 0 || interface_number >= USB_MAXINTERFACES)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	if (usbi_backend.kernel_driver_active)
-		return usbi_backend.kernel_driver_active(dev_handle, (uint8_t)interface_number);
-	else
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Detach a kernel driver from an interface. If successful, you will then be
- * able to claim the interface and perform I/O.
- *
- * This functionality is not available on Windows.
- *
- * Note that libusb itself also talks to the device through a special kernel
- * driver, if this driver is already attached to the device, this call will
- * not detach it and return \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param interface_number the interface to detach the driver from
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if no kernel driver was active
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM if the interface does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED on platforms where the functionality
- * is not available
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- * \see libusb_kernel_driver_active()
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_detach_kernel_driver(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int interface_number)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "interface %d", interface_number);
-
-	if (interface_number < 0 || interface_number >= USB_MAXINTERFACES)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	if (usbi_backend.detach_kernel_driver)
-		return usbi_backend.detach_kernel_driver(dev_handle, (uint8_t)interface_number);
-	else
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Re-attach an interface's kernel driver, which was previously detached
- * using libusb_detach_kernel_driver().
- *
- * This functionality is not available on Windows.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param interface_number the interface to attach the driver from
- * \returns 0 on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if no kernel driver was active
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM if the interface does not exist
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED on platforms where the functionality
- * is not available
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY if the driver cannot be attached because the
- * interface is claimed by a program or driver
- * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
- * \see libusb_kernel_driver_active()
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_attach_kernel_driver(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle,
-	int interface_number)
-{
-	usbi_dbg(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), "interface %d", interface_number);
-
-	if (interface_number < 0 || interface_number >= USB_MAXINTERFACES)
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-	if (!usbi_atomic_load(&dev_handle->dev->attached))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-	if (usbi_backend.attach_kernel_driver)
-		return usbi_backend.attach_kernel_driver(dev_handle, (uint8_t)interface_number);
-	else
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_dev
- * Enable/disable libusb's automatic kernel driver detachment. When this is
- * enabled libusb will automatically detach the kernel driver on an interface
- * when claiming the interface, and attach it when releasing the interface.
- *
- * Automatic kernel driver detachment is disabled on newly opened device
- * handles by default.
- *
- * On platforms which do not have LIBUSB_CAP_SUPPORTS_DETACH_KERNEL_DRIVER
- * this function will return \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, and libusb will
- * continue as if this function was never called.
- *
- * \param dev_handle a device handle
- * \param enable whether to enable or disable auto kernel driver detachment
- *
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_SUCCESS on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED on platforms where the functionality
- * is not available
- * \see libusb_claim_interface()
- * \see libusb_release_interface()
- * \see libusb_set_configuration()
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver(
-	libusb_device_handle *dev_handle, int enable)
-{
-	if (!(usbi_backend.caps & USBI_CAP_SUPPORTS_DETACH_KERNEL_DRIVER))
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-	dev_handle->auto_detach_kernel_driver = enable;
-	return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_lib
- * Deprecated. Use libusb_set_option() or libusb_init_context() instead,
- * with the \ref LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL option.
- */
-void API_EXPORTED libusb_set_debug(libusb_context *ctx, int level)
-{
-	libusb_set_option(ctx, LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL, level);
-}
-
-static void libusb_set_log_cb_internal(libusb_context *ctx, libusb_log_cb cb,
-				       int mode)
-{
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && (!defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING) || !defined(USE_SYSTEM_LOGGING_FACILITY))
-#if !defined(USE_SYSTEM_LOGGING_FACILITY)
-	if (mode & LIBUSB_LOG_CB_GLOBAL)
-		log_handler = cb;
-#endif
-#if !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-	if (mode & LIBUSB_LOG_CB_CONTEXT) {
-		ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
-		ctx->log_handler = cb;
-	}
-#else
-	UNUSED(ctx);
-#endif
-#else
-	UNUSED(ctx);
-	UNUSED(cb);
-	UNUSED(mode);
-#endif
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_lib
- * Set log handler.
- *
- * libusb will redirect its log messages to the provided callback function.
- * libusb supports redirection of per context and global log messages.
- * Log messages sent to the context will be sent to the global log handler too.
- *
- * If libusb is compiled without message logging or USE_SYSTEM_LOGGING_FACILITY
- * is defined then global callback function will never be called.
- * If ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING is defined then per context callback function will
- * never be called.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.23, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000107
- *
- * \param ctx context on which to assign log handler, or NULL for the default
- * context. Parameter ignored if only LIBUSB_LOG_CB_GLOBAL mode is requested.
- * \param cb pointer to the callback function, or NULL to stop log
- * messages redirection
- * \param mode mode of callback function operation. Several modes can be
- * selected for a single callback function, see \ref libusb_log_cb_mode for
- * a description.
- * \see libusb_log_cb, libusb_log_cb_mode
- */
-void API_EXPORTED libusb_set_log_cb(libusb_context *ctx, libusb_log_cb cb,
-	int mode)
-{
-	libusb_set_log_cb_internal(ctx, cb, mode);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_lib
- * Set an option in the library.
- *
- * Use this function to configure a specific option within the library.
- *
- * Some options require one or more arguments to be provided. Consult each
- * option's documentation for specific requirements.
- *
- * If the context ctx is NULL, the option will be added to a list of default
- * options that will be applied to all subsequently created contexts.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.22, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000106
- *
- * \param ctx context on which to operate
- * \param option which option to set
- * \param ... any required arguments for the specified option
- *
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_SUCCESS on success
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM if the option or arguments are invalid
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED if the option is valid but not supported
- * on this platform
- * \returns \ref LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if LIBUSB_OPTION_USE_USBDK is valid on this platform but UsbDk is not available
- */
-int API_EXPORTEDV libusb_set_option(libusb_context *ctx,
-	enum libusb_option option, ...)
-{
-	int arg = 0, r = LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-	libusb_log_cb log_cb = NULL;
-	va_list ap;
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-	int is_default_context = (NULL == ctx);
-#endif
-
-	va_start(ap, option);
-
-	if (LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL == option) {
-		arg = va_arg(ap, int);
-		if (arg < LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE || arg > LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG) {
-			r = LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-		}
-	}
-	if (LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_CB == option) {
-		log_cb = (libusb_log_cb) va_arg(ap, libusb_log_cb);
-	}
-
-	do {
-		if (LIBUSB_SUCCESS != r) {
-			break;
-		}
-
-		if (option >= LIBUSB_OPTION_MAX) {
-			r = LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-			break;
-		}
-
-		if (NULL == ctx) {
-			usbi_mutex_static_lock(&default_context_lock);
-			default_context_options[option].is_set = 1;
-			if (LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL == option) {
-				default_context_options[option].arg.ival = arg;
-			} else if (LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_CB == option) {
-				default_context_options[option].arg.log_cbval = log_cb;
-				libusb_set_log_cb_internal(NULL, log_cb, LIBUSB_LOG_CB_GLOBAL);
-			}
-			usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-		}
-
-		ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
-		if (NULL == ctx)
-			break;
-
-		switch (option) {
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL:
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-			if (!ctx->debug_fixed) {
-				ctx->debug = (enum libusb_log_level)arg;
-				if (is_default_context)
-					usbi_atomic_store(&default_debug_level, CLAMP(arg, LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE, LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG));
-			}
-#endif
-			break;
-
-			/* Handle all backend-specific options here */
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_USE_USBDK:
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_NO_DEVICE_DISCOVERY:
-			if (usbi_backend.set_option) {
-				r = usbi_backend.set_option(ctx, option, ap);
-				break;
-			}
-
-			r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-			break;
-
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_CB:
-			libusb_set_log_cb_internal(ctx, log_cb, LIBUSB_LOG_CB_CONTEXT);
-			break;
-
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_MAX: /* unreachable */
-		default:
-			r = LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-		}
-	} while (0);
-
-	va_end(ap);
-
-	return r;
-}
-
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-/* returns the log level as defined in the LIBUSB_DEBUG environment variable.
- * if LIBUSB_DEBUG is not present or not a number, returns LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE.
- * value is clamped to ensure it is within the valid range of possibilities.
- */
-static enum libusb_log_level get_env_debug_level(void)
-{
-	enum libusb_log_level level = LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE;
-	const char *dbg = getenv("LIBUSB_DEBUG");
-	if (dbg) {
-		long dbg_level = strtol(dbg, NULL, 10);
-		dbg_level = CLAMP(dbg_level, LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE, LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG);
-		level = (enum libusb_log_level)dbg_level;
-	}
-	return level;
-}
-#endif
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_lib
- * Deprecated initialization function. Equivalent to calling libusb_init_context with no options.
- *
- * \see libusb_init_context
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_init(libusb_context **ctx)
-{
-	return libusb_init_context(ctx, NULL, 0);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_lib
- * Initialize libusb. This function must be called before calling any other
- * libusb function.
- *
- * If you do not provide an output location for a context pointer, a default
- * context will be created. If there was already a default context, it will
- * be reused (and nothing will be initialized/reinitialized and options will
- * be ignored). If num_options is 0 then options is ignored and may be NULL.
- *
- * Since version 1.0.27, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x0100010A
- *
- * \param ctx Optional output location for context pointer.
- * Only valid on return code 0.
- * \param options Optional array of options to set on the new context.
- * \param num_options Number of elements in the options array.
- * \returns 0 on success, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
- * \see libusb_contexts
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_init_context(libusb_context **ctx, const struct libusb_init_option options[], int num_options)
-{
-	size_t priv_size = usbi_backend.context_priv_size;
-	struct libusb_context *_ctx;
-	int r;
-
-	usbi_mutex_static_lock(&default_context_lock);
-
-	if (!ctx && default_context_refcnt > 0) {
-		usbi_dbg(usbi_default_context, "reusing default context");
-		default_context_refcnt++;
-		usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	/* check for first init */
-	usbi_mutex_static_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-	if (!active_contexts_list.next) {
-		list_init(&active_contexts_list);
-		usbi_get_monotonic_time(&timestamp_origin);
-	}
-	usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-
-	_ctx = calloc(1, PTR_ALIGN(sizeof(*_ctx)) + priv_size);
-	if (!_ctx) {
-		usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-		return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-	}
-
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-	_ctx->debug = LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE;
-	if (getenv("LIBUSB_DEBUG")) {
-		_ctx->debug = get_env_debug_level();
-		_ctx->debug_fixed = 1;
-	} else if (default_context_options[LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL].is_set) {
-		_ctx->debug = (enum libusb_log_level)default_context_options[LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL].arg.ival;
-	}
-#endif
-
-	usbi_mutex_init(&_ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-	usbi_mutex_init(&_ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	list_init(&_ctx->usb_devs);
-	list_init(&_ctx->open_devs);
-
-	/* apply default options to all new contexts */
-	for (enum libusb_option option = 0 ; option < LIBUSB_OPTION_MAX ; option++) {
-		if (LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL == option || !default_context_options[option].is_set) {
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_CB != option) {
-			r = libusb_set_option(_ctx, option);
-		} else {
-			r = libusb_set_option(_ctx, option, default_context_options[option].arg.log_cbval);
-		}
-		if (LIBUSB_SUCCESS != r)
-			goto err_free_ctx;
-	}
-
-	/* apply any options provided by the user */
-	for (int i = 0 ; i < num_options ; ++i) {
-		switch(options[i].option) {
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_CB:
-			r = libusb_set_option(_ctx, options[i].option, options[i].value.log_cbval);
-			break;
-
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_LOG_LEVEL:
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_USE_USBDK:
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_NO_DEVICE_DISCOVERY:
-		case LIBUSB_OPTION_MAX:
-		default:
-			r = libusb_set_option(_ctx, options[i].option, options[i].value.ival);
-		}
-		if (LIBUSB_SUCCESS != r)
-			goto err_free_ctx;
-	}
-
-	/* default context must be initialized before calling usbi_dbg */
-	if (!ctx) {
-		usbi_default_context = _ctx;
-		default_context_refcnt = 1;
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-		usbi_atomic_store(&default_debug_level, _ctx->debug);
-#endif
-		usbi_dbg(usbi_default_context, "created default context");
-	}
-
-	usbi_dbg(_ctx, "libusb v%u.%u.%u.%u%s", libusb_version_internal.major, libusb_version_internal.minor,
-		libusb_version_internal.micro, libusb_version_internal.nano, libusb_version_internal.rc);
-
-	r = usbi_io_init(_ctx);
-	if (r < 0)
-		goto err_free_ctx;
-
-	usbi_mutex_static_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-	list_add(&_ctx->list, &active_contexts_list);
-	usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-
-	if (usbi_backend.init) {
-		r = usbi_backend.init(_ctx);
-		if (r)
-			goto err_io_exit;
-	}
-
-	/* Initialize hotplug after the initial enumeration is done. */
-	usbi_hotplug_init(_ctx);
-
-	if (ctx) {
-		*ctx = _ctx;
-
-		if (!usbi_fallback_context) {
-#if defined(ENABLE_LOGGING) && !defined(ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING)
-			if (usbi_atomic_load(&default_debug_level) == -1)
-				usbi_atomic_store(&default_debug_level, _ctx->debug);
-#endif
-			usbi_fallback_context = _ctx;
-			usbi_dbg(usbi_fallback_context, "installing new context as implicit default");
-		}
-	}
-
-	usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-
-	return 0;
-
-err_io_exit:
-	usbi_mutex_static_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-	list_del(&_ctx->list);
-	usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-
-	usbi_hotplug_exit(_ctx);
-	usbi_io_exit(_ctx);
-
-err_free_ctx:
-	if (!ctx) {
-		/* clear default context that was not fully initialized */
-		usbi_default_context = NULL;
-		default_context_refcnt = 0;
-	}
-
-	usbi_mutex_destroy(&_ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	usbi_mutex_destroy(&_ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-
-	free(_ctx);
-
-	usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-
-	return r;
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_lib
- * Deinitialize libusb. Should be called after closing all open devices and
- * before your application terminates.
- * \param ctx the context to deinitialize, or NULL for the default context
- */
-void API_EXPORTED libusb_exit(libusb_context *ctx)
-{
-	struct libusb_context *_ctx;
-	struct libusb_device *dev;
-
-	usbi_mutex_static_lock(&default_context_lock);
-
-	/* if working with default context, only actually do the deinitialization
-	 * if we're the last user */
-	if (!ctx) {
-		if (!usbi_default_context) {
-			usbi_dbg(ctx, "no default context, not initialized?");
-			usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if (--default_context_refcnt > 0) {
-			usbi_dbg(ctx, "not destroying default context");
-			usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		usbi_dbg(ctx, "destroying default context");
-		_ctx = usbi_default_context;
-	} else {
-		usbi_dbg(ctx, " ");
-		_ctx = ctx;
-	}
-
-	usbi_mutex_static_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-	list_del(&_ctx->list);
-	usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-
-	/* Exit hotplug before backend dependency */
-	usbi_hotplug_exit(_ctx);
-
-	if (usbi_backend.exit)
-		usbi_backend.exit(_ctx);
-
-	if (!ctx)
-		usbi_default_context = NULL;
-	if (ctx == usbi_fallback_context)
-		usbi_fallback_context = NULL;
-
-	usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&default_context_lock);
-
-	/* Don't bother with locking after this point because unless there is
-	 * an application bug, nobody will be accessing the context. */
-
-	usbi_io_exit(_ctx);
-
-	for_each_device(_ctx, dev) {
-		usbi_warn(_ctx, "device %d.%d still referenced",
-			dev->bus_number, dev->device_address);
-		DEVICE_CTX(dev) = NULL;
-	}
-
-	if (!list_empty(&_ctx->open_devs))
-		usbi_warn(_ctx, "application left some devices open");
-
-	usbi_mutex_destroy(&_ctx->open_devs_lock);
-	usbi_mutex_destroy(&_ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-
-	free(_ctx);
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_misc
- * Check at runtime if the loaded library has a given capability.
- * This call should be performed after \ref libusb_init_context(), to ensure the
- * backend has updated its capability set.
- *
- * \param capability the \ref libusb_capability to check for
- * \returns nonzero if the running library has the capability, 0 otherwise
- */
-int API_EXPORTED libusb_has_capability(uint32_t capability)
-{
-	switch (capability) {
-	case LIBUSB_CAP_HAS_CAPABILITY:
-		return 1;
-	case LIBUSB_CAP_HAS_HOTPLUG:
-		return !(usbi_backend.get_device_list);
-	case LIBUSB_CAP_HAS_HID_ACCESS:
-		return (usbi_backend.caps & USBI_CAP_HAS_HID_ACCESS);
-	case LIBUSB_CAP_SUPPORTS_DETACH_KERNEL_DRIVER:
-		return (usbi_backend.caps & USBI_CAP_SUPPORTS_DETACH_KERNEL_DRIVER);
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
-#ifdef ENABLE_LOGGING
-
-/* this is defined in libusbi.h if needed */
-#ifdef LIBUSB_PRINTF_WIN32
-/*
- * Prior to VS2015, Microsoft did not provide the snprintf() function and
- * provided a vsnprintf() that did not guarantee NUL-terminated output.
- * Microsoft did provide a _snprintf() function, but again it did not
- * guarantee NULL-terminated output.
- *
- * The below implementations guarantee NUL-terminated output and are
- * C99 compliant.
- */
-
-int usbi_snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...)
-{
-	va_list args;
-	int ret;
-
-	va_start(args, format);
-	ret = usbi_vsnprintf(str, size, format, args);
-	va_end(args);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-int usbi_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list args)
-{
-	int ret;
-
-	ret = _vsnprintf(str, size, format, args);
-	if (ret < 0 || ret == (int)size) {
-		/* Output is truncated, ensure buffer is NUL-terminated and
-		 * determine how many characters would have been written. */
-		str[size - 1] = '\0';
-		if (ret < 0)
-			ret = _vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, args);
-	}
-
-	return ret;
-}
-#endif /* LIBUSB_PRINTF_WIN32 */
-
-static void log_str(enum libusb_log_level level, const char *str)
-{
-#if defined(USE_SYSTEM_LOGGING_FACILITY)
-#if defined(__ANDROID__)
-	int priority;
-	switch (level) {
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE: return;	/* Impossible, but keeps compiler happy */
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR: priority = ANDROID_LOG_ERROR; break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_WARNING: priority = ANDROID_LOG_WARN; break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_INFO: priority = ANDROID_LOG_INFO; break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG: priority = ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG; break;
-	default: priority = ANDROID_LOG_UNKNOWN;
-	}
-	__android_log_write(priority, "libusb", str);
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-	UNUSED(level);
-	OutputDebugStringA(str);
-#elif defined(HAVE_SYSLOG)
-	int syslog_level;
-	switch (level) {
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE: return;	/* Impossible, but keeps compiler happy */
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR: syslog_level = LOG_ERR; break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_WARNING: syslog_level = LOG_WARNING; break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_INFO: syslog_level = LOG_INFO; break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG: syslog_level = LOG_DEBUG; break;
-	default: syslog_level = LOG_INFO;
-	}
-	syslog(syslog_level, "%s", str);
-#else /* All of gcc, Clang, Xcode seem to use #warning */
-#warning System logging is not supported on this platform. Logging to stderr will be used instead.
-	UNUSED(level);
-	fputs(str, stderr);
-#endif
-#else
-	/* Global log handler */
-	if (log_handler)
-		log_handler(NULL, level, str);
-	else
-		fputs(str, stderr);
-#endif /* USE_SYSTEM_LOGGING_FACILITY */
-}
-
-static void log_v(struct libusb_context *ctx, enum libusb_log_level level,
-	const char *function, const char *format, va_list args)
-{
-	const char *prefix;
-	char buf[USBI_MAX_LOG_LEN];
-	int global_debug, header_len, text_len;
-	static int has_debug_header_been_displayed = 0;
-
-#ifdef ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING
-	global_debug = 1;
-	UNUSED(ctx);
-#else
-	enum libusb_log_level ctx_level;
-	long default_level_value;
-
-	if (ctx) {
-		ctx_level = ctx->debug;
-	} else {
-		default_level_value = usbi_atomic_load(&default_debug_level);
-		ctx_level = default_level_value < 0 ? get_env_debug_level() : (enum libusb_log_level)default_level_value;
-	}
-
-	if (ctx_level < level)
-		return;
-
-	global_debug = (ctx_level == LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG);
-#endif
-
-	switch (level) {
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_NONE:	/* Impossible, but keeps compiler happy */
-		return;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR:
-		prefix = "error";
-		break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_WARNING:
-		prefix = "warning";
-		break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_INFO:
-		prefix = "info";
-		break;
-	case LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG:
-		prefix = "debug";
-		break;
-	default:
-		prefix = "unknown";
-		break;
-	}
-
-	if (global_debug) {
-		struct timespec timestamp;
-
-		if (!has_debug_header_been_displayed) {
-			has_debug_header_been_displayed = 1;
-			log_str(LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, "[timestamp] [threadID] facility level [function call] <message>" USBI_LOG_LINE_END);
-			log_str(LIBUSB_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------" USBI_LOG_LINE_END);
-		}
-
-		usbi_get_monotonic_time(&timestamp);
-		TIMESPEC_SUB(&timestamp, &timestamp_origin, &timestamp);
-
-		header_len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
-			"[%2ld.%06ld] [%08lx] libusb: %s [%s] ",
-			(long)timestamp.tv_sec, (long)(timestamp.tv_nsec / 1000L), usbi_get_tid(), prefix, function);
-	} else {
-		header_len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
-			"libusb: %s [%s] ", prefix, function);
-	}
-
-	if (header_len < 0 || header_len >= (int)sizeof(buf)) {
-		/* Somehow snprintf() failed to write to the buffer,
-		 * remove the header so something useful is output. */
-		header_len = 0;
-	}
-
-	text_len = vsnprintf(buf + header_len, sizeof(buf) - (size_t)header_len,
-		format, args);
-	if (text_len < 0 || text_len + header_len >= (int)sizeof(buf)) {
-		/* Truncated log output. On some platforms a -1 return value means
-		 * that the output was truncated. */
-		text_len = (int)sizeof(buf) - header_len;
-	}
-	if (header_len + text_len + (int)sizeof(USBI_LOG_LINE_END) >= (int)sizeof(buf)) {
-		/* Need to truncate the text slightly to fit on the terminator. */
-		text_len -= (header_len + text_len + (int)sizeof(USBI_LOG_LINE_END)) - (int)sizeof(buf);
-	}
-	strcpy(buf + header_len + text_len, USBI_LOG_LINE_END);
-
-	log_str(level, buf);
-
-	/* Per-context log handler */
-#ifndef ENABLE_DEBUG_LOGGING
-	if (ctx && ctx->log_handler)
-		ctx->log_handler(ctx, level, buf);
-#endif
-}
-
-void usbi_log(struct libusb_context *ctx, enum libusb_log_level level,
-	const char *function, const char *format, ...)
-{
-	va_list args;
-
-	va_start(args, format);
-	log_v(ctx, level, function, format, args);
-	va_end(args);
-}
-
-#endif /* ENABLE_LOGGING */
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_misc
- * Returns a constant NULL-terminated string with the ASCII name of a libusb
- * error or transfer status code. The caller must not free() the returned
- * string.
- *
- * \param error_code The \ref libusb_error or libusb_transfer_status code to
- * return the name of.
- * \returns The error name, or the string **UNKNOWN** if the value of
- * error_code is not a known error / status code.
- */
-DEFAULT_VISIBILITY const char * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_error_name(int error_code)
-{
-	switch (error_code) {
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_IO:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_IO";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_ACCESS:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_ACCESS";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_TIMEOUT:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_TIMEOUT";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_OVERFLOW:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_OVERFLOW";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_PIPE:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_PIPE";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_INTERRUPTED:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_INTERRUPTED";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED";
-	case LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER:
-		return "LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER";
-
-	case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR:
-		return "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR";
-	case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT:
-		return "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT";
-	case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_CANCELLED:
-		return "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_CANCELLED";
-	case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_STALL:
-		return "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_STALL";
-	case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE:
-		return "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE";
-	case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_OVERFLOW:
-		return "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_OVERFLOW";
-
-	case 0:
-		return "LIBUSB_SUCCESS / LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED";
-	default:
-		return "**UNKNOWN**";
-	}
-}
-
-/** \ingroup libusb_misc
- * Returns a pointer to const struct libusb_version with the version
- * (major, minor, micro, nano and rc) of the running library.
- */
-DEFAULT_VISIBILITY
-const struct libusb_version * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_get_version(void)
-{
-	return &libusb_version_internal;
-}