universal-physics-tensor 7.0.0 → 8.0.0

package/dist/composition/edges/applied-physicist.js

@@ -1,843 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Composition edges for BE-66 through BE-76.
- *
- * Each edge's endpoints state the same scale and force, so `kind` is
- * `law`. The overlay `formalRef` is kind `bridge`, so each id is a
- * seed. Confidence stays `established`: that grade is the catalog
- * status, and a proof does not promote it. `μ0` is `1/(ε0 c²)`, the
- * same product the Alfvén evaluator uses, so the leaf is `epsilon_0`
- * and `c` rather than a new canonical constant.
- *
- * @module composition/edges/applied-physicist
- */
-import { evaluateRadiationPressure } from '../../bridges/be66-radiation-pressure.js';
-import { evaluateAlfvenSpeed } from '../../bridges/be67-alfven-speed.js';
-import { evaluateTolmanEhrenfest } from '../../bridges/be68-tolman-ehrenfest.js';
-import { evaluateFastMagnetosonic } from '../../bridges/be69-fast-magnetosonic.js';
-import { evaluateEinsteinRelation } from '../../bridges/be70-einstein-relation.js';
-import { evaluateClapeyron } from '../../bridges/be71-clapeyron.js';
-import { evaluateGravitationalRedshift } from '../../bridges/be72-gravitational-redshift.js';
-import { evaluateKelvinPeltier } from '../../bridges/be73-kelvin-peltier.js';
-import { evaluateMagneticPressure } from '../../bridges/be74-magnetic-pressure.js';
-import { evaluateLondonPenetration } from '../../bridges/be75-london-penetration.js';
-import { evaluatePlasmaBeta } from '../../bridges/be76-plasma-beta.js';
-import { evaluateHagenPoiseuille } from '../../bridges/be77-hagen-poiseuille.js';
-import { evaluateEulerBuckling } from '../../bridges/be78-euler-buckling.js';
-import { evaluatePullIn } from '../../bridges/be79-pull-in.js';
-import { evaluateMottGurney } from '../../bridges/be80-mott-gurney.js';
-import { evaluateChildLangmuir } from '../../bridges/be81-child-langmuir.js';
-import { evaluateShockleyDiode } from '../../bridges/be82-shockley-diode.js';
-import { evaluateThomsonCoefficient } from '../../bridges/be83-thomson.js';
-import { evaluateFourPointSheet } from '../../bridges/be84-four-point.js';
-import { evaluateShotNoise } from '../../bridges/be85-shot-noise.js';
-import { evaluateReynoldsAnalogy } from '../../bridges/be86-reynolds-analogy.js';
-import { evaluateCapacitorNoise } from '../../bridges/be87-capacitor-noise.js';
-import { DIMENSIONLESS } from '../../dimensional/types.js';
-import { CONSTANTS } from '../../dimensional/symbolic-constants.js';
-import { withBoundAliases } from '../edge.js';
-import { alfvenSpeedQ, incidenceAngleQ, magneticFluxDensityQ, metricG00Q, plasmaMassDensityQ, poyntingFluxQ, properTemperatureQ, radiationPressureQ, reflectanceQ, tolmanInvariantQ, soundSpeedQ, fastMagnetosonicSpeedQ, electricalMobilityQ, einsteinTemperatureQ, carrierChargeQ, diffusivityQ, latentHeatQ, clapeyronTemperatureQ, specificVolumeChangeQ, clapeyronSlopeQ, redshiftMetricG00OneQ, redshiftMetricG00TwoQ, gravitationalFrequencyRatioQ, seebeckCoefficientQ, peltierTemperatureQ, peltierCoefficientQ, magneticPressureQ, londonPenetrationDepthQ, plasmaBetaQ, carrierDensityQ, effectiveMassQ, temperatureQ, pipeRadiusQ, pipePressureDropQ, dynamicViscosityQ, pipeLengthQ, poiseuilleFlowQ, youngsModulusQ, areaMomentQ, columnLengthQ, bucklingLoadQ, pullInStiffnessQ, pullInGapQ, pullInAreaQ, pullInVoltageQ, mottPermittivityQ, mottMobilityQ, mottVoltageQ, mottThicknessQ, mottGurneyCurrentQ, childCarrierMassQ, childVoltageQ, childGapQ, childLangmuirCurrentQ, shockleySaturationQ, shockleyVoltageQ, shockleyTemperatureQ, shockleyCurrentQ, thomsonTemperatureQ, seebeckSlopeQ, thomsonCoefficientQ, fourPointVoltageQ, fourPointCurrentQ, sheetResistanceQ, shotCurrentQ, shotNoiseQ, skinFrictionQ, stantonNumberQ, capacitorTemperatureQ, capacitanceQ, capacitorVoltageVarianceQ, } from '../quantities.js';
-const finite = Number.isFinite;
-const qsym = (q) => ({ kind: 'symbol', name: q.name, dim: q.dim });
-const csym = (name) => ({ kind: 'symbol', name, dim: CONSTANTS[name].dim });
-const lit = (n) => ({ kind: 'symbol', name: String(n), dim: DIMENSIONLESS });
-const prod = (...args) => ({ kind: 'op', op: '*', args });
-const plus = (a, b) => ({ kind: 'op', op: '+', args: [a, b] });
-const ratio = (num, den) => ({ kind: 'op', op: '/', args: [num, den] });
-const pow = (base, exp) => ({ kind: 'op', op: '^', args: [base, exp] });
-/** μ0 = 1/(ε0 c²). The same product the Alfvén and magnetosonic formulas use. */
-const mu0 = ratio(lit(1), prod(csym('epsilon_0'), pow(csym('c'), lit(2))));
-/** π as a dimensionless leaf. `piMultipleValue` resolves the name. */
-const pi = { kind: 'symbol', name: 'pi', dim: DIMENSIONLESS };
-const expOf = (arg) => ({ kind: 'transcendental', fn: 'exp', arg });
-/** P_n = (I/c) (1+R) cos²θ. */
-const BE66_SYMBOLIC = prod(ratio(qsym(poyntingFluxQ), csym('c')), plus(lit(1), qsym(reflectanceQ)), pow({ kind: 'transcendental', fn: 'cos', arg: qsym(incidenceAngleQ) }, lit(2)));
-/** μ0 = 1/(ε0 c²). v_A = B / √(μ0 ρ). */
-const BE67_SYMBOLIC = ratio(qsym(magneticFluxDensityQ), pow(prod(ratio(lit(1), prod(csym('epsilon_0'), pow(csym('c'), lit(2)))), qsym(plasmaMassDensityQ)), lit(0.5)));
-/** T √(−g_00), written (−1)·g_00 because unary minus is not an operator. */
-const BE68_SYMBOLIC = prod(qsym(properTemperatureQ), pow(prod(lit(-1), qsym(metricG00Q)), lit(0.5)));
-/**
- * BE-66 radiation pressure:
- * (poynting-flux, reflectance, incidence-angle) → radiation-pressure,
- * `P_n = (I/c) (1+R) cos²θ`. `c` is a constant. Endpoints share the
- * classical electromagnetic attributes: a law.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be66Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-66',
-    beId: 66,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Radiation pressure P_n = (I/c) (1+R) cos²θ',
-    sources: [poyntingFluxQ, reflectanceQ, incidenceAngleQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'poynting-flux': ['I_W_per_m2', 'I'],
-        reflectance: ['R'],
-        'incidence-angle': ['theta_rad', 'theta'],
-    },
-    target: radiationPressureQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'I ≥ 0, R on [0, 1], θ finite; transmission 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['poynting-flux']) &&
-            i['poynting-flux'] >= 0 &&
-            finite(i['reflectance']) &&
-            i['reflectance'] >= 0 &&
-            i['reflectance'] <= 1 &&
-            finite(i['incidence-angle']),
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateRadiationPressure({
-        I_W_per_m2: i['poynting-flux'],
-        R: i['reflectance'],
-        theta_rad: i['incidence-angle'],
-    }).P_Pa,
-    symbolic: BE66_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'OpenStax University Physics Volume 2, https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/16-4-momentum-and-radiation-pressure (absorber I/c, reflector 2I/c). The (1+R) cos²θ factor is this catalog\'s assembly.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-67 Alfvén speed: (magnetic-flux-density, plasma-mass-density) →
- * alfven-speed, `v_A = B / √(μ0 ρ)`. `ρ` is the total mass density.
- * `μ0` is a constant. Endpoints share the classical electromagnetic
- * attributes: a law.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be67Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-67',
-    beId: 67,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Alfvén speed v_A = B / √(μ0 ρ)',
-    sources: [magneticFluxDensityQ, plasmaMassDensityQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'magnetic-flux-density': ['B_T'],
-        'plasma-mass-density': ['rho_kg_per_m3'],
-    },
-    target: alfvenSpeedQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'B ≥ 0 and ρ > 0, both finite; ρ is a mass density',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['magnetic-flux-density']) &&
-            i['magnetic-flux-density'] >= 0 &&
-            finite(i['plasma-mass-density']) &&
-            i['plasma-mass-density'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateAlfvenSpeed({
-        B_T: i['magnetic-flux-density'],
-        rho_kg_per_m3: i['plasma-mass-density'],
-    }).v_m_per_s,
-    symbolic: BE67_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'Alfvén 1942 Nature 150:405. SI form B/√(μ0 ρ); ρ is the total mass density.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-68 Tolman–Ehrenfest: (proper-temperature, metric-g00) →
- * tolman-invariant, `T √(−g_00)`. Endpoints share the classical
- * gravitational attributes: a law. Not an identification with
- * `temperature` or `hawking-temperature`.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be68Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-68',
-    beId: 68,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Tolman–Ehrenfest invariant T √(−g_00)',
-    sources: [properTemperatureQ, metricG00Q],
-    aliases: {
-        'proper-temperature': ['T_K'],
-        'metric-g00': ['g_00'],
-    },
-    target: tolmanInvariantQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'T > 0 and g_00 < 0, both finite',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['proper-temperature']) &&
-            i['proper-temperature'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['metric-g00']) &&
-            i['metric-g00'] < 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateTolmanEhrenfest({
-        T_K: i['proper-temperature'],
-        g_00: i['metric-g00'],
-    }).invariant_K,
-    symbolic: BE68_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'Tolman & Ehrenfest 1930 Phys. Rev. 36:1791 (T0 √g_44). Catalog form T √(−g_00).',
-});
-/** |ω/k| = √(c_s² + B²/(μ0 ρ)), with μ0 = 1/(ε0 c²). */
-const BE69_SYMBOLIC = pow(plus(pow(qsym(soundSpeedQ), lit(2)), ratio(pow(qsym(magneticFluxDensityQ), lit(2)), prod(ratio(lit(1), prod(csym('epsilon_0'), pow(csym('c'), lit(2)))), qsym(plasmaMassDensityQ)))), lit(0.5));
-/** D = μ k_B T / q. */
-const BE70_SYMBOLIC = ratio(prod(qsym(electricalMobilityQ), csym('k_B'), qsym(einsteinTemperatureQ)), qsym(carrierChargeQ));
-/** dP/dT = L / (T Δv). */
-const BE71_SYMBOLIC = ratio(qsym(latentHeatQ), prod(qsym(clapeyronTemperatureQ), qsym(specificVolumeChangeQ)));
-/** ν1/ν2 = √(g2/g1). Both components are negative, so the ratio is positive. */
-const BE72_SYMBOLIC = pow(ratio(qsym(redshiftMetricG00TwoQ), qsym(redshiftMetricG00OneQ)), lit(0.5));
-/** Π = S T. Onsager reciprocity is not a leaf. */
-const BE73_SYMBOLIC = prod(qsym(seebeckCoefficientQ), qsym(peltierTemperatureQ));
-/**
- * BE-69 fast magnetosonic speed:
- * (sound-speed, magnetic-flux-density, plasma-mass-density) →
- * fast-magnetosonic-speed. `c_s = 0` recovers the Alfvén number and
- * does not identify this target with `alfven-speed`.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be69Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-69',
-    beId: 69,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Fast magnetosonic speed |ω/k| = √(c_s² + B²/(μ0 ρ))',
-    sources: [soundSpeedQ, magneticFluxDensityQ, plasmaMassDensityQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'sound-speed': ['cs_m_per_s', 'c_s'],
-        'magnetic-flux-density': ['B_T'],
-        'plasma-mass-density': ['rho_kg_per_m3'],
-    },
-    target: fastMagnetosonicSpeedQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'c_s ≥ 0, B finite, ρ > 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['sound-speed']) &&
-            i['sound-speed'] >= 0 &&
-            finite(i['magnetic-flux-density']) &&
-            finite(i['plasma-mass-density']) &&
-            i['plasma-mass-density'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateFastMagnetosonic({
-        cs_m_per_s: i['sound-speed'],
-        B_T: i['magnetic-flux-density'],
-        rho_kg_per_m3: i['plasma-mass-density'],
-    }).v_m_per_s,
-    symbolic: BE69_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.FastMagnetosonic.speed_eq. Perpendicular compressional phase speed. c_s = 0 is the Alfvén number of a different polarization.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-70 Einstein relation: (electrical-mobility, einstein-temperature,
- * carrier-charge) → diffusivity, `D = μ k_B T / q`.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be70Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-70',
-    beId: 70,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Einstein relation D = μ k_B T / q',
-    sources: [electricalMobilityQ, einsteinTemperatureQ, carrierChargeQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'electrical-mobility': ['mu_m2_per_Vs'],
-        'einstein-temperature': ['T_K'],
-        'carrier-charge': ['q_C'],
-    },
-    target: diffusivityQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'μ finite, T ≠ 0, and q ≠ 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['electrical-mobility']) &&
-            finite(i['einstein-temperature']) &&
-            i['einstein-temperature'] !== 0 &&
-            finite(i['carrier-charge']) &&
-            i['carrier-charge'] !== 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateEinsteinRelation({
-        mu_m2_per_Vs: i['electrical-mobility'],
-        T_K: i['einstein-temperature'],
-        q_C: i['carrier-charge'],
-    }).D_m2_per_s,
-    symbolic: BE70_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.EinsteinRelation.diffusion_eq. Drift cancels diffusion on a Boltzmann profile.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-71 Clapeyron slope: (specific-latent-heat, clapeyron-temperature,
- * specific-volume-change) → clapeyron-slope, `dP/dT = L/(T Δv)`.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be71Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-71',
-    beId: 71,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Clapeyron slope dP/dT = L/(T Δv)',
-    sources: [latentHeatQ, clapeyronTemperatureQ, specificVolumeChangeQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'specific-latent-heat': ['L_J_per_kg'],
-        'clapeyron-temperature': ['T_K'],
-        'specific-volume-change': ['delta_v_m3_per_kg'],
-    },
-    target: clapeyronSlopeQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'L finite, T ≠ 0, Δv ≠ 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['specific-latent-heat']) &&
-            finite(i['clapeyron-temperature']) &&
-            i['clapeyron-temperature'] !== 0 &&
-            finite(i['specific-volume-change']) &&
-            i['specific-volume-change'] !== 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateClapeyron({
-        L_J_per_kg: i['specific-latent-heat'],
-        T_K: i['clapeyron-temperature'],
-        delta_v_m3_per_kg: i['specific-volume-change'],
-    }).slope_Pa_per_K,
-    symbolic: BE71_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.Clapeyron.slope_eq. L = T (s2−s1) is already substituted. The entropy slope is not a second edge.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-72 gravitational redshift: (redshift-metric-g00-1,
- * redshift-metric-g00-2) → gravitational-frequency-ratio,
- * `ν1/ν2 = √(g2/g1)`. The quantities are not BE-68's, so this edge
- * does not compose into the Tolman invariant.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be72Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-72',
-    beId: 72,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Gravitational redshift ν1/ν2 = √(g2/g1)',
-    sources: [redshiftMetricG00OneQ, redshiftMetricG00TwoQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'redshift-metric-g00-1': ['g1'],
-        'redshift-metric-g00-2': ['g2'],
-    },
-    target: gravitationalFrequencyRatioQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'both static g_00 components are finite and negative',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['redshift-metric-g00-1']) &&
-            i['redshift-metric-g00-1'] < 0 &&
-            finite(i['redshift-metric-g00-2']) &&
-            i['redshift-metric-g00-2'] < 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateGravitationalRedshift({
-        g1: i['redshift-metric-g00-1'],
-        g2: i['redshift-metric-g00-2'],
-    }).frequency_ratio,
-    symbolic: BE72_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.GravitationalRedshift.frequency_ratio. Not PhysJS.TolmanEhrenfest.hydrostatic_constant. tolman_same_ratio is nested and is not this edge.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-73 Kelvin relation: (seebeck-coefficient, peltier-temperature) →
- * peltier-coefficient, `Π = S T`. Onsager reciprocity is the structure
- * field in the theorem, not a source.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be73Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-73',
-    beId: 73,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Kelvin relation Π = S T',
-    sources: [seebeckCoefficientQ, peltierTemperatureQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'seebeck-coefficient': ['S_V_per_K'],
-        'peltier-temperature': ['T_K'],
-    },
-    target: peltierCoefficientQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'S finite and T ≠ 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['seebeck-coefficient']) && finite(i['peltier-temperature']) && i['peltier-temperature'] !== 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateKelvinPeltier({
-        S_V_per_K: i['seebeck-coefficient'],
-        T_K: i['peltier-temperature'],
-    }).Pi_V,
-    symbolic: BE73_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.KelvinRelation.peltier_eq. L12 = L21 is ThermoelectricOnsager.onsager, a structure field, not an axiom and not an input.',
-});
-/** p_B = B² / (2 μ0). The 2 is the inductor integral, not a Buckingham constant. */
-const BE74_SYMBOLIC = ratio(pow(qsym(magneticFluxDensityQ), lit(2)), prod(lit(2), mu0));
-/** λ_L = √(m / (μ0 n e²)). `e` is the elementary charge. */
-const BE75_SYMBOLIC = pow(ratio(qsym(effectiveMassQ), prod(mu0, qsym(carrierDensityQ), pow(csym('e'), lit(2)))), lit(0.5));
-/** β = n k_B T / p_B. Substituting BE-74 yields 2 μ0 n k_B T / B². */
-const BE76_SYMBOLIC = ratio(prod(qsym(carrierDensityQ), csym('k_B'), qsym(temperatureQ)), qsym(magneticPressureQ));
-/**
- * BE-74 magnetic pressure: magnetic-flux-density → magnetic-pressure,
- * `p_B = B²/(2 μ0)`. `μ0` is a constant. The endpoints share the
- * classical electromagnetic attributes: a law.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be74Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-74',
-    beId: 74,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Magnetic pressure p_B = B²/(2 μ0)',
-    sources: [magneticFluxDensityQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'magnetic-flux-density': ['B_T', 'B'],
-    },
-    target: magneticPressureQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'B finite; the factor 2 is the stored-energy half, not C = 1',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['magnetic-flux-density']),
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateMagneticPressure({ B_T: i['magnetic-flux-density'] }).p_Pa,
-    symbolic: BE74_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.MagneticPressure.pressure_eq. U = (L/2) I². C = 1 is the battery work per volume, not this pressure.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-75 London penetration depth: (effective-mass, carrier-density) →
- * london-penetration-depth, `λ_L = √(m/(μ0 n e²))`. `e` and `μ0` are
- * constants. The endpoints share the carrier attributes: a law.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be75Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-75',
-    beId: 75,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'London penetration depth λ_L = √(m/(μ0 n e²))',
-    sources: [effectiveMassQ, carrierDensityQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'effective-mass': ['m_kg', 'm'],
-        'carrier-density': ['n_per_m3', 'n'],
-    },
-    target: londonPenetrationDepthQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'm > 0 and n > 0; e is the elementary charge',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['effective-mass']) && i['effective-mass'] > 0 && finite(i['carrier-density']) && i['carrier-density'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateLondonPenetration({
-        m_kg: i['effective-mass'],
-        n_per_m3: i['carrier-density'],
-    }).lambda_m,
-    symbolic: BE75_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.LondonPenetration.depth_eq. Units also admit μ0 e²/m. Not the classical skin depth.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-76 plasma beta: (carrier-density, temperature, magnetic-pressure) →
- * plasma-beta, `β = n k_B T / p_B`. The magnetic-pressure source is
- * BE-74, so the edges compose. `carrier-density` is quantum and
- * `magnetic-pressure` is classical, so the endpoints differ: a bridge.
- * Not a plasma-β inequality.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be76Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-76',
-    beId: 76,
-    kind: 'bridge',
-    label: 'Plasma beta β = n k_B T / p_B',
-    sources: [carrierDensityQ, temperatureQ, magneticPressureQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'carrier-density': ['n_per_m3', 'n'],
-        temperature: ['T_K', 'T'],
-        'magnetic-pressure': ['p_B_Pa', 'p_B'],
-    },
-    target: plasmaBetaQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'n and T finite, p_B ≠ 0; p_B is B²/(2 μ0)',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['carrier-density']) &&
-            finite(i['temperature']) &&
-            finite(i['magnetic-pressure']) &&
-            i['magnetic-pressure'] !== 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluatePlasmaBeta({
-        n_per_m3: i['carrier-density'],
-        T_K: i['temperature'],
-        p_B_Pa: i['magnetic-pressure'],
-    }).beta,
-    symbolic: BE76_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.PlasmaBeta.beta_eq. p_B is PhysJS.MagneticPressure.pressure_eq. Using B²/μ0 is half of this beta. Not a plasma-β inequality.',
-});
-/** Q = π R⁴ ΔP / (8 μ L). The 8 is the no-slip integral. */
-const BE77_SYMBOLIC = ratio(prod(pi, pow(qsym(pipeRadiusQ), lit(4)), qsym(pipePressureDropQ)), prod(lit(8), qsym(dynamicViscosityQ), qsym(pipeLengthQ)));
-/** P_cr = π² E I / L². Pinned ends. Not the cantilever load. */
-const BE78_SYMBOLIC = ratio(prod(pow(pi, lit(2)), qsym(youngsModulusQ), qsym(areaMomentQ)), pow(qsym(columnLengthQ), lit(2)));
-/** V_pi = √(8 k g0³ / (27 ε0 A)). The fold is g = 2 g0/3. */
-const BE79_SYMBOLIC = pow(ratio(prod(lit(8), qsym(pullInStiffnessQ), pow(qsym(pullInGapQ), lit(3))), prod(lit(27), csym('epsilon_0'), qsym(pullInAreaQ))), lit(0.5));
-/** J = (9/8) ε μ V² / d³. Not Child–Langmuir. */
-const BE80_SYMBOLIC = ratio(prod(lit(9), qsym(mottPermittivityQ), qsym(mottMobilityQ), pow(qsym(mottVoltageQ), lit(2))), prod(lit(8), pow(qsym(mottThicknessQ), lit(3))));
-/** J = (4 ε0 / 9) √(2 e / m) V^{3/2} / d². `e` is the elementary charge. */
-const BE81_SYMBOLIC = ratio(prod(lit(4), csym('epsilon_0'), pow(ratio(prod(lit(2), csym('e')), qsym(childCarrierMassQ)), lit(0.5)), pow(qsym(childVoltageQ), lit(1.5))), prod(lit(9), pow(qsym(childGapQ), lit(2))));
-/** I = I_s (exp(e V / (k_B T)) − 1). Ideality is 1. The minus is the literal −1. */
-const BE82_SYMBOLIC = prod(qsym(shockleySaturationQ), plus(expOf(ratio(prod(csym('e'), qsym(shockleyVoltageQ)), prod(csym('k_B'), qsym(shockleyTemperatureQ)))), lit(-1)));
-/** μ_T = T dS/dT. Not Π = S T. */
-const BE83_SYMBOLIC = prod(qsym(thomsonTemperatureQ), qsym(seebeckSlopeQ));
-/** R_s = (π / ln 2) (V / I). The radial 1/r field is a hypothesis. */
-const BE84_SYMBOLIC = prod(ratio(pi, csym('ln2')), ratio(qsym(fourPointVoltageQ), qsym(fourPointCurrentQ)));
-/** S_I = 2 e I. One-sided. `e` is the elementary charge. */
-const BE85_SYMBOLIC = prod(lit(2), csym('e'), qsym(shotCurrentQ));
-/** St = C_f / 2 at Pr = 1 with matched wall slopes. */
-const BE86_SYMBOLIC = ratio(qsym(skinFrictionQ), lit(2));
-/** ⟨v²⟩ = k_B T / C. One quadratic term. */
-const BE87_SYMBOLIC = ratio(prod(csym('k_B'), qsym(capacitorTemperatureQ)), qsym(capacitanceQ));
-/**
- * BE-77 Hagen–Poiseuille: (radius, pressure drop, viscosity, length) →
- * flux. The axial balance, centerline slope 0, and no-slip are hypotheses.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be77Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-77',
-    beId: 77,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Hagen–Poiseuille flux Q = π R⁴ ΔP / (8 μ L)',
-    sources: [pipeRadiusQ, pipePressureDropQ, dynamicViscosityQ, pipeLengthQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'pipe-radius': ['R_m', 'R'],
-        'pipe-pressure-drop': ['deltaP_Pa', 'deltaP'],
-        'dynamic-viscosity': ['mu_Pa_s'],
-        'pipe-length': ['L_m', 'L'],
-    },
-    target: poiseuilleFlowQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'R > 0, ΔP finite, μ ≠ 0, L ≠ 0; circular pipe, not a square duct',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['pipe-radius']) &&
-            i['pipe-radius'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['pipe-pressure-drop']) &&
-            finite(i['dynamic-viscosity']) &&
-            i['dynamic-viscosity'] !== 0 &&
-            finite(i['pipe-length']) &&
-            i['pipe-length'] !== 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateHagenPoiseuille({
-        R_m: i['pipe-radius'],
-        deltaP_Pa: i['pipe-pressure-drop'],
-        mu_Pa_s: i['dynamic-viscosity'],
-        L_m: i['pipe-length'],
-    }).Q_m3_per_s,
-    symbolic: BE77_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.HagenPoiseuille.flow_eq. f_D Re = 64 follows from Darcy definitions. The Fanning factor is 16. Not a square duct.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-78 Euler buckling: (modulus, area moment, length) → pinned load.
- * The cantilever load is a different factor.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be78Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-78',
-    beId: 78,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Euler pinned load P_cr = π² E I / L²',
-    sources: [youngsModulusQ, areaMomentQ, columnLengthQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'youngs-modulus': ['E_Pa', 'E'],
-        'area-moment': ['I_m4'],
-        'column-length': ['L_m', 'L'],
-    },
-    target: bucklingLoadQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'E > 0, I > 0, L > 0; pinned ends y(0) = y(L) = 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['youngs-modulus']) &&
-            i['youngs-modulus'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['area-moment']) &&
-            i['area-moment'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['column-length']) &&
-            i['column-length'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateEulerBuckling({
-        E_Pa: i['youngs-modulus'],
-        I_m4: i['area-moment'],
-        L_m: i['column-length'],
-    }).P_N,
-    symbolic: BE78_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.EulerBuckling.critical_load. The beam equation is a hypothesis. The clamped-free load is π² E I / (4 L²), not this load.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-79 pull-in: (stiffness, rest gap, area) → voltage. Parallel-plate
- * and quasi-static balance are hypotheses. Not a fringing field.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be79Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-79',
-    beId: 79,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Pull-in voltage V_pi = √(8 k g0³ / (27 ε0 A))',
-    sources: [pullInStiffnessQ, pullInGapQ, pullInAreaQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'pull-in-stiffness': ['k_N_per_m', 'k'],
-        'pull-in-gap': ['g0_m', 'g0'],
-        'pull-in-area': ['A_m2', 'A'],
-    },
-    target: pullInVoltageQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'k > 0, g0 > 0, A > 0; the fold is g = 2 g0/3, not g0/2',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['pull-in-stiffness']) &&
-            i['pull-in-stiffness'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['pull-in-gap']) &&
-            i['pull-in-gap'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['pull-in-area']) &&
-            i['pull-in-area'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluatePullIn({
-        k_N_per_m: i['pull-in-stiffness'],
-        g0_m: i['pull-in-gap'],
-        A_m2: i['pull-in-area'],
-    }).V_pi_V,
-    symbolic: BE79_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.PullIn.pull_in_eq. C = ε0 A/g and the linear spring are hypotheses. g = g0/2 is not the fold.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-80 Mott–Gurney: drift, Poisson, and an injecting contact. Not
- * Child–Langmuir.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be80Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-80',
-    beId: 80,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Mott–Gurney current J = (9/8) ε μ V² / d³',
-    sources: [mottPermittivityQ, mottMobilityQ, mottVoltageQ, mottThicknessQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'mott-permittivity': ['eps'],
-        'mott-mobility': ['mu_m2_per_Vs', 'mu'],
-        'mott-voltage': ['V_volts', 'V'],
-        'mott-thickness': ['d_m', 'd'],
-    },
-    target: mottGurneyCurrentQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'ε > 0, μ > 0, V finite, d > 0; E(0) = 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['mott-permittivity']) &&
-            i['mott-permittivity'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['mott-mobility']) &&
-            i['mott-mobility'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['mott-voltage']) &&
-            finite(i['mott-thickness']) &&
-            i['mott-thickness'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateMottGurney({
-        eps: i['mott-permittivity'],
-        mu_m2_per_Vs: i['mott-mobility'],
-        V_volts: i['mott-voltage'],
-        d_m: i['mott-thickness'],
-    }).J_A_per_m2,
-    symbolic: BE80_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.MottGurney.current_eq. Drift, Poisson, and the injecting contact are hypotheses. Not Child–Langmuir.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-81 Child–Langmuir. Collisionless energy, Poisson, and the 4/3
- * profile. Poisson is not claimed at the cathode. `e` is elementary.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be81Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-81',
-    beId: 81,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Child–Langmuir current J = (4 ε0/9) √(2 e/m) V^{3/2}/d²',
-    sources: [childCarrierMassQ, childVoltageQ, childGapQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'child-carrier-mass': ['m_kg', 'm'],
-        'child-voltage': ['V_volts', 'V'],
-        'child-gap': ['d_m', 'd'],
-    },
-    target: childLangmuirCurrentQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'm > 0, V > 0, d > 0; cathode field 0; Poisson not at x = 0',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['child-carrier-mass']) &&
-            i['child-carrier-mass'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['child-voltage']) &&
-            i['child-voltage'] > 0 &&
-            finite(i['child-gap']) &&
-            i['child-gap'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateChildLangmuir({
-        m_kg: i['child-carrier-mass'],
-        V_volts: i['child-voltage'],
-        d_m: i['child-gap'],
-    }).J_A_per_m2,
-    symbolic: BE81_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.ChildLangmuir.current_eq. e is the elementary charge. Not a drift-only solid.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-82 Shockley diode at ideality 1. Not a diffusion-length ODE.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be82Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-82',
-    beId: 82,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Shockley diode I = I_s (exp(e V/(k_B T)) − 1)',
-    sources: [shockleySaturationQ, shockleyVoltageQ, shockleyTemperatureQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'shockley-saturation': ['I_s_A', 'I_s'],
-        'shockley-voltage': ['V_volts', 'V'],
-        'shockley-temperature': ['T_K', 'T'],
-    },
-    target: shockleyCurrentQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'I_s and V finite, T ≠ 0; ideality 1',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['shockley-saturation']) &&
-            finite(i['shockley-voltage']) &&
-            finite(i['shockley-temperature']) &&
-            i['shockley-temperature'] !== 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateShockleyDiode({
-        I_s_A: i['shockley-saturation'],
-        V_volts: i['shockley-voltage'],
-        T_K: i['shockley-temperature'],
-    }).I_A,
-    symbolic: BE82_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.ShockleyDiode.shockley_eq. Quasi-equilibrium, detailed balance at V = 0, and low injection are hypotheses. Ideality 2 is not this current.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-83 Thomson coefficient. Builds on the Kelvin relation read along
- * temperature. The quantities do not meet be-73, so the edges do not compose.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be83Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-83',
-    beId: 83,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Thomson coefficient μ_T = T dS/dT',
-    sources: [thomsonTemperatureQ, seebeckSlopeQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'thomson-temperature': ['T_K', 'T'],
-        'seebeck-slope': ['dS_dT_V_per_K2', 'dS_dT'],
-    },
-    target: thomsonCoefficientQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'T and dS/dT finite; Kelvin along temperature and the Thomson split are hypotheses',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['thomson-temperature']) && finite(i['seebeck-slope']),
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateThomsonCoefficient({
-        T_K: i['thomson-temperature'],
-        dS_dT_V_per_K2: i['seebeck-slope'],
-    }).mu_V_per_K,
-    symbolic: BE83_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.Thomson.thomson_eq. Π(t) = S(t) t is PhysJS.KelvinRelation.peltier_eq read along temperature. Not a second copy of Π = S T.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-84 four-point sheet resistance. The radial 1/r potential is a premise.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be84Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-84',
-    beId: 84,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Four-point sheet resistance R_s = (π / ln 2) (V/I)',
-    sources: [fourPointVoltageQ, fourPointCurrentQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'four-point-voltage': ['V_volts', 'V'],
-        'four-point-current': ['I_A', 'I'],
-    },
-    target: sheetResistanceQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'V finite, I ≠ 0; probes at 0, s, 2s, 3s; radial field (I R_s)/(2 π r)',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['four-point-voltage']) && finite(i['four-point-current']) && i['four-point-current'] !== 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateFourPointSheet({
-        V_volts: i['four-point-voltage'],
-        I_A: i['four-point-current'],
-    }).R_s_ohm,
-    symbolic: BE84_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.FourPoint.sheet_eq. The Laplace field and linear superposition are hypotheses. A sink at 4s is 2π/ln 3. Not PhysJS.Crossing.antisymmetry.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-85 one-sided shot noise. Not Johnson–Nyquist and not the two-sided e I.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be85Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-85',
-    beId: 85,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Shot noise S_I = 2 e I',
-    sources: [shotCurrentQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'shot-current': ['I_A', 'I'],
-    },
-    target: shotNoiseQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'I finite; Poisson Var(N) = mean(N); one-sided Δf = 1/(2 T)',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['shot-current']),
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateShotNoise({ I_A: i['shot-current'] }).S_I_A2_per_Hz,
-    symbolic: BE85_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.ShotNoise.shot_eq. e is the elementary charge. The two-sided bandwidth gives e I. Not Johnson–Nyquist.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-86 Reynolds analogy. Matched wall slopes and Pr = 1 are hypotheses.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be86Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-86',
-    beId: 86,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Reynolds analogy St = C_f / 2',
-    sources: [skinFrictionQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'skin-friction': ['C_f'],
-    },
-    target: stantonNumberQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'C_f finite; normalized wall gradients agree and Pr = 1',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['skin-friction']),
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateReynoldsAnalogy({ C_f: i['skin-friction'] }).St,
-    symbolic: BE86_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.ReynoldsAnalogy.reynolds_eq. St Pr = C_f/2 when the slopes match. Pr = 1 is the hypothesis that drops Pr. Not a Nusselt correlation.',
-});
-/**
- * BE-87 capacitor voltage variance. One quadratic term, not (3/2) k_B T/C.
- *
- * @public
- */
-export const be87Edge = withBoundAliases({
-    id: 'be-87',
-    beId: 87,
-    kind: 'law',
-    label: 'Capacitor noise ⟨v²⟩ = k_B T / C',
-    sources: [capacitorTemperatureQ, capacitanceQ],
-    aliases: {
-        'capacitor-temperature': ['T_K', 'T'],
-        capacitance: ['C_F', 'C'],
-    },
-    target: capacitorVoltageVarianceQ,
-    confidence: 'established',
-    domain: {
-        description: 'T finite, C > 0; U = (C/2) V²',
-        predicate: (i) => finite(i['capacitor-temperature']) && finite(i['capacitance']) && i['capacitance'] > 0,
-    },
-    evaluate: (i) => evaluateCapacitorNoise({
-        T_K: i['capacitor-temperature'],
-        C_F: i['capacitance'],
-    }).v2_V2,
-    symbolic: BE87_SYMBOLIC,
-    citation: 'PhysJS.CapacitorNoise.noise_eq. (3/2) k_B T/C is not this variance. Dropping the energy half gives k_B T/(2 C).',
-});
-/** The applied-physicist edges, in catalog-id order. @public */
-export const APPLIED_PHYSICIST_EDGES = [
-    be66Edge,
-    be67Edge,
-    be68Edge,
-    be69Edge,
-    be70Edge,
-    be71Edge,
-    be72Edge,
-    be73Edge,
-    be74Edge,
-    be75Edge,
-    be76Edge,
-    be77Edge,
-    be78Edge,
-    be79Edge,
-    be80Edge,
-    be81Edge,
-    be82Edge,
-    be83Edge,
-    be84Edge,
-    be85Edge,
-    be86Edge,
-    be87Edge,
-];
-//# sourceMappingURL=applied-physicist.js.map