universal-physics-tensor 0.47.1 → 1.0.2

package/dist/cases/quadrature.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/**
+ * Adaptive Simpson quadrature for the parent-model comparisons of the applied
+ * cases. The integrands there are smooth and monotone over bands that can span
+ * many decades, which a fixed grid resolves badly at the low end.
+ *
+ * @module cases/quadrature
+ */
+/**
+ * ∫ₐᵇ f by adaptive Simpson with Richardson correction.
+ * @throws Error if the recursion hits `maxDepth` without meeting `relTol`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export declare function adaptiveSimpson(f: (x: number) => number, a: number, b: number, relTol?: number, maxDepth?: number): number;
+//# sourceMappingURL=quadrature.d.ts.map

package/dist/cases/quadrature.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"quadrature.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/quadrature.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;GAMG;AAEH;;;;GAIG;AACH,wBAAgB,eAAe,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,KAAK,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,SAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,SAAK,GAAG,MAAM,CAwBrH"}

package/dist/cases/quadrature.js

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ * Adaptive Simpson quadrature for the parent-model comparisons of the applied
+ * cases. The integrands there are smooth and monotone over bands that can span
+ * many decades, which a fixed grid resolves badly at the low end.
+ *
+ * @module cases/quadrature
+ */
+/**
+ * ∫ₐᵇ f by adaptive Simpson with Richardson correction.
+ * @throws Error if the recursion hits `maxDepth` without meeting `relTol`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function adaptiveSimpson(f, a, b, relTol = 1e-10, maxDepth = 60) {
+    const fa = f(a);
+    const fb = f(b);
+    const m = (a + b) / 2;
+    const fm = f(m);
+    const whole = ((b - a) / 6) * (fa + 4 * fm + fb);
+    // The tolerance is relative to the whole integral, estimated from a coarse pass.
+    let scale = Math.abs(whole);
+    for (let i = 1; i < 64; i++)
+        scale = Math.max(scale, Math.abs(f(a + ((b - a) * i) / 64)) * (b - a));
+    const eps = relTol * (scale > 0 ? scale : 1);
+    const step = (lo, hi, flo, fmid, fhi, s, tol, depth) => {
+        const mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
+        const lm = (lo + mid) / 2;
+        const rm = (mid + hi) / 2;
+        const flm = f(lm);
+        const frm = f(rm);
+        const left = ((mid - lo) / 6) * (flo + 4 * flm + fmid);
+        const right = ((hi - mid) / 6) * (fmid + 4 * frm + fhi);
+        const diff = left + right - s;
+        if (Math.abs(diff) <= 15 * tol)
+            return left + right + diff / 15;
+        if (depth >= maxDepth)
+            throw new Error(`adaptiveSimpson: no convergence on [${lo}, ${hi}] at depth ${depth}`);
+        return step(lo, mid, flo, flm, fmid, left, tol / 2, depth + 1) + step(mid, hi, fmid, frm, fhi, right, tol / 2, depth + 1);
+    };
+    return step(a, b, fa, fm, fb, whole, eps, 0);
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=quadrature.js.map

package/dist/cases/quadrature.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"quadrature.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/quadrature.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;GAMG;AAEH;;;;GAIG;AACH,MAAM,UAAU,eAAe,CAAC,CAAwB,EAAE,CAAS,EAAE,CAAS,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,GAAG,EAAE;IAC3G,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAChB,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAChB,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACtB,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAChB,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IACjD,iFAAiF;IACjF,IAAI,KAAK,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC;IAC5B,KAAK,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE;QAAE,KAAK,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IACpG,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAC7C,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,EAAU,EAAE,EAAU,EAAE,GAAW,EAAE,IAAY,EAAE,GAAW,EAAE,CAAS,EAAE,GAAW,EAAE,KAAa,EAAU,EAAE;QAC7H,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QAC1B,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QAC1B,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QAC1B,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;QAClB,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;QAClB,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;QACvD,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QACxD,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QAC9B,IAAI,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG;YAAE,OAAO,IAAI,GAAG,KAAK,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC;QAChE,IAAI,KAAK,IAAI,QAAQ;YAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,uCAAuC,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,cAAc,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;QAC9G,OAAO,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAC5H,CAAC,CAAC;IACF,OAAO,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;AAC/C,CAAC"}

package/dist/cases/resistor-noise.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { type AppliedCase } from './types.js';
+/** h f_hi/(k_B T) ceiling: the Planck factor x/(eˣ−1) is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1. @internal */
+export declare const CLASSICAL_MAX_X = 0.01;
+/** 2π f_hi R_eff C_in ceiling: the input RC pole then passes 1/(1+w²) ≥ 99% at f_hi. @internal */
+export declare const FLAT_BAND_MAX_WRC = 0.1;
+/**
+ * Ceiling on σ(S_R)/S_R = 1/(φ√(B t_avg)): the resistor's noise power, left after
+ * subtracting an exactly known amplifier power, scatters by ≤ 1%. The total
+ * power scatters by 1/√(B t_avg) (Dicke 1946); φ is the resistor's share of it.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export declare const AMPLIFIER_MAX_REL_SIGMA = 0.01;
+export declare const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE: AppliedCase;
+//# sourceMappingURL=resistor-noise.d.ts.map

package/dist/cases/resistor-noise.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"resistor-noise.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/resistor-noise.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAkBA,OAAO,EAA0B,KAAK,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,YAAY,CAAC;AAItE,mGAAmG;AACnG,eAAO,MAAM,eAAe,OAAO,CAAC;AAEpC,kGAAkG;AAClG,eAAO,MAAM,iBAAiB,MAAM,CAAC;AAErC;;;;;GAKG;AACH,eAAO,MAAM,uBAAuB,OAAO,CAAC;AAU5C,eAAO,MAAM,mBAAmB,EAAE,WAgLjC,CAAC"}

package/dist/cases/resistor-noise.js

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+/**
+ * Applied case: the thermal (Johnson–Nyquist) noise voltage of a resistor as an
+ * instrument reads it — over a finite band, loaded by the instrument's input
+ * resistance and capacitance.
+ *
+ * The catalog's BE-58 gives the flat spectral density S_V = 4 k_B T R. A
+ * measurement reads an RMS voltage over a band, through an input network, so
+ * this case adds the band, the loading, and the two premises that make the
+ * spectrum flat (hf ≪ k_BT, and the input RC pole above the band), and checks
+ * both. The parent spectrum is integrated numerically for comparison. Given
+ * the amplifier's e_n and i_n, it adds them to the reading and checks that the
+ * resistor's share can still be resolved in the averaging time.
+ *
+ * @module cases/resistor-noise
+ */
+import { H_SI, K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
+import { evaluateJohnsonNyquist } from '../bridges/be58-johnson-nyquist.js';
+import { adaptiveSimpson } from './quadrature.js';
+import { check, requirePositive } from './types.js';
+const ID = 'case-resistor-noise';
+/** h f_hi/(k_B T) ceiling: the Planck factor x/(eˣ−1) is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1. @internal */
+export const CLASSICAL_MAX_X = 0.01;
+/** 2π f_hi R_eff C_in ceiling: the input RC pole then passes 1/(1+w²) ≥ 99% at f_hi. @internal */
+export const FLAT_BAND_MAX_WRC = 0.1;
+/**
+ * Ceiling on σ(S_R)/S_R = 1/(φ√(B t_avg)): the resistor's noise power, left after
+ * subtracting an exactly known amplifier power, scatters by ≤ 1%. The total
+ * power scatters by 1/√(B t_avg) (Dicke 1946); φ is the resistor's share of it.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export const AMPLIFIER_MAX_REL_SIGMA = 0.01;
+/** Nyquist's thermal spectral density at f, shaped by the input RC; `x/expm1(x)` → 1 as x → 0. */
+function parentDensity(f, T, rEff, c) {
+    const x = (H_SI * f) / (K_B_SI * T);
+    const planck = x === 0 ? 1 : x / Math.expm1(x);
+    const w = 2 * Math.PI * f * rEff * c;
+    return (4 * K_B_SI * T * rEff * planck) / (1 + w * w);
+}
+export const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE = {
+    id: ID,
+    title: 'Resistor thermal-noise measurement (bandwidth, instrument loading)',
+    parameters: [
+        { key: 'T_K', quantity: 'temperature', symbol: 'T', unit: 'K', meaning: 'absolute temperature of the resistor and of the instrument input, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },
+        { key: 'R_ohm', quantity: 'resistance under test', symbol: 'R', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'the resistor whose noise is measured, > 0' },
+        { key: 'R_in_ohm', quantity: 'instrument input resistance', symbol: 'R_in', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'the input resistance in parallel with R, > 0 (a physical resistor at T)' },
+        { key: 'C_in_F', quantity: 'input capacitance', symbol: 'C_in', unit: 'F', meaning: 'instrument input plus cable capacitance in parallel with R, ≥ 0' },
+        { key: 'f_lo_Hz', quantity: 'lower band edge', symbol: 'f_lo', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'lower edge of the ideal (brick-wall) measurement band, ≥ 0' },
+        { key: 'f_hi_Hz', quantity: 'upper band edge', symbol: 'f_hi', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'upper edge of the band, > f_lo; B = f_hi − f_lo is the noise-equivalent bandwidth' },
+        { key: 't_avg_s', quantity: 'averaging time', symbol: 't_avg', unit: 's', meaning: 'how long the RMS is averaged, > 0' },
+        {
+            key: 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz',
+            quantity: 'amplifier voltage-noise power density',
+            symbol: 'e_n²',
+            unit: 'V^2/Hz',
+            meaning: "the square of the amplifier's input voltage noise e_n, white over the band (4 nV/√Hz → 1.6e-17), ≥ 0",
+            optional: true,
+        },
+        {
+            key: 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz',
+            quantity: 'amplifier current-noise power density',
+            symbol: 'i_n²',
+            unit: 'A^2/Hz',
+            meaning: "the square of the amplifier's input current noise i_n, white over the band (1 pA/√Hz → 1e-24), ≥ 0",
+            optional: true,
+        },
+    ],
+    governing: {
+        parent: [
+            'S_V(f) = 4 R_eff · hf/(e^{hf/k_BT} − 1) · 1/(1 + (2πf R_eff C_in)²)   (Nyquist 1928, thermal part; seen through the input RC)',
+            'V_rms² = ∫_{f_lo}^{f_hi} S_V(f) df',
+        ],
+        scalar: [
+            'S_V = 4 k_B T R_eff,  R_eff = R R_in/(R + R_in)   (BE-58 with the loaded resistance)',
+            'V_rms = √(4 k_B T R_eff B),  B = f_hi − f_lo',
+            'through an amplifier: V_rms,total² = (4 k_B T R_eff + e_n² + i_n² R_eff²) B, e_n and i_n uncorrelated (the e_n–i_n model; Motchenbacher & Connelly 1993)',
+        ],
+        distinction: 'S_V(f) is a spectral density — a function of frequency fixed by the fluctuation–dissipation theorem and shaped by ' +
+            'the input network; 4k_BTR_eff is its flat, classical value, and √(4k_BT R_eff B) integrates that constant over an ' +
+            'ideal band. Nyquist derived it from the thermal modes of a transmission line (a 1-D field); the lumped circuit keeps ' +
+            'only the port voltage.',
+    },
+    observable: 'V_rms_V',
+    outputs: [
+        { key: 'B_Hz', symbol: 'B', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'noise-equivalent bandwidth f_hi − f_lo' },
+        { key: 'R_eff_ohm', symbol: 'R_eff', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'R in parallel with R_in: the resistance the instrument sees' },
+        { key: 'S_V_V2_per_Hz', symbol: 'S_V', unit: 'V^2/Hz', meaning: 'flat one-sided spectral density 4k_BT R_eff' },
+        { key: 'V_rms_unloaded_V', symbol: 'V_rms,0', unit: 'V', meaning: 'open-circuit value √(4k_BTRB), with no instrument attached' },
+        { key: 'V_rms_V', symbol: 'V_rms', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the RMS noise voltage the instrument reads (scalar model)' },
+        { key: 'loading_ratio', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,0', unit: '', meaning: '√(R_in/(R + R_in)): what the input resistance removes' },
+        { key: 'V_rms_parent_V', symbol: 'V_rms,parent', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the parent spectrum integrated over the band (adaptive Simpson)' },
+        { key: 'parent_deviation', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,parent − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'relative excess of the scalar result over the parent' },
+        { key: 'V_rms_rel_sigma', symbol: 'σ(V_rms)/V_rms', unit: '', meaning: 'statistical scatter of an RMS averaged over t_avg: 1/(2√(B t_avg)) (Dicke radiometer relation)' },
+        { key: 'V_rms_total_V', symbol: 'V_rms,total', unit: 'V', meaning: 'what the instrument reads with its amplifier noise added in quadrature; null without e_n2/i_n2' },
+        { key: 'resistor_fraction', symbol: 'φ', unit: '', meaning: "the thermal share of the read noise power, 4k_BTR_eff/(4k_BTR_eff + e_n² + i_n²R_eff²); null without e_n2/i_n2" },
+        { key: 'T_n_K', symbol: 'T_n', unit: 'K', meaning: "the amplifier's noise temperature for the source R_eff, (e_n² + i_n²R_eff²)/(4k_B R_eff); null without e_n2/i_n2" },
+    ],
+    conditions: [
+        'thermal equilibrium: R and the instrument input at one temperature T, no DC current through R',
+        'the instrument reads the voltage across R ∥ R_in ∥ C_in (open-circuit source, no other load)',
+        'stationary Gaussian noise; the band is an ideal brick wall of width B (the real filter enters only through its noise-equivalent bandwidth)',
+    ],
+    comparison: {
+        reference: "the parent: Nyquist's thermal spectrum through the input RC, integrated over [f_lo, f_hi]",
+        valueKey: 'V_rms_V',
+        referenceKey: 'V_rms_parent_V',
+        deviationKey: 'parent_deviation',
+        method: 'adaptive Simpson quadrature, relative tolerance 1e-10',
+    },
+    notIncluded: [
+        "the amplifier's noise when e_n2 and i_n2 are left out; when given, their 1/f corners and their correlation (taken white and uncorrelated)",
+        '1/f (excess) noise, which needs a current through R',
+        'the zero-point term hf/2 of the quantum fluctuation–dissipation theorem (the parent here is the thermal part)',
+        'frequency dependence of R and R_in over the band',
+    ],
+    measurement: [
+        'digitize the voltage across R through a band-pass of noise-equivalent bandwidth B and average the RMS over t_avg; ' +
+            'compare with V_rms_V ± V_rms_rel_sigma·V_rms_V (statistical scatter only)',
+        "measure the amplifier's own noise with its input shorted and subtract it in quadrature before comparing",
+        '`upt confront --bridge=be-58`: the NIST Johnson-noise-thermometry k_B, which tests S_V = 4k_BTR with R traceable to the quantum Hall effect',
+    ],
+    links: [
+        { id: 'be-58', role: 'the flat spectral density S_V = 4k_BTR (catalog evaluator: `upt evaluate be-58`)' },
+        { id: 'be-55', role: 'quantum Hall resistance standard to which R is traceable in the JNT comparison' },
+    ],
+    examples: {
+        valid: {
+            args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=1kohm', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=20pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=10kHz', 't_avg_s=10', 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz=1e-18', 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz=1e-24'],
+            note: 'a 1 kΩ resistor at 300 K, a 1 MΩ ∥ 20 pF input with 1 nV/√Hz and 1 pA/√Hz of amplifier noise, a 10 kHz band, 10 s of averaging',
+            fails: [],
+        },
+        failures: [
+            {
+                args: ['T_K=20mK', 'R_ohm=50', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=0', 'f_lo_Hz=1GHz', 'f_hi_Hz=2GHz', 't_avg_s=1'],
+                note: 'a 50 Ω load at 20 mK read at 1–2 GHz: hf/k_BT ≈ 4.8, the spectrum is not flat and 4k_BTR overstates it',
+                fails: ['classical'],
+            },
+            {
+                args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=1Mohm', 'R_in_ohm=10Mohm', 'C_in_F=100pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=100kHz', 't_avg_s=1'],
+                note: 'a 1 MΩ resistor through 100 pF: the RC pole sits near 1.7 Hz, far below the 100 kHz band edge',
+                fails: ['flat-band'],
+            },
+            {
+                args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=10', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=20pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=10kHz', 't_avg_s=10', 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz=1.6e-17', 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz=1e-24'],
+                note: 'a 10 Ω resistor through a 4 nV/√Hz amplifier: the amplifier adds ~100× the resistor\'s noise power, which 10 s cannot resolve to 1%',
+                fails: ['amplifier'],
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    /** Evaluate the measured Johnson-Nyquist RMS voltage and instrument-regime checks for the supplied inputs. */
+    run(i) {
+        requirePositive(ID, i, ['T_K', 'R_ohm', 'R_in_ohm', 'f_hi_Hz', 't_avg_s']);
+        const { T_K: T, R_ohm: R, R_in_ohm: Rin, C_in_F: C, f_lo_Hz: fLo, f_hi_Hz: fHi, t_avg_s: tAvg } = i;
+        if (!Number.isFinite(C) || C < 0)
+            throw new Error(`${ID}: C_in_F must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${C})`);
+        if (!Number.isFinite(fLo) || fLo < 0 || fLo >= fHi)
+            throw new Error(`${ID}: need 0 ≤ f_lo_Hz < f_hi_Hz (got ${fLo}, ${fHi})`);
+        const B = fHi - fLo;
+        const rEff = (R * Rin) / (R + Rin);
+        const S = evaluateJohnsonNyquist({ T_K: T, R_ohm: rEff }).S_V_V2_per_Hz;
+        const S0 = evaluateJohnsonNyquist({ T_K: T, R_ohm: R }).S_V_V2_per_Hz;
+        const vRms = Math.sqrt(S * B);
+        const vParent = Math.sqrt(adaptiveSimpson((f) => parentDensity(f, T, rEff, C), fLo, fHi));
+        const x = (H_SI * fHi) / (K_B_SI * T);
+        const wrc = 2 * Math.PI * fHi * rEff * C;
+        const checks = [
+            check('classical', 'flat, classical spectrum: hf ≪ k_BT across the band', 'h f_hi/(k_B T)', x, '<=', CLASSICAL_MAX_X, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the Planck factor at f_hi is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1'),
+            check('flat-band', 'the input RC pole lies above the band', '2π f_hi R_eff C_in', wrc, '<=', FLAT_BAND_MAX_WRC, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the RC low-pass then passes ≥ 99% of the density at f_hi'),
+        ];
+        const unchecked = [
+            'R_in is a physical resistance at T; an actively synthesized or cold input adds less noise than its resistance would, ' +
+                'down to the resistor alone divided by the input: V_rms,0 · R_in/(R + R_in)',
+            'no DC current through R, so no 1/f excess noise',
+        ];
+        const withAmplifier = i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz !== undefined || i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz !== undefined;
+        let amp = null;
+        if (withAmplifier) {
+            const en2 = i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz ?? 0;
+            const in2 = i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz ?? 0;
+            for (const [k, v] of [['e_n2_V2_per_Hz', en2], ['i_n2_A2_per_Hz', in2]]) {
+                if (!Number.isFinite(v) || v < 0)
+                    throw new Error(`${ID}: ${k} must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${v})`);
+            }
+            const excess = en2 + in2 * rEff * rEff;
+            const fraction = S / (S + excess);
+            amp = { total: Math.sqrt((S + excess) * B), fraction, tN: excess / (4 * K_B_SI * rEff) };
+            checks.push(check('amplifier', "the resistor's noise is resolved above the amplifier's in t_avg", '1/(φ √(B t_avg))', 1 / (fraction * Math.sqrt(B * tAvg)), '<=', AMPLIFIER_MAX_REL_SIGMA, "chosen threshold: after subtracting the amplifier's power (known exactly, e.g. from a long shorted-input run) the resistor's power scatters by ≤ 1%"));
+            unchecked.push(`e_n and i_n are white over the band and uncorrelated${i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz === undefined ? '; e_n was not given and is taken as 0' : ''}` +
+                `${i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz === undefined ? '; i_n was not given and is taken as 0' : ''}`);
+        }
+        return {
+            outputs: {
+                B_Hz: B,
+                R_eff_ohm: rEff,
+                S_V_V2_per_Hz: S,
+                V_rms_unloaded_V: Math.sqrt(S0 * B),
+                V_rms_V: vRms,
+                loading_ratio: Math.sqrt(S / S0),
+                V_rms_parent_V: vParent,
+                parent_deviation: vRms / vParent - 1,
+                V_rms_rel_sigma: 1 / (2 * Math.sqrt(B * tAvg)),
+                V_rms_total_V: amp?.total ?? null,
+                resistor_fraction: amp?.fraction ?? null,
+                T_n_K: amp?.tN ?? null,
+            },
+            checks,
+            unchecked,
+        };
+    },
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=resistor-noise.js.map

package/dist/cases/resistor-noise.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"resistor-noise.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/resistor-noise.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAcG;AACH,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,sBAAsB,CAAC;AACpD,OAAO,EAAE,sBAAsB,EAAE,MAAM,oCAAoC,CAAC;AAC5E,OAAO,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,MAAM,iBAAiB,CAAC;AAClD,OAAO,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,eAAe,EAAoB,MAAM,YAAY,CAAC;AAEtE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,qBAAqB,CAAC;AAEjC,mGAAmG;AACnG,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,eAAe,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC;AAEpC,kGAAkG;AAClG,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,iBAAiB,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC;AAErC;;;;;GAKG;AACH,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,uBAAuB,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC;AAE5C,kGAAkG;AAClG,SAAS,aAAa,CAAC,CAAS,EAAE,CAAS,EAAE,IAAY,EAAE,CAAS;IAClE,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IACpC,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAC/C,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACrC,OAAO,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;AACxD,CAAC;AAED,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,mBAAmB,GAAgB;IAC9C,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE;IACN,KAAK,EAAE,oEAAoE;IAC3E,UAAU,EAAE;QACV,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,yEAAyE,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE;QAC5K,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,uBAAuB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,2CAA2C,EAAE;QACnI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,6BAA6B,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,yEAAyE,EAAE;QAC7K,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,iEAAiE,EAAE;QACvJ,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,4DAA4D,EAAE;QAClJ,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,mFAAmF,EAAE;QACzK,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,mCAAmC,EAAE;QACxH;YACE,GAAG,EAAE,gBAAgB;YACrB,QAAQ,EAAE,uCAAuC;YACjD,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM;YACd,IAAI,EAAE,QAAQ;YACd,OAAO,EAAE,sGAAsG;YAC/G,QAAQ,EAAE,IAAI;SACf;QACD;YACE,GAAG,EAAE,gBAAgB;YACrB,QAAQ,EAAE,uCAAuC;YACjD,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM;YACd,IAAI,EAAE,QAAQ;YACd,OAAO,EAAE,oGAAoG;YAC7G,QAAQ,EAAE,IAAI;SACf;KACF;IACD,SAAS,EAAE;QACT,MAAM,EAAE;YACN,+HAA+H;YAC/H,oCAAoC;SACrC;QACD,MAAM,EAAE;YACN,sFAAsF;YACtF,8CAA8C;YAC9C,0JAA0J;SAC3J;QACD,WAAW,EACT,oHAAoH;YACpH,oHAAoH;YACpH,uHAAuH;YACvH,wBAAwB;KAC3B;IACD,UAAU,EAAE,SAAS;IACrB,OAAO,EAAE;QACP,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,wCAAwC,EAAE;QAC3F,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,6DAA6D,EAAE;QAC1H,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,6CAA6C,EAAE;QAC/G,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,4DAA4D,EAAE;QAChI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,2DAA2D,EAAE;QACpH,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,uDAAuD,EAAE;QAC7H,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,iEAAiE,EAAE;QACxI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,wBAAwB,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,sDAAsD,EAAE;QACxI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,gGAAgG,EAAE;QACzK,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,gGAAgG,EAAE;QACrK,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,gHAAgH,EAAE;QAC9K,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,kHAAkH,EAAE;KACxK;IACD,UAAU,EAAE;QACV,+FAA+F;QAC/F,8FAA8F;QAC9F,4IAA4I;KAC7I;IACD,UAAU,EAAE;QACV,SAAS,EAAE,2FAA2F;QACtG,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS;QACnB,YAAY,EAAE,gBAAgB;QAC9B,YAAY,EAAE,kBAAkB;QAChC,MAAM,EAAE,uDAAuD;KAChE;IACD,WAAW,EAAE;QACX,2IAA2I;QAC3I,qDAAqD;QACrD,+GAA+G;QAC/G,kDAAkD;KACnD;IACD,WAAW,EAAE;QACX,oHAAoH;YAClH,2EAA2E;QAC7E,yGAAyG;QACzG,6IAA6I;KAC9I;IACD,KAAK,EAAE;QACL,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,kFAAkF,EAAE;QACzG,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,gFAAgF,EAAE;KACxG;IACD,QAAQ,EAAE;QACR,KAAK,EAAE;YACL,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,SAAS,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,sBAAsB,EAAE,sBAAsB,CAAC;YAC7J,IAAI,EAAE,gIAAgI;YACtI,KAAK,EAAE,EAAE;SACV;QACD,QAAQ,EAAE;YACR;gBACE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,UAAU,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,WAAW,CAAC;gBACzG,IAAI,EAAE,wGAAwG;gBAC9G,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,WAAW,CAAC;aACrB;YACD;gBACE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,SAAS,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,WAAW,CAAC;gBAC/G,IAAI,EAAE,+FAA+F;gBACrG,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,WAAW,CAAC;aACrB;YACD;gBACE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,SAAS,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,wBAAwB,EAAE,sBAAsB,CAAC;gBAC5J,IAAI,EAAE,qIAAqI;gBAC3I,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,WAAW,CAAC;aACrB;SACF;KACF;IACD,8GAA8G;IAC9G,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QACH,eAAe,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QAC3E,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,CAA2B,CAAC;QAC9H,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC;YAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,6CAA6C,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QAC1G,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG;YAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,qCAAqC,GAAG,KAAK,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QAC9H,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC;QACpB,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QACnC,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,sBAAsB,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC;QACxE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,sBAAsB,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC;QACtE,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QAC9B,MAAM,OAAO,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,eAAe,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QAC1F,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QACtC,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QACzC,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG;YACb,KAAK,CAAC,WAAW,EAAE,qDAAqD,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,eAAe,EAClH,oFAAoF,CAAC;YACvF,KAAK,CAAC,WAAW,EAAE,uCAAuC,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAC5G,oFAAoF,CAAC;SACxF,CAAC;QACF,MAAM,SAAS,GAAG;YAChB,uHAAuH;gBACrH,4EAA4E;YAC9E,iDAAiD;SAClD,CAAC;QACF,MAAM,aAAa,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,cAAc,KAAK,SAAS,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,cAAc,KAAK,SAAS,CAAC;QACvF,IAAI,GAAG,GAA2D,IAAI,CAAC;QACvE,IAAI,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC;YAClB,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,cAAc,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;YAClC,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,cAAc,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;YAClC,KAAK,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,gBAAgB,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,gBAAgB,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAU,EAAE,CAAC;gBACjF,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC;oBAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,qCAAqC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;YAC1G,CAAC;YACD,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC;YACvC,MAAM,QAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC;YAClC,GAAG,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC;YACzF,MAAM,CAAC,IAAI,CACT,KAAK,CAAC,WAAW,EAAE,iEAAiE,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,QAAQ,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAClJ,uBAAuB,EACvB,qJAAqJ,CAAC,CACzJ,CAAC;YACF,SAAS,CAAC,IAAI,CACZ,uDAAuD,CAAC,CAAC,cAAc,KAAK,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,uCAAuC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE;gBACpI,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,cAAc,KAAK,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,uCAAuC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CACrF,CAAC;QACJ,CAAC;QACD,OAAO;YACL,OAAO,EAAE;gBACP,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC;gBACP,SAAS,EAAE,IAAI;gBACf,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC;gBAChB,gBAAgB,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;gBACnC,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI;gBACb,aAAa,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC;gBAChC,cAAc,EAAE,OAAO;gBACvB,gBAAgB,EAAE,IAAI,GAAG,OAAO,GAAG,CAAC;gBACpC,eAAe,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;gBAC9C,aAAa,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,IAAI,IAAI;gBACjC,iBAAiB,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,QAAQ,IAAI,IAAI;gBACxC,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,EAAE,IAAI,IAAI;aACvB;YACD,MAAM;YACN,SAAS;SACV,CAAC;IACJ,CAAC;CACF,CAAC"}

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { type AppliedCase } from './types.js';
+/** Vacuum permeability μ0, CODATA 2018 (N/A²). @internal */
+export declare const MU_0_SI = 0.00000125663706212;
+/** Vacuum permittivity ε0 = 1/(μ0 c²) (F/m). @internal */
+export declare const EPS_0_SI: number;
+/** ωε/σ ceiling: the displacement current then moves the penetration depth by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%. @internal */
+export declare const MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO = 0.01;
+/** l/δ ceiling for a local (classical) conductivity. @internal */
+export declare const MAX_MFP_RATIO = 0.1;
+/** ωτ ceiling: the Drude σ(ω) = σ0/(1 − iωτ) is then within 0.5% of σ0 in modulus. @internal */
+export declare const MAX_OMEGA_TAU = 0.1;
+/** d/δ floor: the field reaching the back face is then ≤ e^{−5} ≈ 0.7% of the surface field. @internal */
+export declare const MIN_THICKNESS_RATIO = 5;
+/**
+ * δ_Maxwell/δ for the plane wave k² = ω²με + iωμσ, as a function of r = ωε/σ:
+ * 1/Im k = δ √(√(1 + r²) + r), written without the cancellation of |z| − Re z.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export declare function maxwellDepthFactor(r: number): number;
+export declare const SKIN_DEPTH_CASE: AppliedCase;
+//# sourceMappingURL=skin-depth.d.ts.map

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"skin-depth.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/skin-depth.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAmBA,OAAO,EAA0B,KAAK,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,YAAY,CAAC;AAItE,4DAA4D;AAC5D,eAAO,MAAM,OAAO,sBAAmB,CAAC;AAExC,0DAA0D;AAC1D,eAAO,MAAM,QAAQ,QAA8B,CAAC;AAEpD,6GAA6G;AAC7G,eAAO,MAAM,sBAAsB,OAAO,CAAC;AAE3C,kEAAkE;AAClE,eAAO,MAAM,aAAa,MAAM,CAAC;AAEjC,gGAAgG;AAChG,eAAO,MAAM,aAAa,MAAM,CAAC;AAEjC,0GAA0G;AAC1G,eAAO,MAAM,mBAAmB,IAAI,CAAC;AAErC;;;;GAIG;AACH,wBAAgB,kBAAkB,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAEpD;AAED,eAAO,MAAM,eAAe,EAAE,WAwI7B,CAAC"}

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.js

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/**
+ * Applied case: the skin depth of a planar conductor driven at one frequency —
+ * how far an AC field (and its current) penetrates, and the surface
+ * resistance that sets the conductor's AC loss.
+ *
+ * In one dimension the Maxwell equations with a local Ohm law in a conductor
+ * are the telegraph equation of `model-telegraph`, with relaxation time ε/σ
+ * and diffusivity 1/(μσ). Dropping the displacement current is
+ * `ab-telegraph-diffusion`, which leaves magnetic diffusion and the classical
+ * δ = √(2ρ/(ωμ)) (Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed., §5.18 and
+ * §8.1). This case evaluates δ, checks the three premises the classical
+ * result needs — a good conductor, a local conductivity (the mean free path
+ * well inside δ; otherwise the anomalous skin effect, Pippard 1947), a DC
+ * conductivity (ωτ ≪ 1, Drude) — and the half-space boundary condition, and
+ * compares δ with the penetration depth of the full plane-wave solution.
+ *
+ * @module cases/skin-depth
+ */
+import { C_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
+import { check, requirePositive } from './types.js';
+const ID = 'case-skin-depth';
+/** Vacuum permeability μ0, CODATA 2018 (N/A²). @internal */
+export const MU_0_SI = 1.25663706212e-6;
+/** Vacuum permittivity ε0 = 1/(μ0 c²) (F/m). @internal */
+export const EPS_0_SI = 1 / (MU_0_SI * C_SI * C_SI);
+/** ωε/σ ceiling: the displacement current then moves the penetration depth by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%. @internal */
+export const MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO = 0.01;
+/** l/δ ceiling for a local (classical) conductivity. @internal */
+export const MAX_MFP_RATIO = 0.1;
+/** ωτ ceiling: the Drude σ(ω) = σ0/(1 − iωτ) is then within 0.5% of σ0 in modulus. @internal */
+export const MAX_OMEGA_TAU = 0.1;
+/** d/δ floor: the field reaching the back face is then ≤ e^{−5} ≈ 0.7% of the surface field. @internal */
+export const MIN_THICKNESS_RATIO = 5;
+/**
+ * δ_Maxwell/δ for the plane wave k² = ω²με + iωμσ, as a function of r = ωε/σ:
+ * 1/Im k = δ √(√(1 + r²) + r), written without the cancellation of |z| − Re z.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function maxwellDepthFactor(r) {
+    return Math.sqrt(Math.hypot(1, r) + r);
+}
+export const SKIN_DEPTH_CASE = {
+    id: ID,
+    title: 'Skin depth of a planar conductor (good-conductor, local and DC-conductivity regimes)',
+    parameters: [
+        { key: 'rho_ohm_m', quantity: 'resistivity', symbol: 'ρ', unit: 'ohm*m', meaning: 'DC resistivity 1/σ at the conductor\'s temperature (copper at 20 °C ≈ 1.68e-8), > 0' },
+        { key: 'f_Hz', quantity: 'frequency', symbol: 'f', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'drive frequency ω/2π, > 0' },
+        { key: 'mu_r', quantity: 'relative permeability', symbol: 'μ_r', unit: '', meaning: 'μ/μ0 of the conductor, taken constant and linear (1 for copper), > 0' },
+        { key: 'eps_r', quantity: 'relative permittivity', symbol: 'ε_r', unit: '', meaning: 'ε/ε0 of the bound charges, beside the conduction current (1 for a metal, ≈ 11.7 for silicon), > 0' },
+        { key: 'l_mfp_m', quantity: 'carrier mean free path', symbol: 'l', unit: 'm', meaning: 'the conduction carriers\' mean free path at the conductor\'s temperature (copper at 293 K ≈ 39 nm), > 0' },
+        { key: 'v_carrier_m_per_s', quantity: 'carrier speed', symbol: 'v', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'speed setting τ = l/v: the Fermi velocity in a metal (copper 1.57e6), the thermal velocity in a non-degenerate semiconductor, > 0' },
+        { key: 'thickness_m', quantity: 'conductor thickness', symbol: 'd', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thickness of the planar conductor, driven from one face, > 0' },
+    ],
+    governing: {
+        parent: [
+            '∇×E = −∂B/∂t,  ∇×H = σE + ∂D/∂t,  B = μH,  D = εE   (Maxwell with a local Ohm law J = σE)',
+            'one dimension, H = H_y(x, t):  (ε/σ) ∂²H/∂t² + ∂H/∂t = (1/(μσ)) ∂²H/∂x²   (the telegraph equation of model-telegraph)',
+            'driven at ω on a half-space: H ∝ e^{i(kx − ωt)},  k² = ω²με + iωμσ,  penetration depth 1/Im k',
+        ],
+        scalar: [
+            '∂H/∂t = (1/(μσ)) ∂²H/∂x²   (displacement current dropped: magnetic diffusion; ab-telegraph-diffusion)',
+            'H(x, t) = H0 e^{−x/δ} cos(ωt − x/δ),  δ = √(2ρ/(ωμ)),  μ = μ_r μ0',
+            'surface resistance R_s = ρ/δ   (per square: the DC resistance of a sheet of thickness δ)',
+        ],
+        distinction: 'The parent is a vector field obeying a wave equation with loss, whose conductivity is a local, frequency-independent ' +
+            'constant; the scalar keeps one decay length for one field component in a half-space. Dropped: the displacement ' +
+            'current (the wave part, O(ωε/σ)), any non-local or frequency-dependent conductivity, the back face of a finite ' +
+            'conductor, and the conductor\'s curvature and edges.',
+    },
+    observable: 'delta_m',
+    outputs: [
+        { key: 'omega_per_s', symbol: 'ω', unit: 's^-1', meaning: 'angular frequency 2πf' },
+        { key: 'delta_m', symbol: 'δ', unit: 'm', meaning: 'classical skin depth √(2ρ/(ωμ)): the field and current fall by 1/e per δ' },
+        { key: 'R_s_ohm', symbol: 'R_s', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'surface resistance ρ/δ, per square (the real part of the surface impedance)' },
+        { key: 'delta_maxwell_m', symbol: 'δ_M', unit: 'm', meaning: '1/Im k with the displacement current kept: the parent plane-wave penetration depth' },
+        { key: 'maxwell_deviation', symbol: 'δ/δ_M − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'relative excess of the classical δ over the parent penetration depth' },
+        { key: 'displacement_ratio', symbol: 'ωε/σ', unit: '', meaning: 'displacement current over conduction current' },
+        { key: 'mfp_ratio', symbol: 'l/δ', unit: '', meaning: 'mean free path over skin depth' },
+        { key: 'omega_tau', symbol: 'ωτ', unit: '', meaning: 'ω l/v: the drive period against the carrier relaxation time' },
+        { key: 'thickness_ratio', symbol: 'd/δ', unit: '', meaning: 'conductor thickness in skin depths' },
+        { key: 'back_field_ratio', symbol: 'e^{−d/δ}', unit: '', meaning: 'field amplitude at the back face over the surface amplitude (half-space profile)' },
+    ],
+    conditions: [
+        'a planar, homogeneous, isotropic conductor filling 0 ≤ x ≤ d, driven at x = 0 by a tangential field H_y(0, t) = H0 cos ωt',
+        'periodic steady state: the start-up transient has decayed (it does so over a few periods near the surface)',
+        'half-space profile: the field vanishes deep in the conductor (checked through d/δ); the medium outside x = 0 enters only through H0',
+    ],
+    comparison: {
+        reference: 'the parent plane wave in a local ohmic medium, displacement current kept: 1/Im k, k² = ω²με + iωμσ',
+        valueKey: 'delta_m',
+        referenceKey: 'delta_maxwell_m',
+        deviationKey: 'maxwell_deviation',
+        method: 'closed form 1/Im k = δ √(√(1 + r²) + r), r = ωε/σ',
+    },
+    notIncluded: [
+        'the temperature dependence of ρ (a conductor heated by its own AC loss has a larger δ)',
+        'surface roughness, which raises the AC loss once the rms roughness approaches δ (Hammerstad–Bekkadal)',
+        'curvature: for a round wire of radius a the Bessel-function solution replaces the planar profile, with corrections of order δ/a',
+        'ferromagnetic hysteresis and saturation: μ_r is taken constant and linear',
+        'the anomalous-regime surface impedance itself (Reuter–Sondheimer), which this case refuses rather than evaluates',
+    ],
+    measurement: [
+        'surface resistance: the unloaded Q of a cavity walled with the conductor is Q = G/R_s, G the cavity\'s geometry factor; ' +
+            'compare the R_s inferred from Q with R_s_ohm',
+        'AC resistance: per square of the driven face it is R_s = ρ/δ against ρ/d at DC, so R_ac/R_dc = d/δ for d ≫ δ',
+        'eddy-current probing: the phase lag x/δ of the field at depth x, or the transmission e^{−d/δ} through a foil when d/δ is not large (a thin foil is where this case refuses)',
+    ],
+    links: [
+        { id: 'model-telegraph', role: 'τ u_tt + u_t = D u_xx: the 1-D Maxwell equations in an ohmic conductor, with τ = ε/σ and D = 1/(μσ)' },
+        { id: 'ab-telegraph-diffusion', role: 'dropping τ u_tt (here the displacement current) to reach diffusion; its small parameter τDq² is of order ωε/σ at q ~ 1/δ' },
+        { id: 'model-fick', role: 'the diffusion equation u_t = D u_xx that the magnetic field obeys once the displacement current is dropped' },
+        { id: 'CE-drude-resistivity', role: 'ρ = m/(nq²τ): the DC resistivity whose τ the DC-conductivity check compares with the drive period' },
+    ],
+    examples: {
+        valid: {
+            args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-8', 'f_Hz=1MHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=1mm'],
+            note: 'a 1 mm copper plate at room temperature driven at 1 MHz: δ ≈ 65 µm',
+            fails: [],
+        },
+        failures: [
+            {
+                args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-11', 'f_Hz=100MHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39um', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=1mm'],
+                note: 'high-purity copper at 4 K (residual-resistance ratio ≈ 1000) at 100 MHz: l ≈ 39 µm is ~190 δ — the anomalous skin effect',
+                fails: ['local'],
+            },
+            {
+                args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-8', 'f_Hz=100kHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=35um'],
+                note: 'a 35 µm copper foil at 100 kHz: δ ≈ 206 µm, so the foil is a sixth of a skin depth and the half-space profile does not apply',
+                fails: ['thick'],
+            },
+            {
+                args: ['rho_ohm_m=0.1', 'f_Hz=10GHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=11.7', 'l_mfp_m=28nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=2.3e5', 'thickness_m=10mm'],
+                note: 'lightly doped silicon (10 Ω·cm) at 10 GHz: ωε/σ ≈ 0.65, a lossy dielectric rather than a good conductor',
+                fails: ['good-conductor'],
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    /** Evaluate the classical skin depth and conductor-regime checks for the supplied inputs. */
+    run(i) {
+        requirePositive(ID, i, ['rho_ohm_m', 'f_Hz', 'mu_r', 'eps_r', 'l_mfp_m', 'v_carrier_m_per_s', 'thickness_m']);
+        const { rho_ohm_m: rho, f_Hz: f, mu_r: muR, eps_r: epsR, l_mfp_m: l, v_carrier_m_per_s: v, thickness_m: d } = i;
+        const omega = 2 * Math.PI * f;
+        const mu = muR * MU_0_SI;
+        const delta = Math.sqrt((2 * rho) / (omega * mu));
+        const r = omega * epsR * EPS_0_SI * rho;
+        const deltaMaxwell = delta * maxwellDepthFactor(r);
+        const omegaTau = (omega * l) / v;
+        return {
+            outputs: {
+                omega_per_s: omega,
+                delta_m: delta,
+                R_s_ohm: rho / delta,
+                delta_maxwell_m: deltaMaxwell,
+                maxwell_deviation: delta / deltaMaxwell - 1,
+                displacement_ratio: r,
+                mfp_ratio: l / delta,
+                omega_tau: omegaTau,
+                thickness_ratio: d / delta,
+                back_field_ratio: Math.exp(-d / delta),
+            },
+            checks: [
+                check('good-conductor', 'good conductor: conduction current ≫ displacement current', 'ωε/σ', r, '<=', MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the parent penetration depth then differs from δ by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%'),
+                check('local', 'local conductivity: the carriers\' mean free path well inside the skin depth, l ≪ δ', 'l/δ', l / delta, '<=', MAX_MFP_RATIO, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1; beyond it the current at a point depends on the field over a path l and the anomalous skin effect sets in (Pippard 1947; Reuter & Sondheimer 1948)'),
+                check('dc-conductivity', 'DC conductivity: the drive is slow beside the carrier relaxation, ωτ ≪ 1', 'ω l/v', omegaTau, '<=', MAX_OMEGA_TAU, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the Drude σ(ω) = σ0/(1 − iωτ) is then within 0.5% of σ0 in modulus'),
+                check('thick', 'the conductor is a half-space for the field: d ≫ δ', 'd/δ', d / delta, '>=', MIN_THICKNESS_RATIO, 'chosen threshold: the half-space field at the back face is then ≤ e^{−5} ≈ 0.7% of the surface field'),
+            ],
+            unchecked: [
+                'ρ, μ_r and ε_r are the values at the conductor\'s temperature and at f; τ = l/v assumes one carrier species with one speed',
+                'the conductor is planar on the scale of δ (a wire of radius a needs a ≫ δ, not checked here)',
+            ],
+        };
+    },
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=skin-depth.js.map

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"skin-depth.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/skin-depth.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAiBG;AACH,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,sBAAsB,CAAC;AAC5C,OAAO,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,eAAe,EAAoB,MAAM,YAAY,CAAC;AAEtE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,iBAAiB,CAAC;AAE7B,4DAA4D;AAC5D,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,OAAO,GAAG,gBAAgB,CAAC;AAExC,0DAA0D;AAC1D,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,QAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,OAAO,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;AAEpD,6GAA6G;AAC7G,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,sBAAsB,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC;AAE3C,kEAAkE;AAClE,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,aAAa,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC;AAEjC,gGAAgG;AAChG,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,aAAa,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC;AAEjC,0GAA0G;AAC1G,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,mBAAmB,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;AAErC;;;;GAIG;AACH,MAAM,UAAU,kBAAkB,CAAC,CAAS;IAC1C,OAAO,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;AACzC,CAAC;AAED,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,eAAe,GAAgB;IAC1C,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE;IACN,KAAK,EAAE,sFAAsF;IAC7F,UAAU,EAAE;QACV,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,qFAAqF,EAAE;QACzK,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,2BAA2B,EAAE;QACrG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,uBAAuB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,sEAAsE,EAAE;QAC5J,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,uBAAuB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,mGAAmG,EAAE;QAC1L,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,wBAAwB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,yGAAyG,EAAE;QAClM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,eAAe,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,mIAAmI,EAAE;QAC/N,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,qBAAqB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,8DAA8D,EAAE;KACzJ;IACD,SAAS,EAAE;QACT,MAAM,EAAE;YACN,2FAA2F;YAC3F,uHAAuH;YACvH,+FAA+F;SAChG;QACD,MAAM,EAAE;YACN,uGAAuG;YACvG,mEAAmE;YACnE,0FAA0F;SAC3F;QACD,WAAW,EACT,uHAAuH;YACvH,iHAAiH;YACjH,iHAAiH;YACjH,sDAAsD;KACzD;IACD,UAAU,EAAE,SAAS;IACrB,OAAO,EAAE;QACP,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,uBAAuB,EAAE;QACnF,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,0EAA0E,EAAE;QAC/H,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,6EAA6E,EAAE;QACtI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,oFAAoF,EAAE;QACnJ,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,sEAAsE,EAAE;QAC5I,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,8CAA8C,EAAE;QAChH,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,gCAAgC,EAAE;QACxF,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,6DAA6D,EAAE;QACpH,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,oCAAoC,EAAE;QAClG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,kFAAkF,EAAE;KACvJ;IACD,UAAU,EAAE;QACV,2HAA2H;QAC3H,4GAA4G;QAC5G,qIAAqI;KACtI;IACD,UAAU,EAAE;QACV,SAAS,EAAE,oGAAoG;QAC/G,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS;QACnB,YAAY,EAAE,iBAAiB;QAC/B,YAAY,EAAE,mBAAmB;QACjC,MAAM,EAAE,mDAAmD;KAC5D;IACD,WAAW,EAAE;QACX,wFAAwF;QACxF,uGAAuG;QACvG,iIAAiI;QACjI,2EAA2E;QAC3E,kHAAkH;KACnH;IACD,WAAW,EAAE;QACX,0HAA0H;YACxH,8CAA8C;QAChD,8GAA8G;QAC9G,6KAA6K;KAC9K;IACD,KAAK,EAAE;QACL,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,qGAAqG,EAAE;QACtI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,wBAAwB,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,0HAA0H,EAAE;QAClK,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,4GAA4G,EAAE;QACxI,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,sBAAsB,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,mGAAmG,EAAE;KAC1I;IACD,QAAQ,EAAE;QACR,KAAK,EAAE;YACL,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,mBAAmB,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAAE,iBAAiB,CAAC;YAC5H,IAAI,EAAE,oEAAoE;YAC1E,KAAK,EAAE,EAAE;SACV;QACD,QAAQ,EAAE;YACR;gBACE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,oBAAoB,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAAE,iBAAiB,CAAC;gBAC/H,IAAI,EAAE,0HAA0H;gBAChI,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC;aACjB;YACD;gBACE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,mBAAmB,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAAE,kBAAkB,CAAC;gBAC/H,IAAI,EAAE,8HAA8H;gBACpI,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC;aACjB;YACD;gBACE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,eAAe,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,yBAAyB,EAAE,kBAAkB,CAAC;gBAC5H,IAAI,EAAE,yGAAyG;gBAC/G,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,gBAAgB,CAAC;aAC1B;SACF;KACF;IACD,6FAA6F;IAC7F,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QACH,eAAe,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,aAAa,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QAC9G,MAAM,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAA2B,CAAC;QAC1I,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QAC9B,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,OAAO,CAAC;QACzB,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QAClD,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,KAAK,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,QAAQ,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC;QACxC,MAAM,YAAY,GAAG,KAAK,GAAG,kBAAkB,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QACnD,MAAM,QAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;QACjC,OAAO;YACL,OAAO,EAAE;gBACP,WAAW,EAAE,KAAK;gBAClB,OAAO,EAAE,KAAK;gBACd,OAAO,EAAE,GAAG,GAAG,KAAK;gBACpB,eAAe,EAAE,YAAY;gBAC7B,iBAAiB,EAAE,KAAK,GAAG,YAAY,GAAG,CAAC;gBAC3C,kBAAkB,EAAE,CAAC;gBACrB,SAAS,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,KAAK;gBACpB,SAAS,EAAE,QAAQ;gBACnB,eAAe,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,KAAK;gBAC1B,gBAAgB,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,KAAK,CAAC;aACvC;YACD,MAAM,EAAE;gBACN,KAAK,CAAC,gBAAgB,EAAE,2DAA2D,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,sBAAsB,EAC1H,gGAAgG,CAAC;gBACnG,KAAK,CAAC,OAAO,EAAE,qFAAqF,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,aAAa,EACzI,8KAA8K,CAAC;gBACjL,KAAK,CAAC,iBAAiB,EAAE,0EAA0E,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,aAAa,EACzI,8FAA8F,CAAC;gBACjG,KAAK,CAAC,OAAO,EAAE,oDAAoD,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAC9G,sGAAsG,CAAC;aAC1G;YACD,SAAS,EAAE;gBACT,4HAA4H;gBAC5H,8FAA8F;aAC/F;SACF,CAAC;IACJ,CAAC;CACF,CAAC"}