universal-physics-tensor 0.47.1 → 1.0.1

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.d.ts.map

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package/dist/cases/skin-depth.js

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+/**
+ * Applied case: the skin depth of a planar conductor driven at one frequency —
+ * how far an AC field (and its current) penetrates, and the surface
+ * resistance that sets the conductor's AC loss.
+ *
+ * In one dimension the Maxwell equations with a local Ohm law in a conductor
+ * are the telegraph equation of `model-telegraph`, with relaxation time ε/σ
+ * and diffusivity 1/(μσ). Dropping the displacement current is
+ * `ab-telegraph-diffusion`, which leaves magnetic diffusion and the classical
+ * δ = √(2ρ/(ωμ)) (Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed., §5.18 and
+ * §8.1). This case evaluates δ, checks the three premises the classical
+ * result needs — a good conductor, a local conductivity (the mean free path
+ * well inside δ; otherwise the anomalous skin effect, Pippard 1947), a DC
+ * conductivity (ωτ ≪ 1, Drude) — and the half-space boundary condition, and
+ * compares δ with the penetration depth of the full plane-wave solution.
+ *
+ * @module cases/skin-depth
+ */
+import { C_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
+import { check, requirePositive } from './types.js';
+const ID = 'case-skin-depth';
+/** Vacuum permeability μ0, CODATA 2018 (N/A²). @internal */
+export const MU_0_SI = 1.25663706212e-6;
+/** Vacuum permittivity ε0 = 1/(μ0 c²) (F/m). @internal */
+export const EPS_0_SI = 1 / (MU_0_SI * C_SI * C_SI);
+/** ωε/σ ceiling: the displacement current then moves the penetration depth by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%. @internal */
+export const MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO = 0.01;
+/** l/δ ceiling for a local (classical) conductivity. @internal */
+export const MAX_MFP_RATIO = 0.1;
+/** ωτ ceiling: the Drude σ(ω) = σ0/(1 − iωτ) is then within 0.5% of σ0 in modulus. @internal */
+export const MAX_OMEGA_TAU = 0.1;
+/** d/δ floor: the field reaching the back face is then ≤ e^{−5} ≈ 0.7% of the surface field. @internal */
+export const MIN_THICKNESS_RATIO = 5;
+/**
+ * δ_Maxwell/δ for the plane wave k² = ω²με + iωμσ, as a function of r = ωε/σ:
+ * 1/Im k = δ √(√(1 + r²) + r), written without the cancellation of |z| − Re z.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function maxwellDepthFactor(r) {
+    return Math.sqrt(Math.hypot(1, r) + r);
+}
+export const SKIN_DEPTH_CASE = {
+    id: ID,
+    title: 'Skin depth of a planar conductor (good-conductor, local and DC-conductivity regimes)',
+    parameters: [
+        { key: 'rho_ohm_m', quantity: 'resistivity', symbol: 'ρ', unit: 'ohm*m', meaning: 'DC resistivity 1/σ at the conductor\'s temperature (copper at 20 °C ≈ 1.68e-8), > 0' },
+        { key: 'f_Hz', quantity: 'frequency', symbol: 'f', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'drive frequency ω/2π, > 0' },
+        { key: 'mu_r', quantity: 'relative permeability', symbol: 'μ_r', unit: '', meaning: 'μ/μ0 of the conductor, taken constant and linear (1 for copper), > 0' },
+        { key: 'eps_r', quantity: 'relative permittivity', symbol: 'ε_r', unit: '', meaning: 'ε/ε0 of the bound charges, beside the conduction current (1 for a metal, ≈ 11.7 for silicon), > 0' },
+        { key: 'l_mfp_m', quantity: 'carrier mean free path', symbol: 'l', unit: 'm', meaning: 'the conduction carriers\' mean free path at the conductor\'s temperature (copper at 293 K ≈ 39 nm), > 0' },
+        { key: 'v_carrier_m_per_s', quantity: 'carrier speed', symbol: 'v', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'speed setting τ = l/v: the Fermi velocity in a metal (copper 1.57e6), the thermal velocity in a non-degenerate semiconductor, > 0' },
+        { key: 'thickness_m', quantity: 'conductor thickness', symbol: 'd', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thickness of the planar conductor, driven from one face, > 0' },
+    ],
+    governing: {
+        parent: [
+            '∇×E = −∂B/∂t,  ∇×H = σE + ∂D/∂t,  B = μH,  D = εE   (Maxwell with a local Ohm law J = σE)',
+            'one dimension, H = H_y(x, t):  (ε/σ) ∂²H/∂t² + ∂H/∂t = (1/(μσ)) ∂²H/∂x²   (the telegraph equation of model-telegraph)',
+            'driven at ω on a half-space: H ∝ e^{i(kx − ωt)},  k² = ω²με + iωμσ,  penetration depth 1/Im k',
+        ],
+        scalar: [
+            '∂H/∂t = (1/(μσ)) ∂²H/∂x²   (displacement current dropped: magnetic diffusion; ab-telegraph-diffusion)',
+            'H(x, t) = H0 e^{−x/δ} cos(ωt − x/δ),  δ = √(2ρ/(ωμ)),  μ = μ_r μ0',
+            'surface resistance R_s = ρ/δ   (per square: the DC resistance of a sheet of thickness δ)',
+        ],
+        distinction: 'The parent is a vector field obeying a wave equation with loss, whose conductivity is a local, frequency-independent ' +
+            'constant; the scalar keeps one decay length for one field component in a half-space. Dropped: the displacement ' +
+            'current (the wave part, O(ωε/σ)), any non-local or frequency-dependent conductivity, the back face of a finite ' +
+            'conductor, and the conductor\'s curvature and edges.',
+    },
+    observable: 'delta_m',
+    outputs: [
+        { key: 'omega_per_s', symbol: 'ω', unit: 's^-1', meaning: 'angular frequency 2πf' },
+        { key: 'delta_m', symbol: 'δ', unit: 'm', meaning: 'classical skin depth √(2ρ/(ωμ)): the field and current fall by 1/e per δ' },
+        { key: 'R_s_ohm', symbol: 'R_s', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'surface resistance ρ/δ, per square (the real part of the surface impedance)' },
+        { key: 'delta_maxwell_m', symbol: 'δ_M', unit: 'm', meaning: '1/Im k with the displacement current kept: the parent plane-wave penetration depth' },
+        { key: 'maxwell_deviation', symbol: 'δ/δ_M − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'relative excess of the classical δ over the parent penetration depth' },
+        { key: 'displacement_ratio', symbol: 'ωε/σ', unit: '', meaning: 'displacement current over conduction current' },
+        { key: 'mfp_ratio', symbol: 'l/δ', unit: '', meaning: 'mean free path over skin depth' },
+        { key: 'omega_tau', symbol: 'ωτ', unit: '', meaning: 'ω l/v: the drive period against the carrier relaxation time' },
+        { key: 'thickness_ratio', symbol: 'd/δ', unit: '', meaning: 'conductor thickness in skin depths' },
+        { key: 'back_field_ratio', symbol: 'e^{−d/δ}', unit: '', meaning: 'field amplitude at the back face over the surface amplitude (half-space profile)' },
+    ],
+    conditions: [
+        'a planar, homogeneous, isotropic conductor filling 0 ≤ x ≤ d, driven at x = 0 by a tangential field H_y(0, t) = H0 cos ωt',
+        'periodic steady state: the start-up transient has decayed (it does so over a few periods near the surface)',
+        'half-space profile: the field vanishes deep in the conductor (checked through d/δ); the medium outside x = 0 enters only through H0',
+    ],
+    comparison: {
+        reference: 'the parent plane wave in a local ohmic medium, displacement current kept: 1/Im k, k² = ω²με + iωμσ',
+        valueKey: 'delta_m',
+        referenceKey: 'delta_maxwell_m',
+        deviationKey: 'maxwell_deviation',
+        method: 'closed form 1/Im k = δ √(√(1 + r²) + r), r = ωε/σ',
+    },
+    notIncluded: [
+        'the temperature dependence of ρ (a conductor heated by its own AC loss has a larger δ)',
+        'surface roughness, which raises the AC loss once the rms roughness approaches δ (Hammerstad–Bekkadal)',
+        'curvature: for a round wire of radius a the Bessel-function solution replaces the planar profile, with corrections of order δ/a',
+        'ferromagnetic hysteresis and saturation: μ_r is taken constant and linear',
+        'the anomalous-regime surface impedance itself (Reuter–Sondheimer), which this case refuses rather than evaluates',
+    ],
+    measurement: [
+        'surface resistance: the unloaded Q of a cavity walled with the conductor is Q = G/R_s, G the cavity\'s geometry factor; ' +
+            'compare the R_s inferred from Q with R_s_ohm',
+        'AC resistance: per square of the driven face it is R_s = ρ/δ against ρ/d at DC, so R_ac/R_dc = d/δ for d ≫ δ',
+        'eddy-current probing: the phase lag x/δ of the field at depth x, or the transmission e^{−d/δ} through a foil when d/δ is not large (a thin foil is where this case refuses)',
+    ],
+    links: [
+        { id: 'model-telegraph', role: 'τ u_tt + u_t = D u_xx: the 1-D Maxwell equations in an ohmic conductor, with τ = ε/σ and D = 1/(μσ)' },
+        { id: 'ab-telegraph-diffusion', role: 'dropping τ u_tt (here the displacement current) to reach diffusion; its small parameter τDq² is of order ωε/σ at q ~ 1/δ' },
+        { id: 'model-fick', role: 'the diffusion equation u_t = D u_xx that the magnetic field obeys once the displacement current is dropped' },
+        { id: 'CE-drude-resistivity', role: 'ρ = m/(nq²τ): the DC resistivity whose τ the DC-conductivity check compares with the drive period' },
+    ],
+    examples: {
+        valid: {
+            args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-8', 'f_Hz=1MHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=1mm'],
+            note: 'a 1 mm copper plate at room temperature driven at 1 MHz: δ ≈ 65 µm',
+            fails: [],
+        },
+        failures: [
+            {
+                args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-11', 'f_Hz=100MHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39um', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=1mm'],
+                note: 'high-purity copper at 4 K (residual-resistance ratio ≈ 1000) at 100 MHz: l ≈ 39 µm is ~190 δ — the anomalous skin effect',
+                fails: ['local'],
+            },
+            {
+                args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-8', 'f_Hz=100kHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=35um'],
+                note: 'a 35 µm copper foil at 100 kHz: δ ≈ 206 µm, so the foil is a sixth of a skin depth and the half-space profile does not apply',
+                fails: ['thick'],
+            },
+            {
+                args: ['rho_ohm_m=0.1', 'f_Hz=10GHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=11.7', 'l_mfp_m=28nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=2.3e5', 'thickness_m=10mm'],
+                note: 'lightly doped silicon (10 Ω·cm) at 10 GHz: ωε/σ ≈ 0.65, a lossy dielectric rather than a good conductor',
+                fails: ['good-conductor'],
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    /** Evaluate the classical skin depth and conductor-regime checks for the supplied inputs. */
+    run(i) {
+        requirePositive(ID, i, ['rho_ohm_m', 'f_Hz', 'mu_r', 'eps_r', 'l_mfp_m', 'v_carrier_m_per_s', 'thickness_m']);
+        const { rho_ohm_m: rho, f_Hz: f, mu_r: muR, eps_r: epsR, l_mfp_m: l, v_carrier_m_per_s: v, thickness_m: d } = i;
+        const omega = 2 * Math.PI * f;
+        const mu = muR * MU_0_SI;
+        const delta = Math.sqrt((2 * rho) / (omega * mu));
+        const r = omega * epsR * EPS_0_SI * rho;
+        const deltaMaxwell = delta * maxwellDepthFactor(r);
+        const omegaTau = (omega * l) / v;
+        return {
+            outputs: {
+                omega_per_s: omega,
+                delta_m: delta,
+                R_s_ohm: rho / delta,
+                delta_maxwell_m: deltaMaxwell,
+                maxwell_deviation: delta / deltaMaxwell - 1,
+                displacement_ratio: r,
+                mfp_ratio: l / delta,
+                omega_tau: omegaTau,
+                thickness_ratio: d / delta,
+                back_field_ratio: Math.exp(-d / delta),
+            },
+            checks: [
+                check('good-conductor', 'good conductor: conduction current ≫ displacement current', 'ωε/σ', r, '<=', MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the parent penetration depth then differs from δ by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%'),
+                check('local', 'local conductivity: the carriers\' mean free path well inside the skin depth, l ≪ δ', 'l/δ', l / delta, '<=', MAX_MFP_RATIO, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1; beyond it the current at a point depends on the field over a path l and the anomalous skin effect sets in (Pippard 1947; Reuter & Sondheimer 1948)'),
+                check('dc-conductivity', 'DC conductivity: the drive is slow beside the carrier relaxation, ωτ ≪ 1', 'ω l/v', omegaTau, '<=', MAX_OMEGA_TAU, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the Drude σ(ω) = σ0/(1 − iωτ) is then within 0.5% of σ0 in modulus'),
+                check('thick', 'the conductor is a half-space for the field: d ≫ δ', 'd/δ', d / delta, '>=', MIN_THICKNESS_RATIO, 'chosen threshold: the half-space field at the back face is then ≤ e^{−5} ≈ 0.7% of the surface field'),
+            ],
+            unchecked: [
+                'ρ, μ_r and ε_r are the values at the conductor\'s temperature and at f; τ = l/v assumes one carrier species with one speed',
+                'the conductor is planar on the scale of δ (a wire of radius a needs a ≫ δ, not checked here)',
+            ],
+        };
+    },
+};
+//# sourceMappingURL=skin-depth.js.map

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/cases/types.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/**
+ * An applied case: one complete measurement problem, qualified end to end.
+ *
+ * A bridge evaluator answers "what does this formula give"; a case answers
+ * "what should this experiment read, under which premises, and how would I
+ * know the premises fail". Each case states the parent (field, vector or
+ * frequency-resolved) equation beside the scalar simplification it evaluates,
+ * the observable with its unit, the boundary and initial conditions, the
+ * regime checks with their thresholds, what the uncertainty treatment does not
+ * cover, and the route to a measurement comparison.
+ *
+ * A case carries no evidence tag. Where it rests on a catalog bridge or an
+ * atlas bridge it names the record, and the evidence stays that record's.
+ *
+ * @module cases/types
+ */
+import type { EvaluatorParameter } from '../bridges/evaluators.js';
+/** One derived number a case reports. @internal */
+export interface CaseOutput {
+    readonly key: string;
+    readonly symbol: string;
+    /** A unit expression; `''` for dimensionless. */
+    readonly unit: string;
+    readonly meaning: string;
+}
+/**
+ * One regime inequality, evaluated at the given inputs. The bound is a chosen
+ * numerical reading of a "≪" and says so in `threshold`.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export interface CaseCheck {
+    readonly id: string;
+    /** The physical premise the inequality stands for. */
+    readonly premise: string;
+    /** The checked quantity, written out. */
+    readonly quantity: string;
+    readonly value: number;
+    readonly op: '<=' | '>=' | '>';
+    readonly bound: number;
+    /** Why this bound: what it guarantees, or that it is a chosen threshold. */
+    readonly threshold: string;
+    readonly holds: boolean;
+}
+/**
+ * A comparison of one output with a reference — the parent model evaluated
+ * numerically, or the ideal a finite measurement approaches. Reported beside
+ * the checks, never merged into them: a small deviation at one point does not
+ * establish the premises.
+ * @internal
+ */
+export interface CaseComparison {
+    /** What the reference is. */
+    readonly reference: string;
+    readonly valueKey: string;
+    readonly referenceKey: string;
+    /** Output holding value/reference − 1. */
+    readonly deviationKey: string;
+    readonly method: string;
+}
+/** A worked invocation. `fails` lists exactly the checks it violates. @internal */
+export interface CaseExample {
+    readonly args: readonly string[];
+    readonly note: string;
+    readonly fails: readonly string[];
+}
+/** What a case evaluates to. A `null` output is undefined outside its premise. @internal */
+export interface CaseResult {
+    readonly outputs: Readonly<Record<string, number | null>>;
+    readonly checks: readonly CaseCheck[];
+    /** Premises stated but not checked at these inputs. */
+    readonly unchecked: readonly string[];
+}
+/** An applied case. @internal */
+export interface AppliedCase {
+    readonly id: string;
+    readonly title: string;
+    readonly parameters: readonly EvaluatorParameter[];
+    readonly governing: {
+        /** The parent equations, which this case does NOT evaluate as its answer. */
+        readonly parent: readonly string[];
+        /** The scalar simplification it evaluates. */
+        readonly scalar: readonly string[];
+        /** What the simplification keeps and what it drops. */
+        readonly distinction: string;
+    };
+    /** Key of the output a measurement reads. */
+    readonly observable: string;
+    readonly outputs: readonly CaseOutput[];
+    readonly conditions: readonly string[];
+    readonly comparison?: CaseComparison;
+    /** Left out of the model and of any --sigma propagation. */
+    readonly notIncluded: readonly string[];
+    readonly measurement: readonly string[];
+    /** Catalog bridges (`be-58`), atlas records (`ab-…`, `model-…`) and canonical entries it rests on. */
+    readonly links: readonly {
+        readonly id: string;
+        readonly role: string;
+    }[];
+    readonly examples: {
+        readonly valid: CaseExample;
+        readonly failures: readonly CaseExample[];
+    };
+    /**
+     * The `upt regime --at` line implied by a result, when the case's outputs
+     * are not the regime's coordinate names.
+     */
+    regimeAt?(inputs: Readonly<Record<string, number>>, outputs: Readonly<Record<string, number | null>>): string;
+    /** @throws Error on an input outside the model's domain (a negative radius, f_lo ≥ f_hi). */
+    run(inputs: Readonly<Record<string, number>>): CaseResult;
+}
+/** Build a CaseCheck from one evaluated inequality and mark whether it holds. @internal */
+export declare const check: (id: string, premise: string, quantity: string, value: number, op: CaseCheck['op'], bound: number, threshold: string) => CaseCheck;
+/** Reject missing, non-finite or non-positive inputs for the listed case parameters. @internal */
+export declare function requirePositive(caseId: string, inputs: Readonly<Record<string, number>>, keys: readonly string[]): void;
+//# sourceMappingURL=types.d.ts.map

package/dist/cases/types.d.ts.map

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package/dist/cases/types.js

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/** Build a CaseCheck from one evaluated inequality and mark whether it holds. @internal */
+export const check = (id, premise, quantity, value, op, bound, threshold) => ({
+    id,
+    premise,
+    quantity,
+    value,
+    op,
+    bound,
+    threshold,
+    holds: op === '<=' ? value <= bound : op === '>=' ? value >= bound : value > bound,
+});
+/** Reject missing, non-finite or non-positive inputs for the listed case parameters. @internal */
+export function requirePositive(caseId, inputs, keys) {
+    for (const k of keys) {
+        const v = inputs[k];
+        if (v === undefined || !Number.isFinite(v) || !(v > 0))
+            throw new Error(`${caseId}: ${k} must be a finite number > 0 (got ${v})`);
+    }
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=types.js.map

package/dist/cases/types.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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