typia 5.0.0-dev.20230823 → 5.0.0-dev.2023084

package/src/programmers/protobuf/ProtobufDecodeProgrammer.ts

@@ -1,669 +1,673 @@
-import ts from "typescript";
-
-import { ExpressionFactory } from "../../factories/ExpressionFactory";
-import { IdentifierFactory } from "../../factories/IdentifierFactory";
-import { MetadataCollection } from "../../factories/MetadataCollection";
-import { MetadataFactory } from "../../factories/MetadataFactory";
-import { ProtobufFactory } from "../../factories/ProtobufFactory";
-import { StatementFactory } from "../../factories/StatementFactory";
-import { TypeFactory } from "../../factories/TypeFactory";
-
-import { IMetadataTag } from "../../schemas/metadata/IMetadataTag";
-import { Metadata } from "../../schemas/metadata/Metadata";
-import { MetadataArray } from "../../schemas/metadata/MetadataArray";
-import { MetadataObject } from "../../schemas/metadata/MetadataObject";
-import { MetadataProperty } from "../../schemas/metadata/MetadataProperty";
-
-import { IProject } from "../../transformers/IProject";
-
-import { Atomic } from "../../typings/Atomic";
-
-import { FunctionImporter } from "../helpers/FunctionImporeter";
-import { ProtobufUtil } from "../helpers/ProtobufUtil";
-
-export namespace ProtobufDecodeProgrammer {
-    export const write =
-        (project: IProject) =>
-        (modulo: ts.LeftHandSideExpression) =>
-        (type: ts.Type, name?: string): ts.ArrowFunction => {
-            const importer: FunctionImporter = new FunctionImporter();
-            const collection: MetadataCollection = new MetadataCollection();
-            const meta: Metadata = ProtobufFactory.metadata(modulo.getText())(
-                project.checker,
-            )(collection)(type);
-
-            const functors = collection
-                .objects()
-                .filter((obj) => ProtobufUtil.isStaticObject(obj))
-                .map((obj) =>
-                    StatementFactory.constant(
-                        `${PREFIX}o${obj.index}`,
-                        write_object_function(project)(importer)(obj),
-                    ),
-                );
-            const reader = StatementFactory.constant(
-                "reader",
-                ts.factory.createNewExpression(
-                    importer.use("Reader"),
-                    undefined,
-                    [ts.factory.createIdentifier("input")],
-                ),
-            );
-
-            return ts.factory.createArrowFunction(
-                undefined,
-                undefined,
-                [
-                    IdentifierFactory.parameter(
-                        "input",
-                        ts.factory.createTypeReferenceNode("Uint8Array"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                ts.factory.createTypeReferenceNode(
-                    name ?? TypeFactory.getFullName(project.checker)(type),
-                ),
-                undefined,
-                ts.factory.createBlock(
-                    [
-                        ...importer.declare(modulo),
-                        ...functors,
-                        reader,
-                        ts.factory.createReturnStatement(
-                            decode_regular_object(true)(meta.objects[0]!),
-                        ),
-                    ],
-                    true,
-                ),
-            );
-        };
-
-    const write_object_function =
-        (project: IProject) =>
-        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
-        (obj: MetadataObject): ts.ArrowFunction =>
-            ts.factory.createArrowFunction(
-                undefined,
-                undefined,
-                [
-                    IdentifierFactory.parameter("reader"),
-                    IdentifierFactory.parameter(
-                        "length",
-                        TypeFactory.keyword("number"),
-                        ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(-1),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
-                undefined,
-                ts.factory.createBlock(
-                    [
-                        ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                            ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
-                                ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
-                                ts.factory.createToken(
-                                    ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken,
-                                ),
-                                ts.factory.createConditionalExpression(
-                                    ts.factory.createLessThan(
-                                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
-                                        ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(0),
-                                    ),
-                                    undefined,
-                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
-                                            "size",
-                                        ),
-                                        undefined,
-                                        undefined,
-                                    ),
-                                    undefined,
-                                    ts.factory.createAdd(
-                                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
-                                                "index",
-                                            ),
-                                            undefined,
-                                            undefined,
-                                        ),
-                                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
-                                    ),
-                                ),
-                            ),
-                        ),
-                        ...write_object_function_body(project)(importer)({
-                            condition: ts.factory.createLessThan(
-                                ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                    IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("index"),
-                                    undefined,
-                                    undefined,
-                                ),
-                                ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
-                            ),
-                            tag: "tag",
-                            output: "output",
-                        })(obj.properties),
-                        ts.factory.createReturnStatement(
-                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("output"),
-                        ),
-                    ],
-                    true,
-                ),
-            );
-
-    const write_object_function_body =
-        (project: IProject) =>
-        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
-        (props: { condition: ts.Expression; tag: string; output: string }) =>
-        (properties: MetadataProperty[]): ts.Statement[] => {
-            let i: number = 1;
-            const clauses: ts.CaseClause[] = properties
-                .map((p) => {
-                    const clause = decode_property(project)(importer)(i)(
-                        IdentifierFactory.access(
-                            ts.factory.createIdentifier(props.output),
-                        )(p.key.getSoleLiteral()!),
-                        p.value,
-                        p.tags,
-                    );
-                    i += p.value.binarySize();
-                    return clause;
-                })
-                .flat();
-            return [
-                StatementFactory.constant(
-                    props.output,
-                    ts.factory.createObjectLiteralExpression(
-                        properties.map((p) =>
-                            ts.factory.createPropertyAssignment(
-                                IdentifierFactory.identifier(
-                                    p.key.getSoleLiteral()!,
-                                ),
-                                write_property_default_value(p.value),
-                            ),
-                        ),
-                        true,
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ts.factory.createWhileStatement(
-                    props.condition,
-                    ts.factory.createBlock([
-                        StatementFactory.constant(
-                            props.tag,
-                            ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("uint32"),
-                                undefined,
-                                undefined,
-                            ),
-                        ),
-                        ts.factory.createSwitchStatement(
-                            ts.factory.createUnsignedRightShift(
-                                ts.factory.createIdentifier(props.tag),
-                                ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(3),
-                            ),
-                            ts.factory.createCaseBlock([
-                                ...clauses,
-                                ts.factory.createDefaultClause([
-                                    ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
-                                                "skipType",
-                                            ),
-                                            undefined,
-                                            [
-                                                ts.factory.createBitwiseAnd(
-                                                    ts.factory.createIdentifier(
-                                                        props.tag,
-                                                    ),
-                                                    ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(
-                                                        7,
-                                                    ),
-                                                ),
-                                            ],
-                                        ),
-                                    ),
-                                    ts.factory.createBreakStatement(),
-                                ]),
-                            ]),
-                        ),
-                    ]),
-                ),
-            ];
-        };
-
-    const write_property_default_value = (value: Metadata) =>
-        ts.factory.createAsExpression(
-            value.nullable
-                ? ts.factory.createNull()
-                : value.isRequired() === false
-                ? ts.factory.createIdentifier("undefined")
-                : value.arrays.length
-                ? ts.factory.createArrayLiteralExpression()
-                : value.maps.length
-                ? ts.factory.createNewExpression(
-                      ts.factory.createIdentifier("Map"),
-                      undefined,
-                      [],
-                  )
-                : value.natives.length
-                ? ts.factory.createNewExpression(
-                      ts.factory.createIdentifier("Uint8Array"),
-                      undefined,
-                      [],
-                  )
-                : value.atomics.some((str) => str === "string") ||
-                  value.constants.some(
-                      (c) =>
-                          c.type === "string" && c.values.some((v) => v === ""),
-                  ) ||
-                  value.templates.some(
-                      (tpl) =>
-                          tpl.length === 1 && tpl[0]!.getName() === "string",
-                  )
-                ? ts.factory.createStringLiteral("")
-                : value.objects.length &&
-                  value.objects.some((obj) => !ProtobufUtil.isStaticObject(obj))
-                ? ts.factory.createObjectLiteralExpression()
-                : ts.factory.createIdentifier("undefined"),
-            TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
-        );
-
-    /* -----------------------------------------------------------
-        DECODERS
-    ----------------------------------------------------------- */
-    const decode_property =
-        (project: IProject) =>
-        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
-        (index: number) =>
-        (
-            accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
-            meta: Metadata,
-            tags: IMetadataTag[],
-        ): ts.CaseClause[] => {
-            const clauses: ts.CaseClause[] = [];
-            const emplace =
-                (name: string) => (v: ts.Expression | ts.Statement[]) =>
-                    clauses.push(
-                        ts.factory.createCaseClause(
-                            ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(index++),
-                            Array.isArray(v)
-                                ? [
-                                      ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                                          ts.factory.createIdentifier(
-                                              `// type: ${name}`,
-                                          ),
-                                      ),
-                                      ...v,
-                                      ts.factory.createBreakStatement(),
-                                  ]
-                                : [
-                                      ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                                          ts.factory.createIdentifier(
-                                              `// ${name}`,
-                                          ),
-                                      ),
-                                      ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                                          ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
-                                              accessor,
-                                              ts.factory.createToken(
-                                                  ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken,
-                                              ),
-                                              v,
-                                          ),
-                                      ),
-                                      ts.factory.createBreakStatement(),
-                                  ],
-                        ),
-                    );
-
-            const required: boolean = meta.isRequired() && !meta.nullable;
-            for (const atomic of ProtobufUtil.getAtomics(meta))
-                emplace(atomic)(decode_atomic(atomic, tags));
-            if (meta.natives.length) emplace("bytes")(decode_bytes("bytes"));
-            for (const array of meta.arrays)
-                emplace(`Array<${array.value.getName()}>`)(
-                    decode_array(accessor, array, required, tags),
-                );
-            for (const map of meta.maps)
-                emplace(`Map<string, ${map.value.getName()}>`)(
-                    decode_map(project)(importer)(
-                        accessor,
-                        map,
-                        required,
-                        tags,
-                    ),
-                );
-            for (const obj of meta.objects)
-                emplace(obj.name)(
-                    ProtobufUtil.isStaticObject(obj)
-                        ? decode_regular_object(false)(obj)
-                        : decode_dynamic_object(project)(importer)(
-                              accessor,
-                              obj,
-                              required,
-                          ),
-                );
-            return clauses;
-        };
-
-    const decode_atomic = (
-        atomic: Atomic.Literal,
-        tags: IMetadataTag[],
-    ): ts.Expression => {
-        if (atomic === "string") return decode_bytes("string");
-        const method =
-            atomic === "bigint"
-                ? tags.find((t) => t.kind === "type" && t.value === "uint64")
-                    ? "uint64"
-                    : "int64"
-                : atomic === "number"
-                ? (() => {
-                      const type = tags.find((t) => t.kind === "type");
-                      if (type === undefined) return "double";
-                      return type.value === "int" || type.value === "int32"
-                          ? "int32"
-                          : type.value === "uint" || type.value === "uint32"
-                          ? "uint32"
-                          : type.value === "int64"
-                          ? "int64"
-                          : type.value === "uint64"
-                          ? "uint64"
-                          : type.value === "float"
-                          ? "float"
-                          : "double";
-                  })()
-                : "bool";
-        const call = ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-            IdentifierFactory.access(ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader"))(
-                method,
-            ),
-            undefined,
-            undefined,
-        );
-        return atomic === "number" &&
-            (method === "int64" || method === "uint64")
-            ? ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                  ts.factory.createIdentifier("Number"),
-                  undefined,
-                  [call],
-              )
-            : call;
-    };
-
-    const decode_bytes = (method: "bytes" | "string"): ts.Expression =>
-        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-            IdentifierFactory.access(ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader"))(
-                method,
-            ),
-            undefined,
-            undefined,
-        );
-
-    const decode_array = (
-        accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
-        array: MetadataArray,
-        required: boolean,
-        tags: IMetadataTag[],
-    ): ts.Statement[] => {
-        const statements: Array<ts.Expression | ts.Statement> = [];
-        if (required === false)
-            statements.push(
-                ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
-                    accessor,
-                    ts.factory.createToken(
-                        ts.SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionEqualsToken,
-                    ),
-                    ts.factory.createAsExpression(
-                        ts.factory.createArrayLiteralExpression(),
-                        ts.factory.createTypeReferenceNode("any[]"),
-                    ),
-                ),
-            );
-        const atomics = ProtobufUtil.getAtomics(array.value);
-        const decoder = atomics.length
-            ? () => decode_atomic(atomics[0]!, tags)
-            : array.value.natives.length
-            ? () => decode_bytes("bytes")
-            : array.value.objects.length
-            ? () => decode_regular_object(false)(array.value.objects[0]!)
-            : null;
-        if (decoder === null) throw new Error("Never reach here.");
-        else if (atomics.length && atomics[0] !== "string") {
-            statements.push(
-                ts.factory.createIfStatement(
-                    ts.factory.createStrictEquality(
-                        ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(2),
-                        ts.factory.createBitwiseAnd(
-                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("tag"),
-                            ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(7),
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                    ts.factory.createBlock(
-                        [
-                            StatementFactory.constant(
-                                "piece",
-                                ts.factory.createAdd(
-                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
-                                            "uint32",
-                                        ),
-                                        undefined,
-                                        undefined,
-                                    ),
-                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
-                                            "index",
-                                        ),
-                                        undefined,
-                                        undefined,
-                                    ),
-                                ),
-                            ),
-                            ts.factory.createWhileStatement(
-                                ts.factory.createLessThan(
-                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
-                                            "index",
-                                        ),
-                                        undefined,
-                                        undefined,
-                                    ),
-                                    ts.factory.createIdentifier("piece"),
-                                ),
-                                ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                        IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)(
-                                            "push",
-                                        ),
-                                        undefined,
-                                        [decoder()],
-                                    ),
-                                ),
-                            ),
-                        ],
-                        true,
-                    ),
-                    ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                            IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)("push"),
-                            undefined,
-                            [decoder()],
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                ),
-            );
-        } else
-            statements.push(
-                ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                    IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)("push"),
-                    undefined,
-                    [decoder()],
-                ),
-            );
-        return statements.map((stmt) =>
-            ts.isExpression(stmt)
-                ? ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(stmt)
-                : stmt,
-        );
-    };
-
-    const decode_regular_object =
-        (top: boolean) =>
-        (obj: MetadataObject): ts.Expression =>
-            ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                ts.factory.createIdentifier(`${PREFIX}o${obj.index}`),
-                undefined,
-                [
-                    ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader"),
-                    ...(top
-                        ? []
-                        : [
-                              ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                                  IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("uint32"),
-                                  undefined,
-                                  undefined,
-                              ),
-                          ]),
-                ],
-            );
-
-    const decode_dynamic_object =
-        (project: IProject) =>
-        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
-        (
-            accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
-            obj: MetadataObject,
-            required: boolean,
-        ): ts.Statement[] => {
-            const top = obj.properties[0]!;
-            return decode_entry(project)(importer)({
-                initializer: () =>
-                    ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
-                        accessor,
-                        ts.factory.createToken(
-                            ts.SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionEqualsToken,
-                        ),
-                        ts.factory.createObjectLiteralExpression(),
-                    ),
-                setter: () =>
-                    ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
-                        ts.factory.createElementAccessExpression(
-                            accessor,
-                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.key"),
-                        ),
-                        ts.factory.createToken(ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken),
-                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.value"),
-                    ),
-            })(top, required, top.tags);
-        };
-
-    const decode_map =
-        (project: IProject) =>
-        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
-        (
-            accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
-            map: Metadata.Entry,
-            required: boolean,
-            tags: IMetadataTag[],
-        ): ts.Statement[] =>
-            decode_entry(project)(importer)({
-                initializer: () =>
-                    ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
-                        accessor,
-                        ts.factory.createToken(
-                            ts.SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionEqualsToken,
-                        ),
-                        ts.factory.createNewExpression(
-                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("Map"),
-                            [
-                                TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
-                                TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
-                            ],
-                            [],
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                setter: () =>
-                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                        IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)("set"),
-                        undefined,
-                        [
-                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.key"),
-                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.value"),
-                        ],
-                    ),
-            })(map, required, tags);
-
-    const decode_entry =
-        (project: IProject) =>
-        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
-        (props: {
-            initializer: () => ts.Expression;
-            setter: () => ts.Expression;
-        }) =>
-        (
-            map: Metadata.Entry,
-            required: boolean,
-            tags: IMetadataTag[],
-        ): ts.Statement[] => {
-            const statements: ts.Statement[] = [
-                ...(required
-                    ? []
-                    : [
-                          ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                              props.initializer(),
-                          ),
-                      ]),
-                StatementFactory.constant(
-                    "piece",
-                    ts.factory.createAdd(
-                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("uint32"),
-                            undefined,
-                            undefined,
-                        ),
-                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("index"),
-                            undefined,
-                            undefined,
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ...write_object_function_body(project)(importer)({
-                    condition: ts.factory.createLessThan(
-                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
-                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("index"),
-                            undefined,
-                            undefined,
-                        ),
-                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("piece"),
-                    ),
-                    tag: "kind",
-                    output: "entry",
-                })([
-                    MetadataProperty.create({
-                        key: MetadataFactory.soleLiteral("key"),
-                        value: map.key,
-                        description: null,
-                        tags: [],
-                        jsDocTags: [],
-                    }),
-                    MetadataProperty.create({
-                        key: MetadataFactory.soleLiteral("value"),
-                        value: map.value,
-                        description: null,
-                        tags,
-                        jsDocTags: [],
-                    }),
-                ]),
-                ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(props.setter()),
-            ];
-            return [
-                ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
-                    ExpressionFactory.selfCall(
-                        ts.factory.createBlock(statements, true),
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ];
-        };
-}
-
-const PREFIX = "$pd";
-const READER = () => ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader");
+import ts from "typescript";
+
+import { ExpressionFactory } from "../../factories/ExpressionFactory";
+import { IdentifierFactory } from "../../factories/IdentifierFactory";
+import { MetadataCollection } from "../../factories/MetadataCollection";
+import { MetadataFactory } from "../../factories/MetadataFactory";
+import { ProtobufFactory } from "../../factories/ProtobufFactory";
+import { StatementFactory } from "../../factories/StatementFactory";
+import { TypeFactory } from "../../factories/TypeFactory";
+
+import { IMetadataTag } from "../../schemas/metadata/IMetadataTag";
+import { Metadata } from "../../schemas/metadata/Metadata";
+import { MetadataArray } from "../../schemas/metadata/MetadataArray";
+import { MetadataObject } from "../../schemas/metadata/MetadataObject";
+import { MetadataProperty } from "../../schemas/metadata/MetadataProperty";
+
+import { IProject } from "../../transformers/IProject";
+
+import { Atomic } from "../../typings/Atomic";
+
+import { FunctionImporter } from "../helpers/FunctionImporeter";
+import { ProtobufUtil } from "../helpers/ProtobufUtil";
+
+export namespace ProtobufDecodeProgrammer {
+    export const write =
+        (project: IProject) =>
+        (modulo: ts.LeftHandSideExpression) =>
+        (type: ts.Type, name?: string): ts.ArrowFunction => {
+            const importer: FunctionImporter = new FunctionImporter(
+                modulo.getText(),
+            );
+            const collection: MetadataCollection = new MetadataCollection();
+            const meta: Metadata = ProtobufFactory.metadata(modulo.getText())(
+                project.checker,
+            )(collection)(type);
+
+            const functors = collection
+                .objects()
+                .filter((obj) => ProtobufUtil.isStaticObject(obj))
+                .map((obj) =>
+                    StatementFactory.constant(
+                        `${PREFIX}o${obj.index}`,
+                        write_object_function(project)(importer)(obj),
+                    ),
+                );
+            const reader = StatementFactory.constant(
+                "reader",
+                ts.factory.createNewExpression(
+                    importer.use("Reader"),
+                    undefined,
+                    [ts.factory.createIdentifier("input")],
+                ),
+            );
+
+            return ts.factory.createArrowFunction(
+                undefined,
+                undefined,
+                [
+                    IdentifierFactory.parameter(
+                        "input",
+                        ts.factory.createTypeReferenceNode("Uint8Array"),
+                    ),
+                ],
+                ts.factory.createTypeReferenceNode(
+                    `typia.Resolved<${
+                        name ?? TypeFactory.getFullName(project.checker)(type)
+                    }>`,
+                ),
+                undefined,
+                ts.factory.createBlock(
+                    [
+                        ...importer.declare(modulo),
+                        ...functors,
+                        reader,
+                        ts.factory.createReturnStatement(
+                            decode_regular_object(true)(meta.objects[0]!),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    true,
+                ),
+            );
+        };
+
+    const write_object_function =
+        (project: IProject) =>
+        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
+        (obj: MetadataObject): ts.ArrowFunction =>
+            ts.factory.createArrowFunction(
+                undefined,
+                undefined,
+                [
+                    IdentifierFactory.parameter("reader"),
+                    IdentifierFactory.parameter(
+                        "length",
+                        TypeFactory.keyword("number"),
+                        ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(-1),
+                    ),
+                ],
+                TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
+                undefined,
+                ts.factory.createBlock(
+                    [
+                        ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                            ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
+                                ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
+                                ts.factory.createToken(
+                                    ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken,
+                                ),
+                                ts.factory.createConditionalExpression(
+                                    ts.factory.createLessThan(
+                                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
+                                        ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(0),
+                                    ),
+                                    undefined,
+                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
+                                            "size",
+                                        ),
+                                        undefined,
+                                        undefined,
+                                    ),
+                                    undefined,
+                                    ts.factory.createAdd(
+                                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
+                                                "index",
+                                            ),
+                                            undefined,
+                                            undefined,
+                                        ),
+                                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                        ...write_object_function_body(project)(importer)({
+                            condition: ts.factory.createLessThan(
+                                ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                    IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("index"),
+                                    undefined,
+                                    undefined,
+                                ),
+                                ts.factory.createIdentifier("length"),
+                            ),
+                            tag: "tag",
+                            output: "output",
+                        })(obj.properties),
+                        ts.factory.createReturnStatement(
+                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("output"),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    true,
+                ),
+            );
+
+    const write_object_function_body =
+        (project: IProject) =>
+        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
+        (props: { condition: ts.Expression; tag: string; output: string }) =>
+        (properties: MetadataProperty[]): ts.Statement[] => {
+            let i: number = 1;
+            const clauses: ts.CaseClause[] = properties
+                .map((p) => {
+                    const clause = decode_property(project)(importer)(i)(
+                        IdentifierFactory.access(
+                            ts.factory.createIdentifier(props.output),
+                        )(p.key.getSoleLiteral()!),
+                        p.value,
+                        p.tags,
+                    );
+                    i += p.value.binarySize();
+                    return clause;
+                })
+                .flat();
+            return [
+                StatementFactory.constant(
+                    props.output,
+                    ts.factory.createObjectLiteralExpression(
+                        properties.map((p) =>
+                            ts.factory.createPropertyAssignment(
+                                IdentifierFactory.identifier(
+                                    p.key.getSoleLiteral()!,
+                                ),
+                                write_property_default_value(p.value),
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                        true,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ts.factory.createWhileStatement(
+                    props.condition,
+                    ts.factory.createBlock([
+                        StatementFactory.constant(
+                            props.tag,
+                            ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("uint32"),
+                                undefined,
+                                undefined,
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                        ts.factory.createSwitchStatement(
+                            ts.factory.createUnsignedRightShift(
+                                ts.factory.createIdentifier(props.tag),
+                                ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(3),
+                            ),
+                            ts.factory.createCaseBlock([
+                                ...clauses,
+                                ts.factory.createDefaultClause([
+                                    ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
+                                                "skipType",
+                                            ),
+                                            undefined,
+                                            [
+                                                ts.factory.createBitwiseAnd(
+                                                    ts.factory.createIdentifier(
+                                                        props.tag,
+                                                    ),
+                                                    ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(
+                                                        7,
+                                                    ),
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                        ),
+                                    ),
+                                    ts.factory.createBreakStatement(),
+                                ]),
+                            ]),
+                        ),
+                    ]),
+                ),
+            ];
+        };
+
+    const write_property_default_value = (value: Metadata) =>
+        ts.factory.createAsExpression(
+            value.nullable
+                ? ts.factory.createNull()
+                : value.isRequired() === false
+                ? ts.factory.createIdentifier("undefined")
+                : value.arrays.length
+                ? ts.factory.createArrayLiteralExpression()
+                : value.maps.length
+                ? ts.factory.createNewExpression(
+                      ts.factory.createIdentifier("Map"),
+                      undefined,
+                      [],
+                  )
+                : value.natives.length
+                ? ts.factory.createNewExpression(
+                      ts.factory.createIdentifier("Uint8Array"),
+                      undefined,
+                      [],
+                  )
+                : value.atomics.some((a) => a.type === "string") ||
+                  value.constants.some(
+                      (c) =>
+                          c.type === "string" && c.values.some((v) => v === ""),
+                  ) ||
+                  value.templates.some(
+                      (tpl) =>
+                          tpl.length === 1 && tpl[0]!.getName() === "string",
+                  )
+                ? ts.factory.createStringLiteral("")
+                : value.objects.length &&
+                  value.objects.some((obj) => !ProtobufUtil.isStaticObject(obj))
+                ? ts.factory.createObjectLiteralExpression()
+                : ts.factory.createIdentifier("undefined"),
+            TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
+        );
+
+    /* -----------------------------------------------------------
+        DECODERS
+    ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+    const decode_property =
+        (project: IProject) =>
+        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
+        (index: number) =>
+        (
+            accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
+            meta: Metadata,
+            tags: IMetadataTag[],
+        ): ts.CaseClause[] => {
+            const clauses: ts.CaseClause[] = [];
+            const emplace =
+                (name: string) => (v: ts.Expression | ts.Statement[]) =>
+                    clauses.push(
+                        ts.factory.createCaseClause(
+                            ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(index++),
+                            Array.isArray(v)
+                                ? [
+                                      ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                                          ts.factory.createIdentifier(
+                                              `// type: ${name}`,
+                                          ),
+                                      ),
+                                      ...v,
+                                      ts.factory.createBreakStatement(),
+                                  ]
+                                : [
+                                      ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                                          ts.factory.createIdentifier(
+                                              `// ${name}`,
+                                          ),
+                                      ),
+                                      ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                                          ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
+                                              accessor,
+                                              ts.factory.createToken(
+                                                  ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken,
+                                              ),
+                                              v,
+                                          ),
+                                      ),
+                                      ts.factory.createBreakStatement(),
+                                  ],
+                        ),
+                    );
+
+            const required: boolean = meta.isRequired() && !meta.nullable;
+            for (const atomic of ProtobufUtil.getAtomics(meta))
+                emplace(atomic)(decode_atomic(atomic, tags));
+            if (meta.natives.length) emplace("bytes")(decode_bytes("bytes"));
+            for (const array of meta.arrays)
+                emplace(`Array<${array.value.getName()}>`)(
+                    decode_array(accessor, array, required, tags),
+                );
+            for (const map of meta.maps)
+                emplace(`Map<string, ${map.value.getName()}>`)(
+                    decode_map(project)(importer)(
+                        accessor,
+                        map,
+                        required,
+                        tags,
+                    ),
+                );
+            for (const obj of meta.objects)
+                emplace(obj.name)(
+                    ProtobufUtil.isStaticObject(obj)
+                        ? decode_regular_object(false)(obj)
+                        : decode_dynamic_object(project)(importer)(
+                              accessor,
+                              obj,
+                              required,
+                          ),
+                );
+            return clauses;
+        };
+
+    const decode_atomic = (
+        atomic: Atomic.Literal,
+        tags: IMetadataTag[],
+    ): ts.Expression => {
+        if (atomic === "string") return decode_bytes("string");
+        const method =
+            atomic === "bigint"
+                ? tags.find((t) => t.kind === "type" && t.value === "uint64")
+                    ? "uint64"
+                    : "int64"
+                : atomic === "number"
+                ? (() => {
+                      const type = tags.find((t) => t.kind === "type");
+                      if (type === undefined) return "double";
+                      return type.value === "int" || type.value === "int32"
+                          ? "int32"
+                          : type.value === "uint" || type.value === "uint32"
+                          ? "uint32"
+                          : type.value === "int64"
+                          ? "int64"
+                          : type.value === "uint64"
+                          ? "uint64"
+                          : type.value === "float"
+                          ? "float"
+                          : "double";
+                  })()
+                : "bool";
+        const call = ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+            IdentifierFactory.access(ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader"))(
+                method,
+            ),
+            undefined,
+            undefined,
+        );
+        return atomic === "number" &&
+            (method === "int64" || method === "uint64")
+            ? ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                  ts.factory.createIdentifier("Number"),
+                  undefined,
+                  [call],
+              )
+            : call;
+    };
+
+    const decode_bytes = (method: "bytes" | "string"): ts.Expression =>
+        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+            IdentifierFactory.access(ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader"))(
+                method,
+            ),
+            undefined,
+            undefined,
+        );
+
+    const decode_array = (
+        accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
+        array: MetadataArray,
+        required: boolean,
+        tags: IMetadataTag[],
+    ): ts.Statement[] => {
+        const statements: Array<ts.Expression | ts.Statement> = [];
+        if (required === false)
+            statements.push(
+                ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
+                    accessor,
+                    ts.factory.createToken(
+                        ts.SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionEqualsToken,
+                    ),
+                    ts.factory.createAsExpression(
+                        ts.factory.createArrayLiteralExpression(),
+                        ts.factory.createTypeReferenceNode("any[]"),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            );
+        const atomics = ProtobufUtil.getAtomics(array.value);
+        const decoder = atomics.length
+            ? () => decode_atomic(atomics[0]!, tags)
+            : array.value.natives.length
+            ? () => decode_bytes("bytes")
+            : array.value.objects.length
+            ? () => decode_regular_object(false)(array.value.objects[0]!)
+            : null;
+        if (decoder === null) throw new Error("Never reach here.");
+        else if (atomics.length && atomics[0] !== "string") {
+            statements.push(
+                ts.factory.createIfStatement(
+                    ts.factory.createStrictEquality(
+                        ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(2),
+                        ts.factory.createBitwiseAnd(
+                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("tag"),
+                            ts.factory.createNumericLiteral(7),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    ts.factory.createBlock(
+                        [
+                            StatementFactory.constant(
+                                "piece",
+                                ts.factory.createAdd(
+                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
+                                            "uint32",
+                                        ),
+                                        undefined,
+                                        undefined,
+                                    ),
+                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
+                                            "index",
+                                        ),
+                                        undefined,
+                                        undefined,
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                            ts.factory.createWhileStatement(
+                                ts.factory.createLessThan(
+                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                        IdentifierFactory.access(READER())(
+                                            "index",
+                                        ),
+                                        undefined,
+                                        undefined,
+                                    ),
+                                    ts.factory.createIdentifier("piece"),
+                                ),
+                                ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                        IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)(
+                                            "push",
+                                        ),
+                                        undefined,
+                                        [decoder()],
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                        true,
+                    ),
+                    ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                            IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)("push"),
+                            undefined,
+                            [decoder()],
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            );
+        } else
+            statements.push(
+                ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                    IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)("push"),
+                    undefined,
+                    [decoder()],
+                ),
+            );
+        return statements.map((stmt) =>
+            ts.isExpression(stmt)
+                ? ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(stmt)
+                : stmt,
+        );
+    };
+
+    const decode_regular_object =
+        (top: boolean) =>
+        (obj: MetadataObject): ts.Expression =>
+            ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                ts.factory.createIdentifier(`${PREFIX}o${obj.index}`),
+                undefined,
+                [
+                    ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader"),
+                    ...(top
+                        ? []
+                        : [
+                              ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                                  IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("uint32"),
+                                  undefined,
+                                  undefined,
+                              ),
+                          ]),
+                ],
+            );
+
+    const decode_dynamic_object =
+        (project: IProject) =>
+        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
+        (
+            accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
+            obj: MetadataObject,
+            required: boolean,
+        ): ts.Statement[] => {
+            const top = obj.properties[0]!;
+            return decode_entry(project)(importer)({
+                initializer: () =>
+                    ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
+                        accessor,
+                        ts.factory.createToken(
+                            ts.SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionEqualsToken,
+                        ),
+                        ts.factory.createObjectLiteralExpression(),
+                    ),
+                setter: () =>
+                    ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
+                        ts.factory.createElementAccessExpression(
+                            accessor,
+                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.key"),
+                        ),
+                        ts.factory.createToken(ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken),
+                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.value"),
+                    ),
+            })(top, required, top.tags);
+        };
+
+    const decode_map =
+        (project: IProject) =>
+        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
+        (
+            accessor: ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.PropertyAccessExpression,
+            map: Metadata.Entry,
+            required: boolean,
+            tags: IMetadataTag[],
+        ): ts.Statement[] =>
+            decode_entry(project)(importer)({
+                initializer: () =>
+                    ts.factory.createBinaryExpression(
+                        accessor,
+                        ts.factory.createToken(
+                            ts.SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionEqualsToken,
+                        ),
+                        ts.factory.createNewExpression(
+                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("Map"),
+                            [
+                                TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
+                                TypeFactory.keyword("any"),
+                            ],
+                            [],
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                setter: () =>
+                    ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                        IdentifierFactory.access(accessor)("set"),
+                        undefined,
+                        [
+                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.key"),
+                            ts.factory.createIdentifier("entry.value"),
+                        ],
+                    ),
+            })(map, required, tags);
+
+    const decode_entry =
+        (project: IProject) =>
+        (importer: FunctionImporter) =>
+        (props: {
+            initializer: () => ts.Expression;
+            setter: () => ts.Expression;
+        }) =>
+        (
+            map: Metadata.Entry,
+            required: boolean,
+            tags: IMetadataTag[],
+        ): ts.Statement[] => {
+            const statements: ts.Statement[] = [
+                ...(required
+                    ? []
+                    : [
+                          ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                              props.initializer(),
+                          ),
+                      ]),
+                StatementFactory.constant(
+                    "piece",
+                    ts.factory.createAdd(
+                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("uint32"),
+                            undefined,
+                            undefined,
+                        ),
+                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("index"),
+                            undefined,
+                            undefined,
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ...write_object_function_body(project)(importer)({
+                    condition: ts.factory.createLessThan(
+                        ts.factory.createCallExpression(
+                            IdentifierFactory.access(READER())("index"),
+                            undefined,
+                            undefined,
+                        ),
+                        ts.factory.createIdentifier("piece"),
+                    ),
+                    tag: "kind",
+                    output: "entry",
+                })([
+                    MetadataProperty.create({
+                        key: MetadataFactory.soleLiteral("key"),
+                        value: map.key,
+                        description: null,
+                        tags: [],
+                        jsDocTags: [],
+                    }),
+                    MetadataProperty.create({
+                        key: MetadataFactory.soleLiteral("value"),
+                        value: map.value,
+                        description: null,
+                        tags,
+                        jsDocTags: [],
+                    }),
+                ]),
+                ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(props.setter()),
+            ];
+            return [
+                ts.factory.createExpressionStatement(
+                    ExpressionFactory.selfCall(
+                        ts.factory.createBlock(statements, true),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ];
+        };
+}
+
+const PREFIX = "$pd";
+const READER = () => ts.factory.createIdentifier("reader");