semantifold 0.3.0 → 0.4.0

package/src/semantic/generics.js

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// @ts-check
+
+/**
+ * Builds an ordered substitution map for a closed generic record application.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").RecordType} type - Closed record application.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").RecordDeclaration} declaration - Resolved declaration.
+ * @returns {Map<string, import("./types.js").SemanticValueType>} Substitutions.
+ */
+export function recordTypeSubstitutions(type, declaration) {
+  return new Map((declaration.typeParameters ?? []).map((parameter, index) => [
+    /** @type {string} */ (parameter.id),
+    /** @type {import("./types.js").SemanticValueType} */ (type.arguments?.[index])
+  ]))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Applies complete recursive substitution without mutating declaration-owned types.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SemanticValueType} type - Open semantic type.
+ * @param {Map<string, import("./types.js").SemanticValueType>} substitutions - Closed substitutions.
+ * @returns {import("./types.js").SemanticValueType} Substituted type.
+ */
+export function substituteValueType(type, substitutions) {
+  if (type.kind == "TypeVariableReference") return substitutions.get(type.parameterId) ?? type
+  if (type.kind == "ListType") return {...type, elementType: substituteValueType(type.elementType, substitutions)}
+  if (type.kind == "MapType" || type.kind == "OrderedMapType") return {
+    ...type,
+    keyType: /** @type {import("./types.js").TypeReference} */ (substituteValueType(type.keyType, substitutions)),
+    valueType: substituteValueType(type.valueType, substitutions)
+  }
+  if (type.kind == "OptionalType") return {...type, valueType: substituteValueType(type.valueType, substitutions)}
+  if (type.kind == "RecordType" && type.arguments) {
+    return {...type, arguments: type.arguments.map((argument) => substituteValueType(argument, substitutions))}
+  }
+
+  return type
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether a recursive type contains any declaration-scoped variable
+ * outside an explicitly visible identity set.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SemanticValueType} type - Candidate open type.
+ * @param {Set<string>} [visibleParameterIds] - Exact variable identities permitted by the caller's lexical scope.
+ * @returns {boolean} Whether any non-visible type variable occurs.
+ */
+export function typeContainsAnyVariable(type, visibleParameterIds = new Set()) {
+  if (type.kind == "TypeVariableReference") return !visibleParameterIds.has(type.parameterId)
+  if (type.kind == "RecordType") {
+    return type.arguments?.some((argument) => typeContainsAnyVariable(argument, visibleParameterIds)) ?? false
+  }
+  if (type.kind == "ListType") return typeContainsAnyVariable(type.elementType, visibleParameterIds)
+  if (type.kind == "MapType" || type.kind == "OrderedMapType") {
+    return typeContainsAnyVariable(type.keyType, visibleParameterIds) ||
+      typeContainsAnyVariable(type.valueType, visibleParameterIds)
+  }
+  if (type.kind == "OptionalType") return typeContainsAnyVariable(type.valueType, visibleParameterIds)
+
+  return false
+}

package/src/semantic/lifetime.js

@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+// @ts-check
+
+/** @typedef {(code: string, detail: string, location: import("./types.js").SourceLocation) => never} LifetimeFail */
+/** @typedef {{kind: "open", originId: string, origin: import("./types.js").SourceLocation} | {kind: "moved", originId: string, origin: import("./types.js").SourceLocation, destination: string} | {kind: "terminal", originId: string, origin: import("./types.js").SourceLocation, closeSiteId: string | import("./types.js").SourceLocation}} OwnerState */
+/** @typedef {{kind: "normal" | "return" | "raise" | "break" | "continue", state: Map<string, OwnerState>, location?: import("./types.js").SourceLocation, errorId?: string}} LifetimeExit */
+
+/**
+ * Performs path-sensitive structured lifetime validation for Task 034 owned values.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SemanticModule} module - Fully type-resolved module.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+export function validateResourceLifetimes(module, errorEffects, fail) {
+  if (!(module.capabilities ?? []).some(({resources}) => resources.length > 0) && !moduleContainsOwnedType(module)) return
+
+  for (const declaration of module.classes ?? []) {
+    analyzeOwner(declaration.constructor.parameters, declaration.constructor.body, fail, undefined, errorEffects)
+    for (const method of declaration.methods) analyzeOwner(method.parameters, method.body, fail,
+      declaration.ownership?.kind == "ownedResource" ? declaration.ownership.fieldId : undefined, errorEffects)
+  }
+  for (const declaration of module.functions) analyzeOwner(declaration.parameters, declaration.body, fail, undefined, errorEffects)
+  analyzeOwner([], module.entryPoint.body, fail, undefined, errorEffects)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Analyzes one function, constructor, method, or entry-point owner.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").Parameter[]} parameters - Owned parameters.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").Block} body - Structured body.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @param {string | undefined} borrowedFieldId - Owned receiver field, when present.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function analyzeOwner(parameters, body, fail, borrowedFieldId, errorEffects) {
+  /** @type {Map<string, OwnerState>} */
+  const initial = new Map()
+  const obligations = new Set(parameters.filter(({type}) => isOwned(type)).map(({name}) => name))
+
+  for (const parameter of parameters) {
+    if (isOwned(parameter.type)) initial.set(parameter.name, openState(`parameter:${parameter.name}`, parameter.location))
+  }
+  if (borrowedFieldId) initial.set(`this.${borrowedFieldId}`, openState(`receiver:${borrowedFieldId}`, body.location))
+  const exits = analyzeBlock(body, [{kind: "normal", state: initial}], fail, errorEffects)
+
+  for (const exit of exits) checkLeaks(exit.state, obligations, exit.location ?? body.location, fail)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates one lexical block while retaining every abrupt exit separately.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").Block} block - Structured block.
+ * @param {LifetimeExit[]} incoming - Incoming control-flow states.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @returns {LifetimeExit[]} Reachable exits.
+ */
+function analyzeBlock(block, incoming, fail, errorEffects) {
+  let active = incoming.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")
+  const departed = incoming.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal")
+  /** @type {Set<string>} */
+  const locals = new Set()
+
+  for (const statement of block.statements) {
+    if (active.length == 0) break
+    const next = []
+
+    for (const flow of active) next.push(...analyzeStatement(statement, flow.state, fail, locals, errorEffects))
+    departed.push(...next.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal"))
+    active = mergeEquivalentNormals(next.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal"), statement.location, fail)
+  }
+  const exits = [...departed, ...active.map((flow) => ({...flow, location: flow.location ?? block.location}))]
+
+  for (const exit of exits) {
+    checkLeaks(exit.state, locals, exit.location ?? block.location, fail)
+    for (const name of locals) exit.state.delete(name)
+  }
+  return exits
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates one statement from one normal state.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").Statement} statement - Statement.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} state - Incoming ownership state.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @param {Set<string>} locals - Locals introduced in the current block.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @returns {LifetimeExit[]} Reachable exits.
+ */
+function analyzeStatement(statement, state, fail, locals, errorEffects) {
+  if (statement.kind == "LocalDeclaration") {
+    const flows = evaluateExpression(statement.initializer, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects)
+
+    if (isOwned(statement.type)) {
+      locals.add(statement.name)
+      for (const flow of flows) {
+        if (flow.kind != "normal") continue
+        const origin = statement.initializer.kind == "OwnedMoveExpression"
+          ? flow.state.get(statement.initializer.expression.name)?.origin ?? statement.initializer.location
+          : statement.initializer.location
+        flow.state.set(statement.name, openState(`local:${statement.name}`, origin))
+      }
+    }
+    return flows.map((flow) => ({...flow, location: statement.location}))
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "ExpressionStatement" || statement.kind == "PrintStatement") {
+    return evaluateExpression(statement.expression, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects)
+      .map((flow) => ({...flow, location: statement.location}))
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "AssignmentStatement" || statement.kind == "PrivateFieldWriteStatement") {
+    return evaluateExpression(statement.expression, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects)
+      .map((flow) => ({...flow, location: statement.location}))
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "ReturnStatement") {
+    const flows = statement.expression ? evaluateExpression(statement.expression, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects) :
+      /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */ ([{kind: "normal", state: cloneState(state)}])
+    return flows.map((flow) => flow.kind == "normal"
+      ? {kind: "return", location: statement.location, state: flow.state}
+      : {...flow, location: statement.location})
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "RaiseStatement") {
+    const flows = evaluateExpression(statement.error.message, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects)
+    return flows.map((flow) => flow.kind == "normal"
+      ? {errorId: statement.error.error.declarationId, kind: "raise", location: statement.location, state: flow.state}
+      : {...flow, location: statement.location})
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "IfStatement") {
+    const conditions = evaluateExpression(statement.condition, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects)
+    /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */
+    const result = conditions.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal")
+
+    for (const condition of conditions.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")) {
+      result.push(...analyzeBlock(statement.consequent, [{kind: "normal", state: cloneState(condition.state)}], fail,
+        errorEffects))
+      const alternate = statement.alternate
+        ? analyzeBlock(statement.alternate, [{kind: "normal", state: cloneState(condition.state)}], fail, errorEffects)
+        : /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */ ([{kind: "normal", location: statement.location, state: cloneState(condition.state)}])
+
+      result.push(...alternate)
+    }
+    return mergeEquivalentNormals(result, statement.location, fail)
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "TryStatement") {
+    const bodyExits = analyzeBlock(statement.body, [{kind: "normal", state: cloneState(state)}], fail, errorEffects)
+    /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */
+    const result = bodyExits.filter((flow) => flow.kind != "raise" || flow.errorId != statement.catchType.declarationId)
+
+    for (const caught of bodyExits.filter((flow) => flow.kind == "raise" && flow.errorId == statement.catchType.declarationId)) {
+      result.push(...analyzeBlock(statement.catchBody, [{kind: "normal", state: cloneState(caught.state)}], fail, errorEffects))
+    }
+    return mergeEquivalentNormals(result, statement.location, fail)
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "WhileStatement") {
+    const conditions = evaluateExpression(statement.condition, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects)
+    /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */
+    const result = conditions.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal")
+
+    for (const condition of conditions.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")) {
+      const bodyExits = analyzeBlock(statement.body, [{kind: "normal", state: cloneState(condition.state)}], fail,
+        errorEffects)
+      for (const exit of bodyExits) {
+        if (exit.kind == "normal" || exit.kind == "continue") requireSameState(condition.state, exit.state, statement.location, fail)
+        else if (exit.kind == "break") {
+          requireSameState(condition.state, exit.state, statement.location, fail)
+          result.push({kind: "normal", location: statement.location, state: exit.state})
+        } else result.push(exit)
+      }
+      result.push({kind: "normal", location: statement.location, state: condition.state})
+    }
+    return mergeEquivalentNormals(result, statement.location, fail)
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "ForEachStatement" || statement.kind == "ForEachMapStatement") {
+    const operand = statement.kind == "ForEachStatement" ? statement.list : statement.map
+    const operands = evaluateExpression(operand, cloneState(state), fail, errorEffects)
+    /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */
+    const result = operands.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal")
+
+    for (const evaluated of operands.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")) {
+      const bodyExits = analyzeBlock(statement.body, [{kind: "normal", state: cloneState(evaluated.state)}], fail,
+        errorEffects)
+      for (const exit of bodyExits) {
+        if (exit.kind == "normal" || exit.kind == "continue") requireSameState(evaluated.state, exit.state, statement.location, fail)
+        else if (exit.kind == "break") {
+          requireSameState(evaluated.state, exit.state, statement.location, fail)
+          result.push({kind: "normal", location: statement.location, state: exit.state})
+        } else result.push(exit)
+      }
+      result.push({kind: "normal", location: statement.location, state: evaluated.state})
+    }
+    return mergeEquivalentNormals(result, statement.location, fail)
+  }
+  if (statement.kind == "BreakStatement") return [{kind: "break", location: statement.location, state: cloneState(state)}]
+  if (statement.kind == "ContinueStatement") return [{kind: "continue", location: statement.location, state: cloneState(state)}]
+
+  return []
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates one expression with failure states at exact evaluation boundaries.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").Expression} expression - Expression.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} state - Incoming ownership state.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @returns {LifetimeExit[]} Reachable exits.
+ */
+function evaluateExpression(expression, state, fail, errorEffects) {
+  if (expression.kind == "OwnedMoveExpression") {
+    const owner = requireOwner(expression.expression.name, state, expression.location, fail)
+
+    if (owner.kind == "moved") fail("USE_AFTER_MOVE", `Resource '${expression.expression.name}' was already moved.`, expression.location)
+    if (owner.kind == "terminal") fail("USE_AFTER_CLOSE", `Resource '${expression.expression.name}' is terminal after close.`, expression.location)
+    state.set(expression.expression.name, {...owner, destination: "transfer", kind: "moved"})
+    return [{kind: "normal", state}]
+  }
+  if (expression.kind == "OwnedBorrowExpression") {
+    const name = placeName(expression.expression)
+    const owner = requireOwner(name, state, expression.location, fail)
+
+    if (owner.kind == "moved") fail("USE_AFTER_MOVE", `Resource '${name}' was moved before this borrow.`, expression.location)
+    return [{kind: "normal", state}]
+  }
+  if (expression.kind == "EffectCallExpression") return evaluateEffectCall(expression, state, fail, errorEffects)
+  if (expression.kind == "CallExpression" || expression.kind == "MethodCallExpression" || expression.kind == "ReferenceConstruction") {
+    return evaluateOrdinaryCall(expression, state, fail, errorEffects)
+  }
+
+  /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */
+  let flows = [{kind: "normal", state}]
+  for (const child of expressionChildren(expression)) flows = evaluateForFlows(child, flows, fail, errorEffects)
+  return flows
+}
+
+/**
+ * Applies one capability operation's declared ownership and failure flow.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").EffectCallExpression} expression - Effect call.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} state - Incoming ownership state.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @returns {LifetimeExit[]} Reachable exits.
+ */
+function evaluateEffectCall(expression, state, fail, errorEffects) {
+  /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */
+  let flows = [{kind: "normal", state}]
+
+  for (const argument of expression.arguments) flows = evaluateForFlows(argument, flows, fail, errorEffects)
+  const result = flows.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal")
+  const resourceFlow = expression.resolution.resourceFlow
+
+  for (const flow of flows.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")) {
+    let operationState = cloneState(flow.state)
+    let terminalFailure
+
+    if (resourceFlow.kind == "borrow" || resourceFlow.kind == "close") {
+      const argument = expression.arguments[resourceFlow.parameterIndex]
+      if (argument.kind != "OwnedBorrowExpression") fail("INVALID_RESOURCE_BORROW", "Resource operation lacks an immediate borrow.", argument.location)
+      const name = placeName(argument.expression)
+      const owner = requireOwner(name, operationState, argument.location, fail)
+
+      if (owner.kind == "moved") fail("USE_AFTER_MOVE", `Resource '${name}' was moved before this operation.`, argument.location)
+      if (owner.kind == "terminal") terminalFailure = resourceFlow.terminalFailureId
+      else if (resourceFlow.kind == "close") operationState.set(name, {...owner, closeSiteId: expression.effectSiteId, kind: "terminal"})
+    }
+    if (terminalFailure) {
+      result.push({errorId: terminalFailure, kind: "raise", location: expression.location, state: operationState})
+      continue
+    }
+    const failureIds = expression.resolution.failureIds.filter((id) =>
+      resourceFlow.kind != "borrow" && resourceFlow.kind != "close" || id != resourceFlow.terminalFailureId)
+
+    result.push({kind: "normal", state: cloneState(operationState)})
+    for (const errorId of failureIds) {
+      result.push({errorId, kind: "raise", location: expression.location, state: cloneState(operationState)})
+    }
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+/**
+ * Applies call-entry ownership commit semantics after ordered argument evaluation.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").CallExpression | import("./types.js").MethodCallExpression | import("./types.js").ReferenceConstruction} expression - Call.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} state - Incoming ownership state.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @returns {LifetimeExit[]} Reachable exits.
+ */
+function evaluateOrdinaryCall(expression, state, fail, errorEffects) {
+  const arguments_ = expression.kind == "MethodCallExpression" ? [expression.receiver, ...expression.arguments] : expression.arguments
+  /** @type {LifetimeExit[]} */
+  let flows = [{kind: "normal", state}]
+  /** @type {string[]} */
+  const reservedMoves = []
+
+  for (const argument of arguments_) {
+    if (argument.kind == "OwnedMoveExpression") {
+      for (const flow of flows.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")) {
+        const owner = requireOwner(argument.expression.name, flow.state, argument.location, fail)
+        if (owner.kind == "moved") fail("USE_AFTER_MOVE", `Resource '${argument.expression.name}' was already moved.`, argument.location)
+        if (owner.kind == "terminal") fail("USE_AFTER_CLOSE", `Resource '${argument.expression.name}' is terminal after close.`, argument.location)
+      }
+      if (reservedMoves.includes(argument.expression.name)) {
+        fail("RESOURCE_ALIAS", `Resource '${argument.expression.name}' cannot be transferred to two parameters.`, argument.location)
+      }
+      reservedMoves.push(argument.expression.name)
+    } else flows = evaluateForFlows(argument, flows, fail, errorEffects)
+  }
+  const result = flows.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal")
+
+  for (const flow of flows.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")) {
+    const entered = cloneState(flow.state)
+    for (const name of reservedMoves) {
+      const owner = requireOwner(name, entered, expression.location, fail)
+      if (owner.kind == "moved") fail("USE_AFTER_MOVE", `Resource '${name}' was already moved.`, expression.location)
+      if (owner.kind == "terminal") fail("USE_AFTER_CLOSE", `Resource '${name}' is terminal after close.`, expression.location)
+      entered.set(name, {...owner, destination: "callee", kind: "moved"})
+    }
+    if (expression.kind == "MethodCallExpression" && expression.resolution?.resourceFlow) {
+      const receiver = expression.receiver.kind == "OwnedBorrowExpression" ? expression.receiver.expression : expression.receiver
+      if (receiver.kind != "IdentifierExpression" && receiver.kind != "ReceiverExpression" && receiver.kind != "PrivateFieldRead") {
+        fail("INVALID_RESOURCE_BORROW", "Owned method receiver must be an immediate borrowed place.", receiver.location)
+      }
+      const name = placeName(receiver)
+      const owner = requireOwner(name, entered, expression.location, fail)
+
+      if (owner.kind == "terminal") {
+        if (expression.resolution.resourceFlow.terminalFailureId) {
+          result.push({errorId: expression.resolution.resourceFlow.terminalFailureId, kind: "raise",
+            location: expression.location, state: entered})
+          continue
+        }
+        fail("USE_AFTER_CLOSE", `Resource '${name}' is terminal after close.`, expression.location)
+      }
+      if (expression.resolution.resourceFlow.kind == "terminal") {
+        entered.set(name, {...owner, closeSiteId: expression.effectSiteId ?? expression.location, kind: "terminal"})
+      }
+    }
+    result.push({kind: "normal", state: cloneState(entered)})
+    const escaping = new Set(expression.failureIds ?? [])
+
+    if (expression.kind == "CallExpression") {
+      for (const errorId of errorEffects.functions.get(expression.callee) ?? []) escaping.add(errorId)
+    } else if (expression.kind == "MethodCallExpression") {
+      for (const errorId of errorEffects.methods.get(expression.method) ?? []) escaping.add(errorId)
+    }
+    for (const errorId of escaping) {
+      result.push({errorId, kind: "raise", location: expression.location, state: cloneState(entered)})
+    }
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates a child expression only along normal incoming paths.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").Expression} expression - Child expression.
+ * @param {LifetimeExit[]} flows - Incoming paths.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @param {{functions: Map<string, Set<string>>, methods: Map<string, Set<string>>}} errorEffects - Complete escaping error sets per function and method.
+ * @returns {LifetimeExit[]} Reachable exits.
+ */
+function evaluateForFlows(expression, flows, fail, errorEffects) {
+  const result = flows.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal")
+  for (const flow of flows.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")) {
+    result.push(...evaluateExpression(expression, cloneState(flow.state), fail, errorEffects))
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns non-call expression children in evaluation order.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").Expression} expression - Parent expression.
+ * @returns {import("./types.js").Expression[]} Children.
+ */
+function expressionChildren(expression) {
+  if (expression.kind == "BinaryExpression") return [expression.left, expression.right]
+  if (expression.kind == "UnaryExpression") return [expression.operand]
+  if (expression.kind == "OptionalSome") return [expression.value]
+  if (expression.kind == "OptionalIsPresent" || expression.kind == "OptionalUnwrap") return [expression.operand]
+  if (expression.kind == "ListLiteral") return expression.elements
+  if (expression.kind == "MapLiteral" || expression.kind == "OrderedMapLiteral") return expression.entries.map(({value}) => value)
+  if (expression.kind == "ListIndexExpression") return [expression.collection, expression.index]
+  if (expression.kind == "MapLookupExpression") return [expression.collection, expression.key]
+  if (expression.kind == "CollectionSizeExpression") return [expression.collection]
+  if (expression.kind == "RecordConstruction") return expression.arguments
+  if (expression.kind == "MemberRead") return [expression.receiver]
+  if (expression.kind == "PrivateFieldRead") return [expression.receiver]
+  if (expression.kind == "ErrorMessageRead") return [expression.receiver]
+  return []
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merges normal paths only after proving identical ownership states.
+ * @param {LifetimeExit[]} flows - Candidate paths.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SourceLocation} location - Join location.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @returns {LifetimeExit[]} Merged paths.
+ */
+function mergeEquivalentNormals(flows, location, fail) {
+  const normal = flows.filter(({kind}) => kind == "normal")
+  if (normal.length > 1) {
+    for (const candidate of normal.slice(1)) requireSameState(normal[0].state, candidate.state, location, fail)
+  }
+  return [...flows.filter(({kind}) => kind != "normal"), ...(normal.length > 0 ? [normal[0]] : [])]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Requires a finite ownership invariant at a branch or loop join.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} left - First ownership state.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} right - Second ownership state.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SourceLocation} location - Join location.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function requireSameState(left, right, location, fail) {
+  const names = new Set([...left.keys(), ...right.keys()])
+  for (const name of names) {
+    const leftState = left.get(name)
+    const rightState = right.get(name)
+    if (leftState?.kind != rightState?.kind || leftState?.originId != rightState?.originId) {
+      fail("RESOURCE_STATE_MISMATCH", `Resource '${name}' has different ownership state across reachable paths.`, location)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rejects every owned value that leaves its introducing scope open.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} state - Ownership state.
+ * @param {Set<string>} names - Owners introduced in the scope.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SourceLocation} location - Exit location.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function checkLeaks(state, names, location, fail) {
+  for (const name of names) {
+    const owner = state.get(name)
+    if (owner?.kind == "open") {
+      const origin = owner.origin
+      fail("LEAKED_RESOURCE", `Owned resource '${name}' remains open; acquired at ${origin.filename}:${origin.start.line}:${origin.start.column}.`, location)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolves an owned place in the current scope.
+ * @param {string} name - Stable place name.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} state - Ownership state.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SourceLocation} location - Use location.
+ * @param {LifetimeFail} fail - Located failure.
+ * @returns {OwnerState} Owner state.
+ */
+function requireOwner(name, state, location, fail) {
+  const owner = state.get(name)
+  if (!owner) return fail("INVALID_RESOURCE_BORROW", `No owned resource place '${name}' is in scope.`, location)
+  return owner
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts an immediate owned expression to a stable place name.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").IdentifierExpression | import("./types.js").ReceiverExpression | import("./types.js").PrivateFieldRead} expression - Owned place.
+ * @returns {string} Place identity.
+ */
+function placeName(expression) {
+  if (expression.kind == "IdentifierExpression") return expression.name
+  if (expression.kind == "ReceiverExpression") return "this"
+  if (expression.kind == "PrivateFieldRead") return `this.${expression.field}`
+  return "<invalid>"
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates one open ownership state.
+ * @param {string} originId - Deterministic origin identity.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SourceLocation} origin - Acquisition location.
+ * @returns {OwnerState} Open state.
+ */
+function openState(originId, origin) {
+  return {kind: "open", origin, originId}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Clones an ownership state for a control-flow fork.
+ * @param {Map<string, OwnerState>} state - State to clone.
+ * @returns {Map<string, OwnerState>} Detached state.
+ */
+function cloneState(state) {
+  return new Map([...state].map(([name, value]) => [name, {...value}]))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether a type carries linear ownership.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SemanticFunctionReturnType} type - Semantic type.
+ * @returns {boolean} Whether the type is owned.
+ */
+function isOwned(type) {
+  return type.kind == "OwnedResourceType" || type.kind == "OwnedReferenceType"
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether the module contains any owned semantic type.
+ * @param {import("./types.js").SemanticModule} module - Semantic module.
+ * @returns {boolean} Whether lifetime analysis is required.
+ */
+function moduleContainsOwnedType(module) {
+  const pending = [/** @type {unknown} */ (module)]
+  const seen = new Set()
+
+  while (pending.length > 0) {
+    const value = pending.pop()
+
+    if (!value || typeof value != "object" || seen.has(value)) continue
+    seen.add(value)
+    if (!Array.isArray(value) && (Reflect.get(value, "kind") == "OwnedResourceType" ||
+      Reflect.get(value, "kind") == "OwnedReferenceType")) return true
+    for (const [key, child] of Object.entries(value)) {
+      if (["location", "provenance", "sourceProvenance"].includes(key)) continue
+      if (Array.isArray(child)) pending.push(...child)
+      else if (child && typeof child == "object") pending.push(child)
+    }
+  }
+  return false
+}