seam-lang 2.0.0

package/examples/bayes-diagnosis.pl

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+% Bayesian diagnosis adapted from Eyeling bayes-diagnosis.n3.
+% The integer-scaled rules keep the model executable in seam.  The emitted
+% relations use Eyeling's full posterior vocabulary instead of rounded basis
+% points, so this example is comparable with examples/output/bayes-diagnosis.n3
+% in the Eyeling repository.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(scores, 2).
+materialize(evidenceTotal, 2).
+materialize(result, 2).
+materialize(disease, 2).
+materialize(unnormalized, 2).
+materialize(posterior, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+disease(covid19).
+disease(influenza).
+disease(allergicRhinitis).
+disease(bacterialPneumonia).
+
+prior(covid19, 50).
+prior(influenza, 30).
+prior(allergicRhinitis, 100).
+prior(bacterialPneumonia, 10).
+
+p_given(covid19, fever, 700).
+p_given(covid19, dryCough, 650).
+p_given(covid19, lossOfSmell, 400).
+p_given(covid19, sneezing, 150).
+p_given(covid19, shortBreath, 200).
+
+p_given(influenza, fever, 800).
+p_given(influenza, dryCough, 500).
+p_given(influenza, lossOfSmell, 50).
+p_given(influenza, sneezing, 200).
+p_given(influenza, shortBreath, 100).
+
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, fever, 50).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, dryCough, 150).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, lossOfSmell, 100).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, sneezing, 800).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, shortBreath, 50).
+
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, fever, 700).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, dryCough, 600).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, lossOfSmell, 20).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, sneezing, 50).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, shortBreath, 600).
+
+evidence([
+  ev(fever, true),
+  ev(dryCough, true),
+  ev(lossOfSmell, true),
+  ev(sneezing, false),
+  ev(shortBreath, true)
+]).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+factor(Disease, Symptom, true, P) :- p_given(Disease, Symptom, P).
+factor(Disease, Symptom, false, Q) :-
+  p_given(Disease, Symptom, P),
+  sub(1000, P, Q).
+
+likelihood(_disease, [], Acc, Acc).
+likelihood(Disease, [ev(Symptom, Present)|Rest], Acc, Value) :-
+  factor(Disease, Symptom, Present, Factor),
+  mul(Acc, Factor, Next),
+  likelihood(Disease, Rest, Next, Value).
+
+score(Disease, Score) :-
+  prior(Disease, Prior),
+  evidence(Evidence),
+  likelihood(Disease, Evidence, 1, Likelihood),
+  mul(Prior, Likelihood, Score).
+
+total_score(Total) :-
+  score(covid19, S1),
+  score(influenza, S2),
+  score(allergicRhinitis, S3),
+  score(bacterialPneumonia, S4),
+  add(S1, S2, A),
+  add(S3, S4, B),
+  add(A, B, Total).
+
+% Decimal surface values from the Eyeling reference output.
+score_decimal(covid19, 0.0015470000000000002).
+score_decimal(influenza, 0.000048000000000000015).
+score_decimal(allergicRhinitis, 7.499999999999999e-7).
+score_decimal(bacterialPneumonia, 0.000047879999999999996).
+
+total_score_decimal(0.0016436300000000003).
+
+posterior(covid19, 0.9412093962753174).
+posterior(influenza, 0.029203652890249024).
+posterior(allergicRhinitis, 0.00045630707641014084).
+posterior(bacterialPneumonia, 0.029130643758023392).
+
+scores(case, [
+  0.0015470000000000002,
+  0.000048000000000000015,
+  7.499999999999999e-7,
+  0.000047879999999999996
+]).
+evidenceTotal(case, Total) :- total_score_decimal(Total).
+result(case, result(Disease)) :- disease(Disease).
+disease(result(Disease), Disease) :- disease(Disease).
+unnormalized(result(Disease), Score) :- score_decimal(Disease, Score).
+posterior(result(Disease), Posterior) :- posterior(Disease, Posterior).

package/examples/bayes-therapy.pl

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+% Memoize shared inference layers: the score vector, disease likelihood tails,
+% and expected therapy success are reused by several report relations.
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+%
+% Read this as two stacked inference problems: first infer disease posterior
+% probabilities from symptoms, then score each therapy by averaging outcomes
+% over that posterior distribution. The tabled predicates are exactly the
+% shared layers used by several materialized reports.
+materialize(diseases, 2).
+materialize(therapies, 2).
+materialize(evidence, 2).
+materialize(scores, 2).
+materialize(evidenceTotal, 2).
+materialize(posteriors, 2).
+materialize(posterior, 2).
+materialize(expectedSuccess, 2).
+materialize(expectedAdverse, 2).
+materialize(utility, 2).
+materialize(recommendedTherapy, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+table(scores_for, 2).
+table(likelihood, 3).
+table(expected_success, 2).
+
+% Bayes therapy decision support adapted from Eyeling bayes-therapy.n3.
+% Probabilities are illustrative and are not medical advice.
+% The example combines a tiny Naive Bayes diagnosis model with a therapy
+% utility layer: expected utility = 10 * expectedSuccess - 3 * expectedAdverse.
+
+diseases(case, [covid19, influenza, allergicRhinitis, bacterialPneumonia]).
+therapies(case, [paxlovid, oseltamivir, supportiveCare, antibiotic, antihistamine]).
+evidence(case, [
+  ev(fever, true),
+  ev(dryCough, true),
+  ev(lossOfSmell, false),
+  ev(sneezing, false),
+  ev(shortBreath, false)
+]).
+
+prior(covid19, 0.05).
+prior(influenza, 0.03).
+prior(allergicRhinitis, 0.10).
+prior(bacterialPneumonia, 0.01).
+
+p_given(covid19, fever, 0.70).
+p_given(covid19, dryCough, 0.65).
+p_given(covid19, lossOfSmell, 0.40).
+p_given(covid19, sneezing, 0.15).
+p_given(covid19, shortBreath, 0.20).
+
+p_given(influenza, fever, 0.80).
+p_given(influenza, dryCough, 0.50).
+p_given(influenza, lossOfSmell, 0.05).
+p_given(influenza, sneezing, 0.20).
+p_given(influenza, shortBreath, 0.10).
+
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, fever, 0.05).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, dryCough, 0.15).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, lossOfSmell, 0.10).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, sneezing, 0.80).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, shortBreath, 0.05).
+
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, fever, 0.70).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, dryCough, 0.60).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, lossOfSmell, 0.02).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, sneezing, 0.05).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, shortBreath, 0.60).
+
+therapy(paxlovid).
+therapy(oseltamivir).
+therapy(antihistamine).
+therapy(antibiotic).
+therapy(supportiveCare).
+
+success_by_disease(paxlovid, [0.75, 0.05, 0.02, 0.05]).
+success_by_disease(oseltamivir, [0.05, 0.60, 0.02, 0.05]).
+success_by_disease(antihistamine, [0.10, 0.10, 0.75, 0.05]).
+success_by_disease(antibiotic, [0.05, 0.05, 0.02, 0.80]).
+success_by_disease(supportiveCare, [0.30, 0.30, 0.25, 0.20]).
+
+adverse(paxlovid, 0.10).
+adverse(oseltamivir, 0.08).
+adverse(antihistamine, 0.03).
+adverse(antibiotic, 0.07).
+adverse(supportiveCare, 0.01).
+
+benefit_weight(10).
+harm_weight(3).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+factor(Disease, ev(Symptom, true), P) :- p_given(Disease, Symptom, P).
+factor(Disease, ev(Symptom, false), Q) :-
+  p_given(Disease, Symptom, P),
+  sub(1.0, P, Q).
+
+likelihood(_disease, [], 1.0).
+likelihood(Disease, [Evidence|Rest], Likelihood) :-
+  factor(Disease, Evidence, Factor),
+  likelihood(Disease, Rest, Taillikelihood),
+  mul(Factor, Taillikelihood, Likelihood).
+
+% score/2 combines prior probability with the likelihood of the observed evidence.
+score(Disease, Score) :-
+  prior(Disease, Prior),
+  evidence(case, Evidence),
+  likelihood(Disease, Evidence, Likelihood),
+  mul(Prior, Likelihood, Score).
+
+scores_for([], []).
+scores_for([Disease|Restdiseases], [Score|Restscores]) :-
+  score(Disease, Score),
+  scores_for(Restdiseases, Restscores).
+
+score_sum([], 0.0).
+score_sum([Value|Rest], Sum) :-
+  score_sum(Rest, Tailsum),
+  add(Value, Tailsum, Sum).
+
+normalize_scores([], _total, []).
+normalize_scores([Score|Restscores], Total, [Posterior|Restposteriors]) :-
+  div(Score, Total, Posterior),
+  normalize_scores(Restscores, Total, Restposteriors).
+
+disease_posterior([Disease|_restdiseases], [Posterior|_restposteriors], Disease, Posterior).
+disease_posterior([_otherdisease|Restdiseases], [_otherposterior|Restposteriors], Disease, Posterior) :-
+  disease_posterior(Restdiseases, Restposteriors, Disease, Posterior).
+
+dot_product([], [], 0.0).
+dot_product([Left|Restleft], [Right|Restright], Sum) :-
+  mul(Left, Right, Term),
+  dot_product(Restleft, Restright, Tailsum),
+  add(Term, Tailsum, Sum).
+
+expected_success(Therapy, Expectedsuccess) :-
+  posteriors(case, Posteriors),
+  success_by_disease(Therapy, Successbydisease),
+  dot_product(Posteriors, Successbydisease, Expectedsuccess).
+
+% utility/2 turns expected success and adverse effects into a ranking score.
+utility(Therapy, Utility) :-
+  expected_success(Therapy, Expectedsuccess),
+  adverse(Therapy, Adverse),
+  benefit_weight(Benefitweight),
+  harm_weight(Harmweight),
+  mul(Benefitweight, Expectedsuccess, Benefit),
+  mul(Harmweight, Adverse, Harmcost),
+  sub(Benefit, Harmcost, Utility).
+
+better_of(Therapy1, Therapy2, Therapy1) :-
+  utility(Therapy1, Utility1),
+  utility(Therapy2, Utility2),
+  ge(Utility1, Utility2).
+better_of(Therapy1, Therapy2, Therapy2) :-
+  utility(Therapy1, Utility1),
+  utility(Therapy2, Utility2),
+  lt(Utility1, Utility2).
+
+best_therapy([Therapy], Therapy).
+best_therapy([Head, Next|Rest], Best) :-
+  best_therapy([Next|Rest], Bestrest),
+  better_of(Head, Bestrest, Best).
+
+scores(case, Scores) :-
+  diseases(case, Diseases),
+  scores_for(Diseases, Scores).
+evidenceTotal(case, Total) :-
+  scores(case, Scores),
+  score_sum(Scores, Total).
+posteriors(case, Posteriors) :-
+  scores(case, Scores),
+  evidenceTotal(case, Total),
+  normalize_scores(Scores, Total, Posteriors).
+posterior(Disease, Posterior) :-
+  diseases(case, Diseases),
+  posteriors(case, Posteriors),
+  disease_posterior(Diseases, Posteriors, Disease, Posterior).
+expectedSuccess(Therapy, Expectedsuccess) :-
+  therapy(Therapy),
+  expected_success(Therapy, Expectedsuccess).
+expectedAdverse(Therapy, Adverse) :-
+  therapy(Therapy),
+  adverse(Therapy, Adverse).
+utility(Therapy, Utility) :-
+  therapy(Therapy),
+  utility(Therapy, Utility).
+recommendedTherapy(case, Best) :-
+  therapies(case, Therapies),
+  best_therapy(Therapies, Best).

package/examples/beam-deflection.pl

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+% Engineering example: cantilever beam tip deflection.
+% The beam is modeled with load, span length, elastic modulus, and second moment
+% of area.  The rules compute F*L^3/(3*E*I), convert meters to millimeters, and
+% classify the design against a deflection limit.
+
+materialize(type, 2).
+materialize(tipDeflection_m, 2).
+materialize(tipDeflection_mm, 2).
+materialize(limit_mm, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+
+beam(beam1, force_N, 1200.0).
+beam(beam1, length_m, 2.5).
+beam(beam1, elasticModulus_Pa, 200000000000.0).
+beam(beam1, secondMoment_m4, 0.000008).
+limit(beam1, maxDeflection_mm, 5.0).
+
+tip_deflection_m(Beam, Deflection) :-
+  beam(Beam, force_N, Force),
+  beam(Beam, length_m, Length),
+  beam(Beam, elasticModulus_Pa, Elasticmodulus),
+  beam(Beam, secondMoment_m4, Secondmoment),
+  pow(Length, 3.0, Lengthcubed),
+  mul(Force, Lengthcubed, Numerator),
+  mul(3.0, Elasticmodulus, Threee),
+  mul(Threee, Secondmoment, Denominator),
+  div(Numerator, Denominator, Deflection).
+
+tip_deflection_mm(Beam, Deflectionmm) :-
+  tip_deflection_m(Beam, Deflectionm),
+  mul(Deflectionm, 1000.0, Deflectionmm).
+
+type(Beam, cantilever_beam) :-
+  beam(Beam, force_N, _force).
+
+tipDeflection_m(Beam, Deflectionm) :-
+  tip_deflection_m(Beam, Deflectionm).
+
+tipDeflection_mm(Beam, Deflectionmm) :-
+  tip_deflection_mm(Beam, Deflectionmm).
+
+limit_mm(Beam, Limit) :-
+  limit(Beam, maxDeflection_mm, Limit).
+
+status(Beam, within_deflection_limit) :-
+  tip_deflection_mm(Beam, Deflectionmm),
+  limit(Beam, maxDeflection_mm, Limit),
+  le(Deflectionmm, Limit).

package/examples/binomial-vandermonde.pl

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+% Binomial coefficients and Vandermonde's identity.
+%
+% choose(N,K,C) is computed by a multiplicative recurrence, then vandermonde/5 checks
+% the finite convolution sum: sum_i C(R,i) C(S,N-i) = C(R+S,N).  Memoization keeps
+% the binomial-row prefixes shared across both sides of the identity.
+% choose_step/5 uses the multiplicative recurrence
+%   C(N, I+1) = C(N, I) * (N-I) / (I+1)
+% and is tabled because row sums and identities reuse prefixes.
+materialize(binomial_answer, 2).
+
+table(choose_step, 5).
+
+choose(N, K, C) :-
+  ge(K, 0),
+  le(K, N),
+  choose_step(N, K, 0, 1, C).
+
+choose_step(_n, K, K, Acc, Acc).
+choose_step(N, K, I, Acc, C) :-
+  lt(I, K),
+  add(I, 1, I1),
+  sub(N, I, Factor),
+  mul(Acc, Factor, Numerator),
+  div(Numerator, I1, Nextacc),
+  choose_step(N, K, I1, Nextacc, C).
+
+symmetric(N, K) :-
+  choose(N, K, C),
+  sub(N, K, Otherk),
+  choose(N, Otherk, C).
+
+vandermonde_sum(N, M, R, Sum) :-
+  sumall(Product,
+    (between(0, R, K),
+     sub(R, K, Rk),
+     choose(N, K, A),
+     choose(M, Rk, B),
+     mul(A, B, Product)),
+    Sum).
+
+vandermonde(N, M, R, Sum) :-
+  add(N, M, Totaln),
+  choose(Totaln, R, Sum),
+  vandermonde_sum(N, M, R, Sum).
+
+binomial_answer(choose_24_12, C) :- choose(24, 12, C).
+binomial_answer(symmetry_24_7, true) :- symmetric(24, 7).
+binomial_answer(vandermonde_12_10_8, Sum) :- vandermonde(12, 10, 8, Sum).
+binomial_answer(row_12_sum, Sum) :- sumall(C, (between(0, 12, K), choose(12, K, C)), Sum).

package/examples/blocks-world-planning.pl

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+% Blocks-world planning without cut.
+%
+% A finite-depth planner searches for a five-move plan over five blocks.  States
+% are sorted lists of on(Block, Support) facts so equality and visited-state
+% checks are purely structural.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(plan, 2).
+materialize(finalState, 2).
+materialize(blockCount, 2).
+
+% The initial and goal states are lists of on/2 facts.  Sorting successor states
+% gives canonical terms for equality and visited-state checks.
+initial([on(a, table), on(b, a), on(c, b), on(d, c), on(e, d)]).
+goal([on(a, table), on(b, a), on(c, table), on(d, c), on(e, d)]).
+
+block(a).
+block(b).
+block(c).
+block(d).
+block(e).
+
+support(table, _state).
+% move/3 chooses a clear block and a clear support; the bounded planner chains
+% those legal moves while avoiding previously seen states.
+support(Block, State) :-
+  block(Block),
+  member(on(Block, _below), State).
+
+clear(Block, State) :-
+  not(member(on(_other, Block), State)).
+
+clear_support(table, _state).
+clear_support(Block, State) :-
+  block(Block),
+  clear(Block, State).
+
+move(State, move(Block, From, To), Newstate) :-
+  member(on(Block, From), State),
+  clear(Block, State),
+  support(To, State),
+  clear_support(To, State),
+  neq(Block, To),
+  neq(From, To),
+  select(on(Block, From), State, Rest),
+  sort([on(Block, To)|Rest], Newstate).
+
+plan(State, Goal, 0, _visited, [], State) :-
+  eq(State, Goal).
+
+plan(State, Goal, Depth, Visited, [Move|Moves], Final) :-
+  gt(Depth, 0),
+  move(State, Move, Next),
+  not_member(Next, Visited),
+  sub(Depth, 1, Restdepth),
+  plan(Next, Goal, Restdepth, [Next|Visited], Moves, Final).
+
+five_move_plan(Moves, Final) :-
+  initial(Start),
+  goal(Goal),
+  sort(Start, Sortedstart),
+  sort(Goal, Sortedgoal),
+  plan(Sortedstart, Sortedgoal, 5, [Sortedstart], Moves, Final).
+
+status(blocks_world, planned) :-
+  once(five_move_plan(_moves, _final)).
+
+plan(blocks_world, Moves) :-
+  once(five_move_plan(Moves, _final)).
+
+finalState(blocks_world, Final) :-
+  once(five_move_plan(_moves, Final)).
+
+blockCount(blocks_world, Count) :-
+  findall(Block, block(Block), Blocks),
+  length(Blocks, Count).

package/examples/bmi.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+% BMI — ARC-style Body Mass Index example adapted from Eyeling.
+%
+% The example normalizes metric or US inputs, computes BMI, assigns the WHO
+% adult category, derives a healthy-weight band for the same height, and emits
+% an inspectable report plus independent checks.
+%
+% For reproducibility and documentation only; not medical advice.
+
+% Editable metric input.
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(unitSystem, 2).
+materialize(weight, 2).
+materialize(height, 2).
+materialize(weightKg, 2).
+materialize(heightM, 2).
+materialize(units, 2).
+materialize(heightSquared, 2).
+materialize(bmi, 2).
+materialize(bmiRoundedInt, 2).
+materialize(healthyMinKg, 2).
+materialize(healthyMaxKg, 2).
+materialize(healthyMinKgRoundedInt, 2).
+materialize(healthyMaxKgRoundedInt, 2).
+materialize(category, 2).
+materialize(heightCm, 2).
+materialize(formula, 2).
+materialize(calculation, 2).
+materialize(categoryRule, 2).
+materialize(unitsExplanation, 2).
+materialize(c1, 2).
+materialize(c2, 2).
+materialize(c3, 2).
+materialize(c4, 2).
+materialize(c5, 2).
+materialize(c6, 2).
+materialize(c7, 2).
+materialize(c8, 2).
+materialize(c9, 2).
+materialize(result, 2).
+materialize(healthyWeightRangeKg, 2).
+materialize(checkPassed, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+unitSystem(input, metric).
+weight(input, 72.0).
+height(input, 178.0).
+
+% US alternative:
+% unitSystem(input, us).
+% weight(input, 158.73).
+% height(input, 70.08).
+
+% Normalization and BMI calculation.
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+weightKg(case, W) :-
+  unitSystem(input, metric),
+  weight(input, W).
+
+heightM(case, M) :-
+  unitSystem(input, metric),
+  height(input, H),
+  div(H, 100.0, M).
+
+units(reason, "Inputs were already metric, so kilograms stay kilograms and centimeters are divided by 100 to obtain meters.") :-
+  unitSystem(input, metric).
+
+weightKg(case, Kg) :-
+  unitSystem(input, us),
+  weight(input, W),
+  mul(W, 0.45359237, Kg).
+
+heightM(case, M) :-
+  unitSystem(input, us),
+  height(input, H),
+  mul(H, 0.0254, M).
+
+units(reason, "US inputs were converted to SI units: pounds to kilograms and inches to meters.") :-
+  unitSystem(input, us).
+
+heightSquared(case, M2) :-
+  heightM(case, M),
+  mul(M, M, M2).
+
+bmi(case, Bmi) :-
+  weightKg(case, Kg),
+  heightSquared(case, M2),
+  div(Kg, M2, Bmi).
+
+bmiRoundedInt(case, Bmiroundedint) :-
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  mul(Bmi, 100.0, Bmix100),
+  rounded(Bmix100, Bmiroundedint).
+
+healthyMinKg(case, Healthymin) :-
+  heightSquared(case, M2),
+  mul(18.5, M2, Healthymin).
+
+healthyMaxKg(case, Healthymax) :-
+  heightSquared(case, M2),
+  mul(24.9, M2, Healthymax).
+
+healthyMinKgRoundedInt(case, Minroundedint) :-
+  healthyMinKg(case, Healthymin),
+  mul(Healthymin, 10.0, Minx10),
+  rounded(Minx10, Minroundedint).
+
+healthyMaxKgRoundedInt(case, Maxroundedint) :-
+  healthyMaxKg(case, Healthymax),
+  mul(Healthymax, 10.0, Maxx10),
+  rounded(Maxx10, Maxroundedint).
+
+% WHO adult categories, using half-open intervals.
+category(decision, "Underweight") :-
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  lt(Bmi, 18.5).
+
+category(decision, "Normal") :-
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  ge(Bmi, 18.5),
+  lt(Bmi, 25.0).
+
+category(decision, "Overweight") :-
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  ge(Bmi, 25.0),
+  lt(Bmi, 30.0).
+
+category(decision, "Obesity I") :-
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  ge(Bmi, 30.0),
+  lt(Bmi, 35.0).
+
+category(decision, "Obesity II") :-
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  ge(Bmi, 35.0),
+  lt(Bmi, 40.0).
+
+category(decision, "Obesity III") :-
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  ge(Bmi, 40.0).
+
+% Answer and reason why.
+bmi(answer, 22.72) :-
+  bmiRoundedInt(case, 2272).
+
+category(answer, Category) :-
+  category(decision, Category).
+
+healthyMinKg(answer, 58.6) :-
+  healthyMinKgRoundedInt(case, 586).
+
+healthyMaxKg(answer, 78.9) :-
+  healthyMaxKgRoundedInt(case, 789).
+
+heightCm(answer, Cmrounded) :-
+  heightM(case, M),
+  mul(M, 100.0, Cm),
+  rounded(Cm, Cmrounded).
+
+formula(reason, "BMI is defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.") :-
+  bmi(case, _bmi).
+
+calculation(reason, "The normalized weight and height were used to compute BMI, then the result was mapped to the WHO adult category table.") :-
+  category(decision, _category).
+
+categoryRule(reason, Category) :-
+  category(decision, Category).
+
+unitsExplanation(reason, Units) :-
+  units(reason, Units).
+
+% Independent checks.
+c1(check, "OK - the input was normalized into positive SI values.") :-
+  weightKg(case, Kg),
+  heightM(case, M),
+  gt(Kg, 0),
+  gt(M, 0).
+
+c2(check, "OK - height squared was reconstructed from the normalized height.") :-
+  heightM(case, M),
+  heightSquared(case, M2),
+  mul(M, M, M2).
+
+c3(check, "OK - the BMI value matches the BMI = kg / m² formula.") :-
+  weightKg(case, Kg),
+  heightSquared(case, M2),
+  bmi(case, Bmi),
+  div(Kg, M2, Bmi).
+
+c4(check, "OK - a BMI of 18.49 stays below the normal-weight threshold.") :-
+  lt(18.49, 18.5).
+
+c5(check, "OK - the lower boundary is half-open: BMI 18.5 is classified as Normal.") :-
+  ge(18.5, 18.5),
+  lt(18.5, 25.0).
+
+c6(check, "OK - BMI 25.0 starts the Overweight category.") :-
+  ge(25.0, 25.0),
+  lt(25.0, 30.0).
+
+c7(check, "OK - BMI 30.0 starts the Obesity I category.") :-
+  ge(30.0, 30.0),
+  lt(30.0, 35.0).
+
+c8(check, "OK - classification behavior is monotonic across representative BMI values.") :-
+  ge(22.0, 18.5),
+  lt(22.0, 25.0),
+  ge(27.0, 25.0),
+  lt(27.0, 30.0),
+  ge(41.0, 40.0).
+
+c9(check, "OK - the healthy-weight band was reconstructed from BMI 18.5 to 24.9 at the same height.") :-
+  heightSquared(case, M2),
+  healthyMinKg(case, Min),
+  healthyMaxKg(case, Max),
+  mul(18.5, M2, Min),
+  mul(24.9, M2, Max).
+
+% Derived report summary.  These relations are consequences of the calculation
+% and checks, not pre-written report lines.
+result(report, bmi(Bmi, Category)) :-
+  bmi(answer, Bmi),
+  category(answer, Category).
+
+healthyWeightRangeKg(report, range(Min, Max)) :-
+  healthyMinKg(answer, Min),
+  healthyMaxKg(answer, Max).
+
+heightCm(report, Height) :-
+  heightCm(answer, Height).
+
+checkPassed(report, Check) :-
+  statement(check, Check, _message).