romdevtools 0.27.0 → 0.29.0

package/examples/sms/templates/platformer.c

@@ -1,215 +1,804 @@
-/* ── platformer.c — SMS SIDE-SCROLLING platformer scaffold ─────────
+/* ── platformer.c — SMS side-scrolling platformer (complete example game) ────
  *
- * A horizontally scrolling platformer. The world is 512 px wide (64
- * cells); the SMS name table is only 32 cells (256 px) and wraps, so a
- * world wider than one screen needs COLUMN STREAMING: each time the
- * camera crosses an 8-px boundary we rewrite the name-table column that
- * is about to scroll into view with the next world column's tiles.
+ * GULLY VAULT — a COMPLETE, working game: title screen, 1P mode and 2P
+ * ALTERNATING-TURNS mode (arcade-classic: players swap on death; each player
+ * has their own score and own 3 lives; player 2 plays on PORT B), coins +
+ * distance scoring, persistent hi-score (Sega-mapper cart RAM — see the
+ * honesty note at hiscore_save), PSG music + SFX, and the SMS's signature
+ * LINE-INTERRUPT split: a fixed HUD strip over a horizontally scrolling
+ * level, timed by the VDP's programmable line counter.
  *
- * Smooth pixel scroll comes from VDP register 8 (R8 = -camX & 0xFF).
- * Subpixel state (x/y in 1/16-pixel units) for fine acceleration; the
- * player sprite draws in SCREEN space (worldX>>4) - camX.
+ * THIS FILE IS MEANT TO BE FORKED AND MODIFIED into your own game — even a
+ * very different one. The markers tell you what's what:
+ *   HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing) — dodges a documented SMS footgun; reshape
+ *     your gameplay around it (see TROUBLESHOOTING before changing).
+ *   GAME LOGIC (clay) — level layout, physics tuning, scoring, art: reshape
+ *     freely.
  *
- * See the SMS MENTAL_MODEL.md "Horizontal scrolling" section.
+ * What depends on what:
+ *   sms_hw.h / vdp_init.c / load_tiles.c / load_palette.c / sprite_table.c /
+ *     joypad_read.c — the bundled VDP + input runtime (this file's externs).
+ *   sms_sfx.{h,c} + sms_music.{h,c} — SN76489 PSG sound layers.
+ *   sms_crt0.s — boot + vector table. Its $0038 IM-1 handler is the OTHER
+ *     HALF of the line-interrupt idiom below: it acks the VDP (one status
+ *     read clears BOTH the frame and line IRQ flags) and returns with
+ *     ei/reti. Load-bearing; edit with TROUBLESHOOTING open.
+ *
+ * The level: a 32-column map (ground height + one-way platforms + pits).
+ * Here the SMS does the NES one better: the SMS name table is EXACTLY 32
+ * cells = 256 px wide and wraps in hardware, so a 256-px-periodic level
+ * paints ONCE and the uint8 scroll wraps perfectly seamless — no second
+ * nametable, no column streaming. An endless looping run of pits,
+ * platforms, coins and spikes. Coins/spikes are sprites that drift with
+ * the scroll (world-anchored while on screen, respawning at the right).
+ *
+ * Frame budget (NTSC, 60fps): SAT upload (192 OUTs) fits in vblank + the
+ * 24-line HUD strip; player physics + a two-column tile probe + (3 coins +
+ * 2 spikes) of AABB run in the active frame with room to spare. The HUD
+ * redraw (10 software 16-bit divisions) is gated by a dirty flag — see the
+ * BUDGET FOOTGUN at the main loop.
+ *
+ * SDCC FOOTGUN (bites every fork): uint8 loop bounds silently wrap —
+ * `for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 24 * 32; i++)` is an INFINITE loop (768 > 255;
+ * SDCC even warns "comparison is always true"). Treat that warning as an
+ * error: widen the counter to uint16_t or keep loops nested per-row like
+ * the painters below.
  */
 #include "sms_hw.h"
 #include "sms_sfx.h"
+#include "sms_music.h"
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-extern void sms_vdp_init(void);
-extern void sms_vdp_display_on(void);
-extern void sms_vdp_write_reg(uint8_t reg, uint8_t value);
-extern void sms_vdp_set_addr(uint16_t addr, uint8_t prefix);
-extern void sms_load_palette(const uint8_t *palette);
-extern void sms_load_tiles(uint16_t vram_dest, const uint8_t *src, uint16_t byte_count);
-extern void sms_set_tilemap_cell(uint8_t row, uint8_t col, uint8_t tile_idx, uint8_t attr);
-extern void sms_vblank_wait(void);
+/* The title screen renders this — examples({op:'fork'}) stamps your game's
+ * name here automatically. Keep it ≤16 chars of A-Z 0-9 space dash. */
+#define GAME_TITLE "GULLY VAULT"
+
+extern void    sms_vdp_init(void);
+extern void    sms_vdp_write_reg(uint8_t reg, uint8_t value);
+extern void    sms_vdp_display_on(void);
+extern void    sms_vdp_display_off(void);
+extern void    sms_vdp_set_addr(uint16_t addr, uint8_t prefix);
+extern void    sms_load_palette(const uint8_t *palette);
+extern void    sms_load_tiles(uint16_t vram_dest, const uint8_t *src, uint16_t byte_count);
+extern void    sms_set_tilemap_cell(uint8_t row, uint8_t col, uint8_t tile_idx, uint8_t attr);
 extern uint8_t sms_joypad_read(void);
-extern void sms_sprite_init(void);
-extern void sms_sprite_set(uint8_t slot, uint8_t x, uint8_t y, uint8_t tile);
-extern void sms_sat_upload(void);
+extern uint8_t sms_joypad_read_p2(void);
+extern void    sms_sprite_init(void);
+extern void    sms_sprite_set(uint8_t slot, uint8_t x, uint8_t y, uint8_t tile);
+extern void    sms_sat_upload(void);
 
-#define T_OPEN  0
-#define T_WALL  1
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay — reshape freely) ──────────────────────────────────────
+ * Palettes. SMS CRAM is 2-2-2 BGR (--BBGGRR): R bits 0-1, G bits 2-3,
+ * B bits 4-5. White = 0x3F. BG colour 0 doubles as the backdrop/border. */
+static const uint8_t palette[32] = {
+  /* BG: 0 = sky blue, 1 = dirt brown, 2 = grass green, 3 = white (text +
+   * clouds), 4 = HUD-bar navy */
+  0x39, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x3F, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+  /* Sprites: 1 = red (player), 2 = gold (coin), 3 = orange (spike).
+   * One shared sprite palette on SMS — per-"sprite" colour means per-TILE
+   * colour indices, not per-sprite palettes. */
+  0x00, 0x03, 0x0F, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+};
 
-#define WORLD_COLS 64                 /* 64 cells = 512 px world          */
-#define WORLD_W    (WORLD_COLS * 8)
-#define SCREEN_W   256
-#define VIS_ROWS   24                 /* 192-line display = 24 rows       */
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — BG tile inventory (BG bank $0000) ───────────────────
+ * tile 0          = blank sky (colour 0)
+ * tiles 1..37     = font: digits 0-9, A-Z, '-'  (uploaded 1bpp→4bpp below)
+ * tile 38         = grass surface (green lip over dirt)
+ * tile 39         = dirt fill (solid colour 1)
+ * tile 40         = solid HUD bar (colour 4) — the split seam hides in it
+ * tile 41         = cloud puff (colour 3) */
+#define FONT_BASE  1
+#define BG_GRASS   38
+#define BG_DIRT    39
+#define BG_HUDBAR  40
+#define BG_CLOUD   41
 
-static const uint8_t palette[32] = {
-  /* BG: backdrop blue, wall mid-grey */
-  0x10,0x14,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  /* Sprite: player red */
-  0x00,0x03,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+/* 1bpp font (same glyph set as the NES/GB examples — 0-9, A-Z, '-').
+ * Stored 8 bytes/glyph; expanded to the SMS's 32-byte 4bpp tiles at upload
+ * (see load_font below), so the ROM carries 296 bytes instead of 1184. */
+static const uint8_t font8[37][8] = {
+  /* 0-9 */
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x6E,0x76,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00}, {0x18,0x38,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x7E,0x00},
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x7E,0x00}, {0x3C,0x66,0x06,0x1C,0x06,0x66,0x3C,0x00},
+  {0x0C,0x1C,0x3C,0x6C,0x7E,0x0C,0x0C,0x00}, {0x7E,0x60,0x7C,0x06,0x06,0x66,0x3C,0x00},
+  {0x1C,0x30,0x60,0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00}, {0x7E,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x00},
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00}, {0x3C,0x66,0x66,0x3E,0x06,0x0C,0x38,0x00},
+  /* A-Z */
+  {0x18,0x3C,0x66,0x66,0x7E,0x66,0x66,0x00}, {0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x00},
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x66,0x3C,0x00}, {0x78,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x6C,0x78,0x00},
+  {0x7E,0x60,0x60,0x7C,0x60,0x60,0x7E,0x00}, {0x7E,0x60,0x60,0x7C,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x00},
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x60,0x6E,0x66,0x66,0x3E,0x00}, {0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7E,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x00},
+  {0x7E,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x7E,0x00}, {0x06,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00},
+  {0x66,0x6C,0x78,0x70,0x78,0x6C,0x66,0x00}, {0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x7E,0x00},
+  {0x63,0x77,0x7F,0x6B,0x63,0x63,0x63,0x00}, {0x66,0x76,0x7E,0x7E,0x6E,0x66,0x66,0x00},
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00}, {0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x00},
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x6A,0x6C,0x36,0x00}, {0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x6C,0x66,0x66,0x00},
+  {0x3C,0x66,0x60,0x3C,0x06,0x66,0x3C,0x00}, {0x7E,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00},
+  {0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x00}, {0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x18,0x00},
+  {0x63,0x63,0x63,0x6B,0x7F,0x77,0x63,0x00}, {0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x18,0x3C,0x66,0x66,0x00},
+  {0x66,0x66,0x66,0x3C,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00}, {0x7E,0x06,0x0C,0x18,0x30,0x60,0x7E,0x00},
+  /* '-' */
+  {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00},
 };
 
-static const uint8_t bg_tiles[32 * 2] = {
-  /* T_OPEN — blank */
-  0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,
-  0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,
-  /* T_WALL — solid block in colour 1 */
-  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+/* Expand 1bpp glyphs into 4bpp SMS tiles as colour 3 (planes 0+1 set).
+ * SMS tile rows are 4 bytes: plane0, plane1, plane2, plane3. */
+static void load_font(void) {
+  uint8_t g, r, bits;
+  sms_vdp_set_addr((uint16_t)(FONT_BASE * 32), VDP_VRAM_WRITE);
+  for (g = 0; g < 37; g++) {
+    for (r = 0; r < 8; r++) {
+      bits = font8[g][r];
+      PORT_VDP_DATA = bits;   /* plane 0 */
+      PORT_VDP_DATA = bits;   /* plane 1 → colour index 3 */
+      PORT_VDP_DATA = 0;      /* plane 2 */
+      PORT_VDP_DATA = 0;      /* plane 3 */
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Grass/dirt/HUD-bar/cloud tiles (4bpp, 32 bytes each — rows of plane0..3). */
+static const uint8_t deco_tiles[128] = {
+  /* BG_GRASS: 2 rows of grass (colour 2 = plane 1) over dirt (colour 1) */
+  0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  /* BG_DIRT: solid colour 1 */
+  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  /* BG_HUDBAR: solid colour 4 (binary 100 → plane 2 only) — the split
+   * seam lands inside this row */
+  0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00,
+  0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00,
+  /* BG_CLOUD: white puff (colour 3 = planes 0+1) */
+  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x3C,0x3C,0x00,0x00, 0x7E,0x7E,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0x00,
+  0x7E,0x7E,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
 };
 
-static const uint8_t player_tile[32] = {
-  0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
-  0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+/* Sprite tiles (sprite bank $2000 — vdp_init's R6=0xFF baseline reads
+ * sprite patterns from $2000, so upload there, not $0000). */
+static const uint8_t sprite_tiles[32 * 4] = {
+  /* T_PLAYER_IDLE — round body + legs, colour 1 (red) */
+  0x3C,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x66,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x66,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  /* T_PLAYER_JUMP — arms up, colour 1 */
+  0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  0xE7,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xC3,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x81,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+  /* T_COIN — disc, colour 2 (gold, plane 1) */
+  0x00,0x3C,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x7E,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00,
+  0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x7E,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x3C,0x00,0x00,
+  /* T_SPIKE — ground spike, colour 3 (orange, planes 0+1) */
+  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00, 0x18,0x18,0x00,0x00, 0x3C,0x3C,0x00,0x00,
+  0x3C,0x3C,0x00,0x00, 0x7E,0x7E,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0x00,
 };
+#define T_PLAYER_IDLE 0
+#define T_PLAYER_JUMP 1
+#define T_COIN        2
+#define T_SPIKE       3
 
-typedef struct { int16_t x, y, w, h; } Rect;
-
-/* Platforms in WORLD coords, spread across the 512-px world. */
-static const Rect platforms[] = {
-  {   0, 176, 512,  16 }, /* floor spans the world */
-  {  32, 144,  56,   8 },
-  { 120, 144,  64,   8 },
-  { 200, 112,  48,   8 },
-  {  56,  96,  40,   8 },
-  { 288, 136,  64,   8 },
-  { 384, 104,  56,   8 },
-  { 440, 152,  48,   8 },
-  { 320,  72,  48,   8 },
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay — reshape freely) ──────────────────────────────────────
+ * The level — a 32-column map; world x = (screen x + scroll) mod 256, and
+ * 32 columns × 8 px = EXACTLY the name table width, so the map paints once
+ * and wraps seamlessly (the NES version of this game needs two mirrored
+ * nametables for the same trick; the SMS gets it free).
+ *   ground_row[c] — name-table row of the ground's grass top, 0xFF = pit.
+ *   plat_row[c]   — row of a one-way floating platform, 0 = none.
+ * Rows are name-table rows (y = row*8). Playfield rows are 3..23. */
+#define NO_GROUND 0xFF
+static const uint8_t ground_row[32] = {
+  21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,                  /* start runway        */
+  21, NO_GROUND, NO_GROUND, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,    /* pit 1 (16 px)       */
+  21, 21, 21, 21, NO_GROUND, NO_GROUND, NO_GROUND, /* pit 2 (24 px)       */
+  21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,
+};
+static const uint8_t plat_row[32] = {
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 16, 16, 0,                       /* slab before pit 1   */
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 15,                        /* slab mid-level      */
+  15, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 16, 16, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0,                       /* slab near the loop  */
 };
-#define N_PLATFORMS (sizeof(platforms) / sizeof(platforms[0]))
-
-static uint8_t on_platform(int16_t px, int16_t py) {
-  uint8_t i;
-  const Rect *p;
-  for (i = 0; i < N_PLATFORMS; i++) {
-    p = &platforms[i];
-    if (py + 8 == p->y && px + 8 > p->x && px < p->x + p->w) return 1;
+
+/* HUD layout: row 0 = text (P# / lives / SC / HI), row 1 = blank, row 2 =
+ * solid bar. The bar row is both the visual divider AND where the split
+ * seam hides. NOTE vdp_init's R0=0x36 baseline blanks the LEFTMOST 8-px
+ * column (bit 5 — it masks the scroll seam at the screen edge), so screen
+ * column 0 is invisible: HUD text starts at column 1.
+ * (R0 bit 6 — "lock the top 2 rows against H-scroll" — looks like a free
+ * HUD, but it's 2 rows max and all-or-nothing; the line-IRQ split below
+ * is the general technique, any height, and also does palette/water
+ * effects. We teach the split.) */
+#define HUD_ROWS    3
+#define HUD_PX      (HUD_ROWS * 8)
+#define START_LIVES 3
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — physics + tuning ── */
+#define GRAVITY_Q44    1    /* +1/16 px per frame per frame                */
+#define JUMP_VEL_Q44 (-40)  /* launch vy (Q4.4) → ~50 px / ~6 tile apex    */
+#define MAX_VY_Q44    80    /* terminal velocity, 5 px/frame — MUST stay   *
+                             * under 6: the landing probe's 6-px window    *
+                             * can't catch a faster fall (tunnelling)      */
+#define MOVE_SPEED     2    /* px/frame walk + scroll speed                */
+#define SCROLL_WALL  112    /* px: past this the world scrolls, not you    */
+#define GROUND_ROW    21    /* see ground_row[]                            */
+#define GROUND_TOP   168    /* GROUND_ROW * 8                              */
+#define SPIKE_Y      160    /* spikes stand on the ground                  */
+#define PIT_KILL_Y   200    /* fell below the 192-line screen → dead. Keep *
+                             * this BELOW 0xD0=208: a sprite staged with   *
+                             * Y=$D0 is the SAT TERMINATOR — the VDP stops *
+                             * scanning and every later slot vanishes      */
+#define NUM_COINS      3
+#define NUM_SPIKES     2
+
+static uint8_t  px;                 /* player screen x                     */
+static uint16_t py_q44;             /* player y, Q4.4 fixed point — gravity
+                                     * adds <1 px/frame near the jump apex,
+                                     * so we need sub-pixel precision      */
+static int8_t   vy_q44;
+static uint8_t  on_ground;
+static uint8_t  scroll_x;           /* level scroll — uint8 wraps at 256 = *
+                                     * exactly one level loop (seamless)   */
+static uint8_t  dist_sub;           /* sub-counter: 64 px scrolled = +1 pt */
+static uint8_t  coin_x[NUM_COINS], coin_y[NUM_COINS];
+static uint8_t  spike_x[NUM_SPIKES], spike_active[NUM_SPIKES];
+
+/* Players: index 0 = P1 (port A), 1 = P2 (port B — alternating turns,
+ * arcade-classic style). Each has own score + own lives; the HUD shows the
+ * CURRENT player's numbers. */
+static uint8_t  two_player;
+static uint8_t  cur_player;
+static uint8_t  p_lives[2];
+static uint16_t p_score[2];
+static uint16_t hiscore;
+static uint8_t  turn_pause;         /* freeze frames after a turn change   */
+static uint8_t  hud_dirty;          /* score/lives changed → redraw next vblank */
+static uint8_t  over_step;          /* game-over text, one piece per vblank */
+static uint8_t  prev_pad;
+static uint16_t rng = 0xC0DE;
+
+/* Game states — the shell every example shares: title → play → game over. */
+#define ST_TITLE 0
+#define ST_PLAY  1
+#define ST_OVER  2
+static uint8_t state;
+
+/* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — reshape gameplay around this; see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+ * LINE-INTERRUPT SPLIT SCROLL — the SMS's signature trick (fixed status bar
+ * over a moving field, palette splits, water effects). The VDP has ONE
+ * scroll register pair for the whole frame; to keep the HUD fixed while the
+ * level scrolls you change the scroll MID-FRAME. Where the NES needs the
+ * sprite-0-hit HACK (park a sprite, busy-poll a status bit, burn scanlines
+ * spinning), the SMS has a real, PROGRAMMABLE line interrupt:
+ *
+ *   R10 = N        line counter: a down-counter reloaded with N every line
+ *                  outside the active area; underflow → IRQ at line N.
+ *   R0 bit 4 (IE1) line-IRQ enable (already set in vdp_init's 0x36 baseline).
+ *   R1 bit 5 (IE0) frame(vblank)-IRQ enable (set by sms_vdp_display_on's 0xE0).
+ *
+ * Both IRQs land on the Z80's IM-1 vector at $0038. The crt0's handler does
+ * the canonical minimal handshake:  push af / in a,($BF) / pop af / ei / reti
+ * — reading the status port ACKS the VDP (clears BOTH pending flags; skip
+ * the read and the IRQ line stays asserted = interrupt storm), and EI must
+ * precede RETI or interrupts stay off forever after the first one.
+ *
+ * Because the handler does no work, the MAIN loop synchronizes with HALT:
+ * the Z80 sleeps until the next interrupt, then we read the V-counter (port
+ * $7E) to learn WHICH one woke us — line IRQs only fire during the active
+ * area (V < 0xC0 here), the frame IRQ fires at vblank (V ≥ 0xC0).
+ *
+ *   wait_vblank():  sleep until the frame IRQ  → do per-frame VRAM work,
+ *                   write R8 = 0 so the HUD strip renders unscrolled.
+ *   wait_split():   sleep until the line IRQ at line 23 (R10 = HUD_PX-1,
+ *                   the last line of the solid bar row — any single-line
+ *                   tear from the mid-row write hides inside solid colour)
+ *                   → write R8 = -scroll_x; everything below scrolls.
+ *
+ * SCROLL DIRECTION — why R8 gets MINUS scroll_x: R8 shifts the whole plane
+ * RIGHT as it grows (name-table column 0 appears at screen x = R8). To move
+ * the WINDOW right through the world (level flows left as the player runs
+ * right) you write the negation: R8 = -scroll_x, so screen pixel x shows
+ * name-table pixel (x + scroll_x) & 0xFF. Get the sign wrong and the world
+ * runs backwards under the player.
+ *
+ * FOOTGUN — you cannot poll once IRQs are on: sms_vblank_wait() spins on
+ * the same status port the ISR reads. The ISR always wins the race (the
+ * IRQ fires the instant the flag sets), eats the flag, and the poll loop
+ * hangs forever. HALT + V-counter is the IRQ-era replacement.
+ *
+ * FOOTGUN — why this is a HORIZONTAL scroller: the Y-scroll register (R9)
+ * is LATCHED ONCE PER FRAME by the VDP; mid-frame R9 writes do nothing
+ * until the next frame, so a "vertical scroll below the HUD" split is
+ * impossible on this chip. X-scroll (R8) is sampled per line — that's the
+ * one you can change mid-frame. (A vertical or 4-way platformer needs
+ * name-table streaming instead — see the MENTAL_MODEL doc.)
+ *
+ * Requires: R10 programmed, IE1 + IE0 enabled, EI executed once after
+ * display-on, the crt0's ack-only ISR, and wait_vblank/wait_split called
+ * EVERY frame in this order. R10 reloads after each underflow, so the line
+ * IRQ re-fires every HUD_PX lines all the way down the frame — the later
+ * wakes harmlessly interrupt game logic (the ISR acks them) and re-halt
+ * inside the NEXT wait_vblank(). */
+#define SPLIT_LINE (HUD_PX - 1)
+
+static void wait_vblank(void) {
+  /* check-first: if game logic overran into vblank, don't sleep a frame */
+  while (PORT_V_COUNTER < 0xC0) { __asm__("halt"); }
+  sms_vdp_write_reg(8, 0);          /* HUD strip renders with X scroll 0 */
+}
+
+static void wait_split(void) {
+  /* halt-first: vblank work always ends inside vblank (V ≥ 0xC0), and the
+   * first wake at V < 0xC0 is the line IRQ at SPLIT_LINE */
+  do { __asm__("halt"); } while (PORT_V_COUNTER >= 0xC0);
+  sms_vdp_write_reg(8, (uint8_t)(0 - scroll_x));  /* level below the bar */
+}
+
+/* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing) — hi-score in Sega-mapper cart RAM ────────
+ * The Sega mapper's control register at $FFFC: bit 3 maps the cart's 8KB
+ * battery RAM into $8000-$BFFF (bank slot 2). Map → copy → unmap; keep the
+ * window short so stray pointer bugs can't shred the save. The block is
+ * magic + value + checksum so a never-written cart (all $FF) reads back as
+ * "no save" instead of a garbage hi-score.
+ *
+ * NOTE the $FFFC address: it's IN the WRAM mirror ($C000-$DFFF mirrors at
+ * $E000-$FFFF), so this write also lands in WRAM at $DFFC — the mapper
+ * just snoops the bus. That's why the crt0 parks SP at $DFF0: the bytes
+ * above it ($DFFC-$FFFF) belong to the mapper registers' shadow.
+ *
+ * HONESTY (verified 2026-06-10 against the bundled gpgx core): gpgx only
+ * instantiates the Sega mapper for ROMs LARGER than 48KB, and this build
+ * pipeline emits 32KB ROMs — so in-emulator the $8000 window stays open-bus
+ * (reads $FF), the magic check fails, and the game falls back to the WRAM
+ * hi-score (in-session only). The code below is still the correct
+ * real-hardware idiom and lights up unchanged on a >48KB build or a cart
+ * with battery RAM: the load path is self-falsifying, never wrong. */
+#define MAPPER_CTRL (*(volatile uint8_t *)0xFFFC)
+#define CART_RAM    ((volatile uint8_t *)0x8000)
+
+static void hiscore_save(uint16_t v) {
+  uint8_t lo = (uint8_t)(v & 0xFF), hi = (uint8_t)(v >> 8);
+  MAPPER_CTRL = 0x08;               /* map cart RAM at $8000 */
+  CART_RAM[0] = 0x48;               /* 'H' */
+  CART_RAM[1] = 0x53;               /* 'S' */
+  CART_RAM[2] = lo;
+  CART_RAM[3] = hi;
+  CART_RAM[4] = (uint8_t)(lo ^ hi ^ 0xA5);
+  MAPPER_CTRL = 0x00;               /* back to ROM in slot 2 */
+}
+
+static uint16_t hiscore_load(void) {
+  uint16_t v = 0;
+  MAPPER_CTRL = 0x08;
+  if (CART_RAM[0] == 0x48 && CART_RAM[1] == 0x53 &&
+      CART_RAM[4] == (uint8_t)(CART_RAM[2] ^ CART_RAM[3] ^ 0xA5)) {
+    v = (uint16_t)(CART_RAM[2] | ((uint16_t)CART_RAM[3] << 8));
   }
-  return 0;
+  MAPPER_CTRL = 0x00;
+  return v;
 }
 
-/* Is world cell (col,row) inside any platform? */
-static uint8_t cell_is_wall(int16_t col, uint8_t row) {
-  int16_t cx = col << 3;
-  int16_t cy = (int16_t)row << 3;
-  uint8_t i;
-  const Rect *p;
-  for (i = 0; i < N_PLATFORMS; i++) {
-    p = &platforms[i];
-    if (cx + 8 > p->x && cx < p->x + p->w
-        && cy + 8 > p->y && cy < p->y + p->h) return 1;
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — xorshift16 PRNG (~tens of cycles per call) ── */
+static uint8_t random8(void) {
+  uint16_t r = rng;
+  r ^= r << 7;
+  r ^= r >> 9;
+  r ^= r << 8;
+  rng = r;
+  return (uint8_t)r;
+}
+
+static uint8_t dist8(uint8_t a, uint8_t b) {
+  return (a > b) ? (uint8_t)(a - b) : (uint8_t)(b - a);
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — text via the font tiles ─────────────────────────────
+ * These write the name table directly, so call them only during vblank (or
+ * with the display off): VRAM access during active display races the VDP's
+ * own fetches and drops/garbles bytes on real hardware. */
+static uint8_t font_tile(char ch) {
+  if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') return (uint8_t)(FONT_BASE + (ch - '0'));
+  if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') return (uint8_t)(FONT_BASE + 10 + (ch - 'A'));
+  if (ch == '-') return (uint8_t)(FONT_BASE + 36);
+  return 0;                         /* space → blank tile */
+}
+
+static void text_draw(uint8_t row, uint8_t col, const char *s) {
+  while (*s) sms_set_tilemap_cell(row, col++, font_tile(*s++), 0);
+}
+
+static void draw_u16(uint8_t row, uint8_t col, uint16_t v) {
+  uint8_t d[5], i;
+  for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { d[i] = (uint8_t)(v % 10); v /= 10; }
+  for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+    sms_set_tilemap_cell(row, (uint8_t)(col + i), (uint8_t)(FONT_BASE + d[4 - i]), 0);
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — HUD: P# lives SC sssss HI hhhhh on row 0 ──
+ * (columns start at 1 — the R0 left-column blank hides column 0) */
+static void draw_hud_labels(void) {
+  text_draw(0, 1, "P");
+  text_draw(0, 6, "SC");
+  text_draw(0, 16, "HI");
+}
+
+static void draw_hud(void) {
+  sms_set_tilemap_cell(0, 2, (uint8_t)(FONT_BASE + 1 + cur_player), 0);  /* '1'/'2' */
+  sms_set_tilemap_cell(0, 4, (uint8_t)(FONT_BASE + (p_lives[cur_player] > 9 ? 9 : p_lives[cur_player])), 0);
+  draw_u16(0, 9, p_score[cur_player]);
+  draw_u16(0, 19, hiscore);
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — screen painters ─────────────────────────────────────
+ * Full-screen repaints happen with the DISPLAY OFF (free VRAM access, and a
+ * clean cut instead of a visible wipe). While the display is off the frame
+ * IRQ doesn't fire — so no halt-based waits in here, or you hang forever. */
+/* PERF FOOTGUN (inherited from the shmup, found the slow way): per-cell
+ * sms_set_tilemap_cell redoes the 4-OUT address setup for every cell — over
+ * a full screen that's seconds of black. Set the VRAM address ONCE per row
+ * (the data port autoincrements through the row's 64 bytes) and stream. */
+static uint8_t field_tile(uint8_t r, uint8_t c) {
+  uint8_t g = ground_row[c];
+  if (r == plat_row[c]) return BG_GRASS;        /* one-way floating slab  */
+  if (g != NO_GROUND) {
+    if (r == g) return BG_GRASS;                /* ground surface         */
+    if (r > g) return BG_DIRT;                  /* ground body            */
   }
-  return 0;
+  /* sparse clouds in the sky band — add/compare counters, no division */
+  if (r >= 4 && r <= 8 && ((uint8_t)(r * 7 + c * 5) & 15) == 0) return BG_CLOUD;
+  return 0;                                     /* sky                    */
 }
 
-/* Write one world column into its wrapped name-table column. */
-static void paint_column(int16_t worldCol) {
-  uint8_t ntCol;
-  uint8_t row;
-  if (worldCol < 0 || worldCol >= WORLD_COLS) return;
-  ntCol = (uint8_t)(worldCol & 31);
-  for (row = 0; row < VIS_ROWS; row++)
-    sms_set_tilemap_cell(row, ntCol, cell_is_wall(worldCol, row) ? T_WALL : T_OPEN, 0);
+static void paint_rows(uint8_t from_row) {
+  uint8_t r, c;
+  for (r = from_row; r < 24; r++) {
+    sms_vdp_set_addr((uint16_t)(0x3800 + (uint16_t)r * 64), VDP_VRAM_WRITE);
+    for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) {
+      PORT_VDP_DATA = field_tile(r, c);   /* name-table entry low byte */
+      PORT_VDP_DATA = 0;                  /* high byte: flips/palette/priority */
+    }
+  }
 }
 
-/* Paint the initial 32 columns the camera starts on. */
-static void paint_initial(void) {
-  int16_t c;
-  for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) paint_column(c);
+static void paint_title(void) {
+  sms_vdp_display_off();
+  paint_rows(0);                    /* the level itself is the backdrop */
+  text_draw(6, (uint8_t)((32 - (sizeof(GAME_TITLE) - 1)) / 2), GAME_TITLE);
+  text_draw(11, 10, "1P START - 1");
+  text_draw(13, 10, "2P TURNS - 2");
+  text_draw(17, 12, "HI");
+  draw_u16(17, 15, hiscore);
+  sms_sprite_init();                /* park every sprite off-screen */
+  sms_sat_upload();
+  sms_vdp_write_reg(8, 0);
+  sms_vdp_display_on();             /* re-enables the frame IRQ too */
+}
+
+static void paint_field(void) {
+  uint8_t c;
+  sms_vdp_display_off();
+  for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) {
+    sms_set_tilemap_cell(0, c, 0, 0);          /* row 0: HUD text row */
+    sms_set_tilemap_cell(1, c, 0, 0);          /* row 1: breathing room */
+    sms_set_tilemap_cell(2, c, BG_HUDBAR, 0);  /* row 2: bar = divider + seam */
+  }
+  paint_rows(HUD_ROWS);
+  draw_hud_labels();
+  draw_hud();
+  sms_sprite_init();
+  sms_sat_upload();
+  sms_vdp_write_reg(8, 0);
+  sms_vdp_display_on();
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — coins + spikes (sprite objects in the world) ── */
+static const uint8_t coin_heights[4] = { 144, 120, 88, 112 };
+static void respawn_coin(uint8_t i) {
+  coin_x[i] = (uint8_t)(232 + (random8() & 15));   /* enter at the right  */
+  coin_y[i] = coin_heights[random8() & 3];
+}
+
+static void try_spawn_spike(uint8_t i) {
+  /* Anchor only over ground: an inactive spike rolls a low per-frame
+   * chance, and only spawns if the level column entering at the right
+   * edge has ground under it (never floats over a pit). */
+  uint8_t c = (uint8_t)(248 + scroll_x) >> 3;
+  if (ground_row[c] == NO_GROUND) return;
+  if (random8() > 4) return;
+  spike_x[i] = 248;
+  spike_active[i] = 1;
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — start a turn / a run / end a run ── */
+static void begin_turn(void) {
+  /* NO direct VRAM writes here — this runs mid-frame from kill_player()
+   * (active display). The HUD change goes through hud_dirty and lands in
+   * the next vblank; the level needs no repaint (it's 256-px periodic and
+   * scroll_x=0 just snaps the window back to the start). */
+  px = 24;
+  py_q44 = (uint16_t)(GROUND_TOP - 8) << 4;
+  vy_q44 = 0;
+  on_ground = 1;
+  scroll_x = 0;
+  dist_sub = 0;
+  coin_x[0] =  88; coin_y[0] = 144;
+  coin_x[1] = 152; coin_y[1] = 120;
+  coin_x[2] = 216; coin_y[2] =  88;
+  spike_x[0] = 136; spike_active[0] = 1;   /* both anchored on ground at  */
+  spike_x[1] = 224; spike_active[1] = 1;   /* scroll 0 — see ground_row   */
+  turn_pause = 48;                         /* "P1/P2 ready" breather      */
+  prev_pad = 0xFF;                         /* swallow held buttons across *
+                                            * the turn change             */
+  hud_dirty = 1;                           /* shows the new P#/lives      */
+}
+
+static void start_game(uint8_t players) {
+  two_player = players;
+  cur_player = 0;
+  p_score[0] = p_score[1] = 0;
+  p_lives[0] = START_LIVES;
+  p_lives[1] = players ? START_LIVES : 0;
+  paint_field();                           /* display-off repaint — safe  */
+  begin_turn();
+  sfx_tone(2, 254, 8);                     /* start jingle (A4)           */
+  state = ST_PLAY;
+}
+
+static void game_over(void) {
+  uint16_t best = p_score[0];
+  if (two_player && p_score[1] > best) best = p_score[1];
+  if (best > hiscore) {
+    hiscore = best;
+    hiscore_save(hiscore);  /* cart RAM (real hardware); WRAM copy is live */
+  }
+  sfx_noise(20);
+  state = ST_OVER;
+  over_step = 4;             /* results text, one piece per vblank — each
+                              * draw_u16 is 5 software divisions, and the
+                              * vblank→split budget only fits one (see the
+                              * BUDGET FOOTGUN at the main loop) */
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — death + alternating-turn handoff ── */
+static void kill_player(void) {
+  uint8_t other;
+  sfx_noise(14);
+  if (p_lives[cur_player] > 0) --p_lives[cur_player];
+  if (two_player) {
+    other = cur_player ^ 1;
+    if (p_lives[other] > 0) cur_player = other;          /* swap turns   */
+    else if (p_lives[cur_player] == 0) { game_over(); return; }
+  } else if (p_lives[0] == 0) {
+    game_over();
+    return;
+  }
+  begin_turn();
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — landing probe against the column map ──────────────
+ * One-way platforms, classic style: only catch the player while FALLING
+ * through a narrow window at the surface. The window is 6 px tall —
+ * top-1 (the standing snap parks feet at top, and gravity's sub-pixel
+ * trickle doesn't move the integer Y every frame; without the -1 slack the
+ * player "stands" with on_ground=0 most frames, so jumps only register on
+ * lucky frames and the idle/jump sprite flickers) through top+4 (so a
+ * 5 px/frame terminal-velocity fall can't step over it). */
+static uint8_t land_top(uint8_t c, uint8_t feet) {
+  uint8_t r, top;
+  r = plat_row[c];
+  if (r) {
+    top = (uint8_t)(r << 3);
+    if ((uint8_t)(feet + 1) >= top && feet <= (uint8_t)(top + 4)) return top;
+  }
+  r = ground_row[c];
+  if (r != NO_GROUND) {
+    top = (uint8_t)(r << 3);
+    if ((uint8_t)(feet + 1) >= top && feet <= (uint8_t)(top + 4)) return top;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Stage the SAT shadow for this frame. Inactive slots park at Y=$E0 (below
+ * the 192-line area). NEVER park at Y=$D0 — that's the SAT terminator: the
+ * VDP stops scanning at the first $D0 and every later slot vanishes.
+ * Slot map: 0 = player, 1-3 coins, 4-5 spikes — 6 of 64 slots; mind the
+ * 8-sprites-PER-SCANLINE limit when adding rows of objects (the 9th sprite
+ * on a line silently vanishes). */
+static void stage_sprites(void) {
+  uint8_t i, y8 = (uint8_t)(py_q44 >> 4);
+  /* Blink the player during the turn-change breather. */
+  uint8_t show = (turn_pause == 0 || (turn_pause & 4));
+  sms_sprite_set(0, px, show ? y8 : 0xE0,
+                 on_ground ? T_PLAYER_IDLE : T_PLAYER_JUMP);
+  for (i = 0; i < NUM_COINS; i++)
+    sms_sprite_set((uint8_t)(1 + i), coin_x[i], coin_y[i], T_COIN);
+  for (i = 0; i < NUM_SPIKES; i++)
+    sms_sprite_set((uint8_t)(4 + i), spike_x[i], spike_active[i] ? SPIKE_Y : 0xE0, T_SPIKE);
 }
 
 void main(void) {
-  int16_t px = 16 << 4, py = 64 << 4;
-  int16_t vx = 0, vy = 0;
-  int16_t camX = 0, lastCamCol = 0;
-  uint8_t prev = 0;
-  const int16_t GRAVITY = 10;
-  const int16_t MOVE    = 20;
-  const int16_t JUMP    = -180;
-  const int16_t MAXFALL = 280;
-
-  sms_vdp_init();
-  sms_load_palette(palette);
-  sms_load_tiles(0x0000, bg_tiles, 64);
-  sms_load_tiles(0x2000, player_tile, 32);
-  paint_initial();
+  uint8_t i, pad, delta, y8, feet, c0, c1, top, killed;
 
+  /* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+   * Init order: VDP regs (display off) → palette → tiles → name table →
+   * SAT → R10 → display on (which also enables the frame IRQ) → EI. The
+   * one hard rule: EI comes LAST, after every register is in place — the
+   * crt0 boots with DI and the FIRST halt would hang forever if interrupts
+   * were never enabled. */
+  sms_vdp_init();                    /* R0=0x36 already has IE1 (line IRQ) set */
+  sms_load_palette(palette);
+  load_font();
+  sms_load_tiles((uint16_t)(BG_GRASS * 32), deco_tiles, 128);
+  sms_load_tiles(0x2000, sprite_tiles, 32 * 4);
   sms_sprite_init();
   sfx_init();
-  sms_sprite_set(0, (uint8_t)(px >> 4), (uint8_t)(py >> 4), 0);
-  sms_sat_upload();
-  sms_vdp_display_on();
+  music_init();
+  music_play(0);
+
+  /* R10 = SPLIT_LINE arms the line counter: IRQ at the last bar line. Set
+   * once — it reloads itself every underflow. */
+  sms_vdp_write_reg(10, SPLIT_LINE);
 
-  do {
-    uint8_t pad, grounded;
-    int16_t ipx, ipy, npy, sx;
-    int16_t camCol;
-    int32_t np;
-    uint8_t i;
-    const Rect *p;
-    sms_vblank_wait();
+  hiscore = hiscore_load();          /* cart RAM if present — else 0 */
+  state = ST_TITLE;
+  paint_title();
+  __asm__("ei");                     /* interrupts live from here on */
+
+  for (;;) {
+    if (state == ST_TITLE) {
+      /* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — title: button 1 = 1P, button 2 = 2P turns ── */
+      wait_vblank();
+      sfx_update();
+      music_update();
+      pad = sms_joypad_read();
+      if ((pad & JOY_B1) && !(prev_pad & JOY_B1)) start_game(0);
+      else if ((pad & JOY_B2) && !(prev_pad & JOY_B2)) start_game(1);
+      prev_pad = pad;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (state == ST_OVER) {
+      /* Freeze the final frame; button 1 or 2 returns to the title. */
+      wait_vblank();
+      if (over_step) {               /* deferred draws — one per vblank   */
+        if (over_step == 4) text_draw(11, 11, "GAME OVER");
+        else if (over_step == 3) { text_draw(13, 9, "P1"); draw_u16(13, 13, p_score[0]); }
+        else if (over_step == 2) { if (two_player) { text_draw(15, 9, "P2"); draw_u16(15, 13, p_score[1]); } }
+        else draw_hud();             /* show the (possibly new) hi-score  */
+        over_step--;
+      }
+      wait_split();                  /* keep the HUD/field split alive */
+      sfx_update();
+      music_update();
+      pad = sms_joypad_read();
+      if ((pad & (JOY_B1 | JOY_B2)) && !(prev_pad & (JOY_B1 | JOY_B2))) {
+        state = ST_TITLE;
+        paint_title();
+      }
+      prev_pad = pad;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    /* ── ST_PLAY ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+     * Frame shape: [vblank: SAT + HUD writes, R8=0] → [line IRQ at the bar:
+     * R8=-scroll] → [rest of frame: game logic]. VRAM traffic stays inside
+     * vblank; logic runs while the VDP draws the field.
+     *
+     * BUDGET FOOTGUN (inherited from the shmup, which found it the hard
+     * way): everything between wait_vblank() and wait_split() must finish
+     * before the line IRQ at line 23 — vblank (70 lines) + the HUD strip
+     * (23) ≈ 21k cycles. The SAT upload eats ~7k of that. An unconditional
+     * draw_hud() here (10 software 16-bit divisions for the digits) blows
+     * the budget EVERY frame: the seam slips to a later reload of the line
+     * counter and the top of the level renders unscrolled in jittery
+     * stripes. Hence the dirty flag — the HUD only redraws on the frame
+     * after the score/lives/player actually changed. */
+    wait_vblank();
+    sms_sat_upload();                /* shadow SAT staged at end of last frame */
+    if (hud_dirty) {
+      hud_dirty = 0;
+      draw_hud();
+    }
     sfx_update();
+    music_update();
+    wait_split();                    /* the line-interrupt split — every frame */
+
+    if (turn_pause) {                /* freeze gameplay, keep the frame honest */
+      --turn_pause;
+      stage_sprites();               /* blink runs; SAT stays fresh */
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    /* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) from here down ──────────────────────────────
+     * Input — the CURRENT player's pad (alternating turns: P2 is on port
+     * B). Past SCROLL_WALL the world scrolls instead of the player (the
+     * camera never scrolls back — the classic one-way camera). */
+    pad = cur_player ? sms_joypad_read_p2() : sms_joypad_read();
+    delta = 0;
+    if (pad & JOY_RIGHT) {
+      if (px < SCROLL_WALL) px = (uint8_t)(px + MOVE_SPEED);
+      else { scroll_x = (uint8_t)(scroll_x + MOVE_SPEED); delta = MOVE_SPEED; }
+    }
+    if ((pad & JOY_LEFT) && px > 8) px = (uint8_t)(px - MOVE_SPEED);
+    if ((pad & JOY_B1) && !(prev_pad & JOY_B1) && on_ground) {
+      vy_q44 = JUMP_VEL_Q44;
+      on_ground = 0;
+      /* Voice 2 doubles as the SFX channel: the whoop steals the bass for
+       * a few frames, then sfx_update() silences it and the tracker
+       * re-tones it on its next step — classic "sfx wins" arbitration. */
+      sfx_tone(2, 220, 6);
+    }
+    prev_pad = pad;
+
+    /* World objects drift left as the level scrolls (world-anchored). */
+    if (delta) {
+      dist_sub = (uint8_t)(dist_sub + delta);
+      if (dist_sub >= 64) {                              /* distance pay  */
+        dist_sub -= 64;
+        ++p_score[cur_player];
+        hud_dirty = 1;
+      }
+      for (i = 0; i < NUM_COINS; i++) {
+        if (coin_x[i] < 16 + delta) respawn_coin(i);
+        else coin_x[i] = (uint8_t)(coin_x[i] - delta);
+      }
+      for (i = 0; i < NUM_SPIKES; i++) {
+        if (!spike_active[i]) continue;
+        if (spike_x[i] < 16 + delta) spike_active[i] = 0;
+        else spike_x[i] = (uint8_t)(spike_x[i] - delta);
+      }
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < NUM_SPIKES; i++)
+      if (!spike_active[i]) try_spawn_spike(i);
+
+    /* Physics: gravity + sub-pixel Y. */
+    if (vy_q44 < MAX_VY_Q44) vy_q44 += GRAVITY_Q44;
+    py_q44 = (uint16_t)(py_q44 + (int16_t)vy_q44);
+    y8 = (uint8_t)(py_q44 >> 4);
+
+    /* Fell into a pit (below the 192-line screen) → lose the turn. */
+    if (y8 >= PIT_KILL_Y) {
+      kill_player();
+      continue;
+    }
 
-    ipx = px >> 4;
-    ipy = py >> 4;
-
-    /* Camera follows the player, centered, clamped to the world. */
-    camX = ipx - (SCREEN_W / 2 - 4);
-    if (camX < 0) camX = 0;
-    if (camX > WORLD_W - SCREEN_W) camX = WORLD_W - SCREEN_W;
-
-    /* Stream new columns entering from the right as the camera advances,
-     * and from the left if it retreats. The column just past the right
-     * edge of the visible 32-col window is camCol + 32. */
-    camCol = camX >> 3;
-    while (camCol > lastCamCol) { lastCamCol++; paint_column(lastCamCol + 31); }
-    while (camCol < lastCamCol) { lastCamCol--; paint_column(lastCamCol); }
-
-    /* Smooth pixel scroll: R8 shifts the display; -camX wraps correctly. */
-    sms_vdp_write_reg(8, (uint8_t)(-camX & 0xFF));
-
-    /* Player drawn in SCREEN space. */
-    sx = ipx - camX;
-    sms_sprite_set(0, (uint8_t)sx, (uint8_t)ipy, 0);
-    sms_sat_upload();
-
-    pad = sms_joypad_read();
-    vx = 0;
-    if (pad & JOY_LEFT)  vx = (int16_t)(-MOVE);
-    if (pad & JOY_RIGHT) vx = MOVE;
-
-    grounded = on_platform(ipx, ipy);
-    if ((pad & JOY_B1) && !(prev & JOY_B1) && grounded) { vy = JUMP; sfx_tone(0, 300, 6); }
-    prev = pad;
-
-    vy = (int16_t)(vy + GRAVITY);
-    if (vy > MAXFALL) vy = MAXFALL;
-    if (grounded && vy > 0) vy = 0;
-
-    px = (int16_t)(px + vx);
-    if (px < 0) px = 0;
-    if (px > ((WORLD_W - 8) << 4)) px = (int16_t)((WORLD_W - 8) << 4);
-
-    np = (int32_t)py + (int32_t)vy;
-    npy = (int16_t)(np >> 4);
-    if (vy > 0) {
-      uint8_t landed = 0;
-      for (i = 0; i < N_PLATFORMS; i++) {
-        p = &platforms[i];
-        if (ipy + 8 <= p->y && npy + 8 >= p->y
-            && ipx + 8 > p->x && ipx < p->x + p->w) {
-          py = (int16_t)((p->y - 8) << 4);
-          vy = 0;
-          landed = 1;
-          break;
-        }
+    /* Landing — probe the two level columns under the player's feet. */
+    if (vy_q44 >= 0) {
+      feet = (uint8_t)(y8 + 8);
+      c0 = (uint8_t)(px + scroll_x) >> 3;
+      c1 = (uint8_t)(px + scroll_x + 7) >> 3;
+      top = land_top(c0, feet);
+      if (top == 0) top = land_top(c1, feet);
+      if (top) {
+        py_q44 = (uint16_t)(top - 8) << 4;
+        vy_q44 = 0;
+        if (!on_ground) sfx_tone(2, 400, 2);             /* landing thud  */
+        on_ground = 1;
+      } else {
+        on_ground = 0;                                   /* walked off    */
       }
-      if (!landed) py = (int16_t)np;
-    } else {
-      py = (int16_t)np;
     }
-    if (py > (192 << 4)) { py = 0; vy = 0; }
-  } while (1);
+
+    /* Coins (collect) + spikes (death). */
+    for (i = 0; i < NUM_COINS; i++) {
+      if (dist8(coin_x[i], px) < 8 && dist8(coin_y[i], y8) < 8) {
+        p_score[cur_player] += 10;
+        sfx_tone(2, 140, 4);                             /* coin ping     */
+        hud_dirty = 1;
+        respawn_coin(i);
+      }
+    }
+    killed = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < NUM_SPIKES; i++) {
+      if (!spike_active[i]) continue;
+      if (dist8(spike_x[i], px) < 7 && dist8(SPIKE_Y, y8) < 7) {
+        killed = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (killed) kill_player();
+
+    /* Stage the SAT shadow NOW (RAM only — cheap, any time); the actual
+     * VRAM upload waits for the next vblank at the top of the loop. */
+    stage_sprites();
+  }
 }