romdevtools 0.27.0 → 0.29.0

package/examples/genesis/templates/racing.c

@@ -1,245 +1,780 @@
-/* ── racing.c — Genesis SGDK top-down racing scaffold ──────────────
+/* ── racing.c — Genesis top-down road racer (complete example game) ──────────
  *
- * Endless top-down lane racer. Player car at the bottom of the screen,
- * three lanes, obstacles spawn from the top and slide down. Left/Right
- * D-pad switches lanes. Survive as long as possible — score is the
- * frame count since the last collision.
+ * MIRAGE MILE — a COMPLETE, working game: title screen, 1P endless race with
+ * speed control, 2P simultaneous SPLIT-LANE VERSUS (both cars on screen at
+ * once — player 2 on CONTROLLER 2), a vertically-scrolling road done the
+ * Genesis way (full-plane hardware VSCROLL), streamed roadside scenery
+ * through the DMA queue, crash/lives rules, persistent best distance
+ * (cartridge SRAM), music + SFX — and a LIVE per-scanline HSCROLL_LINE
+ * heat-haze band shimmering across the asphalt, the deluxe scroll variant
+ * the platformer template only documents.
  *
- * Game state:
- *   - Player car (1×1 tile) at fixed Y, X = lane_x[lane]
- *   - 4 obstacle cars (object pool), each spawning from a random lane
- *   - Speed grows slightly with score
- *   - On collision: 60-frame freeze then run resets
+ * THIS FILE IS MEANT TO BE FORKED AND MODIFIED into your own game — even a
+ * very different one. The markers tell you what's what:
+ *   HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing) — dodges a documented Genesis footgun;
+ *     reshape your gameplay around it (see TROUBLESHOOTING before changing).
+ *   GAME LOGIC (clay) — traffic patterns, speeds, tuning, art: reshape
+ *     freely.
  *
- * Two-player: pass through the JOY_2 input — port 1 (player 2) shares
- * the same lanes (just visually shifted). When no second controller
- * is connected, P2 is a "ghost" you can pretend you're racing.
+ * What depends on what:
+ *   genesis_sfx.{h,c} — PSG sound wrapper (tones + noise + a background
+ *     melody loop). For full FM music, see the xgm2_demo template.
+ *   rom_header.c (SGDK) — the Sega header at $100. Its 'RA' block at $1B0
+ *     DECLARES the cartridge SRAM that best_load/save below depend on (see
+ *     the SRAM idiom). The build assembles it automatically.
+ *
+ * THE DESIGN (read before reshaping):
+ *   Scrolling — the road is PLANE A, scrolled down by decrementing one
+ *     vertical-scroll value per frame. Compare the NES version of this
+ *     game (examples/nes/templates/racing.c): there a nametable is 240 px
+ *     tall, scroll_y 240-255 fetches attribute bytes as tiles (garbage
+ *     rows), and every scroll change goes through a wrap helper. The
+ *     Genesis plane is 256 px tall and the VDP masks the scroll value to
+ *     the plane IN HARDWARE: `vs -= speed` on a plain u16 is the entire
+ *     idiom (65536 is a multiple of 256, so overflow is seamless forever).
+ *   Streamed scenery — rows re-entering at the top get restamped with
+ *     fresh random roadside through the DMA queue, hidden under the
+ *     16-px WINDOW HUD (the same curtain trick the NES game plays with
+ *     the overscan-cropped top band).
+ *   Heat haze — HSCROLL_LINE mode: the VDP fetches one hscroll entry PER
+ *     SCANLINE, so a 32-line band of the road ripples ±2 px in a moving
+ *     wave while the rest of the screen holds still. 64 bytes/frame of
+ *     vblank DMA. Sprites are NOT displaced — per-line hscroll bends
+ *     planes only.
+ *   HUD — the WINDOW plane: a hardware-fixed status bar that ignores all
+ *     scrolling (no raster tricks needed — one register).
+ *   2P VERSUS — ONE VDP means ONE road scroll, so both players share one
+ *     road at a fixed speed and only steer (the same constraint the NES
+ *     version explains): solid center divider, P1 (blue, pad 1) owns the
+ *     left two lanes, P2 (green, pad 2) the right two. Each starts with 3
+ *     crashes; first to use them all LOSES.
+ *   1P RACE — all four lanes, A/UP accelerates, B/DOWN brakes (speed 1-4);
+ *     3 crashes end the run. Persistent stat: best DISTANCE (u16, one
+ *     unit = 16 scrolled pixels ≈ one car length) via best_load/save.
+ *
+ * Frame budget (NTSC, 60 fps): 6 traffic × 2 cars of AABB, one 64-cell row
+ * restamp at most every other frame (128 B), the 32-entry haze table (64 B)
+ * and 8 SAT entries (64 B) queued for vblank — ~300 bytes of the ~7 KB
+ * H40 vblank DMA ceiling. The 68000 barely notices.
  */
 
 #include <genesis.h>
 #include "genesis_sfx.h"
 
-#define LANE_LEFT_X    96
-#define LANE_MID_X    156
-#define LANE_RIGHT_X  216
-#define PLAYER_Y      176
-#define MAX_OBSTACLES   4
-
-#define T_CAR_P1   (TILE_USER_INDEX + 0)
-#define T_CAR_EN   (TILE_USER_INDEX + 1)
-#define T_LANE     (TILE_USER_INDEX + 2)   /* dashed lane divider (BG_B) */
-#define T_EDGE     (TILE_USER_INDEX + 3)   /* solid road edge      (BG_B) */
-#define T_GRASS    (TILE_USER_INDEX + 4)   /* roadside backdrop    (BG_A) */
-#define T_ASPHALT  (TILE_USER_INDEX + 5)   /* road surface backdrop(BG_A) */
-
-static const u32 tile_car_p1[8] = {
-    0x01111110, 0x11111111, 0x12222221, 0x11111111,
-    0x11111111, 0x12222221, 0x11111111, 0x01100110,
+/* The title screen renders this — examples({op:'fork'}) stamps your game's
+ * name here automatically. Keep it ≤16 chars of A-Z 0-9 space dash. */
+#define GAME_TITLE "MIRAGE MILE"
+
+/* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — reshape gameplay around this; see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+ * CONTROLLER MAPPING — two layers, both bite:
+ *
+ *   On the pad: SGDK's JOY_readJoypad(JOY_1/JOY_2) returns BUTTON_A/B/C/
+ *   START/UP/DOWN/LEFT/RIGHT as a bitmask. Gas is BUTTON_A or UP, brake is
+ *   BUTTON_B or DOWN (real Genesis racers double the face buttons onto the
+ *   d-pad so either thumb works).
+ *
+ *   Driving this game HEADLESSLY through an emulator (libretro/gpgx): the
+ *   core maps Genesis A/B/C onto libretro Y/B/A. So setInput({y:true})
+ *   presses GENESIS A (gas/1P start here), setInput({b:true}) presses
+ *   GENESIS B (brake/2P select), and setInput({a:true}) presses GENESIS C —
+ *   NOT Genesis A. Getting this wrong looks like "the game ignores input".
+ *   START is start.
+ */
+#define BTN_GAS   (BUTTON_A | BUTTON_UP)
+#define BTN_BRAKE (BUTTON_B | BUTTON_DOWN)
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay — reshape freely) ──────────────────────────────────────
+ * Tile art. Genesis tiles are 4bpp: each u32 row = 8 pixels, one hex nibble
+ * per pixel = a colour index into the tile's palette line (0 = transparent).
+ * Road plane (A) uses PAL1; the HUD band on plane B uses PAL2; sprites pick
+ * their line per-sprite (P1 PAL0, traffic PAL2, P2 PAL3) so ONE car tile
+ * serves three liveries. */
+#define T_GRASS   (TILE_USER_INDEX + 0)   /* plane A: roadside base        */
+#define T_TUFT    (TILE_USER_INDEX + 1)   /* plane A: scenery, common      */
+#define T_TREE    (TILE_USER_INDEX + 2)   /* plane A: scenery, rare        */
+#define T_ASPHALT (TILE_USER_INDEX + 3)   /* plane A: road surface         */
+#define T_SPECK   (TILE_USER_INDEX + 4)   /* plane A: textured asphalt     */
+#define T_EDGE    (TILE_USER_INDEX + 5)   /* plane A: solid shoulder line  */
+#define T_DASH    (TILE_USER_INDEX + 6)   /* plane A: dashed lane line     */
+#define T_DIVIDE  (TILE_USER_INDEX + 7)   /* plane A: double center line   */
+#define T_BAND    (TILE_USER_INDEX + 8)   /* plane B: flat band behind HUD */
+#define T_CAR     (TILE_USER_INDEX + 9)   /* sprite: player car, nose up   */
+#define T_TRAFFIC (TILE_USER_INDEX + 10)  /* sprite: slow traffic, tail up */
+
+static const u32 tile_grass[8] = {        /* speckles make motion visible  */
+    0x11111111, 0x11121111, 0x11111111, 0x21111112,
+    0x11111111, 0x11112111, 0x11111111, 0x12111111,
+};
+static const u32 tile_tuft[8] = {
+    0x11111111, 0x11121111, 0x11222111, 0x12222211,
+    0x11222111, 0x11121111, 0x11111111, 0x12111121,
+};
+static const u32 tile_tree[8] = {
+    0x11166111, 0x11666611, 0x16666661, 0x16666661,
+    0x11666611, 0x11122111, 0x11122111, 0x11111111,
 };
-static const u32 tile_car_enemy[8] = {
-    0x03333330, 0x33333333, 0x34444443, 0x33333333,
-    0x33333333, 0x34444443, 0x33333333, 0x03300330,
+static const u32 tile_asphalt[8] = {      /* a flat colour shifted N px    */
+    0x44444444, 0x44445444, 0x44444444,   /* looks identical to itself —   */
+    0x54444444, 0x44444444, 0x44444454,   /* the speckle is what makes the */
+    0x44444444, 0x44544444,               /* scroll readable               */
 };
-/* Dashed lane-divider segment (colour 2 = grey): a 2px dash in the
- * centre columns, on/off vertically so a stacked column reads as a
- * dashed road centre-line. */
-static const u32 tile_lane[8] = {
-    0x00022000, 0x00022000, 0x00022000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00022000, 0x00022000, 0x00022000,
+static const u32 tile_speck[8] = {
+    0x44444444, 0x44544444, 0x44455444, 0x44444444,
+    0x44444454, 0x45444444, 0x44444444, 0x44445444,
 };
-/* Solid 2px road-edge stripe (colour 2 = grey) down the right side of
- * the tile — used on the left rail; mirrored (hflip) for the right. */
-static const u32 tile_edge[8] = {
-    0x00000022, 0x00000022, 0x00000022, 0x00000022,
-    0x00000022, 0x00000022, 0x00000022, 0x00000022,
+static const u32 tile_edge[8] = {         /* solid white shoulder stripe   */
+    0x44334444, 0x44334444, 0x44334444, 0x44334444,
+    0x44334444, 0x44334444, 0x44334444, 0x44334444,
 };
-/* Roadside grass (colour 5) with a couple of darker tufts (colour 6) so
- * it isn't a flat fill — tiled down both shoulders on BG_A. */
-static const u32 tile_grass[8] = {
-    0x55555555, 0x55556555, 0x55555555, 0x65555555,
-    0x55555555, 0x55555565, 0x55555555, 0x55655555,
+static const u32 tile_dash[8] = {         /* 4 px on, 4 off: stacked tiles */
+    0x44433444, 0x44433444, 0x44433444,   /* read as a dashed lane line    */
+    0x44433444, 0x44444444, 0x44444444,
+    0x44444444, 0x44444444,
 };
-/* Road asphalt (colour 6) with faint speckle (colour 5) — tiled across
- * the driving surface on BG_A, behind the BG_B lane markings + cars. */
-static const u32 tile_asphalt[8] = {
-    0x66666666, 0x66666566, 0x66666666, 0x56666666,
-    0x66666666, 0x66666656, 0x66666666, 0x66566666,
+static const u32 tile_divide[8] = {       /* double line = 2P territory    */
+    0x43344334, 0x43344334, 0x43344334,   /* border                        */
+    0x43344334, 0x43344334, 0x43344334,
+    0x43344334, 0x43344334,
 };
+static const u32 tile_band[8] = {
+    0x11111111, 0x11111111, 0x11111111, 0x11111111,
+    0x11111111, 0x11111111, 0x11111111, 0x11111111,
+};
+static const u32 tile_car[8] = {          /* nose up; 1 = body, 2 = glass  */
+    0x00111100, 0x01111110, 0x11222211, 0x11111111,
+    0x01111110, 0x11222211, 0x11111111, 0x01100110,
+};
+static const u32 tile_traffic[8] = {      /* tail up (it's slower traffic  */
+    0x03300330, 0x33333333, 0x33444433,   /* you overtake, so you see its  */
+    0x03333330, 0x33333333, 0x33444433,   /* rear). Colours 3/4, NOT 1/2:  */
+    0x03333330, 0x00333300,               /* it shares PAL2 with the HUD   */
+};                                        /* band, whose dark is index 1.  */
 
-/* The road lives on BG_B (8×8 cells). Two dashed dividers sit between the
- * three lanes; solid edges frame the outermost lanes. */
-#define ROAD_TOP_ROW   1
-#define ROAD_BOT_ROW   26
-#define LANE_DIV1_COL  ((LANE_LEFT_X + 8 + LANE_MID_X)  / 16)
-#define LANE_DIV2_COL  ((LANE_MID_X  + 8 + LANE_RIGHT_X) / 16)
-#define ROAD_EDGE_L    ((LANE_LEFT_X  - 12) / 8)
-#define ROAD_EDGE_R    ((LANE_RIGHT_X + 12) / 8)
-
-/* Far plane (BG_A): grass shoulders + asphalt driving surface, tiled
- * across the whole 40x28 screen so the road no longer floats on black.
- * Drawn at low priority; the BG_B markings + sprite cars sit on top. */
-static void draw_backdrop(void) {
-    s16 r, c;
-    for (r = 0; r < 28; r++)
-        for (c = 0; c < 40; c++) {
-            u16 t = (c >= ROAD_EDGE_L && c <= ROAD_EDGE_R) ? T_ASPHALT : T_GRASS;
-            VDP_setTileMapXY(BG_A, TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL0, 0, 0, 0, t), c, r);
-        }
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay — reshape freely) ──────────────────────────────────────
+ * Road geometry. Four 4-cell-wide lanes between shoulders, a double center
+ * divider (it's also the 2P territory line). Plane columns (cells):
+ *   12 = left shoulder, 16/24 = dashed lane lines, 20 = center divider,
+ *   28 = right shoulder; grass outside. The plane is 64 cells wide — paint
+ *   ALL 64 (the haze wobble slides up to 2 px of the plane's wrap onto the
+ *   screen edge; bare cells there would flash black). */
+#define COL_EDGE_L   12
+#define COL_DASH_1   16
+#define COL_DIVIDER  20
+#define COL_DASH_2   24
+#define COL_EDGE_R   28
+/* Lane center X for the 8px-wide car sprite (lane i spans 32 px). */
+static const s16 lane_x[4] = { 108, 140, 172, 204 };
+
+#define MAX_TRAFFIC  6
+#define CAR_Y        192       /* both players' fixed screen Y             */
+#define SPAWN_Y      20        /* traffic entry Y — just below the HUD     */
+#define DESPAWN_Y    216       /* traffic exits past the player            */
+#define START_LIVES  3         /* crashes per run / per player             */
+#define SPAWN_PERIOD 40        /* frames between traffic spawns — traffic
+                                * moves at road speed, so per-meter density
+                                * stays constant whatever the player does   */
+#define SPEED_2P     2         /* fixed road speed in versus (one VDP =
+                                * one scroll = one shared speed)           */
+#define MAX_SPEED    4         /* px/frame — MUST stay under 8: the row
+                                * streamer restamps one row per crossing
+                                * and a >8 px step could skip a row        */
+#define HUD_ROWS     2         /* window rows reserved for the HUD         */
+
+/* Players: index 0 = P1 (pad 1), 1 = P2 (pad 2, versus only). */
+static u8   car_lane[2];
+static u8   car_active[2];
+static u8   crashes_left[2];
+static u8   invuln[2];         /* post-crash blink/no-collide frames       */
+static u16  prev_pads[2];
+static u8   lane_min[2], lane_max[2];   /* 2P: split territories           */
+static u8   two_player;
+static u8   winner;            /* versus result: 0 = P1, 1 = P2            */
+
+static u8   traffic_alive[MAX_TRAFFIC];
+static u8   traffic_lane[MAX_TRAFFIC];
+static s16  traffic_y[MAX_TRAFFIC];
+
+static u8   speed;             /* road px/frame, 1..MAX_SPEED              */
+static u16  dist;              /* 1P distance, 1 unit = 16 scrolled px     */
+static u8   dist_frac;
+static u16  best;              /* persisted best 1P distance               */
+static u8   spawn_timer;
+static u16  vs;                /* vertical scroll. NEVER wrapped by hand:  *
+                                * the plane is 256 px tall, the VDP masks  *
+                                * the scroll value to the plane, and 65536 *
+                                * is a multiple of 256 — plain u16         *
+                                * overflow keeps the road seamless forever *
+                                * (the NES needs a 240-wrap helper here).  */
+static u8   prev_top_row;      /* last restamped plane row                 */
+static u8   start_pause;       /* freeze frames at green light             */
+static u16  rng = 0xC0DE;
+
+/* Game states — the shell every example shares: title → play → game over. */
+#define ST_TITLE 0
+#define ST_PLAY  1
+#define ST_OVER  2
+static u8 state;
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — xorshift16 PRNG (a few 68k instructions) ── */
+static u8 random8(void) {
+    u16 r = rng;
+    r ^= r << 7;
+    r ^= r >> 9;
+    r ^= r << 8;
+    rng = r;
+    return (u8)r;
 }
 
-static void draw_road(void) {
-    s16 r;
-    for (r = ROAD_TOP_ROW; r <= ROAD_BOT_ROW; r++) {
-        /* Left edge (stripe on its right), right edge (hflipped). HIGH
-         * priority so the markings sit above the BG_A asphalt backdrop. */
-        VDP_setTileMapXY(BG_B, TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL0, 1, 0, 0, T_EDGE), ROAD_EDGE_L, r);
-        VDP_setTileMapXY(BG_B, TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL0, 1, 0, 1, T_EDGE), ROAD_EDGE_R, r);
-        /* Two dashed lane dividers. */
-        VDP_setTileMapXY(BG_B, TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL0, 1, 0, 0, T_LANE), LANE_DIV1_COL, r);
-        VDP_setTileMapXY(BG_B, TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL0, 1, 0, 0, T_LANE), LANE_DIV2_COL, r);
-    }
+/* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — reshape gameplay around this; see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+ * CARTRIDGE SRAM — the Genesis battery-save mechanism, three parts:
+ *
+ *   1. The ROM HEADER declares it: bytes $1B0.. hold 'R','A', a type word
+ *      ($F820 = battery-backed, byte-wide on ODD addresses — the classic
+ *      cart wiring), then start/end addresses $200000/$20FFFF. SGDK's
+ *      rom_header.c (assembled into every build) already declares exactly
+ *      this — no linker work needed. Emulators allocate the save RAM by
+ *      READING THIS HEADER; no 'RA' block = writes to $200000+ go nowhere.
+ *   2. The MAPPER GATE: writing 1 to $A130F1 banks SRAM into $200000+,
+ *      0 banks the ROM back in. SGDK's SRAM_enable()/SRAM_disable() do
+ *      this. ALWAYS disable after access — on carts >2 MB the SRAM window
+ *      shadows ROM, and leaving it enabled corrupts later ROM fetches.
+ *   3. ODD-BYTE ADDRESSING: SRAM_readByte/writeByte(offset) access 68k
+ *      address $200001 + offset*2. Headlessly, the emulator's save_ram
+ *      region interleaves with dead even bytes: SGDK offset k lives at
+ *      save_ram[k*2 + 1] (the even bytes read back $FF).
+ *
+ * Best-distance record layout (SGDK offsets): 0='B' 1='D' 2=lo 3=hi
+ * 4=checksum(lo^hi^$A5). Fresh SRAM is all $FF — the magic+checksum
+ * rejects it (and any corruption) so first boot shows 0, not 65535.
+ *
+ * Emulator note (verified against gpgx): the core sizes its save_ram
+ * region by scanning for the last non-$FF byte, so the region reads as
+ * EMPTY until the first write below lands — that's why best_init runs
+ * at the very top of main(). Real hardware and .srm-restoring frontends
+ * have no such wrinkle. */
+static u16 best_load(void) {
+    u8 m0, m1, lo, hi, ck;
+    SRAM_enableRO();
+    m0 = SRAM_readByte(0);
+    m1 = SRAM_readByte(1);
+    lo = SRAM_readByte(2);
+    hi = SRAM_readByte(3);
+    ck = SRAM_readByte(4);
+    SRAM_disable();
+    if (m0 == 'B' && m1 == 'D' && ck == (u8)(lo ^ hi ^ 0xA5))
+        return ((u16)hi << 8) | lo;
+    return 0;
 }
 
-typedef struct { s16 x, y; bool alive; } Car;
+static void best_save(u16 d) {
+    u8 lo = (u8)d, hi = (u8)(d >> 8);
+    SRAM_enable();
+    SRAM_writeByte(0, 'B');
+    SRAM_writeByte(1, 'D');
+    SRAM_writeByte(2, lo);
+    SRAM_writeByte(3, hi);
+    SRAM_writeByte(4, (u8)(lo ^ hi ^ 0xA5));
+    SRAM_disable();
+}
 
-static Car player;
-static Car obstacles[MAX_OBSTACLES];
-static u16 score;
-static u16 spawn_timer;
-static u16 game_over_timer;
-static u16 prev_pad;
-static u8  player_lane;
+/* Format-on-first-boot: if the magic is absent (fresh battery), write a
+ * valid zero record immediately so the save file exists from frame one. */
+static void best_init(void) {
+    best = best_load();
+    if (best == 0) best_save(0);
+}
 
-static const s16 lane_x[3] = { LANE_LEFT_X, LANE_MID_X, LANE_RIGHT_X };
+/* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — reshape gameplay around this; see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+ * FULL-PLANE VERTICAL SCROLL + STREAMED ROWS — the Genesis road. With
+ * VSCROLL_PLANE mode, one VSRAM value scrolls the whole plane vertically;
+ * the VDP wraps it inside the 256-px plane in hardware. Screen line y shows
+ * plane line (y + vs) & 255, so DECREMENTING vs slides the road DOWN — the
+ * driving-up illusion — for the cost of one register write per frame.
+ * Zero tilemap writes for the motion itself (rewriting tilemaps in the
+ * loop is the #1 "choppy movement" bug).
+ *
+ * The plane's 32 rows recycle as vs shrinks: the row crossing into the top
+ * of the screen is plane row (vs >> 3) & 31. The moment it changes we
+ * restamp that ONE row with fresh random roadside, so the 256-px loop
+ * never shows the same scenery twice. Three hard rules:
+ *   1. DMA_QUEUE only — the queued write lands in vblank, never mid-frame
+ *      (SYS_doVBlankProcess flushes the queue; raw mid-frame VRAM writes
+ *      tear). The data buffer must be STATIC: the queue reads it AT FLUSH
+ *      TIME — a stack buffer is gone by then, shipping garbage.
+ *   2. The restamped row enters under the 16-px WINDOW HUD, which hides
+ *      the swap (the NES version uses the overscan-cropped top band as
+ *      its curtain; the window is ours). Restamp rows anywhere lower and
+ *      the player sees tiles pop.
+ *   3. Road speed stays under 8 px/frame (MAX_SPEED) so a frame never
+ *      skips past a whole row crossing.
+ */
+static u16 rowbuf[64];   /* static — the DMA queue reads it at flush time */
+
+static u16 road_cell(u16 c) {
+    u8 r;
+    if (c == COL_EDGE_L || c == COL_EDGE_R)
+        return TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 0, 0, 0, T_EDGE);
+    if (c == COL_DIVIDER)
+        return TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 0, 0, 0, T_DIVIDE);
+    if (c == COL_DASH_1 || c == COL_DASH_2)
+        return TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 0, 0, 0, T_DASH);
+    r = random8();
+    if (c > COL_EDGE_L && c < COL_EDGE_R)               /* tarmac          */
+        return TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 0, 0, 0, (r & 7) == 0 ? T_SPECK : T_ASPHALT);
+    if ((r & 31) == 0) return TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 0, 0, 0, T_TREE);
+    if ((r & 7) == 0)  return TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 0, 0, 0, T_TUFT);
+    return TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 0, 0, 0, T_GRASS);      /* roadside        */
+}
 
-static bool aabb(Car* a, Car* b) {
-    return a->x < b->x + 8 && a->x + 8 > b->x
-        && a->y < b->y + 8 && a->y + 8 > b->y;
+static void build_road_row(void) {
+    u16 c;
+    for (c = 0; c < 64; c++) rowbuf[c] = road_cell(c);
+}
+
+/* Initial paint: all 32 plane rows, immediate CPU writes (init-time only —
+ * inside the frame loop everything goes through the DMA queue). */
+static void paint_road(void) {
+    u16 r;
+    for (r = 0; r < 32; r++) {
+        build_road_row();
+        VDP_setTileMapData(VDP_BG_A, rowbuf, r * 64, 64, 2, CPU);
+    }
 }
 
-static void reset_run(void) {
+/* Advance the road by px pixels: one VSRAM write + at most one queued row
+ * restamp. Called every frame the road moves (play AND the title drift). */
+static void advance_road(u8 px) {
+    u8 top_row;
+    vs -= px;                              /* hardware wraps — see idiom   */
+    VDP_setVerticalScroll(BG_A, (s16)vs);
+    top_row = (u8)((vs >> 3) & 31);
+    if (top_row != prev_top_row) {
+        prev_top_row = top_row;
+        build_road_row();
+        VDP_setTileMapData(VDP_BG_A, rowbuf, (u16)top_row * 64, 64, 2, DMA_QUEUE);
+    }
+}
+
+/* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — reshape gameplay around this; see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+ * PER-SCANLINE HSCROLL — the heat-haze band, LIVE. This game runs in
+ * HSCROLL_LINE mode: the VDP fetches one hscroll entry per SCANLINE from
+ * the hscroll table in VRAM (interleaved words: plane A's value for the
+ * line, then plane B's). The platformer template runs the cheaper
+ * HSCROLL_TILE (one entry per 8-line strip) and only documents this
+ * variant — here it earns its keep: a traveling ±2 px sine wave across a
+ * 32-line band of the road reads as heat shimmer rising off the asphalt.
+ *
+ * Requires: HSCROLL_LINE set BEFORE any scroll-table write (the mode
+ *   decides the table layout the VDP reads); the value array STATIC (the
+ *   DMA queue reads it at flush time); and only the band's lines need
+ *   updating each frame — the other 192 entries stay 0 in VRAM (SGDK's
+ *   boot cleared VRAM, and a console reset re-runs that boot), so the
+ *   cost is 32 words = 64 bytes/frame of the ~7 KB vblank budget. The
+ *   FULL table at one entry per line per plane would be ~1.8 KB/frame —
+ *   budget it before scaling this up.
+ * Sprites are not displaced — per-line hscroll bends PLANES only. The
+ *   cars drive through the shimmer untouched, which is exactly how real
+ *   carts looked (and why effect bands avoid gameplay-critical rows). */
+#define HAZE_TOP   96          /* first shimmering scanline                */
+#define HAZE_LINES 32
+static s16 haze[HAZE_LINES];   /* static — DMA queue reads at flush time  */
+static const s16 haze_wave[8] = { 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -1 };
+static u16 haze_phase;
+
+static void update_haze(void) {
     u16 i;
-    player_lane = 1;
-    player.x = lane_x[1];
-    player.y = PLAYER_Y;
-    player.alive = TRUE;
-    for (i = 0; i < MAX_OBSTACLES; i++) obstacles[i].alive = FALSE;
-    score = 0;
-    spawn_timer = 0;
-    game_over_timer = 0;
+    haze_phase++;
+    for (i = 0; i < HAZE_LINES; i++)
+        haze[i] = haze_wave[(i + (haze_phase >> 1)) & 7];
+    VDP_setHorizontalScrollLine(BG_A, HAZE_TOP, haze, HAZE_LINES, DMA_QUEUE);
+}
+
+/* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — reshape gameplay around this; see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+ * WINDOW-PLANE HUD — the fixed status bar. The window is a third tilemap
+ * that REPLACES plane A wherever it's shown and IGNORES ALL SCROLLING —
+ * a hardware-fixed HUD with zero per-frame cost over a road that never
+ * stops moving (the NES version needs sprite digits for this; on Genesis
+ * it's one register). Two footguns:
+ *   - The window only lives at screen edges (top/bottom N rows or left/
+ *     right N columns) — it cannot float mid-screen.
+ *   - It replaces plane A ONLY: plane B and sprites still render behind/
+ *     over it. Plane B's top rows are painted with a flat dark band so
+ *     HUD text always reads, and traffic spawns BELOW y=16.
+ * Bonus idiom on display here: the title/results text lives on PLANE B
+ * with the text priority bit SET, floating over the LOW-priority road on
+ * plane A — priority trumps plane order on the Genesis (high-pri B draws
+ * above low-pri A), which is how text sits on a busy foreground plane
+ * without repainting it. */
+static void hud_init(void) {
+    VDP_setWindowOnTop(HUD_ROWS);
+    VDP_setTextPriority(1);    /* window + plane-B text above the road     */
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — HUD text (window plane, redrawn only on change) ── */
+static void draw_u16(VDPPlane plane, u16 v, u16 x, u16 y) {
+    char buf[8];
+    uintToStr(v, buf, 5);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(plane, buf, x, y);
+}
+
+static void draw_hud(void) {
+    char b[4];
+    VDP_clearTextAreaBG(WINDOW, 0, 0, 40, 1);
+    if (two_player) {
+        b[0] = 'P'; b[1] = '1'; b[2] = 0;
+        VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, b, 1, 0);
+        b[0] = 'x'; b[1] = '0' + crashes_left[0]; b[2] = 0;
+        VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, b, 4, 0);
+        b[0] = 'P'; b[1] = '2'; b[2] = 0;
+        VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, b, 34, 0);
+        b[0] = 'x'; b[1] = '0' + crashes_left[1]; b[2] = 0;
+        VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, b, 37, 0);
+        return;
+    }
+    b[0] = 'x'; b[1] = '0' + crashes_left[0]; b[2] = 0;
+    VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, b, 1, 0);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, "SPD", 5, 0);
+    b[0] = '0' + speed; b[1] = 0;
+    VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, b, 9, 0);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, "DIST", 12, 0);
+    draw_u16(WINDOW, dist, 17, 0);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, "BEST", 24, 0);
+    draw_u16(WINDOW, best, 29, 0);
+}
+
+static void draw_hud_title(void) {
+    VDP_clearTextAreaBG(WINDOW, 0, 0, 40, HUD_ROWS);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(WINDOW, "BEST", 24, 0);
+    draw_u16(WINDOW, best, 29, 0);
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — plane B cards (title / results) ────────────────────
+ * Plane B never scrolls: rows 0-1 hold the dark band behind the window HUD,
+ * the rest holds high-priority text floating over the live road. Repainted
+ * on state changes only. */
+static void paint_band(void) {
+    VDP_fillTileMapRect(BG_B, TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL2, 0, 0, 0, T_BAND),
+                        0, 0, 64, HUD_ROWS);
+}
+
+static void paint_title(void) {
+    VDP_clearPlane(BG_B, TRUE);
+    paint_band();
+    VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, GAME_TITLE, (40 - (sizeof(GAME_TITLE) - 1)) / 2, 6);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "1P RACE - A", 14, 12);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "2P VERSUS - B", 13, 14);
+    VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "STEER L R - GAS A - BRAKE B", 6, 20);
+    draw_hud_title();
+}
+
+static void paint_over(void) {
+    VDP_clearPlane(BG_B, TRUE);
+    paint_band();
+    if (two_player) {
+        VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, winner ? "P2 WINS" : "P1 WINS", 16, 8);
+        VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "RIVAL WRECKED", 13, 12);
+    } else {
+        VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "WRECKED", 16, 8);
+        VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "DIST", 13, 12);
+        draw_u16(BG_B, dist, 18, 12);
+        VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "BEST", 13, 14);
+        draw_u16(BG_B, best, 18, 14);
+    }
+    VDP_drawTextBG(BG_B, "START - TITLE", 13, 20);
 }
 
-static void spawn_obstacle(void) {
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — traffic pool (fixed slots, no allocation) ── */
+static void spawn_traffic(void) {
     u16 i;
-    for (i = 0; i < MAX_OBSTACLES; i++) {
-        if (!obstacles[i].alive) {
-            obstacles[i].x = lane_x[(spawn_timer * 13) % 3];
-            obstacles[i].y = 0;
-            obstacles[i].alive = TRUE;
+    for (i = 0; i < MAX_TRAFFIC; i++) {
+        if (!traffic_alive[i]) {
+            traffic_alive[i] = 1;
+            traffic_lane[i] = random8() & 3;
+            traffic_y[i] = SPAWN_Y;
             return;
         }
     }
 }
 
-static void render_score(void) {
-    char buf[6] = "00000";
-    u16 v = score;
-    s16 i;
-    for (i = 4; i >= 0; i--) { buf[i] = '0' + (v % 10); v /= 10; }
-    VDP_drawText(buf, 33, 2);
+/* AABB, both boxes 8x8 (s16 math — sprite coords go negative off-screen). */
+static u8 hits(s16 ax, s16 ay, s16 bx, s16 by) {
+    return ax < bx + 8 && ax + 8 > bx && ay < by + 8 && ay + 8 > by;
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — start a run ── */
+static void start_game(u8 versus) {
+    u16 i;
+    two_player = versus;
+    for (i = 0; i < MAX_TRAFFIC; i++) traffic_alive[i] = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        crashes_left[i] = START_LIVES;
+        invuln[i] = 0;
+        prev_pads[i] = 0xFFFF;   /* swallow buttons held across the change */
+    }
+    if (versus) {
+        car_active[0] = 1; car_active[1] = 1;
+        lane_min[0] = 0; lane_max[0] = 1; car_lane[0] = 0;  /* P1: left half  */
+        lane_min[1] = 2; lane_max[1] = 3; car_lane[1] = 3;  /* P2: right half */
+        speed = SPEED_2P;        /* shared road, fixed speed (see header)  */
+    } else {
+        car_active[0] = 1; car_active[1] = 0;
+        lane_min[0] = 0; lane_max[0] = 3; car_lane[0] = 1;  /* whole road     */
+        speed = 1;
+    }
+    dist = 0; dist_frac = 0;
+    spawn_timer = 0;
+    start_pause = 30;            /* green-light breather                   */
+    VDP_clearPlane(BG_B, TRUE);  /* drop the title card — road shows clear */
+    paint_band();
+    draw_hud();
+    sfx_tone(0, 523, 10);        /* start jingle (C5)                      */
+    state = ST_PLAY;
+}
+
+static void game_over(void) {
+    if (!two_player && dist > best) {
+        best = dist;
+        best_save(best);         /* battery SRAM — see the SRAM idiom      */
+    }
+    state = ST_OVER;
+    paint_over();
+    draw_hud_title();            /* window shows BEST — may have changed   */
+    sfx_noise(20);
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — crash rules ── */
+static void crash(u8 p) {
+    sfx_noise(14);
+    invuln[p] = 60;              /* blink + no-collide grace               */
+    if (!two_player) speed = 1;  /* a wreck kills your momentum            */
+    if (crashes_left[p] > 0) --crashes_left[p];
+    if (crashes_left[p] == 0) {
+        winner = (u8)(1 - p);    /* versus: the OTHER player wins          */
+        game_over();
+        return;
+    }
+    draw_hud();
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — per-player input ───────────────────────────────────
+ * LEFT/RIGHT steer between lanes (edge-detected — held d-pad shouldn't
+ * machine-gun across the road). 1P only: A/UP accelerate, B/DOWN brake
+ * (speed is shared in versus — see the design note). */
+static void update_player(u8 p) {
+    u16 pad = JOY_readJoypad(p ? JOY_2 : JOY_1);
+    u16 pressed = pad & ~prev_pads[p];
+    prev_pads[p] = pad;
+    if (!car_active[p]) return;
+    if ((pressed & BUTTON_LEFT) && car_lane[p] > lane_min[p]) {
+        --car_lane[p];
+        sfx_tone(0, 880, 3);                              /* lane tick     */
+    }
+    if ((pressed & BUTTON_RIGHT) && car_lane[p] < lane_max[p]) {
+        ++car_lane[p];
+        sfx_tone(0, 880, 3);
+    }
+    if (!two_player) {
+        if ((pressed & BTN_GAS) && speed < MAX_SPEED) {
+            ++speed;
+            sfx_tone(1, (u16)(700 - speed * 120), 8);     /* engine rev    */
+            draw_hud();
+        }
+        if ((pressed & BTN_BRAKE) && speed > 1) {
+            --speed;
+            sfx_tone(1, 220, 5);                          /* brake blip    */
+            draw_hud();
+        }
+    }
+    if (invuln[p] > 0) --invuln[p];
+}
+
+/* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — stage this frame's sprites ─────────────────────────
+ * Fixed SAT slots: 0 = P1, 1 = P2, 2-7 = traffic. Hidden sprites park at
+ * y = -16 (above the screen). NEVER hide with x = -128..0 — a SAT x of 0
+ * is the VDP's sprite-masking trigger and silently blanks every lower-
+ * priority sprite on those scanlines. */
+#define HIDE_Y (-16)
+static void stage_sprites(void) {
+    u16 i;
+    u8 p;
+    for (p = 0; p < 2; p++) {
+        u8 vis = (state == ST_PLAY) && car_active[p] && !(invuln[p] & 2);
+        VDP_setSprite(p, lane_x[car_lane[p]], vis ? (s16)CAR_Y : (s16)HIDE_Y,
+                      SPRITE_SIZE(1, 1),
+                      TILE_ATTR_FULL(p ? PAL3 : PAL0, 1, 0, 0, T_CAR));
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < MAX_TRAFFIC; i++) {
+        u8 vis = (state == ST_PLAY) && traffic_alive[i];
+        VDP_setSprite(2 + i, lane_x[traffic_lane[i]],
+                      vis ? traffic_y[i] : (s16)HIDE_Y,
+                      SPRITE_SIZE(1, 1),
+                      TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL2, 1, 0, 0, T_TRAFFIC));
+    }
+    /* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing) — CHAIN the sprite list before
+     * uploading. VDP_setSprite does NOT set the SAT link byte, and link 0
+     * means "end of list": skip this and the VDP draws sprite 0 only.
+     * VDP_linkSprites(0, 8) links slots 0..7; the queued DMA flushes the
+     * 8 SAT entries during vblank. ── */
+    VDP_linkSprites(0, 8);
+    VDP_updateSprites(8, DMA_QUEUE);
 }
 
 int main(bool hard) {
+    u16 i, pad, fresh;
+    u8 p;
     (void)hard;
 
-    /* PAL0 = player (white + blue trim) + road backdrop. PAL1 = enemy. */
-    PAL_setColor(0 + 1, 0x0EEE);    /* white body */
-    PAL_setColor(0 + 2, 0x0AAA);    /* roof grey */
-    PAL_setColor(0 + 5, 0x0260);    /* roadside grass */
-    PAL_setColor(0 + 6, 0x0222);    /* asphalt grey   */
-    PAL_setColor(16 + 3, 0x000E);   /* enemy red */
-    PAL_setColor(16 + 4, 0x0666);   /* enemy roof */
-
-    VDP_loadTileData(tile_car_p1,    T_CAR_P1,  1, DMA);
-    VDP_loadTileData(tile_car_enemy, T_CAR_EN,  1, DMA);
-    VDP_loadTileData(tile_lane,      T_LANE,    1, DMA);
-    VDP_loadTileData(tile_edge,      T_EDGE,    1, DMA);
-    VDP_loadTileData(tile_grass,     T_GRASS,   1, DMA);
-    VDP_loadTileData(tile_asphalt,   T_ASPHALT, 1, DMA);
-
-    /* Draw the grass+asphalt backdrop (BG_A) then the road markings on
-     * BG_B over it. */
-    draw_backdrop();
-    draw_road();
-
-    VDP_drawText("SCORE", 28, 2);
-    VDP_drawText("L/R MOVES LANE", 13, 27);
-
-    sfx_init();
-    reset_run();
-    prev_pad = 0;
+    /* SRAM first — before any VDP work. The save file then exists within
+     * the game's first frames of life, which is what lets a frontend (or
+     * a headless host) see a non-empty save_ram region as early as
+     * possible (see the SRAM idiom note on gpgx's size scan). */
+    best_init();
+
+    /* ── HARDWARE IDIOM (load-bearing — see TROUBLESHOOTING) ──
+     * Init order: scrolling MODE before scroll VALUES (the mode decides
+     * the hscroll-table layout the VDP reads — see the haze idiom), tiles
+     * + palettes before tilemaps that reference them, window size before
+     * window text. SGDK's boot already did the dangerous part (VDP regs,
+     * Z80, vblank int, VRAM clear). */
+    VDP_setScrollingMode(HSCROLL_LINE, VSCROLL_PLANE);
+    hud_init();
+
+    /* Palettes: PAL0 P1 car + font, PAL1 road plane, PAL2 traffic + HUD
+     * band, PAL3 P2 car. Colours are BGR, 3 bits per channel: 0x0BGR with
+     * E = full. */
+    PAL_setColor( 1, 0x0E44);      /* P1 body electric blue  */
+    PAL_setColor( 2, 0x0420);      /* P1 glass dark          */
+    PAL_setColor(15, 0x0EEE);      /* font white (index 15 = SGDK font)    */
+    PAL_setColor(16 + 1, 0x0292);  /* grass green            */
+    PAL_setColor(16 + 2, 0x0161);  /* tuft dark green        */
+    PAL_setColor(16 + 3, 0x0EEE);  /* road markings white    */
+    PAL_setColor(16 + 4, 0x0444);  /* asphalt grey           */
+    PAL_setColor(16 + 5, 0x0666);  /* asphalt speck          */
+    PAL_setColor(16 + 6, 0x0040);  /* tree foliage deep green*/
+    PAL_setColor(32 + 1, 0x0202);  /* HUD band near-black    */
+    PAL_setColor(32 + 3, 0x022E);  /* traffic body red       */
+    PAL_setColor(32 + 4, 0x0CCC);  /* traffic glass light    */
+    PAL_setColor(48 + 1, 0x04C4);  /* P2 body green          */
+    PAL_setColor(48 + 2, 0x0420);  /* P2 glass dark          */
+
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_grass,   T_GRASS,   1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_tuft,    T_TUFT,    1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_tree,    T_TREE,    1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_asphalt, T_ASPHALT, 1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_speck,   T_SPECK,   1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_edge,    T_EDGE,    1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_dash,    T_DASH,    1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_divide,  T_DIVIDE,  1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_band,    T_BAND,    1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_car,     T_CAR,     1, DMA);
+    VDP_loadTileData(tile_traffic, T_TRAFFIC, 1, DMA);
+
+    paint_road();              /* plane A: 32 rows, then streamed forever  */
+    sfx_init();                /* PSG: sfx channels + background melody    */
+
+    vs = 0;
+    prev_top_row = 0;
+    state = ST_TITLE;
+    paint_title();
+    prev_pads[0] = 0xFFFF;
 
     while (TRUE) {
-        u16 pad = JOY_readJoypad(JOY_1);
-        u16 slot = 0;
-
-        if (game_over_timer > 0) {
-            game_over_timer--;
-            VDP_drawText("CRASH! TRY AGAIN", 12, 14);
-            if (game_over_timer == 0) {
-                VDP_clearTextLineBG(BG_A, 14);
-                reset_run();
-            }
-        } else {
-            if ((pad & BUTTON_LEFT)  && !(prev_pad & BUTTON_LEFT)  && player_lane > 0) {
-                player_lane--;
-                sfx_tone(2, 380, 2);   /* lane switch */
-            }
-            if ((pad & BUTTON_RIGHT) && !(prev_pad & BUTTON_RIGHT) && player_lane < 2) {
-                player_lane++;
-                sfx_tone(2, 380, 2);
-            }
-            player.x = lane_x[player_lane];
-            prev_pad = pad;
-
-            /* Obstacle speed = 2 + score/500 (caps low). */
-            s16 step = 2 + (s16)(score / 500);
-            if (step > 4) step = 4;
-
-            u16 i;
-            for (i = 0; i < MAX_OBSTACLES; i++) {
-                if (!obstacles[i].alive) continue;
-                obstacles[i].y += step;
-                if (obstacles[i].y > 224) obstacles[i].alive = FALSE;
+        if (state == ST_TITLE) {
+            /* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) — title: A = 1P race, B = 2P versus ──
+             * The road idles under the title card so the screen sells the
+             * scroll + the heat haze before anyone presses a button. */
+            advance_road(1);
+            update_haze();
+            stage_sprites();
+            pad = JOY_readJoypad(JOY_1);
+            fresh = pad & ~prev_pads[0];
+            if (fresh & (BUTTON_A | BUTTON_C | BUTTON_START)) start_game(0);
+            else if (fresh & BUTTON_B) start_game(1);
+            else prev_pads[0] = pad;
+            sfx_update();
+            SYS_doVBlankProcess();
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (state == ST_OVER) {
+            /* Results card; the road freezes, the haze keeps shimmering.
+             * START or A returns to the title. */
+            update_haze();
+            stage_sprites();
+            pad = JOY_readJoypad(JOY_1);
+            fresh = pad & ~prev_pads[0];
+            if (fresh & (BUTTON_START | BUTTON_A | BUTTON_C)) {
+                state = ST_TITLE;
+                prev_pads[0] = 0xFFFF;   /* swallow the held START         */
+                paint_title();
+            } else {
+                prev_pads[0] = pad;
             }
+            sfx_update();
+            SYS_doVBlankProcess();
+            continue;
+        }
 
-            if (++spawn_timer >= 32) { spawn_timer = 0; spawn_obstacle(); }
+        /* ── ST_PLAY ──────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+        stage_sprites();
+        update_haze();
 
-            for (i = 0; i < MAX_OBSTACLES; i++) {
-                if (obstacles[i].alive && aabb(&player, &obstacles[i])) {
-                    game_over_timer = 60;
-                    sfx_noise(40);     /* crash */
-                    break;
-                }
+        if (start_pause) {             /* green light: freeze gameplay,    */
+            --start_pause;             /* keep frames honest (sprites +    */
+            sfx_update();              /* haze staged)                     */
+            SYS_doVBlankProcess();
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        advance_road(speed);
+
+        /* ── GAME LOGIC (clay) from here down ── */
+        update_player(0);
+        if (two_player) update_player(1);
+
+        /* Distance (1P stat): 1 unit per 16 scrolled pixels. A chime every
+         * 256 units marks a checkpoint. */
+        if (!two_player) {
+            dist_frac = (u8)(dist_frac + speed);
+            if (dist_frac >= 16) {
+                dist_frac -= 16;
+                if (dist < 65535u) ++dist;
+                draw_u16(WINDOW, dist, 17, 0);
+                if (dist != 0 && (dist & 0xFF) == 0)
+                    sfx_tone(0, 1047, 8);     /* checkpoint chime (C6)     */
             }
+        }
 
-            if (score < 65500u) score++;
+        /* Traffic flows down at road speed (it reads as slower cars you're
+         * overtaking); despawn past the player with a little pass tick. */
+        for (i = 0; i < MAX_TRAFFIC; i++) {
+            if (!traffic_alive[i]) continue;
+            traffic_y[i] += speed;
+            if (traffic_y[i] > DESPAWN_Y) {
+                traffic_alive[i] = 0;
+                sfx_tone(1, 660, 2);
+            }
+        }
+        if (++spawn_timer >= SPAWN_PERIOD) {
+            spawn_timer = 0;
+            spawn_traffic();
         }
 
-        /* SAT update — player + up to 4 obstacles = 5 sprites. */
-        VDP_setSprite(slot++, player.x, player.y, SPRITE_SIZE(1, 1),
-                      TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL0, 1, 0, 0, T_CAR_P1));
-        for (u16 i = 0; i < MAX_OBSTACLES; i++) {
-            s16 ey = obstacles[i].alive ? obstacles[i].y : -16;
-            VDP_setSprite(slot++, obstacles[i].x, ey, SPRITE_SIZE(1, 1),
-                          TILE_ATTR_FULL(PAL1, 1, 0, 0, T_CAR_EN));
+        /* Traffic ↔ cars. Crash grace: a just-wrecked car blinks and can't
+         * collide for 60 frames. */
+        for (i = 0; i < MAX_TRAFFIC && state == ST_PLAY; i++) {
+            if (!traffic_alive[i]) continue;
+            for (p = 0; p < 2; p++) {
+                if (!car_active[p] || invuln[p]) continue;
+                if (hits(lane_x[traffic_lane[i]], traffic_y[i],
+                         lane_x[car_lane[p]], CAR_Y)) {
+                    traffic_alive[i] = 0;
+                    crash(p);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
         }
-        /* Link slots 0..slot-1 so the VDP's SAT walk draws all of them — without
-         * this the link bytes stay 0 (= end-of-list) and only slot 0 renders. */
-        VDP_linkSprites(0, slot);
-        VDP_updateSprites(slot, DMA);
 
-        render_score();
         sfx_update();
         SYS_doVBlankProcess();
     }