reze-engine 0.2.17 → 0.2.19

package/src/engine.ts

@@ -1,2392 +1,2267 @@
-import { Camera } from "./camera"
-import { Quat, Vec3 } from "./math"
-import { Model } from "./model"
-import { PmxLoader } from "./pmx-loader"
-import { Physics } from "./physics"
-import { VMDKeyFrame, VMDLoader } from "./vmd-loader"
-
-export type EngineOptions = {
-  ambientColor?: Vec3
-  bloomIntensity?: number
-  rimLightIntensity?: number
-  cameraDistance?: number
-  cameraTarget?: Vec3
-}
-
-export interface EngineStats {
-  fps: number
-  frameTime: number // ms
-}
-
-interface DrawCall {
-  count: number
-  firstIndex: number
-  bindGroup: GPUBindGroup
-  isTransparent: boolean
-}
-
-type BoneKeyFrame = {
-  boneName: string
-  time: number
-  rotation: Quat
-}
-
-export class Engine {
-  private canvas: HTMLCanvasElement
-  private device!: GPUDevice
-  private context!: GPUCanvasContext
-  private presentationFormat!: GPUTextureFormat
-  private camera!: Camera
-  private cameraUniformBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private cameraMatrixData = new Float32Array(36)
-  private cameraDistance: number = 26.6
-  private cameraTarget: Vec3 = new Vec3(0, 12.5, 0)
-  private lightUniformBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private lightData = new Float32Array(4)
-  private vertexBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private indexBuffer?: GPUBuffer
-  private resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null
-  private depthTexture!: GPUTexture
-  // Material rendering pipelines
-  private modelPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private eyePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private hairPipelineOverEyes!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private hairPipelineOverNonEyes!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private hairDepthPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  // Outline pipelines
-  private outlinePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private hairOutlinePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private mainBindGroupLayout!: GPUBindGroupLayout
-  private outlineBindGroupLayout!: GPUBindGroupLayout
-  private jointsBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private weightsBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private skinMatrixBuffer?: GPUBuffer
-  private worldMatrixBuffer?: GPUBuffer
-  private inverseBindMatrixBuffer?: GPUBuffer
-  private skinMatrixComputePipeline?: GPUComputePipeline
-  private skinMatrixComputeBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
-  private boneCountBuffer?: GPUBuffer
-  private multisampleTexture!: GPUTexture
-  private readonly sampleCount = 4
-  private renderPassDescriptor!: GPURenderPassDescriptor
-  // Constants
-  private readonly STENCIL_EYE_VALUE = 1
-  private readonly COMPUTE_WORKGROUP_SIZE = 64
-  private readonly BLOOM_DOWNSCALE_FACTOR = 2
-  // Ambient light settings
-  private ambientColor: Vec3 = new Vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
-  // Bloom post-processing textures
-  private sceneRenderTexture!: GPUTexture
-  private sceneRenderTextureView!: GPUTextureView
-  private bloomExtractTexture!: GPUTexture
-  private bloomBlurTexture1!: GPUTexture
-  private bloomBlurTexture2!: GPUTexture
-  // Post-processing pipelines
-  private bloomExtractPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private bloomBlurPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  private bloomComposePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
-  // Fullscreen quad for post-processing
-  private fullscreenQuadBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private blurDirectionBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private bloomIntensityBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private bloomThresholdBuffer!: GPUBuffer
-  private linearSampler!: GPUSampler
-  // Bloom bind groups (created once, reused every frame)
-  private bloomExtractBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
-  private bloomBlurHBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
-  private bloomBlurVBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
-  private bloomComposeBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
-  // Bloom settings
-  private bloomThreshold: number = 0.01
-  private bloomIntensity: number = 0.12
-  // Rim light settings
-  private rimLightIntensity: number = 0.45
-
-  private currentModel: Model | null = null
-  private modelDir: string = ""
-  private physics: Physics | null = null
-  private materialSampler!: GPUSampler
-  private textureCache = new Map<string, GPUTexture>()
-  // Draw lists
-  private opaqueDraws: DrawCall[] = []
-  private eyeDraws: DrawCall[] = []
-  private hairDrawsOverEyes: DrawCall[] = []
-  private hairDrawsOverNonEyes: DrawCall[] = []
-  private transparentDraws: DrawCall[] = []
-  private opaqueOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
-  private eyeOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
-  private hairOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
-  private transparentOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
-
-  private lastFpsUpdate = performance.now()
-  private framesSinceLastUpdate = 0
-  private frameTimeSamples: number[] = []
-  private frameTimeSum: number = 0
-  private drawCallCount: number = 0
-  private lastFrameTime = performance.now()
-  private stats: EngineStats = {
-    fps: 0,
-    frameTime: 0,
-  }
-  private animationFrameId: number | null = null
-  private renderLoopCallback: (() => void) | null = null
-
-  private animationFrames: VMDKeyFrame[] = []
-  private animationTimeouts: number[] = []
-  private hasAnimation = false // Set to true when loadAnimation is called
-  private playingAnimation = false // Set to true when playAnimation is called
-  private breathingTimeout: number | null = null
-  private breathingBaseRotations: Map<string, Quat> = new Map()
-
-  constructor(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, options?: EngineOptions) {
-    this.canvas = canvas
-    if (options) {
-      this.ambientColor = options.ambientColor ?? new Vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
-      this.bloomIntensity = options.bloomIntensity ?? 0.12
-      this.rimLightIntensity = options.rimLightIntensity ?? 0.45
-      this.cameraDistance = options.cameraDistance ?? 26.6
-      this.cameraTarget = options.cameraTarget ?? new Vec3(0, 12.5, 0)
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Step 1: Get WebGPU device and context
-  public async init() {
-    const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter()
-    const device = await adapter?.requestDevice()
-    if (!device) {
-      throw new Error("WebGPU is not supported in this browser.")
-    }
-    this.device = device
-
-    const context = this.canvas.getContext("webgpu")
-    if (!context) {
-      throw new Error("Failed to get WebGPU context.")
-    }
-    this.context = context
-
-    this.presentationFormat = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()
-
-    this.context.configure({
-      device: this.device,
-      format: this.presentationFormat,
-      alphaMode: "premultiplied",
-    })
-
-    this.setupCamera()
-    this.setupLighting()
-    this.createPipelines()
-    this.createFullscreenQuad()
-    this.createBloomPipelines()
-    this.setupResize()
-  }
-
-  private createPipelines() {
-    this.materialSampler = this.device.createSampler({
-      magFilter: "linear",
-      minFilter: "linear",
-      addressModeU: "repeat",
-      addressModeV: "repeat",
-    })
-
-    const shaderModule = this.device.createShaderModule({
-      label: "model shaders",
-      code: /* wgsl */ `
-        struct CameraUniforms {
-          view: mat4x4f,
-          projection: mat4x4f,
-          viewPos: vec3f,
-          _padding: f32,
-        };
-
-        struct LightUniforms {
-          ambientColor: vec3f,
-        };
-
-        struct MaterialUniforms {
-          alpha: f32,
-          alphaMultiplier: f32,
-          rimIntensity: f32,
-          _padding1: f32,
-          rimColor: vec3f,
-          isOverEyes: f32, // 1.0 if rendering over eyes, 0.0 otherwise
-        };
-
-        struct VertexOutput {
-          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-          @location(0) normal: vec3f,
-          @location(1) uv: vec2f,
-          @location(2) worldPos: vec3f,
-        };
-
-        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> camera: CameraUniforms;
-        @group(0) @binding(1) var<uniform> light: LightUniforms;
-        @group(0) @binding(2) var diffuseTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
-        @group(0) @binding(3) var diffuseSampler: sampler;
-        @group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> skinMats: array<mat4x4f>;
-        @group(0) @binding(5) var toonTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
-        @group(0) @binding(6) var toonSampler: sampler;
-        @group(0) @binding(7) var<uniform> material: MaterialUniforms;
-
-        @vertex fn vs(
-          @location(0) position: vec3f,
-          @location(1) normal: vec3f,
-          @location(2) uv: vec2f,
-          @location(3) joints0: vec4<u32>,
-          @location(4) weights0: vec4<f32>
-        ) -> VertexOutput {
-          var output: VertexOutput;
-          let pos4 = vec4f(position, 1.0);
-          
-          // Branchless weight normalization (avoids GPU branch divergence)
-          let weightSum = weights0.x + weights0.y + weights0.z + weights0.w;
-          let invWeightSum = select(1.0, 1.0 / weightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
-          let normalizedWeights = select(vec4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), weights0 * invWeightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
-          
-          var skinnedPos = vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-          var skinnedNrm = vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-          for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
-            let j = joints0[i];
-            let w = normalizedWeights[i];
-            let m = skinMats[j];
-            skinnedPos += (m * pos4) * w;
-            let r3 = mat3x3f(m[0].xyz, m[1].xyz, m[2].xyz);
-            skinnedNrm += (r3 * normal) * w;
-          }
-          let worldPos = skinnedPos.xyz;
-          output.position = camera.projection * camera.view * vec4f(worldPos, 1.0);
-          output.normal = normalize(skinnedNrm);
-          output.uv = uv;
-          output.worldPos = worldPos;
-          return output;
-        }
-
-        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-          // Early alpha test - discard before expensive calculations
-          var finalAlpha = material.alpha * material.alphaMultiplier;
-          if (material.isOverEyes > 0.5) {
-            finalAlpha *= 0.5; // Hair over eyes gets 50% alpha
-          }
-          if (finalAlpha < 0.001) {
-            discard;
-          }
-          
-          let n = normalize(input.normal);
-          let albedo = textureSample(diffuseTexture, diffuseSampler, input.uv).rgb;
-
-          let lightAccum = light.ambientColor;
-          
-          // Rim light calculation
-          let viewDir = normalize(camera.viewPos - input.worldPos);
-          var rimFactor = 1.0 - max(dot(n, viewDir), 0.0);
-          rimFactor = rimFactor * rimFactor; // Optimized: direct multiply instead of pow(x, 2.0)
-          let rimLight = material.rimColor * material.rimIntensity * rimFactor;
-          
-          let color = albedo * lightAccum + rimLight;
-          
-          return vec4f(color, finalAlpha);
-        }
-      `,
-    })
-
-    // Create explicit bind group layout for all pipelines using the main shader
-    this.mainBindGroupLayout = this.device.createBindGroupLayout({
-      label: "main material bind group layout",
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // camera
-        { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // light
-        { binding: 2, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, texture: {} }, // diffuseTexture
-        { binding: 3, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, sampler: {} }, // diffuseSampler
-        { binding: 4, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX, buffer: { type: "read-only-storage" } }, // skinMats
-        { binding: 5, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, texture: {} }, // toonTexture
-        { binding: 6, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, sampler: {} }, // toonSampler
-        { binding: 7, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // material
-      ],
-    })
-
-    const mainPipelineLayout = this.device.createPipelineLayout({
-      label: "main pipeline layout",
-      bindGroupLayouts: [this.mainBindGroupLayout],
-    })
-
-    this.modelPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "model pipeline",
-      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
-      vertex: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        buffers: [
-          {
-            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
-            attributes: [
-              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 2, offset: 6 * 4, format: "float32x2" as GPUVertexFormat },
-            ],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        targets: [
-          {
-            format: this.presentationFormat,
-            blend: {
-              color: {
-                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-              alpha: {
-                srcFactor: "one",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-            },
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      primitive: { cullMode: "none" },
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        depthWriteEnabled: true,
-        depthCompare: "less-equal",
-      },
-      multisample: {
-        count: this.sampleCount,
-      },
-    })
-
-    // Create bind group layout for outline pipelines
-    this.outlineBindGroupLayout = this.device.createBindGroupLayout({
-      label: "outline bind group layout",
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // camera
-        { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // material
-        { binding: 2, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX, buffer: { type: "read-only-storage" } }, // skinMats
-      ],
-    })
-
-    const outlinePipelineLayout = this.device.createPipelineLayout({
-      label: "outline pipeline layout",
-      bindGroupLayouts: [this.outlineBindGroupLayout],
-    })
-
-    const outlineShaderModule = this.device.createShaderModule({
-      label: "outline shaders",
-      code: /* wgsl */ `
-        struct CameraUniforms {
-          view: mat4x4f,
-          projection: mat4x4f,
-          viewPos: vec3f,
-          _padding: f32,
-        };
-
-        struct MaterialUniforms {
-          edgeColor: vec4f,
-          edgeSize: f32,
-          isOverEyes: f32, // 1.0 if rendering over eyes, 0.0 otherwise (for hair outlines)
-          _padding1: f32,
-          _padding2: f32,
-        };
-
-        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> camera: CameraUniforms;
-        @group(0) @binding(1) var<uniform> material: MaterialUniforms;
-        @group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> skinMats: array<mat4x4f>;
-
-        struct VertexOutput {
-          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-        };
-
-        @vertex fn vs(
-          @location(0) position: vec3f,
-          @location(1) normal: vec3f,
-          @location(3) joints0: vec4<u32>,
-          @location(4) weights0: vec4<f32>
-        ) -> VertexOutput {
-          var output: VertexOutput;
-          let pos4 = vec4f(position, 1.0);
-          
-          // Branchless weight normalization (avoids GPU branch divergence)
-          let weightSum = weights0.x + weights0.y + weights0.z + weights0.w;
-          let invWeightSum = select(1.0, 1.0 / weightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
-          let normalizedWeights = select(vec4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), weights0 * invWeightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
-          
-          var skinnedPos = vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-          var skinnedNrm = vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-          for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
-            let j = joints0[i];
-            let w = normalizedWeights[i];
-            let m = skinMats[j];
-            skinnedPos += (m * pos4) * w;
-            let r3 = mat3x3f(m[0].xyz, m[1].xyz, m[2].xyz);
-            skinnedNrm += (r3 * normal) * w;
-          }
-          let worldPos = skinnedPos.xyz;
-          let worldNormal = normalize(skinnedNrm);
-          
-          // MMD invert hull: expand vertices outward along normals
-          let scaleFactor = 0.01;
-          let expandedPos = worldPos + worldNormal * material.edgeSize * scaleFactor;
-          output.position = camera.projection * camera.view * vec4f(expandedPos, 1.0);
-          return output;
-        }
-
-        @fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4f {
-          var color = material.edgeColor;
-          
-          if (material.isOverEyes > 0.5) {
-            color.a *= 0.5; // Hair outlines over eyes get 50% alpha
-          }
-          
-          return color;
-        }
-      `,
-    })
-
-    this.outlinePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "outline pipeline",
-      layout: outlinePipelineLayout,
-      vertex: {
-        module: outlineShaderModule,
-        buffers: [
-          {
-            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
-            attributes: [
-              {
-                shaderLocation: 0,
-                offset: 0,
-                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
-              },
-              {
-                shaderLocation: 1,
-                offset: 3 * 4,
-                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
-              },
-            ],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: outlineShaderModule,
-        targets: [
-          {
-            format: this.presentationFormat,
-            blend: {
-              color: {
-                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-              alpha: {
-                srcFactor: "one",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-            },
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      primitive: {
-        cullMode: "back",
-      },
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        depthWriteEnabled: true,
-        depthCompare: "less-equal",
-      },
-      multisample: {
-        count: this.sampleCount,
-      },
-    })
-
-    // Hair outline pipeline
-    this.hairOutlinePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "hair outline pipeline",
-      layout: outlinePipelineLayout,
-      vertex: {
-        module: outlineShaderModule,
-        buffers: [
-          {
-            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
-            attributes: [
-              {
-                shaderLocation: 0,
-                offset: 0,
-                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
-              },
-              {
-                shaderLocation: 1,
-                offset: 3 * 4,
-                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
-              },
-            ],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: outlineShaderModule,
-        targets: [
-          {
-            format: this.presentationFormat,
-            blend: {
-              color: {
-                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-              alpha: {
-                srcFactor: "one",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-            },
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      primitive: {
-        cullMode: "back",
-      },
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        depthWriteEnabled: false, // Don't write depth - let hair geometry control depth
-        depthCompare: "less-equal", // Only draw where hair depth exists (no stencil test needed)
-        depthBias: -0.0001, // Small negative bias to bring outline slightly closer for depth test
-        depthBiasSlopeScale: 0.0,
-        depthBiasClamp: 0.0,
-      },
-      multisample: {
-        count: this.sampleCount,
-      },
-    })
-
-    // Eye overlay pipeline (renders after opaque, writes stencil)
-    this.eyePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "eye overlay pipeline",
-      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
-      vertex: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        buffers: [
-          {
-            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
-            attributes: [
-              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 2, offset: 6 * 4, format: "float32x2" as GPUVertexFormat },
-            ],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        targets: [
-          {
-            format: this.presentationFormat,
-            blend: {
-              color: {
-                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-              alpha: {
-                srcFactor: "one",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-            },
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      primitive: { cullMode: "front" },
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        depthWriteEnabled: true, // Write depth to occlude back of head
-        depthCompare: "less-equal", // More lenient to reduce precision conflicts
-        depthBias: -0.00005, // Reduced bias to minimize conflicts while still occluding back face
-        depthBiasSlopeScale: 0.0,
-        depthBiasClamp: 0.0,
-        stencilFront: {
-          compare: "always",
-          failOp: "keep",
-          depthFailOp: "keep",
-          passOp: "replace", // Write stencil value 1
-        },
-        stencilBack: {
-          compare: "always",
-          failOp: "keep",
-          depthFailOp: "keep",
-          passOp: "replace",
-        },
-      },
-      multisample: { count: this.sampleCount },
-    })
-
-    // Depth-only shader for hair pre-pass (reduces overdraw by early depth rejection)
-    const depthOnlyShaderModule = this.device.createShaderModule({
-      label: "depth only shader",
-      code: /* wgsl */ `
-        struct CameraUniforms {
-          view: mat4x4f,
-          projection: mat4x4f,
-          viewPos: vec3f,
-          _padding: f32,
-        };
-
-        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> camera: CameraUniforms;
-        @group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> skinMats: array<mat4x4f>;
-
-        @vertex fn vs(
-          @location(0) position: vec3f,
-          @location(1) normal: vec3f,
-          @location(3) joints0: vec4<u32>,
-          @location(4) weights0: vec4<f32>
-        ) -> @builtin(position) vec4f {
-          let pos4 = vec4f(position, 1.0);
-          
-          // Branchless weight normalization (avoids GPU branch divergence)
-          let weightSum = weights0.x + weights0.y + weights0.z + weights0.w;
-          let invWeightSum = select(1.0, 1.0 / weightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
-          let normalizedWeights = select(vec4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), weights0 * invWeightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
-          
-          var skinnedPos = vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-          for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
-            let j = joints0[i];
-            let w = normalizedWeights[i];
-            let m = skinMats[j];
-            skinnedPos += (m * pos4) * w;
-          }
-          let worldPos = skinnedPos.xyz;
-          let clipPos = camera.projection * camera.view * vec4f(worldPos, 1.0);
-          return clipPos;
-        }
-
-        @fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4f {
-          return vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0); // Transparent - color writes disabled via writeMask
-        }
-      `,
-    })
-
-    // Hair depth pre-pass pipeline: depth-only with color writes disabled to eliminate overdraw
-    this.hairDepthPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "hair depth pre-pass",
-      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
-      vertex: {
-        module: depthOnlyShaderModule,
-        buffers: [
-          {
-            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
-            attributes: [
-              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-            ],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: depthOnlyShaderModule,
-        entryPoint: "fs",
-        targets: [
-          {
-            format: this.presentationFormat,
-            writeMask: 0, // Disable all color writes - we only care about depth
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      primitive: { cullMode: "front" },
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        depthWriteEnabled: true,
-        depthCompare: "less-equal", // Match the color pass compare mode for consistency
-        depthBias: 0.0,
-        depthBiasSlopeScale: 0.0,
-        depthBiasClamp: 0.0,
-      },
-      multisample: { count: this.sampleCount },
-    })
-
-    // Hair pipeline for rendering over eyes (stencil == 1)
-    this.hairPipelineOverEyes = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "hair pipeline (over eyes)",
-      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
-      vertex: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        buffers: [
-          {
-            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
-            attributes: [
-              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 2, offset: 6 * 4, format: "float32x2" as GPUVertexFormat },
-            ],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        targets: [
-          {
-            format: this.presentationFormat,
-            blend: {
-              color: {
-                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-              alpha: {
-                srcFactor: "one",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-            },
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      primitive: { cullMode: "front" },
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        depthWriteEnabled: false, // Don't write depth (already written in pre-pass)
-        depthCompare: "less-equal", // More lenient than "equal" to avoid precision issues with MSAA
-        stencilFront: {
-          compare: "equal", // Only render where stencil == 1 (over eyes)
-          failOp: "keep",
-          depthFailOp: "keep",
-          passOp: "keep",
-        },
-        stencilBack: {
-          compare: "equal",
-          failOp: "keep",
-          depthFailOp: "keep",
-          passOp: "keep",
-        },
-      },
-      multisample: { count: this.sampleCount },
-    })
-
-    // Hair pipeline for rendering over non-eyes (stencil != 1)
-    this.hairPipelineOverNonEyes = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "hair pipeline (over non-eyes)",
-      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
-      vertex: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        buffers: [
-          {
-            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
-            attributes: [
-              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
-              { shaderLocation: 2, offset: 6 * 4, format: "float32x2" as GPUVertexFormat },
-            ],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-          {
-            arrayStride: 4,
-            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: shaderModule,
-        targets: [
-          {
-            format: this.presentationFormat,
-            blend: {
-              color: {
-                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-              alpha: {
-                srcFactor: "one",
-                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
-                operation: "add",
-              },
-            },
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      primitive: { cullMode: "front" },
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        depthWriteEnabled: false, // Don't write depth (already written in pre-pass)
-        depthCompare: "less-equal", // More lenient than "equal" to avoid precision issues with MSAA
-        stencilFront: {
-          compare: "not-equal", // Only render where stencil != 1 (over non-eyes)
-          failOp: "keep",
-          depthFailOp: "keep",
-          passOp: "keep",
-        },
-        stencilBack: {
-          compare: "not-equal",
-          failOp: "keep",
-          depthFailOp: "keep",
-          passOp: "keep",
-        },
-      },
-      multisample: { count: this.sampleCount },
-    })
-  }
-
-  // Create compute shader for skin matrix computation
-  private createSkinMatrixComputePipeline() {
-    const computeShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
-      label: "skin matrix compute",
-      code: /* wgsl */ `
-        struct BoneCountUniform {
-          count: u32,
-          _padding1: u32,
-          _padding2: u32,
-          _padding3: u32,
-          _padding4: vec4<u32>,
-        };
-        
-        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> boneCount: BoneCountUniform;
-        @group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> worldMatrices: array<mat4x4f>;
-        @group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> inverseBindMatrices: array<mat4x4f>;
-        @group(0) @binding(3) var<storage, read_write> skinMatrices: array<mat4x4f>;
-        
-        @compute @workgroup_size(64) // Must match COMPUTE_WORKGROUP_SIZE
-        fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) globalId: vec3<u32>) {
-          let boneIndex = globalId.x;
-          if (boneIndex >= boneCount.count) {
-            return;
-          }
-          let worldMat = worldMatrices[boneIndex];
-          let invBindMat = inverseBindMatrices[boneIndex];
-          skinMatrices[boneIndex] = worldMat * invBindMat;
-        }
-      `,
-    })
-
-    this.skinMatrixComputePipeline = this.device.createComputePipeline({
-      label: "skin matrix compute pipeline",
-      layout: "auto",
-      compute: {
-        module: computeShader,
-      },
-    })
-  }
-
-  // Create fullscreen quad for post-processing
-  private createFullscreenQuad() {
-    // Fullscreen quad vertices: two triangles covering the entire screen - Format: position (x, y), uv (u, v)
-    const quadVertices = new Float32Array([
-      // Triangle 1
-      -1.0,
-      -1.0,
-      0.0,
-      0.0, // bottom-left
-      1.0,
-      -1.0,
-      1.0,
-      0.0, // bottom-right
-      -1.0,
-      1.0,
-      0.0,
-      1.0, // top-left
-      // Triangle 2
-      -1.0,
-      1.0,
-      0.0,
-      1.0, // top-left
-      1.0,
-      -1.0,
-      1.0,
-      0.0, // bottom-right
-      1.0,
-      1.0,
-      1.0,
-      1.0, // top-right
-    ])
-
-    this.fullscreenQuadBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "fullscreen quad",
-      size: quadVertices.byteLength,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.fullscreenQuadBuffer, 0, quadVertices)
-  }
-
-  // Create bloom post-processing pipelines
-  private createBloomPipelines() {
-    // Bloom extraction shader (extracts bright areas)
-    const bloomExtractShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
-      label: "bloom extract",
-      code: /* wgsl */ `
-        struct VertexOutput {
-          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-          @location(0) uv: vec2f,
-        };
-
-        @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {
-          var output: VertexOutput;
-          // Generate fullscreen quad from vertex index
-          let x = f32((vertexIndex << 1u) & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
-          let y = f32(vertexIndex & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
-          output.position = vec4f(x, y, 0.0, 1.0);
-          output.uv = vec2f(x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (y * 0.5 + 0.5));
-          return output;
-        }
-
-        struct BloomExtractUniforms {
-          threshold: f32,
-          _padding1: f32,
-          _padding2: f32,
-          _padding3: f32,
-          _padding4: f32,
-          _padding5: f32,
-          _padding6: f32,
-          _padding7: f32,
-        };
-
-        @group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
-        @group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;
-        @group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> extractUniforms: BloomExtractUniforms;
-
-        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-          let color = textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv);
-          // Extract bright areas above threshold
-          let threshold = extractUniforms.threshold;
-          let bloom = max(vec3f(0.0), color.rgb - vec3f(threshold)) / max(0.001, 1.0 - threshold);
-          return vec4f(bloom, color.a);
-        }
-      `,
-    })
-
-    // Bloom blur shader (gaussian blur - can be used for both horizontal and vertical)
-    const bloomBlurShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
-      label: "bloom blur",
-      code: /* wgsl */ `
-        struct VertexOutput {
-          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-          @location(0) uv: vec2f,
-        };
-
-        @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {
-          var output: VertexOutput;
-          let x = f32((vertexIndex << 1u) & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
-          let y = f32(vertexIndex & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
-          output.position = vec4f(x, y, 0.0, 1.0);
-          output.uv = vec2f(x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (y * 0.5 + 0.5));
-          return output;
-        }
-
-        struct BlurUniforms {
-          direction: vec2f,
-          _padding1: f32,
-          _padding2: f32,
-          _padding3: f32,
-          _padding4: f32,
-          _padding5: f32,
-          _padding6: f32,
-        };
-
-        @group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
-        @group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;
-        @group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> blurUniforms: BlurUniforms;
-
-        // 3-tap gaussian blur using bilinear filtering trick (40% fewer texture fetches!)
-        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-          let texelSize = 1.0 / vec2f(textureDimensions(inputTexture));
-          
-          // Bilinear optimization: leverage hardware filtering to sample between pixels
-          // Original 5-tap: weights [0.06136, 0.24477, 0.38774, 0.24477, 0.06136] at offsets [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2]
-          // Optimized 3-tap: combine adjacent samples using weighted offsets
-          let weight0 = 0.38774; // Center sample
-          let weight1 = 0.24477 + 0.06136; // Combined outer samples = 0.30613
-          let offset1 = (0.24477 * 1.0 + 0.06136 * 2.0) / weight1; // Weighted position = 1.2
-          
-          var result = textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv) * weight0;
-          let offsetVec = offset1 * texelSize * blurUniforms.direction;
-          result += textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv + offsetVec) * weight1;
-          result += textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv - offsetVec) * weight1;
-          
-          return result;
-        }
-      `,
-    })
-
-    // Bloom composition shader (combines original scene with bloom)
-    const bloomComposeShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
-      label: "bloom compose",
-      code: /* wgsl */ `
-        struct VertexOutput {
-          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-          @location(0) uv: vec2f,
-        };
-
-        @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {
-          var output: VertexOutput;
-          let x = f32((vertexIndex << 1u) & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
-          let y = f32(vertexIndex & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
-          output.position = vec4f(x, y, 0.0, 1.0);
-          output.uv = vec2f(x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (y * 0.5 + 0.5));
-          return output;
-        }
-
-        struct BloomComposeUniforms {
-          intensity: f32,
-          _padding1: f32,
-          _padding2: f32,
-          _padding3: f32,
-          _padding4: f32,
-          _padding5: f32,
-          _padding6: f32,
-          _padding7: f32,
-        };
-
-        @group(0) @binding(0) var sceneTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
-        @group(0) @binding(1) var sceneSampler: sampler;
-        @group(0) @binding(2) var bloomTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
-        @group(0) @binding(3) var bloomSampler: sampler;
-        @group(0) @binding(4) var<uniform> composeUniforms: BloomComposeUniforms;
-
-        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-          let scene = textureSample(sceneTexture, sceneSampler, input.uv);
-          let bloom = textureSample(bloomTexture, bloomSampler, input.uv);
-          // Additive blending with intensity control
-          let result = scene.rgb + bloom.rgb * composeUniforms.intensity;
-          return vec4f(result, scene.a);
-        }
-      `,
-    })
-
-    // Create uniform buffer for blur direction (minimum 32 bytes for WebGPU)
-    const blurDirectionBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "blur direction",
-      size: 32, // Minimum 32 bytes required for uniform buffers in WebGPU
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-
-    // Create uniform buffer for bloom intensity (minimum 32 bytes for WebGPU)
-    const bloomIntensityBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "bloom intensity",
-      size: 32, // Minimum 32 bytes required for uniform buffers in WebGPU
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-
-    // Create uniform buffer for bloom threshold (minimum 32 bytes for WebGPU)
-    const bloomThresholdBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "bloom threshold",
-      size: 32, // Minimum 32 bytes required for uniform buffers in WebGPU
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-
-    // Set default bloom values
-    const intensityData = new Float32Array(8) // f32 + 7 padding floats = 8 floats = 32 bytes
-    intensityData[0] = this.bloomIntensity
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(bloomIntensityBuffer, 0, intensityData)
-
-    const thresholdData = new Float32Array(8) // f32 + 7 padding floats = 8 floats = 32 bytes
-    thresholdData[0] = this.bloomThreshold
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(bloomThresholdBuffer, 0, thresholdData)
-
-    // Create linear sampler for post-processing
-    const linearSampler = this.device.createSampler({
-      magFilter: "linear",
-      minFilter: "linear",
-      addressModeU: "clamp-to-edge",
-      addressModeV: "clamp-to-edge",
-    })
-
-    // Bloom extraction pipeline
-    this.bloomExtractPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "bloom extract",
-      layout: "auto",
-      vertex: {
-        module: bloomExtractShader,
-        entryPoint: "vs",
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: bloomExtractShader,
-        entryPoint: "fs",
-        targets: [{ format: this.presentationFormat }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: "triangle-list" },
-    })
-
-    // Bloom blur pipeline
-    this.bloomBlurPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "bloom blur",
-      layout: "auto",
-      vertex: {
-        module: bloomBlurShader,
-        entryPoint: "vs",
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: bloomBlurShader,
-        entryPoint: "fs",
-        targets: [{ format: this.presentationFormat }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: "triangle-list" },
-    })
-
-    // Bloom composition pipeline
-    this.bloomComposePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
-      label: "bloom compose",
-      layout: "auto",
-      vertex: {
-        module: bloomComposeShader,
-        entryPoint: "vs",
-      },
-      fragment: {
-        module: bloomComposeShader,
-        entryPoint: "fs",
-        targets: [{ format: this.presentationFormat }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: "triangle-list" },
-    })
-
-    // Store buffers and sampler for later use
-    this.blurDirectionBuffer = blurDirectionBuffer
-    this.bloomIntensityBuffer = bloomIntensityBuffer
-    this.bloomThresholdBuffer = bloomThresholdBuffer
-    this.linearSampler = linearSampler
-  }
-
-  private setupBloom(width: number, height: number) {
-    const bloomWidth = Math.floor(width / this.BLOOM_DOWNSCALE_FACTOR)
-    const bloomHeight = Math.floor(height / this.BLOOM_DOWNSCALE_FACTOR)
-    this.bloomExtractTexture = this.device.createTexture({
-      label: "bloom extract",
-      size: [bloomWidth, bloomHeight],
-      format: this.presentationFormat,
-      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
-    })
-    this.bloomBlurTexture1 = this.device.createTexture({
-      label: "bloom blur 1",
-      size: [bloomWidth, bloomHeight],
-      format: this.presentationFormat,
-      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
-    })
-    this.bloomBlurTexture2 = this.device.createTexture({
-      label: "bloom blur 2",
-      size: [bloomWidth, bloomHeight],
-      format: this.presentationFormat,
-      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
-    })
-
-    // Create bloom bind groups
-    this.bloomExtractBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-      layout: this.bloomExtractPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: this.sceneRenderTexture.createView() },
-        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
-        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.bloomThresholdBuffer } },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    this.bloomBlurHBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-      layout: this.bloomBlurPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: this.bloomExtractTexture.createView() },
-        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
-        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.blurDirectionBuffer } },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    this.bloomBlurVBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-      layout: this.bloomBlurPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: this.bloomBlurTexture1.createView() },
-        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
-        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.blurDirectionBuffer } },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    this.bloomComposeBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-      layout: this.bloomComposePipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: this.sceneRenderTexture.createView() },
-        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
-        { binding: 2, resource: this.bloomBlurTexture2.createView() },
-        { binding: 3, resource: this.linearSampler },
-        { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: this.bloomIntensityBuffer } },
-      ],
-    })
-  }
-
-  // Step 3: Setup canvas resize handling
-  private setupResize() {
-    this.resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => this.handleResize())
-    this.resizeObserver.observe(this.canvas)
-    this.handleResize()
-  }
-
-  private handleResize() {
-    const displayWidth = this.canvas.clientWidth
-    const displayHeight = this.canvas.clientHeight
-
-    const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1
-    const width = Math.floor(displayWidth * dpr)
-    const height = Math.floor(displayHeight * dpr)
-
-    if (!this.multisampleTexture || this.canvas.width !== width || this.canvas.height !== height) {
-      this.canvas.width = width
-      this.canvas.height = height
-
-      this.multisampleTexture = this.device.createTexture({
-        label: "multisample render target",
-        size: [width, height],
-        sampleCount: this.sampleCount,
-        format: this.presentationFormat,
-        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-      })
-
-      this.depthTexture = this.device.createTexture({
-        label: "depth texture",
-        size: [width, height],
-        sampleCount: this.sampleCount,
-        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
-        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-      })
-
-      // Create scene render texture (non-multisampled for post-processing)
-      this.sceneRenderTexture = this.device.createTexture({
-        label: "scene render texture",
-        size: [width, height],
-        format: this.presentationFormat,
-        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
-      })
-      this.sceneRenderTextureView = this.sceneRenderTexture.createView()
-
-      // Setup bloom textures and bind groups
-      this.setupBloom(width, height)
-
-      const depthTextureView = this.depthTexture.createView()
-
-      // Render scene to texture instead of directly to canvas
-      const colorAttachment: GPURenderPassColorAttachment =
-        this.sampleCount > 1
-          ? {
-              view: this.multisampleTexture.createView(),
-              resolveTarget: this.sceneRenderTextureView,
-              clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
-              loadOp: "clear",
-              storeOp: "store",
-            }
-          : {
-              view: this.sceneRenderTextureView,
-              clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
-              loadOp: "clear",
-              storeOp: "store",
-            }
-
-      this.renderPassDescriptor = {
-        label: "renderPass",
-        colorAttachments: [colorAttachment],
-        depthStencilAttachment: {
-          view: depthTextureView,
-          depthClearValue: 1.0,
-          depthLoadOp: "clear",
-          depthStoreOp: "store",
-          stencilClearValue: 0,
-          stencilLoadOp: "clear",
-          stencilStoreOp: "discard", // Discard stencil after frame to save bandwidth (we only use it during rendering)
-        },
-      }
-
-      this.camera.aspect = width / height
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Step 4: Create camera and uniform buffer
-  private setupCamera() {
-    this.cameraUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "camera uniforms",
-      size: 40 * 4,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-
-    this.camera = new Camera(Math.PI, Math.PI / 2.5, this.cameraDistance, this.cameraTarget)
-
-    this.camera.aspect = this.canvas.width / this.canvas.height
-    this.camera.attachControl(this.canvas)
-  }
-
-  // Step 5: Create lighting buffers
-  private setupLighting() {
-    this.lightUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "light uniforms",
-      size: 4 * 4, // 4 floats: ambientColor vec3f (3) + padding (1)
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-
-    this.setAmbientColor(this.ambientColor)
-
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.lightUniformBuffer, 0, this.lightData)
-  }
-
-  private setAmbientColor(color: Vec3) {
-    // Layout: ambientColor (0-2), padding (3)
-    this.lightData[0] = color.x
-    this.lightData[1] = color.y
-    this.lightData[2] = color.z
-    this.lightData[3] = 0.0 // Padding for vec3f alignment
-  }
-
-  public async loadAnimation(url: string) {
-    const frames = await VMDLoader.load(url)
-    this.animationFrames = frames
-    this.hasAnimation = true
-  }
-
-  public playAnimation(options?: {
-    breathBones?: string[] | Record<string, number> // Array of bone names or map of bone name -> rotation range
-    breathDuration?: number // Breathing cycle duration in milliseconds
-  }) {
-    if (this.animationFrames.length === 0) return
-
-    this.stopAnimation()
-    this.stopBreathing()
-    this.playingAnimation = true
-
-    // Enable breathing if breathBones is provided
-    const enableBreath = options?.breathBones !== undefined && options.breathBones !== null
-    let breathBones: string[] = []
-    let breathRotationRanges: Record<string, number> | undefined = undefined
-
-    if (enableBreath && options.breathBones) {
-      if (Array.isArray(options.breathBones)) {
-        breathBones = options.breathBones
-      } else {
-        breathBones = Object.keys(options.breathBones)
-        breathRotationRanges = options.breathBones
-      }
-    }
-
-    const breathDuration = options?.breathDuration ?? 4000
-
-    const allBoneKeyFrames: BoneKeyFrame[] = []
-    for (const keyFrame of this.animationFrames) {
-      for (const boneFrame of keyFrame.boneFrames) {
-        allBoneKeyFrames.push({
-          boneName: boneFrame.boneName,
-          time: keyFrame.time,
-          rotation: boneFrame.rotation,
-        })
-      }
-    }
-
-    const boneKeyFramesByBone = new Map<string, BoneKeyFrame[]>()
-    for (const boneKeyFrame of allBoneKeyFrames) {
-      if (!boneKeyFramesByBone.has(boneKeyFrame.boneName)) {
-        boneKeyFramesByBone.set(boneKeyFrame.boneName, [])
-      }
-      boneKeyFramesByBone.get(boneKeyFrame.boneName)!.push(boneKeyFrame)
-    }
-
-    for (const keyFrames of boneKeyFramesByBone.values()) {
-      keyFrames.sort((a, b) => a.time - b.time)
-    }
-
-    const time0Rotations: Array<{ boneName: string; rotation: Quat }> = []
-    const bonesWithTime0 = new Set<string>()
-    for (const [boneName, keyFrames] of boneKeyFramesByBone.entries()) {
-      if (keyFrames.length > 0 && keyFrames[0].time === 0) {
-        time0Rotations.push({
-          boneName: boneName,
-          rotation: keyFrames[0].rotation,
-        })
-        bonesWithTime0.add(boneName)
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (this.currentModel) {
-      if (time0Rotations.length > 0) {
-        const boneNames = time0Rotations.map((r) => r.boneName)
-        const rotations = time0Rotations.map((r) => r.rotation)
-        this.rotateBones(boneNames, rotations, 0)
-      }
-
-      const skeleton = this.currentModel.getSkeleton()
-      const bonesToReset: string[] = []
-      for (const bone of skeleton.bones) {
-        if (!bonesWithTime0.has(bone.name)) {
-          bonesToReset.push(bone.name)
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (bonesToReset.length > 0) {
-        const identityQuat = new Quat(0, 0, 0, 1)
-        const identityQuats = new Array(bonesToReset.length).fill(identityQuat)
-        this.rotateBones(bonesToReset, identityQuats, 0)
-      }
-
-      // Reset physics immediately and upload matrices to prevent A-pose flash
-      if (this.physics) {
-        this.currentModel.evaluatePose()
-
-        const worldMats = this.currentModel.getBoneWorldMatrices()
-        this.physics.reset(worldMats, this.currentModel.getBoneInverseBindMatrices())
-
-        // Upload matrices immediately so next frame shows correct pose
-        this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-          this.worldMatrixBuffer!,
-          0,
-          worldMats.buffer,
-          worldMats.byteOffset,
-          worldMats.byteLength
-        )
-        const encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder()
-        this.computeSkinMatrices(encoder)
-        this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
-      }
-    }
-    for (const [_, keyFrames] of boneKeyFramesByBone.entries()) {
-      for (let i = 0; i < keyFrames.length; i++) {
-        const boneKeyFrame = keyFrames[i]
-        const previousBoneKeyFrame = i > 0 ? keyFrames[i - 1] : null
-
-        if (boneKeyFrame.time === 0) continue
-
-        let durationMs = 0
-        if (i === 0) {
-          durationMs = boneKeyFrame.time * 1000
-        } else if (previousBoneKeyFrame) {
-          durationMs = (boneKeyFrame.time - previousBoneKeyFrame.time) * 1000
-        }
-
-        const scheduleTime = i > 0 && previousBoneKeyFrame ? previousBoneKeyFrame.time : 0
-        const delayMs = scheduleTime * 1000
-
-        if (delayMs <= 0) {
-          this.rotateBones([boneKeyFrame.boneName], [boneKeyFrame.rotation], durationMs)
-        } else {
-          const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
-            this.rotateBones([boneKeyFrame.boneName], [boneKeyFrame.rotation], durationMs)
-          }, delayMs)
-          this.animationTimeouts.push(timeoutId)
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Setup breathing animation if enabled
-    if (enableBreath && this.currentModel) {
-      // Find the last frame time
-      let maxTime = 0
-      for (const keyFrame of this.animationFrames) {
-        if (keyFrame.time > maxTime) {
-          maxTime = keyFrame.time
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Get last frame rotations directly from animation data for breathing bones
-      const lastFrameRotations = new Map<string, Quat>()
-      for (const bone of breathBones) {
-        const keyFrames = boneKeyFramesByBone.get(bone)
-        if (keyFrames && keyFrames.length > 0) {
-          // Find the rotation at the last frame time (closest keyframe <= maxTime)
-          let lastRotation: Quat | null = null
-          for (let i = keyFrames.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-            if (keyFrames[i].time <= maxTime) {
-              lastRotation = keyFrames[i].rotation
-              break
-            }
-          }
-          if (lastRotation) {
-            lastFrameRotations.set(bone, lastRotation)
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Start breathing after animation completes
-      // Use the last frame rotations directly from animation data (no need to capture from model)
-      const animationEndTime = maxTime * 1000 + 200 // Small buffer for final tweens to complete
-      this.breathingTimeout = window.setTimeout(() => {
-        this.startBreathing(breathBones, lastFrameRotations, breathRotationRanges, breathDuration)
-      }, animationEndTime)
-    }
-  }
-
-  public stopAnimation() {
-    for (const timeoutId of this.animationTimeouts) {
-      clearTimeout(timeoutId)
-    }
-    this.animationTimeouts = []
-    this.playingAnimation = false
-  }
-
-  private stopBreathing() {
-    if (this.breathingTimeout !== null) {
-      clearTimeout(this.breathingTimeout)
-      this.breathingTimeout = null
-    }
-    this.breathingBaseRotations.clear()
-  }
-
-  private startBreathing(
-    bones: string[],
-    baseRotations: Map<string, Quat>,
-    rotationRanges?: Record<string, number>,
-    durationMs: number = 4000
-  ) {
-    if (!this.currentModel) return
-
-    // Store base rotations directly from last frame of animation data
-    // These are the exact rotations from the animation - use them as-is
-    for (const bone of bones) {
-      const baseRot = baseRotations.get(bone)
-      if (baseRot) {
-        this.breathingBaseRotations.set(bone, baseRot)
-      }
-    }
-
-    const halfCycleMs = durationMs / 2
-    const defaultRotation = 0.02 // Default rotation range if not specified per bone
-
-    // Start breathing cycle - oscillate around exact base rotation (final pose)
-    // Each bone can have its own rotation range, or use default
-    const animate = (isInhale: boolean) => {
-      if (!this.currentModel) return
-
-      const breathingBoneNames: string[] = []
-      const breathingQuats: Quat[] = []
-
-      for (const bone of bones) {
-        const baseRot = this.breathingBaseRotations.get(bone)
-        if (!baseRot) continue
-
-        // Get rotation range for this bone (per-bone or default)
-        const rotation = rotationRanges?.[bone] ?? defaultRotation
-
-        // Oscillate around base rotation with the bone's rotation range
-        // isInhale: base * rotation, exhale: base * (-rotation)
-        const oscillationRot = Quat.fromEuler(isInhale ? rotation : -rotation, 0, 0)
-        const finalRot = baseRot.multiply(oscillationRot)
-
-        breathingBoneNames.push(bone)
-        breathingQuats.push(finalRot)
-      }
-
-      if (breathingBoneNames.length > 0) {
-        this.rotateBones(breathingBoneNames, breathingQuats, halfCycleMs)
-      }
-
-      this.breathingTimeout = window.setTimeout(() => animate(!isInhale), halfCycleMs)
-    }
-
-    // Start breathing from exhale position (closer to base) to minimize initial movement
-    animate(false)
-  }
-
-  public getStats(): EngineStats {
-    return { ...this.stats }
-  }
-
-  public runRenderLoop(callback?: () => void) {
-    this.renderLoopCallback = callback || null
-
-    const loop = () => {
-      this.render()
-
-      if (this.renderLoopCallback) {
-        this.renderLoopCallback()
-      }
-
-      this.animationFrameId = requestAnimationFrame(loop)
-    }
-
-    this.animationFrameId = requestAnimationFrame(loop)
-  }
-
-  public stopRenderLoop() {
-    if (this.animationFrameId !== null) {
-      cancelAnimationFrame(this.animationFrameId)
-      this.animationFrameId = null
-    }
-    this.renderLoopCallback = null
-  }
-
-  public dispose() {
-    this.stopRenderLoop()
-    this.stopAnimation()
-    this.stopBreathing()
-    if (this.camera) this.camera.detachControl()
-    if (this.resizeObserver) {
-      this.resizeObserver.disconnect()
-      this.resizeObserver = null
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Step 6: Load PMX model file
-  public async loadModel(path: string) {
-    const pathParts = path.split("/")
-    pathParts.pop()
-    const dir = pathParts.join("/") + "/"
-    this.modelDir = dir
-
-    const model = await PmxLoader.load(path)
-
-    this.physics = new Physics(model.getRigidbodies(), model.getJoints())
-    await this.setupModelBuffers(model)
-  }
-
-  public rotateBones(bones: string[], rotations: Quat[], durationMs?: number) {
-    this.currentModel?.rotateBones(bones, rotations, durationMs)
-  }
-
-  // Step 7: Create vertex, index, and joint buffers
-  private async setupModelBuffers(model: Model) {
-    this.currentModel = model
-    const vertices = model.getVertices()
-    const skinning = model.getSkinning()
-    const skeleton = model.getSkeleton()
-
-    this.vertexBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "model vertex buffer",
-      size: vertices.byteLength,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.vertexBuffer, 0, vertices)
-
-    this.jointsBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "joints buffer",
-      size: skinning.joints.byteLength,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      this.jointsBuffer,
-      0,
-      skinning.joints.buffer,
-      skinning.joints.byteOffset,
-      skinning.joints.byteLength
-    )
-
-    this.weightsBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "weights buffer",
-      size: skinning.weights.byteLength,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      this.weightsBuffer,
-      0,
-      skinning.weights.buffer,
-      skinning.weights.byteOffset,
-      skinning.weights.byteLength
-    )
-
-    const boneCount = skeleton.bones.length
-    const matrixSize = boneCount * 16 * 4
-
-    this.skinMatrixBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "skin matrices",
-      size: Math.max(256, matrixSize),
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX,
-    })
-
-    this.worldMatrixBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "world matrices",
-      size: Math.max(256, matrixSize),
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-
-    this.inverseBindMatrixBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "inverse bind matrices",
-      size: Math.max(256, matrixSize),
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-
-    const invBindMatrices = skeleton.inverseBindMatrices
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      this.inverseBindMatrixBuffer,
-      0,
-      invBindMatrices.buffer,
-      invBindMatrices.byteOffset,
-      invBindMatrices.byteLength
-    )
-
-    this.boneCountBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-      label: "bone count uniform",
-      size: 32, // Minimum uniform buffer size is 32 bytes
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    })
-    const boneCountData = new Uint32Array(8) // 32 bytes total
-    boneCountData[0] = boneCount
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.boneCountBuffer, 0, boneCountData)
-
-    this.createSkinMatrixComputePipeline()
-
-    // Create compute bind group once (reused every frame)
-    this.skinMatrixComputeBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-      layout: this.skinMatrixComputePipeline!.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.boneCountBuffer } },
-        { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: this.worldMatrixBuffer } },
-        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.inverseBindMatrixBuffer } },
-        { binding: 3, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer } },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    const indices = model.getIndices()
-    if (indices) {
-      this.indexBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-        label: "model index buffer",
-        size: indices.byteLength,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.INDEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-      })
-      this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.indexBuffer, 0, indices)
-    } else {
-      throw new Error("Model has no index buffer")
-    }
-
-    await this.setupMaterials(model)
-  }
-
-  private async setupMaterials(model: Model) {
-    const materials = model.getMaterials()
-    if (materials.length === 0) {
-      throw new Error("Model has no materials")
-    }
-
-    const textures = model.getTextures()
-
-    const loadTextureByIndex = async (texIndex: number): Promise<GPUTexture | null> => {
-      if (texIndex < 0 || texIndex >= textures.length) {
-        return null
-      }
-
-      const path = this.modelDir + textures[texIndex].path
-      const texture = await this.createTextureFromPath(path)
-      return texture
-    }
-
-    const loadToonTexture = async (toonTextureIndex: number): Promise<GPUTexture> => {
-      const texture = await loadTextureByIndex(toonTextureIndex)
-      if (texture) return texture
-
-      // Default toon texture fallback - cache it
-      const defaultToonPath = "__default_toon__"
-      const cached = this.textureCache.get(defaultToonPath)
-      if (cached) return cached
-
-      const defaultToonData = new Uint8Array(256 * 2 * 4)
-      for (let i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-        const factor = i / 255.0
-        const gray = Math.floor(128 + factor * 127)
-        defaultToonData[i * 4] = gray
-        defaultToonData[i * 4 + 1] = gray
-        defaultToonData[i * 4 + 2] = gray
-        defaultToonData[i * 4 + 3] = 255
-        defaultToonData[(256 + i) * 4] = gray
-        defaultToonData[(256 + i) * 4 + 1] = gray
-        defaultToonData[(256 + i) * 4 + 2] = gray
-        defaultToonData[(256 + i) * 4 + 3] = 255
-      }
-      const defaultToonTexture = this.device.createTexture({
-        label: "default toon texture",
-        size: [256, 2],
-        format: "rgba8unorm",
-        usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST,
-      })
-      this.device.queue.writeTexture(
-        { texture: defaultToonTexture },
-        defaultToonData,
-        { bytesPerRow: 256 * 4 },
-        [256, 2]
-      )
-      this.textureCache.set(defaultToonPath, defaultToonTexture)
-      return defaultToonTexture
-    }
-
-    this.opaqueDraws = []
-    this.eyeDraws = []
-    this.hairDrawsOverEyes = []
-    this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes = []
-    this.transparentDraws = []
-    this.opaqueOutlineDraws = []
-    this.eyeOutlineDraws = []
-    this.hairOutlineDraws = []
-    this.transparentOutlineDraws = []
-    let currentIndexOffset = 0
-
-    for (const mat of materials) {
-      const indexCount = mat.vertexCount
-      if (indexCount === 0) continue
-
-      const diffuseTexture = await loadTextureByIndex(mat.diffuseTextureIndex)
-      if (!diffuseTexture) throw new Error(`Material "${mat.name}" has no diffuse texture`)
-
-      const toonTexture = await loadToonTexture(mat.toonTextureIndex)
-
-      const materialAlpha = mat.diffuse[3]
-      const EPSILON = 0.001
-      const isTransparent = materialAlpha < 1.0 - EPSILON
-
-      // Create material uniform data
-      const materialUniformData = new Float32Array(8)
-      materialUniformData[0] = materialAlpha
-      materialUniformData[1] = 1.0 // alphaMultiplier: 1.0 for non-hair materials
-      materialUniformData[2] = this.rimLightIntensity
-      materialUniformData[3] = 0.0 // _padding1
-      materialUniformData[4] = 1.0 // rimColor.r
-      materialUniformData[5] = 1.0 // rimColor.g
-      materialUniformData[6] = 1.0 // rimColor.b
-      materialUniformData[7] = 0.0 // isOverEyes
-
-      const materialUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-        label: `material uniform: ${mat.name}`,
-        size: materialUniformData.byteLength,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-      })
-      this.device.queue.writeBuffer(materialUniformBuffer, 0, materialUniformData)
-
-      // Create bind groups using the shared bind group layout - All pipelines (main, eye, hair multiply, hair opaque) use the same shader and layout
-      const bindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-        label: `material bind group: ${mat.name}`,
-        layout: this.mainBindGroupLayout,
-        entries: [
-          { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.cameraUniformBuffer } },
-          { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: this.lightUniformBuffer } },
-          { binding: 2, resource: diffuseTexture.createView() },
-          { binding: 3, resource: this.materialSampler },
-          { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer! } },
-          { binding: 5, resource: toonTexture.createView() },
-          { binding: 6, resource: this.materialSampler },
-          { binding: 7, resource: { buffer: materialUniformBuffer } },
-        ],
-      })
-
-      if (mat.isEye) {
-        this.eyeDraws.push({
-          count: indexCount,
-          firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-          bindGroup,
-          isTransparent,
-        })
-      } else if (mat.isHair) {
-        // Hair materials: create separate bind groups for over-eyes vs over-non-eyes
-        const createHairBindGroup = (isOverEyes: boolean) => {
-          const uniformData = new Float32Array(8)
-          uniformData[0] = materialAlpha
-          uniformData[1] = 1.0 // alphaMultiplier (shader adjusts based on isOverEyes)
-          uniformData[2] = this.rimLightIntensity
-          uniformData[3] = 0.0 // _padding1
-          uniformData[4] = 1.0 // rimColor.rgb
-          uniformData[5] = 1.0
-          uniformData[6] = 1.0
-          uniformData[7] = isOverEyes ? 1.0 : 0.0 // isOverEyes
-
-          const buffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-            label: `material uniform (${isOverEyes ? "over eyes" : "over non-eyes"}): ${mat.name}`,
-            size: uniformData.byteLength,
-            usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-          })
-          this.device.queue.writeBuffer(buffer, 0, uniformData)
-
-          return this.device.createBindGroup({
-            label: `material bind group (${isOverEyes ? "over eyes" : "over non-eyes"}): ${mat.name}`,
-            layout: this.mainBindGroupLayout,
-            entries: [
-              { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.cameraUniformBuffer } },
-              { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: this.lightUniformBuffer } },
-              { binding: 2, resource: diffuseTexture.createView() },
-              { binding: 3, resource: this.materialSampler },
-              { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer! } },
-              { binding: 5, resource: toonTexture.createView() },
-              { binding: 6, resource: this.materialSampler },
-              { binding: 7, resource: { buffer: buffer } },
-            ],
-          })
-        }
-
-        const bindGroupOverEyes = createHairBindGroup(true)
-        const bindGroupOverNonEyes = createHairBindGroup(false)
-
-        this.hairDrawsOverEyes.push({
-          count: indexCount,
-          firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-          bindGroup: bindGroupOverEyes,
-          isTransparent,
-        })
-
-        this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes.push({
-          count: indexCount,
-          firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-          bindGroup: bindGroupOverNonEyes,
-          isTransparent,
-        })
-      } else if (isTransparent) {
-        this.transparentDraws.push({
-          count: indexCount,
-          firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-          bindGroup,
-          isTransparent,
-        })
-      } else {
-        this.opaqueDraws.push({
-          count: indexCount,
-          firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-          bindGroup,
-          isTransparent,
-        })
-      }
-
-      // Edge flag is at bit 4 (0x10) in PMX format
-      if ((mat.edgeFlag & 0x10) !== 0 && mat.edgeSize > 0) {
-        const materialUniformData = new Float32Array(8)
-        materialUniformData[0] = mat.edgeColor[0] // edgeColor.r
-        materialUniformData[1] = mat.edgeColor[1] // edgeColor.g
-        materialUniformData[2] = mat.edgeColor[2] // edgeColor.b
-        materialUniformData[3] = mat.edgeColor[3] // edgeColor.a
-        materialUniformData[4] = mat.edgeSize
-        materialUniformData[5] = 0.0 // isOverEyes
-        materialUniformData[6] = 0.0
-        materialUniformData[7] = 0.0
-
-        const materialUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
-          label: `outline material uniform: ${mat.name}`,
-          size: materialUniformData.byteLength,
-          usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-        })
-        this.device.queue.writeBuffer(materialUniformBuffer, 0, materialUniformData)
-
-        const outlineBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-          label: `outline bind group: ${mat.name}`,
-          layout: this.outlineBindGroupLayout,
-          entries: [
-            { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.cameraUniformBuffer } },
-            { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: materialUniformBuffer } },
-            { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer! } },
-          ],
-        })
-
-        if (mat.isEye) {
-          this.eyeOutlineDraws.push({
-            count: indexCount,
-            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-            bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
-            isTransparent,
-          })
-        } else if (mat.isHair) {
-          this.hairOutlineDraws.push({
-            count: indexCount,
-            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-            bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
-            isTransparent,
-          })
-        } else if (isTransparent) {
-          this.transparentOutlineDraws.push({
-            count: indexCount,
-            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-            bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
-            isTransparent,
-          })
-        } else {
-          this.opaqueOutlineDraws.push({
-            count: indexCount,
-            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
-            bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
-            isTransparent,
-          })
-        }
-      }
-
-      currentIndexOffset += indexCount
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async createTextureFromPath(path: string): Promise<GPUTexture | null> {
-    const cached = this.textureCache.get(path)
-    if (cached) {
-      return cached
-    }
-
-    try {
-      const response = await fetch(path)
-      if (!response.ok) {
-        throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`)
-      }
-      const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob(), {
-        premultiplyAlpha: "none",
-        colorSpaceConversion: "none",
-      })
-
-      const texture = this.device.createTexture({
-        label: `texture: ${path}`,
-        size: [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height],
-        format: "rgba8unorm",
-        usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-      })
-      this.device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture({ source: imageBitmap }, { texture }, [
-        imageBitmap.width,
-        imageBitmap.height,
-      ])
-
-      this.textureCache.set(path, texture)
-      return texture
-    } catch {
-      return null
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Render strategy: 1) Opaque non-eye/hair 2) Eyes (stencil=1) 3) Hair (depth pre-pass + split by stencil) 4) Transparent 5) Bloom
-  public render() {
-    if (this.multisampleTexture && this.camera && this.device) {
-      const currentTime = performance.now()
-      const deltaTime = this.lastFrameTime > 0 ? (currentTime - this.lastFrameTime) / 1000 : 0.016
-      this.lastFrameTime = currentTime
-
-      this.updateCameraUniforms()
-      this.updateRenderTarget()
-
-      // Use single encoder for both compute and render (reduces sync points)
-      const encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder()
-
-      this.updateModelPose(deltaTime, encoder)
-
-      // Hide model if animation is loaded but not playing yet (prevents A-pose flash)
-      // Still update physics and poses, just don't render visually
-      if (this.hasAnimation && !this.playingAnimation) {
-        // Submit encoder to ensure matrices are uploaded and physics initializes
-        this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
-        return
-      }
-
-      const pass = encoder.beginRenderPass(this.renderPassDescriptor)
-
-      this.drawCallCount = 0
-
-      if (this.currentModel) {
-        pass.setVertexBuffer(0, this.vertexBuffer)
-        pass.setVertexBuffer(1, this.jointsBuffer)
-        pass.setVertexBuffer(2, this.weightsBuffer)
-        pass.setIndexBuffer(this.indexBuffer!, "uint32")
-
-        // Pass 1: Opaque
-        pass.setPipeline(this.modelPipeline)
-        for (const draw of this.opaqueDraws) {
-          if (draw.count > 0) {
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-            pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-            this.drawCallCount++
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Pass 2: Eyes (writes stencil value for hair to test against)
-        pass.setPipeline(this.eyePipeline)
-        pass.setStencilReference(this.STENCIL_EYE_VALUE)
-        for (const draw of this.eyeDraws) {
-          if (draw.count > 0) {
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-            pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-            this.drawCallCount++
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Pass 3: Hair rendering (depth pre-pass + shading + outlines)
-        this.drawOutlines(pass, false)
-
-        // 3a: Hair depth pre-pass (reduces overdraw via early depth rejection)
-        if (this.hairDrawsOverEyes.length > 0 || this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes.length > 0) {
-          pass.setPipeline(this.hairDepthPipeline)
-          for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverEyes) {
-            if (draw.count > 0) {
-              pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-              pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-            }
-          }
-          for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes) {
-            if (draw.count > 0) {
-              pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-              pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        // 3b: Hair shading (split by stencil for transparency over eyes)
-        if (this.hairDrawsOverEyes.length > 0) {
-          pass.setPipeline(this.hairPipelineOverEyes)
-          pass.setStencilReference(this.STENCIL_EYE_VALUE)
-          for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverEyes) {
-            if (draw.count > 0) {
-              pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-              pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-              this.drawCallCount++
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes.length > 0) {
-          pass.setPipeline(this.hairPipelineOverNonEyes)
-          pass.setStencilReference(this.STENCIL_EYE_VALUE)
-          for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes) {
-            if (draw.count > 0) {
-              pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-              pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-              this.drawCallCount++
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        // 3c: Hair outlines
-        if (this.hairOutlineDraws.length > 0) {
-          pass.setPipeline(this.hairOutlinePipeline)
-          for (const draw of this.hairOutlineDraws) {
-            if (draw.count > 0) {
-              pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-              pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Pass 4: Transparent
-        pass.setPipeline(this.modelPipeline)
-        for (const draw of this.transparentDraws) {
-          if (draw.count > 0) {
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-            pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-            this.drawCallCount++
-          }
-        }
-
-        this.drawOutlines(pass, true)
-      }
-
-      pass.end()
-      this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
-
-      this.applyBloom()
-
-      this.updateStats(performance.now() - currentTime)
-    }
-  }
-
-  private applyBloom() {
-    if (!this.sceneRenderTexture || !this.bloomExtractTexture) {
-      return
-    }
-
-    // Update bloom parameters
-    const thresholdData = new Float32Array(8)
-    thresholdData[0] = this.bloomThreshold
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.bloomThresholdBuffer, 0, thresholdData)
-
-    const intensityData = new Float32Array(8)
-    intensityData[0] = this.bloomIntensity
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.bloomIntensityBuffer, 0, intensityData)
-
-    const encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder()
-
-    // Extract bright areas
-    const extractPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      label: "bloom extract",
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: this.bloomExtractTexture.createView(),
-          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
-          loadOp: "clear",
-          storeOp: "store",
-        },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    extractPass.setPipeline(this.bloomExtractPipeline)
-    extractPass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomExtractBindGroup!)
-    extractPass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
-    extractPass.end()
-
-    // Horizontal blur
-    const hBlurData = new Float32Array(4)
-    hBlurData[0] = 1.0
-    hBlurData[1] = 0.0
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.blurDirectionBuffer, 0, hBlurData)
-    const blurHPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      label: "bloom blur horizontal",
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: this.bloomBlurTexture1.createView(),
-          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
-          loadOp: "clear",
-          storeOp: "store",
-        },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    blurHPass.setPipeline(this.bloomBlurPipeline)
-    blurHPass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomBlurHBindGroup!)
-    blurHPass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
-    blurHPass.end()
-
-    // Vertical blur
-    const vBlurData = new Float32Array(4)
-    vBlurData[0] = 0.0
-    vBlurData[1] = 1.0
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.blurDirectionBuffer, 0, vBlurData)
-    const blurVPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      label: "bloom blur vertical",
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: this.bloomBlurTexture2.createView(),
-          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
-          loadOp: "clear",
-          storeOp: "store",
-        },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    blurVPass.setPipeline(this.bloomBlurPipeline)
-    blurVPass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomBlurVBindGroup!)
-    blurVPass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
-    blurVPass.end()
-
-    // Compose to canvas
-    const composePass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      label: "bloom compose",
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: this.context.getCurrentTexture().createView(),
-          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
-          loadOp: "clear",
-          storeOp: "store",
-        },
-      ],
-    })
-
-    composePass.setPipeline(this.bloomComposePipeline)
-    composePass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomComposeBindGroup!)
-    composePass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
-    composePass.end()
-
-    this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
-  }
-
-  private updateCameraUniforms() {
-    const viewMatrix = this.camera.getViewMatrix()
-    const projectionMatrix = this.camera.getProjectionMatrix()
-    const cameraPos = this.camera.getPosition()
-    this.cameraMatrixData.set(viewMatrix.values, 0)
-    this.cameraMatrixData.set(projectionMatrix.values, 16)
-    this.cameraMatrixData[32] = cameraPos.x
-    this.cameraMatrixData[33] = cameraPos.y
-    this.cameraMatrixData[34] = cameraPos.z
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.cameraUniformBuffer, 0, this.cameraMatrixData)
-  }
-
-  private updateRenderTarget() {
-    const colorAttachment = (this.renderPassDescriptor.colorAttachments as GPURenderPassColorAttachment[])[0]
-    if (this.sampleCount > 1) {
-      colorAttachment.resolveTarget = this.sceneRenderTextureView
-    } else {
-      colorAttachment.view = this.sceneRenderTextureView
-    }
-  }
-
-  private updateModelPose(deltaTime: number, encoder: GPUCommandEncoder) {
-    this.currentModel!.evaluatePose()
-    const worldMats = this.currentModel!.getBoneWorldMatrices()
-
-    if (this.physics) {
-      this.physics.step(deltaTime, worldMats, this.currentModel!.getBoneInverseBindMatrices())
-    }
-
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      this.worldMatrixBuffer!,
-      0,
-      worldMats.buffer,
-      worldMats.byteOffset,
-      worldMats.byteLength
-    )
-    this.computeSkinMatrices(encoder)
-  }
-
-  private computeSkinMatrices(encoder: GPUCommandEncoder) {
-    const boneCount = this.currentModel!.getSkeleton().bones.length
-    const workgroupCount = Math.ceil(boneCount / this.COMPUTE_WORKGROUP_SIZE)
-
-    const pass = encoder.beginComputePass()
-    pass.setPipeline(this.skinMatrixComputePipeline!)
-    pass.setBindGroup(0, this.skinMatrixComputeBindGroup!)
-    pass.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupCount)
-    pass.end()
-  }
-
-  private drawOutlines(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder, transparent: boolean) {
-    pass.setPipeline(this.outlinePipeline)
-    if (transparent) {
-      for (const draw of this.transparentOutlineDraws) {
-        if (draw.count > 0) {
-          pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-          pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      for (const draw of this.opaqueOutlineDraws) {
-        if (draw.count > 0) {
-          pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
-          pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private updateStats(frameTime: number) {
-    const maxSamples = 60
-    this.frameTimeSamples.push(frameTime)
-    this.frameTimeSum += frameTime
-    if (this.frameTimeSamples.length > maxSamples) {
-      const removed = this.frameTimeSamples.shift()!
-      this.frameTimeSum -= removed
-    }
-    const avgFrameTime = this.frameTimeSum / this.frameTimeSamples.length
-    this.stats.frameTime = Math.round(avgFrameTime * 100) / 100
-
-    const now = performance.now()
-    this.framesSinceLastUpdate++
-    const elapsed = now - this.lastFpsUpdate
-
-    if (elapsed >= 1000) {
-      this.stats.fps = Math.round((this.framesSinceLastUpdate / elapsed) * 1000)
-      this.framesSinceLastUpdate = 0
-      this.lastFpsUpdate = now
-    }
-  }
-}
+import { Camera } from "./camera"
+import { Quat, Vec3 } from "./math"
+import { Model } from "./model"
+import { PmxLoader } from "./pmx-loader"
+import { Physics } from "./physics"
+import { VMDKeyFrame, VMDLoader } from "./vmd-loader"
+
+export type EngineOptions = {
+  ambientColor?: Vec3
+  bloomIntensity?: number
+  rimLightIntensity?: number
+  cameraDistance?: number
+  cameraTarget?: Vec3
+}
+
+export interface EngineStats {
+  fps: number
+  frameTime: number // ms
+}
+
+interface DrawCall {
+  count: number
+  firstIndex: number
+  bindGroup: GPUBindGroup
+}
+
+type BoneKeyFrame = {
+  boneName: string
+  time: number
+  rotation: Quat
+}
+
+export class Engine {
+  private canvas: HTMLCanvasElement
+  private device!: GPUDevice
+  private context!: GPUCanvasContext
+  private presentationFormat!: GPUTextureFormat
+  private camera!: Camera
+  private cameraUniformBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private cameraMatrixData = new Float32Array(36)
+  private cameraDistance: number = 26.6
+  private cameraTarget: Vec3 = new Vec3(0, 12.5, 0)
+  private lightUniformBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private lightData = new Float32Array(4)
+  private vertexBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private indexBuffer?: GPUBuffer
+  private resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null
+  private depthTexture!: GPUTexture
+  // Material rendering pipelines
+  private modelPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private eyePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private hairPipelineOverEyes!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private hairPipelineOverNonEyes!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private hairDepthPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  // Outline pipelines
+  private outlinePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private hairOutlinePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private mainBindGroupLayout!: GPUBindGroupLayout
+  private outlineBindGroupLayout!: GPUBindGroupLayout
+  private jointsBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private weightsBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private skinMatrixBuffer?: GPUBuffer
+  private worldMatrixBuffer?: GPUBuffer
+  private inverseBindMatrixBuffer?: GPUBuffer
+  private skinMatrixComputePipeline?: GPUComputePipeline
+  private skinMatrixComputeBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
+  private boneCountBuffer?: GPUBuffer
+  private multisampleTexture!: GPUTexture
+  private readonly sampleCount = 4
+  private renderPassDescriptor!: GPURenderPassDescriptor
+  // Constants
+  private readonly STENCIL_EYE_VALUE = 1
+  private readonly COMPUTE_WORKGROUP_SIZE = 64
+  private readonly BLOOM_DOWNSCALE_FACTOR = 2
+
+  // Default values
+  private static readonly DEFAULT_BLOOM_THRESHOLD = 0.01
+  private static readonly DEFAULT_BLOOM_INTENSITY = 0.12
+  private static readonly DEFAULT_RIM_LIGHT_INTENSITY = 0.45
+  private static readonly DEFAULT_CAMERA_DISTANCE = 26.6
+  private static readonly DEFAULT_CAMERA_TARGET = new Vec3(0, 12.5, 0)
+  private static readonly HAIR_OVER_EYES_ALPHA = 0.5
+  private static readonly TRANSPARENCY_EPSILON = 0.001
+  private static readonly STATS_FPS_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS = 1000
+  private static readonly STATS_FRAME_TIME_ROUNDING = 100
+
+  // Ambient light settings
+  private ambientColor: Vec3 = new Vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
+  // Bloom post-processing textures
+  private sceneRenderTexture!: GPUTexture
+  private sceneRenderTextureView!: GPUTextureView // Cached view (recreated on resize)
+  private bloomExtractTexture!: GPUTexture
+  private bloomBlurTexture1!: GPUTexture
+  private bloomBlurTexture2!: GPUTexture
+  // Post-processing pipelines
+  private bloomExtractPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private bloomBlurPipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private bloomComposePipeline!: GPURenderPipeline
+  private blurDirectionBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private bloomIntensityBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private bloomThresholdBuffer!: GPUBuffer
+  private linearSampler!: GPUSampler
+  // Bloom bind groups (created once, reused every frame)
+  private bloomExtractBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
+  private bloomBlurHBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
+  private bloomBlurVBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
+  private bloomComposeBindGroup?: GPUBindGroup
+  // Bloom settings
+  private bloomThreshold: number = Engine.DEFAULT_BLOOM_THRESHOLD
+  private bloomIntensity: number = Engine.DEFAULT_BLOOM_INTENSITY
+  // Rim light settings
+  private rimLightIntensity: number = Engine.DEFAULT_RIM_LIGHT_INTENSITY
+
+  private currentModel: Model | null = null
+  private modelDir: string = ""
+  private physics: Physics | null = null
+  private materialSampler!: GPUSampler
+  private textureCache = new Map<string, GPUTexture>()
+  private vertexBufferNeedsUpdate = false
+  // Draw lists
+  private opaqueDraws: DrawCall[] = []
+  private eyeDraws: DrawCall[] = []
+  private hairDrawsOverEyes: DrawCall[] = []
+  private hairDrawsOverNonEyes: DrawCall[] = []
+  private transparentDraws: DrawCall[] = []
+  private opaqueOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
+  private eyeOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
+  private hairOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
+  private transparentOutlineDraws: DrawCall[] = []
+
+  private lastFpsUpdate = performance.now()
+  private framesSinceLastUpdate = 0
+  private lastFrameTime = performance.now()
+  private frameTimeSum = 0
+  private frameTimeCount = 0
+  private stats: EngineStats = {
+    fps: 0,
+    frameTime: 0,
+  }
+  private animationFrameId: number | null = null
+  private renderLoopCallback: (() => void) | null = null
+
+  private animationFrames: VMDKeyFrame[] = []
+  private animationTimeouts: number[] = []
+  private hasAnimation = false // Set to true when loadAnimation is called
+  private playingAnimation = false // Set to true when playAnimation is called
+  private breathingTimeout: number | null = null
+  private breathingBaseRotations: Map<string, Quat> = new Map()
+
+  constructor(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, options?: EngineOptions) {
+    this.canvas = canvas
+    if (options) {
+      this.ambientColor = options.ambientColor ?? new Vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
+      this.bloomIntensity = options.bloomIntensity ?? Engine.DEFAULT_BLOOM_INTENSITY
+      this.rimLightIntensity = options.rimLightIntensity ?? Engine.DEFAULT_RIM_LIGHT_INTENSITY
+      this.cameraDistance = options.cameraDistance ?? Engine.DEFAULT_CAMERA_DISTANCE
+      this.cameraTarget = options.cameraTarget ?? Engine.DEFAULT_CAMERA_TARGET
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Step 1: Get WebGPU device and context
+  public async init() {
+    const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter()
+    const device = await adapter?.requestDevice()
+    if (!device) {
+      throw new Error("WebGPU is not supported in this browser.")
+    }
+    this.device = device
+
+    const context = this.canvas.getContext("webgpu")
+    if (!context) {
+      throw new Error("Failed to get WebGPU context.")
+    }
+    this.context = context
+
+    this.presentationFormat = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat()
+
+    this.context.configure({
+      device: this.device,
+      format: this.presentationFormat,
+      alphaMode: "premultiplied",
+    })
+
+    this.setupCamera()
+    this.setupLighting()
+    this.createPipelines()
+    this.createBloomPipelines()
+    this.setupResize()
+  }
+
+  private createPipelines() {
+    this.materialSampler = this.device.createSampler({
+      magFilter: "linear",
+      minFilter: "linear",
+      addressModeU: "repeat",
+      addressModeV: "repeat",
+    })
+
+    const shaderModule = this.device.createShaderModule({
+      label: "model shaders",
+      code: /* wgsl */ `
+        struct CameraUniforms {
+          view: mat4x4f,
+          projection: mat4x4f,
+          viewPos: vec3f,
+          _padding: f32,
+        };
+
+        struct LightUniforms {
+          ambientColor: vec3f,
+        };
+
+        struct MaterialUniforms {
+          alpha: f32,
+          alphaMultiplier: f32,
+          rimIntensity: f32,
+          _padding1: f32,
+          rimColor: vec3f,
+          isOverEyes: f32, // 1.0 if rendering over eyes, 0.0 otherwise
+        };
+
+        struct VertexOutput {
+          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+          @location(0) normal: vec3f,
+          @location(1) uv: vec2f,
+          @location(2) worldPos: vec3f,
+        };
+
+        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> camera: CameraUniforms;
+        @group(0) @binding(1) var<uniform> light: LightUniforms;
+        @group(0) @binding(2) var diffuseTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+        @group(0) @binding(3) var diffuseSampler: sampler;
+        @group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> skinMats: array<mat4x4f>;
+        @group(0) @binding(5) var<uniform> material: MaterialUniforms;
+
+        @vertex fn vs(
+          @location(0) position: vec3f,
+          @location(1) normal: vec3f,
+          @location(2) uv: vec2f,
+          @location(3) joints0: vec4<u32>,
+          @location(4) weights0: vec4<f32>
+        ) -> VertexOutput {
+          var output: VertexOutput;
+          let pos4 = vec4f(position, 1.0);
+          
+          // Branchless weight normalization (avoids GPU branch divergence)
+          let weightSum = weights0.x + weights0.y + weights0.z + weights0.w;
+          let invWeightSum = select(1.0, 1.0 / weightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
+          let normalizedWeights = select(vec4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), weights0 * invWeightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
+          
+          var skinnedPos = vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+          var skinnedNrm = vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+          for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
+            let j = joints0[i];
+            let w = normalizedWeights[i];
+            let m = skinMats[j];
+            skinnedPos += (m * pos4) * w;
+            let r3 = mat3x3f(m[0].xyz, m[1].xyz, m[2].xyz);
+            skinnedNrm += (r3 * normal) * w;
+          }
+          let worldPos = skinnedPos.xyz;
+          output.position = camera.projection * camera.view * vec4f(worldPos, 1.0);
+          output.normal = normalize(skinnedNrm);
+          output.uv = uv;
+          output.worldPos = worldPos;
+          return output;
+        }
+
+        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+          // Early alpha test - discard before expensive calculations
+          var finalAlpha = material.alpha * material.alphaMultiplier;
+          if (material.isOverEyes > 0.5) {
+            finalAlpha *= 0.5; // Hair over eyes gets 50% alpha
+          }
+          if (finalAlpha < 0.001) {
+            discard;
+          }
+          
+          let n = normalize(input.normal);
+          let albedo = textureSample(diffuseTexture, diffuseSampler, input.uv).rgb;
+
+          let lightAccum = light.ambientColor;
+          
+          // Rim light calculation
+          let viewDir = normalize(camera.viewPos - input.worldPos);
+          var rimFactor = 1.0 - max(dot(n, viewDir), 0.0);
+          rimFactor = rimFactor * rimFactor; // Optimized: direct multiply instead of pow(x, 2.0)
+          let rimLight = material.rimColor * material.rimIntensity * rimFactor;
+          
+          let color = albedo * lightAccum + rimLight;
+          
+          return vec4f(color, finalAlpha);
+        }
+      `,
+    })
+
+    // Create explicit bind group layout for all pipelines using the main shader
+    this.mainBindGroupLayout = this.device.createBindGroupLayout({
+      label: "main material bind group layout",
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // camera
+        { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // light
+        { binding: 2, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, texture: {} }, // diffuseTexture
+        { binding: 3, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, sampler: {} }, // diffuseSampler
+        { binding: 4, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX, buffer: { type: "read-only-storage" } }, // skinMats
+        { binding: 5, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // material
+      ],
+    })
+
+    const mainPipelineLayout = this.device.createPipelineLayout({
+      label: "main pipeline layout",
+      bindGroupLayouts: [this.mainBindGroupLayout],
+    })
+
+    this.modelPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "model pipeline",
+      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
+      vertex: {
+        module: shaderModule,
+        buffers: [
+          {
+            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
+            attributes: [
+              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+              { shaderLocation: 2, offset: 6 * 4, format: "float32x2" as GPUVertexFormat },
+            ],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: shaderModule,
+        targets: [
+          {
+            format: this.presentationFormat,
+            blend: {
+              color: {
+                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+              alpha: {
+                srcFactor: "one",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      primitive: { cullMode: "none" },
+      depthStencil: {
+        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
+        depthWriteEnabled: true,
+        depthCompare: "less-equal",
+      },
+      multisample: {
+        count: this.sampleCount,
+      },
+    })
+
+    // Create bind group layout for outline pipelines
+    this.outlineBindGroupLayout = this.device.createBindGroupLayout({
+      label: "outline bind group layout",
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // camera
+        { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: "uniform" } }, // material
+        { binding: 2, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX, buffer: { type: "read-only-storage" } }, // skinMats
+      ],
+    })
+
+    const outlinePipelineLayout = this.device.createPipelineLayout({
+      label: "outline pipeline layout",
+      bindGroupLayouts: [this.outlineBindGroupLayout],
+    })
+
+    const outlineShaderModule = this.device.createShaderModule({
+      label: "outline shaders",
+      code: /* wgsl */ `
+        struct CameraUniforms {
+          view: mat4x4f,
+          projection: mat4x4f,
+          viewPos: vec3f,
+          _padding: f32,
+        };
+
+        struct MaterialUniforms {
+          edgeColor: vec4f,
+          edgeSize: f32,
+          isOverEyes: f32, // 1.0 if rendering over eyes, 0.0 otherwise (for hair outlines)
+          _padding1: f32,
+          _padding2: f32,
+        };
+
+        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> camera: CameraUniforms;
+        @group(0) @binding(1) var<uniform> material: MaterialUniforms;
+        @group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> skinMats: array<mat4x4f>;
+
+        struct VertexOutput {
+          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+        };
+
+        @vertex fn vs(
+          @location(0) position: vec3f,
+          @location(1) normal: vec3f,
+          @location(3) joints0: vec4<u32>,
+          @location(4) weights0: vec4<f32>
+        ) -> VertexOutput {
+          var output: VertexOutput;
+          let pos4 = vec4f(position, 1.0);
+          
+          // Branchless weight normalization (avoids GPU branch divergence)
+          let weightSum = weights0.x + weights0.y + weights0.z + weights0.w;
+          let invWeightSum = select(1.0, 1.0 / weightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
+          let normalizedWeights = select(vec4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), weights0 * invWeightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
+          
+          var skinnedPos = vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+          var skinnedNrm = vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+          for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
+            let j = joints0[i];
+            let w = normalizedWeights[i];
+            let m = skinMats[j];
+            skinnedPos += (m * pos4) * w;
+            let r3 = mat3x3f(m[0].xyz, m[1].xyz, m[2].xyz);
+            skinnedNrm += (r3 * normal) * w;
+          }
+          let worldPos = skinnedPos.xyz;
+          let worldNormal = normalize(skinnedNrm);
+          
+          // MMD invert hull: expand vertices outward along normals
+          let scaleFactor = 0.01;
+          let expandedPos = worldPos + worldNormal * material.edgeSize * scaleFactor;
+          output.position = camera.projection * camera.view * vec4f(expandedPos, 1.0);
+          return output;
+        }
+
+        @fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4f {
+          var color = material.edgeColor;
+          
+          if (material.isOverEyes > 0.5) {
+            color.a *= 0.5; // Hair outlines over eyes get 50% alpha
+          }
+          
+          return color;
+        }
+      `,
+    })
+
+    this.outlinePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "outline pipeline",
+      layout: outlinePipelineLayout,
+      vertex: {
+        module: outlineShaderModule,
+        buffers: [
+          {
+            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
+            attributes: [
+              {
+                shaderLocation: 0,
+                offset: 0,
+                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
+              },
+              {
+                shaderLocation: 1,
+                offset: 3 * 4,
+                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: outlineShaderModule,
+        targets: [
+          {
+            format: this.presentationFormat,
+            blend: {
+              color: {
+                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+              alpha: {
+                srcFactor: "one",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      primitive: {
+        cullMode: "back",
+      },
+      depthStencil: {
+        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
+        depthWriteEnabled: true,
+        depthCompare: "less-equal",
+      },
+      multisample: {
+        count: this.sampleCount,
+      },
+    })
+
+    // Hair outline pipeline
+    this.hairOutlinePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "hair outline pipeline",
+      layout: outlinePipelineLayout,
+      vertex: {
+        module: outlineShaderModule,
+        buffers: [
+          {
+            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
+            attributes: [
+              {
+                shaderLocation: 0,
+                offset: 0,
+                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
+              },
+              {
+                shaderLocation: 1,
+                offset: 3 * 4,
+                format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat,
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: outlineShaderModule,
+        targets: [
+          {
+            format: this.presentationFormat,
+            blend: {
+              color: {
+                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+              alpha: {
+                srcFactor: "one",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      primitive: {
+        cullMode: "back",
+      },
+      depthStencil: {
+        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
+        depthWriteEnabled: false, // Don't write depth - let hair geometry control depth
+        depthCompare: "less-equal", // Only draw where hair depth exists (no stencil test needed)
+        depthBias: -0.0001, // Small negative bias to bring outline slightly closer for depth test
+        depthBiasSlopeScale: 0.0,
+        depthBiasClamp: 0.0,
+      },
+      multisample: {
+        count: this.sampleCount,
+      },
+    })
+
+    // Eye overlay pipeline (renders after opaque, writes stencil)
+    this.eyePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "eye overlay pipeline",
+      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
+      vertex: {
+        module: shaderModule,
+        buffers: [
+          {
+            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
+            attributes: [
+              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+              { shaderLocation: 2, offset: 6 * 4, format: "float32x2" as GPUVertexFormat },
+            ],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: shaderModule,
+        targets: [
+          {
+            format: this.presentationFormat,
+            blend: {
+              color: {
+                srcFactor: "src-alpha",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+              alpha: {
+                srcFactor: "one",
+                dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                operation: "add",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      primitive: { cullMode: "front" },
+      depthStencil: {
+        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
+        depthWriteEnabled: true, // Write depth to occlude back of head
+        depthCompare: "less-equal", // More lenient to reduce precision conflicts
+        depthBias: -0.00005, // Reduced bias to minimize conflicts while still occluding back face
+        depthBiasSlopeScale: 0.0,
+        depthBiasClamp: 0.0,
+        stencilFront: {
+          compare: "always",
+          failOp: "keep",
+          depthFailOp: "keep",
+          passOp: "replace", // Write stencil value 1
+        },
+        stencilBack: {
+          compare: "always",
+          failOp: "keep",
+          depthFailOp: "keep",
+          passOp: "replace",
+        },
+      },
+      multisample: { count: this.sampleCount },
+    })
+
+    // Depth-only shader for hair pre-pass (reduces overdraw by early depth rejection)
+    const depthOnlyShaderModule = this.device.createShaderModule({
+      label: "depth only shader",
+      code: /* wgsl */ `
+        struct CameraUniforms {
+          view: mat4x4f,
+          projection: mat4x4f,
+          viewPos: vec3f,
+          _padding: f32,
+        };
+
+        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> camera: CameraUniforms;
+        @group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> skinMats: array<mat4x4f>;
+
+        @vertex fn vs(
+          @location(0) position: vec3f,
+          @location(1) normal: vec3f,
+          @location(3) joints0: vec4<u32>,
+          @location(4) weights0: vec4<f32>
+        ) -> @builtin(position) vec4f {
+          let pos4 = vec4f(position, 1.0);
+          
+          // Branchless weight normalization (avoids GPU branch divergence)
+          let weightSum = weights0.x + weights0.y + weights0.z + weights0.w;
+          let invWeightSum = select(1.0, 1.0 / weightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
+          let normalizedWeights = select(vec4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), weights0 * invWeightSum, weightSum > 0.0001);
+          
+          var skinnedPos = vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+          for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
+            let j = joints0[i];
+            let w = normalizedWeights[i];
+            let m = skinMats[j];
+            skinnedPos += (m * pos4) * w;
+          }
+          let worldPos = skinnedPos.xyz;
+          let clipPos = camera.projection * camera.view * vec4f(worldPos, 1.0);
+          return clipPos;
+        }
+
+        @fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4f {
+          return vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0); // Transparent - color writes disabled via writeMask
+        }
+      `,
+    })
+
+    // Hair depth pre-pass pipeline: depth-only with color writes disabled to eliminate overdraw
+    this.hairDepthPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "hair depth pre-pass",
+      layout: mainPipelineLayout,
+      vertex: {
+        module: depthOnlyShaderModule,
+        buffers: [
+          {
+            arrayStride: 8 * 4,
+            attributes: [
+              { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+              { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+            ],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4 * 2,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+          {
+            arrayStride: 4,
+            attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: depthOnlyShaderModule,
+        entryPoint: "fs",
+        targets: [
+          {
+            format: this.presentationFormat,
+            writeMask: 0, // Disable all color writes - we only care about depth
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      primitive: { cullMode: "front" },
+      depthStencil: {
+        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
+        depthWriteEnabled: true,
+        depthCompare: "less-equal", // Match the color pass compare mode for consistency
+        depthBias: 0.0,
+        depthBiasSlopeScale: 0.0,
+        depthBiasClamp: 0.0,
+      },
+      multisample: { count: this.sampleCount },
+    })
+
+    // Hair pipelines for rendering over eyes vs non-eyes (only differ in stencil compare mode)
+    const createHairPipeline = (isOverEyes: boolean): GPURenderPipeline => {
+      return this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+        label: `hair pipeline (${isOverEyes ? "over eyes" : "over non-eyes"})`,
+        layout: mainPipelineLayout,
+        vertex: {
+          module: shaderModule,
+          buffers: [
+            {
+              arrayStride: 8 * 4,
+              attributes: [
+                { shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+                { shaderLocation: 1, offset: 3 * 4, format: "float32x3" as GPUVertexFormat },
+                { shaderLocation: 2, offset: 6 * 4, format: "float32x2" as GPUVertexFormat },
+              ],
+            },
+            {
+              arrayStride: 4 * 2,
+              attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 3, offset: 0, format: "uint16x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+            },
+            {
+              arrayStride: 4,
+              attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 4, offset: 0, format: "unorm8x4" as GPUVertexFormat }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        fragment: {
+          module: shaderModule,
+          targets: [
+            {
+              format: this.presentationFormat,
+              blend: {
+                color: {
+                  srcFactor: "src-alpha",
+                  dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                  operation: "add",
+                },
+                alpha: {
+                  srcFactor: "one",
+                  dstFactor: "one-minus-src-alpha",
+                  operation: "add",
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        primitive: { cullMode: "front" },
+        depthStencil: {
+          format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
+          depthWriteEnabled: false, // Don't write depth (already written in pre-pass)
+          depthCompare: "less-equal", // More lenient than "equal" to avoid precision issues with MSAA
+          stencilFront: {
+            compare: isOverEyes ? "equal" : "not-equal", // Over eyes: stencil == 1, over non-eyes: stencil != 1
+            failOp: "keep",
+            depthFailOp: "keep",
+            passOp: "keep",
+          },
+          stencilBack: {
+            compare: isOverEyes ? "equal" : "not-equal",
+            failOp: "keep",
+            depthFailOp: "keep",
+            passOp: "keep",
+          },
+        },
+        multisample: { count: this.sampleCount },
+      })
+    }
+
+    this.hairPipelineOverEyes = createHairPipeline(true)
+    this.hairPipelineOverNonEyes = createHairPipeline(false)
+  }
+
+  // Create compute shader for skin matrix computation
+  private createSkinMatrixComputePipeline() {
+    const computeShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
+      label: "skin matrix compute",
+      code: /* wgsl */ `
+        struct BoneCountUniform {
+          count: u32,
+          _padding1: u32,
+          _padding2: u32,
+          _padding3: u32,
+          _padding4: vec4<u32>,
+        };
+        
+        @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> boneCount: BoneCountUniform;
+        @group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> worldMatrices: array<mat4x4f>;
+        @group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> inverseBindMatrices: array<mat4x4f>;
+        @group(0) @binding(3) var<storage, read_write> skinMatrices: array<mat4x4f>;
+        
+        @compute @workgroup_size(64) // Must match COMPUTE_WORKGROUP_SIZE
+        fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) globalId: vec3<u32>) {
+          let boneIndex = globalId.x;
+          if (boneIndex >= boneCount.count) {
+            return;
+          }
+          let worldMat = worldMatrices[boneIndex];
+          let invBindMat = inverseBindMatrices[boneIndex];
+          skinMatrices[boneIndex] = worldMat * invBindMat;
+        }
+      `,
+    })
+
+    this.skinMatrixComputePipeline = this.device.createComputePipeline({
+      label: "skin matrix compute pipeline",
+      layout: "auto",
+      compute: {
+        module: computeShader,
+      },
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Create bloom post-processing pipelines
+  private createBloomPipelines() {
+    // Bloom extraction shader (extracts bright areas)
+    const bloomExtractShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
+      label: "bloom extract",
+      code: /* wgsl */ `
+        struct VertexOutput {
+          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+          @location(0) uv: vec2f,
+        };
+
+        @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {
+          var output: VertexOutput;
+          // Generate fullscreen quad from vertex index
+          let x = f32((vertexIndex << 1u) & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+          let y = f32(vertexIndex & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+          output.position = vec4f(x, y, 0.0, 1.0);
+          output.uv = vec2f(x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (y * 0.5 + 0.5));
+          return output;
+        }
+
+        struct BloomExtractUniforms {
+          threshold: f32,
+          _padding1: f32,
+          _padding2: f32,
+          _padding3: f32,
+          _padding4: f32,
+          _padding5: f32,
+          _padding6: f32,
+          _padding7: f32,
+        };
+
+        @group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+        @group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;
+        @group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> extractUniforms: BloomExtractUniforms;
+
+        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+          let color = textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv);
+          // Extract bright areas above threshold
+          let threshold = extractUniforms.threshold;
+          let bloom = max(vec3f(0.0), color.rgb - vec3f(threshold)) / max(0.001, 1.0 - threshold);
+          return vec4f(bloom, color.a);
+        }
+      `,
+    })
+
+    // Bloom blur shader (gaussian blur - can be used for both horizontal and vertical)
+    const bloomBlurShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
+      label: "bloom blur",
+      code: /* wgsl */ `
+        struct VertexOutput {
+          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+          @location(0) uv: vec2f,
+        };
+
+        @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {
+          var output: VertexOutput;
+          let x = f32((vertexIndex << 1u) & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+          let y = f32(vertexIndex & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+          output.position = vec4f(x, y, 0.0, 1.0);
+          output.uv = vec2f(x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (y * 0.5 + 0.5));
+          return output;
+        }
+
+        struct BlurUniforms {
+          direction: vec2f,
+          _padding1: f32,
+          _padding2: f32,
+          _padding3: f32,
+          _padding4: f32,
+          _padding5: f32,
+          _padding6: f32,
+        };
+
+        @group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+        @group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;
+        @group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> blurUniforms: BlurUniforms;
+
+        // 3-tap gaussian blur using bilinear filtering trick (40% fewer texture fetches!)
+        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+          let texelSize = 1.0 / vec2f(textureDimensions(inputTexture));
+          
+          // Bilinear optimization: leverage hardware filtering to sample between pixels
+          // Original 5-tap: weights [0.06136, 0.24477, 0.38774, 0.24477, 0.06136] at offsets [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2]
+          // Optimized 3-tap: combine adjacent samples using weighted offsets
+          let weight0 = 0.38774; // Center sample
+          let weight1 = 0.24477 + 0.06136; // Combined outer samples = 0.30613
+          let offset1 = (0.24477 * 1.0 + 0.06136 * 2.0) / weight1; // Weighted position = 1.2
+          
+          var result = textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv) * weight0;
+          let offsetVec = offset1 * texelSize * blurUniforms.direction;
+          result += textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv + offsetVec) * weight1;
+          result += textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, input.uv - offsetVec) * weight1;
+          
+          return result;
+        }
+      `,
+    })
+
+    // Bloom composition shader (combines original scene with bloom)
+    const bloomComposeShader = this.device.createShaderModule({
+      label: "bloom compose",
+      code: /* wgsl */ `
+        struct VertexOutput {
+          @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+          @location(0) uv: vec2f,
+        };
+
+        @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {
+          var output: VertexOutput;
+          let x = f32((vertexIndex << 1u) & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+          let y = f32(vertexIndex & 2u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+          output.position = vec4f(x, y, 0.0, 1.0);
+          output.uv = vec2f(x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (y * 0.5 + 0.5));
+          return output;
+        }
+
+        struct BloomComposeUniforms {
+          intensity: f32,
+          _padding1: f32,
+          _padding2: f32,
+          _padding3: f32,
+          _padding4: f32,
+          _padding5: f32,
+          _padding6: f32,
+          _padding7: f32,
+        };
+
+        @group(0) @binding(0) var sceneTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+        @group(0) @binding(1) var sceneSampler: sampler;
+        @group(0) @binding(2) var bloomTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+        @group(0) @binding(3) var bloomSampler: sampler;
+        @group(0) @binding(4) var<uniform> composeUniforms: BloomComposeUniforms;
+
+        @fragment fn fs(input: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+          let scene = textureSample(sceneTexture, sceneSampler, input.uv);
+          let bloom = textureSample(bloomTexture, bloomSampler, input.uv);
+          // Additive blending with intensity control
+          let result = scene.rgb + bloom.rgb * composeUniforms.intensity;
+          return vec4f(result, scene.a);
+        }
+      `,
+    })
+
+    // Create uniform buffer for blur direction (minimum 32 bytes for WebGPU)
+    const blurDirectionBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "blur direction",
+      size: 32, // Minimum 32 bytes required for uniform buffers in WebGPU
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+
+    // Create uniform buffer for bloom intensity (minimum 32 bytes for WebGPU)
+    const bloomIntensityBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "bloom intensity",
+      size: 32, // Minimum 32 bytes required for uniform buffers in WebGPU
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+
+    // Create uniform buffer for bloom threshold (minimum 32 bytes for WebGPU)
+    const bloomThresholdBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "bloom threshold",
+      size: 32, // Minimum 32 bytes required for uniform buffers in WebGPU
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+
+    // Set default bloom values
+    const intensityData = new Float32Array(8) // f32 + 7 padding floats = 8 floats = 32 bytes
+    intensityData[0] = this.bloomIntensity
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(bloomIntensityBuffer, 0, intensityData)
+
+    const thresholdData = new Float32Array(8) // f32 + 7 padding floats = 8 floats = 32 bytes
+    thresholdData[0] = this.bloomThreshold
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(bloomThresholdBuffer, 0, thresholdData)
+
+    // Create linear sampler for post-processing
+    const linearSampler = this.device.createSampler({
+      magFilter: "linear",
+      minFilter: "linear",
+      addressModeU: "clamp-to-edge",
+      addressModeV: "clamp-to-edge",
+    })
+
+    // Bloom extraction pipeline
+    this.bloomExtractPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "bloom extract",
+      layout: "auto",
+      vertex: {
+        module: bloomExtractShader,
+        entryPoint: "vs",
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: bloomExtractShader,
+        entryPoint: "fs",
+        targets: [{ format: this.presentationFormat }],
+      },
+      primitive: { topology: "triangle-list" },
+    })
+
+    // Bloom blur pipeline
+    this.bloomBlurPipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "bloom blur",
+      layout: "auto",
+      vertex: {
+        module: bloomBlurShader,
+        entryPoint: "vs",
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: bloomBlurShader,
+        entryPoint: "fs",
+        targets: [{ format: this.presentationFormat }],
+      },
+      primitive: { topology: "triangle-list" },
+    })
+
+    // Bloom composition pipeline
+    this.bloomComposePipeline = this.device.createRenderPipeline({
+      label: "bloom compose",
+      layout: "auto",
+      vertex: {
+        module: bloomComposeShader,
+        entryPoint: "vs",
+      },
+      fragment: {
+        module: bloomComposeShader,
+        entryPoint: "fs",
+        targets: [{ format: this.presentationFormat }],
+      },
+      primitive: { topology: "triangle-list" },
+    })
+
+    // Store buffers and sampler for later use
+    this.blurDirectionBuffer = blurDirectionBuffer
+    this.bloomIntensityBuffer = bloomIntensityBuffer
+    this.bloomThresholdBuffer = bloomThresholdBuffer
+    this.linearSampler = linearSampler
+  }
+
+  private setupBloom(width: number, height: number) {
+    const bloomWidth = Math.floor(width / this.BLOOM_DOWNSCALE_FACTOR)
+    const bloomHeight = Math.floor(height / this.BLOOM_DOWNSCALE_FACTOR)
+    this.bloomExtractTexture = this.device.createTexture({
+      label: "bloom extract",
+      size: [bloomWidth, bloomHeight],
+      format: this.presentationFormat,
+      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
+    })
+    this.bloomBlurTexture1 = this.device.createTexture({
+      label: "bloom blur 1",
+      size: [bloomWidth, bloomHeight],
+      format: this.presentationFormat,
+      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
+    })
+    this.bloomBlurTexture2 = this.device.createTexture({
+      label: "bloom blur 2",
+      size: [bloomWidth, bloomHeight],
+      format: this.presentationFormat,
+      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
+    })
+
+    // Create bloom bind groups
+    this.bloomExtractBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
+      layout: this.bloomExtractPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, resource: this.sceneRenderTexture.createView() },
+        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
+        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.bloomThresholdBuffer } },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    this.bloomBlurHBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
+      layout: this.bloomBlurPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, resource: this.bloomExtractTexture.createView() },
+        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
+        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.blurDirectionBuffer } },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    this.bloomBlurVBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
+      layout: this.bloomBlurPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, resource: this.bloomBlurTexture1.createView() },
+        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
+        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.blurDirectionBuffer } },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    this.bloomComposeBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
+      layout: this.bloomComposePipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, resource: this.sceneRenderTexture.createView() },
+        { binding: 1, resource: this.linearSampler },
+        { binding: 2, resource: this.bloomBlurTexture2.createView() },
+        { binding: 3, resource: this.linearSampler },
+        { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: this.bloomIntensityBuffer } },
+      ],
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Step 3: Setup canvas resize handling
+  private setupResize() {
+    this.resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => this.handleResize())
+    this.resizeObserver.observe(this.canvas)
+    this.handleResize()
+  }
+
+  private handleResize() {
+    const displayWidth = this.canvas.clientWidth
+    const displayHeight = this.canvas.clientHeight
+
+    const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1
+    const width = Math.floor(displayWidth * dpr)
+    const height = Math.floor(displayHeight * dpr)
+
+    if (!this.multisampleTexture || this.canvas.width !== width || this.canvas.height !== height) {
+      this.canvas.width = width
+      this.canvas.height = height
+
+      this.multisampleTexture = this.device.createTexture({
+        label: "multisample render target",
+        size: [width, height],
+        sampleCount: this.sampleCount,
+        format: this.presentationFormat,
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+      })
+
+      this.depthTexture = this.device.createTexture({
+        label: "depth texture",
+        size: [width, height],
+        sampleCount: this.sampleCount,
+        format: "depth24plus-stencil8",
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+      })
+
+      // Create scene render texture (non-multisampled for post-processing)
+      this.sceneRenderTexture = this.device.createTexture({
+        label: "scene render texture",
+        size: [width, height],
+        format: this.presentationFormat,
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
+      })
+
+      // Setup bloom textures and bind groups
+      this.setupBloom(width, height)
+
+      const depthTextureView = this.depthTexture.createView()
+      // Cache the scene render texture view (only recreate on resize)
+      this.sceneRenderTextureView = this.sceneRenderTexture.createView()
+
+      // Render scene to texture instead of directly to canvas
+      const colorAttachment: GPURenderPassColorAttachment =
+        this.sampleCount > 1
+          ? {
+              view: this.multisampleTexture.createView(),
+              resolveTarget: this.sceneRenderTextureView,
+              clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
+              loadOp: "clear",
+              storeOp: "store",
+            }
+          : {
+              view: this.sceneRenderTextureView,
+              clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
+              loadOp: "clear",
+              storeOp: "store",
+            }
+
+      this.renderPassDescriptor = {
+        label: "renderPass",
+        colorAttachments: [colorAttachment],
+        depthStencilAttachment: {
+          view: depthTextureView,
+          depthClearValue: 1.0,
+          depthLoadOp: "clear",
+          depthStoreOp: "store",
+          stencilClearValue: 0,
+          stencilLoadOp: "clear",
+          stencilStoreOp: "discard", // Discard stencil after frame to save bandwidth (we only use it during rendering)
+        },
+      }
+
+      this.camera.aspect = width / height
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Step 4: Create camera and uniform buffer
+  private setupCamera() {
+    this.cameraUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "camera uniforms",
+      size: 40 * 4,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+
+    this.camera = new Camera(Math.PI, Math.PI / 2.5, this.cameraDistance, this.cameraTarget)
+
+    this.camera.aspect = this.canvas.width / this.canvas.height
+    this.camera.attachControl(this.canvas)
+  }
+
+  // Step 5: Create lighting buffers
+  private setupLighting() {
+    this.lightUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "light uniforms",
+      size: 4 * 4, // 4 floats: ambientColor vec3f (3) + padding (1)
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+
+    this.setAmbientColor(this.ambientColor)
+
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.lightUniformBuffer, 0, this.lightData)
+  }
+
+  private setAmbientColor(color: Vec3) {
+    // Layout: ambientColor (0-2), padding (3)
+    this.lightData[0] = color.x
+    this.lightData[1] = color.y
+    this.lightData[2] = color.z
+    this.lightData[3] = 0.0 // Padding for vec3f alignment
+  }
+
+  public async loadAnimation(url: string) {
+    const frames = await VMDLoader.load(url)
+    this.animationFrames = frames
+    this.hasAnimation = true
+  }
+
+  public playAnimation(options?: {
+    breathBones?: string[] | Record<string, number> // Array of bone names or map of bone name -> rotation range
+    breathDuration?: number // Breathing cycle duration in milliseconds
+  }) {
+    if (this.animationFrames.length === 0) return
+
+    this.stopAnimation()
+    this.stopBreathing()
+    this.playingAnimation = true
+
+    // Enable breathing if breathBones is provided
+    const enableBreath = options?.breathBones !== undefined && options.breathBones !== null
+    let breathBones: string[] = []
+    let breathRotationRanges: Record<string, number> | undefined = undefined
+
+    if (enableBreath && options.breathBones) {
+      if (Array.isArray(options.breathBones)) {
+        breathBones = options.breathBones
+      } else {
+        breathBones = Object.keys(options.breathBones)
+        breathRotationRanges = options.breathBones
+      }
+    }
+
+    const breathDuration = options?.breathDuration ?? 4000
+
+    const allBoneKeyFrames: BoneKeyFrame[] = []
+    for (const keyFrame of this.animationFrames) {
+      for (const boneFrame of keyFrame.boneFrames) {
+        allBoneKeyFrames.push({
+          boneName: boneFrame.boneName,
+          time: keyFrame.time,
+          rotation: boneFrame.rotation,
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    const boneKeyFramesByBone = new Map<string, BoneKeyFrame[]>()
+    for (const boneKeyFrame of allBoneKeyFrames) {
+      if (!boneKeyFramesByBone.has(boneKeyFrame.boneName)) {
+        boneKeyFramesByBone.set(boneKeyFrame.boneName, [])
+      }
+      boneKeyFramesByBone.get(boneKeyFrame.boneName)!.push(boneKeyFrame)
+    }
+
+    for (const keyFrames of boneKeyFramesByBone.values()) {
+      keyFrames.sort((a, b) => a.time - b.time)
+    }
+
+    const time0Rotations: Array<{ boneName: string; rotation: Quat }> = []
+    const bonesWithTime0 = new Set<string>()
+    for (const [boneName, keyFrames] of boneKeyFramesByBone.entries()) {
+      if (keyFrames.length > 0 && keyFrames[0].time === 0) {
+        time0Rotations.push({
+          boneName: boneName,
+          rotation: keyFrames[0].rotation,
+        })
+        bonesWithTime0.add(boneName)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.currentModel) {
+      if (time0Rotations.length > 0) {
+        const boneNames = time0Rotations.map((r) => r.boneName)
+        const rotations = time0Rotations.map((r) => r.rotation)
+        this.rotateBones(boneNames, rotations, 0)
+      }
+
+      const skeleton = this.currentModel.getSkeleton()
+      const bonesToReset: string[] = []
+      for (const bone of skeleton.bones) {
+        if (!bonesWithTime0.has(bone.name)) {
+          bonesToReset.push(bone.name)
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (bonesToReset.length > 0) {
+        const identityQuat = new Quat(0, 0, 0, 1)
+        const identityQuats = new Array(bonesToReset.length).fill(identityQuat)
+        this.rotateBones(bonesToReset, identityQuats, 0)
+      }
+
+      // Reset physics immediately and upload matrices to prevent A-pose flash
+      if (this.physics) {
+        this.currentModel.evaluatePose()
+
+        const worldMats = this.currentModel.getBoneWorldMatrices()
+        this.physics.reset(worldMats, this.currentModel.getBoneInverseBindMatrices())
+
+        // Upload matrices immediately so next frame shows correct pose
+        this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+          this.worldMatrixBuffer!,
+          0,
+          worldMats.buffer,
+          worldMats.byteOffset,
+          worldMats.byteLength
+        )
+        const encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder()
+        this.computeSkinMatrices(encoder)
+        this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
+      }
+    }
+    for (const [_, keyFrames] of boneKeyFramesByBone.entries()) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < keyFrames.length; i++) {
+        const boneKeyFrame = keyFrames[i]
+        const previousBoneKeyFrame = i > 0 ? keyFrames[i - 1] : null
+
+        if (boneKeyFrame.time === 0) continue
+
+        let durationMs = 0
+        if (i === 0) {
+          durationMs = boneKeyFrame.time * 1000
+        } else if (previousBoneKeyFrame) {
+          durationMs = (boneKeyFrame.time - previousBoneKeyFrame.time) * 1000
+        }
+
+        const scheduleTime = i > 0 && previousBoneKeyFrame ? previousBoneKeyFrame.time : 0
+        const delayMs = scheduleTime * 1000
+
+        if (delayMs <= 0) {
+          this.rotateBones([boneKeyFrame.boneName], [boneKeyFrame.rotation], durationMs)
+        } else {
+          const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+            this.rotateBones([boneKeyFrame.boneName], [boneKeyFrame.rotation], durationMs)
+          }, delayMs)
+          this.animationTimeouts.push(timeoutId)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Setup breathing animation if enabled
+    if (enableBreath && this.currentModel) {
+      // Find the last frame time
+      let maxTime = 0
+      for (const keyFrame of this.animationFrames) {
+        if (keyFrame.time > maxTime) {
+          maxTime = keyFrame.time
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Get last frame rotations directly from animation data for breathing bones
+      const lastFrameRotations = new Map<string, Quat>()
+      for (const bone of breathBones) {
+        const keyFrames = boneKeyFramesByBone.get(bone)
+        if (keyFrames && keyFrames.length > 0) {
+          // Find the rotation at the last frame time (closest keyframe <= maxTime)
+          let lastRotation: Quat | null = null
+          for (let i = keyFrames.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            if (keyFrames[i].time <= maxTime) {
+              lastRotation = keyFrames[i].rotation
+              break
+            }
+          }
+          if (lastRotation) {
+            lastFrameRotations.set(bone, lastRotation)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Start breathing after animation completes
+      // Use the last frame rotations directly from animation data (no need to capture from model)
+      const animationEndTime = maxTime * 1000 + 200 // Small buffer for final tweens to complete
+      this.breathingTimeout = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        this.startBreathing(breathBones, lastFrameRotations, breathRotationRanges, breathDuration)
+      }, animationEndTime)
+    }
+  }
+
+  public stopAnimation() {
+    for (const timeoutId of this.animationTimeouts) {
+      clearTimeout(timeoutId)
+    }
+    this.animationTimeouts = []
+    this.playingAnimation = false
+  }
+
+  private stopBreathing() {
+    if (this.breathingTimeout !== null) {
+      clearTimeout(this.breathingTimeout)
+      this.breathingTimeout = null
+    }
+    this.breathingBaseRotations.clear()
+  }
+
+  private startBreathing(
+    bones: string[],
+    baseRotations: Map<string, Quat>,
+    rotationRanges?: Record<string, number>,
+    durationMs: number = 4000
+  ) {
+    if (!this.currentModel) return
+
+    // Store base rotations directly from last frame of animation data
+    // These are the exact rotations from the animation - use them as-is
+    for (const bone of bones) {
+      const baseRot = baseRotations.get(bone)
+      if (baseRot) {
+        this.breathingBaseRotations.set(bone, baseRot)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const halfCycleMs = durationMs / 2
+    const defaultRotation = 0.02 // Default rotation range if not specified per bone
+
+    // Start breathing cycle - oscillate around exact base rotation (final pose)
+    // Each bone can have its own rotation range, or use default
+    const animate = (isInhale: boolean) => {
+      if (!this.currentModel) return
+
+      const breathingBoneNames: string[] = []
+      const breathingQuats: Quat[] = []
+
+      for (const bone of bones) {
+        const baseRot = this.breathingBaseRotations.get(bone)
+        if (!baseRot) continue
+
+        // Get rotation range for this bone (per-bone or default)
+        const rotation = rotationRanges?.[bone] ?? defaultRotation
+
+        // Oscillate around base rotation with the bone's rotation range
+        // isInhale: base * rotation, exhale: base * (-rotation)
+        const oscillationRot = Quat.fromEuler(isInhale ? rotation : -rotation, 0, 0)
+        const finalRot = baseRot.multiply(oscillationRot)
+
+        breathingBoneNames.push(bone)
+        breathingQuats.push(finalRot)
+      }
+
+      if (breathingBoneNames.length > 0) {
+        this.rotateBones(breathingBoneNames, breathingQuats, halfCycleMs)
+      }
+
+      this.breathingTimeout = window.setTimeout(() => animate(!isInhale), halfCycleMs)
+    }
+
+    // Start breathing from exhale position (closer to base) to minimize initial movement
+    animate(false)
+  }
+
+  public getStats(): EngineStats {
+    return { ...this.stats }
+  }
+
+  public runRenderLoop(callback?: () => void) {
+    this.renderLoopCallback = callback || null
+
+    const loop = () => {
+      this.render()
+
+      if (this.renderLoopCallback) {
+        this.renderLoopCallback()
+      }
+
+      this.animationFrameId = requestAnimationFrame(loop)
+    }
+
+    this.animationFrameId = requestAnimationFrame(loop)
+  }
+
+  public stopRenderLoop() {
+    if (this.animationFrameId !== null) {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(this.animationFrameId)
+      this.animationFrameId = null
+    }
+    this.renderLoopCallback = null
+  }
+
+  public dispose() {
+    this.stopRenderLoop()
+    this.stopAnimation()
+    this.stopBreathing()
+    if (this.camera) this.camera.detachControl()
+    if (this.resizeObserver) {
+      this.resizeObserver.disconnect()
+      this.resizeObserver = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Step 6: Load PMX model file
+  public async loadModel(path: string) {
+    const pathParts = path.split("/")
+    pathParts.pop()
+    const dir = pathParts.join("/") + "/"
+    this.modelDir = dir
+
+    const model = await PmxLoader.load(path)
+
+    this.physics = new Physics(model.getRigidbodies(), model.getJoints())
+    await this.setupModelBuffers(model)
+  }
+
+  public rotateBones(bones: string[], rotations: Quat[], durationMs?: number) {
+    this.currentModel?.rotateBones(bones, rotations, durationMs)
+  }
+
+  public setMorphWeight(name: string, weight: number, durationMs?: number): void {
+    if (!this.currentModel) return
+    this.currentModel.setMorphWeight(name, weight, durationMs)
+    if (!durationMs || durationMs === 0) {
+      this.vertexBufferNeedsUpdate = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  private updateVertexBuffer(): void {
+    if (!this.currentModel || !this.vertexBuffer) return
+    const vertices = this.currentModel.getVertices()
+    if (!vertices || vertices.length === 0) return
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.vertexBuffer, 0, vertices)
+  }
+
+  // Step 7: Create vertex, index, and joint buffers
+  private async setupModelBuffers(model: Model) {
+    this.currentModel = model
+    const vertices = model.getVertices()
+    const skinning = model.getSkinning()
+    const skeleton = model.getSkeleton()
+
+    this.vertexBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "model vertex buffer",
+      size: vertices.byteLength,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.vertexBuffer, 0, vertices)
+
+    this.jointsBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "joints buffer",
+      size: skinning.joints.byteLength,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+      this.jointsBuffer,
+      0,
+      skinning.joints.buffer,
+      skinning.joints.byteOffset,
+      skinning.joints.byteLength
+    )
+
+    this.weightsBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "weights buffer",
+      size: skinning.weights.byteLength,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+      this.weightsBuffer,
+      0,
+      skinning.weights.buffer,
+      skinning.weights.byteOffset,
+      skinning.weights.byteLength
+    )
+
+    const boneCount = skeleton.bones.length
+    const matrixSize = boneCount * 16 * 4
+
+    this.skinMatrixBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "skin matrices",
+      size: Math.max(256, matrixSize),
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX,
+    })
+
+    this.worldMatrixBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "world matrices",
+      size: Math.max(256, matrixSize),
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+
+    this.inverseBindMatrixBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "inverse bind matrices",
+      size: Math.max(256, matrixSize),
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+
+    const invBindMatrices = skeleton.inverseBindMatrices
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+      this.inverseBindMatrixBuffer,
+      0,
+      invBindMatrices.buffer,
+      invBindMatrices.byteOffset,
+      invBindMatrices.byteLength
+    )
+
+    this.boneCountBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+      label: "bone count uniform",
+      size: 32, // Minimum uniform buffer size is 32 bytes
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    })
+    const boneCountData = new Uint32Array(8) // 32 bytes total
+    boneCountData[0] = boneCount
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.boneCountBuffer, 0, boneCountData)
+
+    this.createSkinMatrixComputePipeline()
+
+    // Create compute bind group once (reused every frame)
+    this.skinMatrixComputeBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
+      layout: this.skinMatrixComputePipeline!.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.boneCountBuffer } },
+        { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: this.worldMatrixBuffer } },
+        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.inverseBindMatrixBuffer } },
+        { binding: 3, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer } },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    const indices = model.getIndices()
+    if (indices) {
+      this.indexBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+        label: "model index buffer",
+        size: indices.byteLength,
+        usage: GPUBufferUsage.INDEX | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+      })
+      this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.indexBuffer, 0, indices)
+    } else {
+      throw new Error("Model has no index buffer")
+    }
+
+    await this.setupMaterials(model)
+  }
+
+  private async setupMaterials(model: Model) {
+    const materials = model.getMaterials()
+    if (materials.length === 0) {
+      throw new Error("Model has no materials")
+    }
+
+    const textures = model.getTextures()
+
+    const loadTextureByIndex = async (texIndex: number): Promise<GPUTexture | null> => {
+      if (texIndex < 0 || texIndex >= textures.length) {
+        return null
+      }
+
+      const path = this.modelDir + textures[texIndex].path
+      const texture = await this.createTextureFromPath(path)
+      return texture
+    }
+
+    this.opaqueDraws = []
+    this.eyeDraws = []
+    this.hairDrawsOverEyes = []
+    this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes = []
+    this.transparentDraws = []
+    this.opaqueOutlineDraws = []
+    this.eyeOutlineDraws = []
+    this.hairOutlineDraws = []
+    this.transparentOutlineDraws = []
+    let currentIndexOffset = 0
+
+    for (const mat of materials) {
+      const indexCount = mat.vertexCount
+      if (indexCount === 0) continue
+
+      const diffuseTexture = await loadTextureByIndex(mat.diffuseTextureIndex)
+      if (!diffuseTexture) throw new Error(`Material "${mat.name}" has no diffuse texture`)
+
+      const materialAlpha = mat.diffuse[3]
+      const isTransparent = materialAlpha < 1.0 - Engine.TRANSPARENCY_EPSILON
+
+      // Create material uniform data
+      const materialUniformData = new Float32Array(8)
+      materialUniformData[0] = materialAlpha
+      materialUniformData[1] = 1.0 // alphaMultiplier: 1.0 for non-hair materials
+      materialUniformData[2] = this.rimLightIntensity
+      materialUniformData[3] = 0.0 // _padding1
+      materialUniformData[4] = 1.0 // rimColor.r
+      materialUniformData[5] = 1.0 // rimColor.g
+      materialUniformData[6] = 1.0 // rimColor.b
+      materialUniformData[7] = 0.0 // isOverEyes
+
+      const materialUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+        label: `material uniform: ${mat.name}`,
+        size: materialUniformData.byteLength,
+        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+      })
+      this.device.queue.writeBuffer(materialUniformBuffer, 0, materialUniformData)
+
+      // Create bind groups using the shared bind group layout - All pipelines (main, eye, hair multiply, hair opaque) use the same shader and layout
+      const bindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
+        label: `material bind group: ${mat.name}`,
+        layout: this.mainBindGroupLayout,
+        entries: [
+          { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.cameraUniformBuffer } },
+          { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: this.lightUniformBuffer } },
+          { binding: 2, resource: diffuseTexture.createView() },
+          { binding: 3, resource: this.materialSampler },
+          { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer! } },
+          { binding: 5, resource: { buffer: materialUniformBuffer } },
+        ],
+      })
+
+      if (mat.isEye) {
+        if (indexCount > 0) {
+          this.eyeDraws.push({
+            count: indexCount,
+            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+            bindGroup,
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (mat.isHair) {
+        // Hair materials: create separate bind groups for over-eyes vs over-non-eyes
+        const createHairBindGroup = (isOverEyes: boolean) => {
+          const uniformData = new Float32Array(8)
+          uniformData[0] = materialAlpha
+          uniformData[1] = 1.0 // alphaMultiplier (shader adjusts based on isOverEyes)
+          uniformData[2] = this.rimLightIntensity
+          uniformData[3] = 0.0 // _padding1
+          uniformData[4] = 1.0 // rimColor.rgb
+          uniformData[5] = 1.0
+          uniformData[6] = 1.0
+          uniformData[7] = isOverEyes ? 1.0 : 0.0 // isOverEyes
+
+          const buffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+            label: `material uniform (${isOverEyes ? "over eyes" : "over non-eyes"}): ${mat.name}`,
+            size: uniformData.byteLength,
+            usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+          })
+          this.device.queue.writeBuffer(buffer, 0, uniformData)
+
+          return this.device.createBindGroup({
+            label: `material bind group (${isOverEyes ? "over eyes" : "over non-eyes"}): ${mat.name}`,
+            layout: this.mainBindGroupLayout,
+            entries: [
+              { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.cameraUniformBuffer } },
+              { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: this.lightUniformBuffer } },
+              { binding: 2, resource: diffuseTexture.createView() },
+              { binding: 3, resource: this.materialSampler },
+              { binding: 4, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer! } },
+              { binding: 5, resource: { buffer: buffer } },
+            ],
+          })
+        }
+
+        const bindGroupOverEyes = createHairBindGroup(true)
+        const bindGroupOverNonEyes = createHairBindGroup(false)
+
+        if (indexCount > 0) {
+          this.hairDrawsOverEyes.push({
+            count: indexCount,
+            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+            bindGroup: bindGroupOverEyes,
+          })
+
+          this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes.push({
+            count: indexCount,
+            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+            bindGroup: bindGroupOverNonEyes,
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (isTransparent) {
+        if (indexCount > 0) {
+          this.transparentDraws.push({
+            count: indexCount,
+            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+            bindGroup,
+          })
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (indexCount > 0) {
+          this.opaqueDraws.push({
+            count: indexCount,
+            firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+            bindGroup,
+          })
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Edge flag is at bit 4 (0x10) in PMX format
+      if ((mat.edgeFlag & 0x10) !== 0 && mat.edgeSize > 0) {
+        const materialUniformData = new Float32Array(8)
+        materialUniformData[0] = mat.edgeColor[0] // edgeColor.r
+        materialUniformData[1] = mat.edgeColor[1] // edgeColor.g
+        materialUniformData[2] = mat.edgeColor[2] // edgeColor.b
+        materialUniformData[3] = mat.edgeColor[3] // edgeColor.a
+        materialUniformData[4] = mat.edgeSize
+        materialUniformData[5] = 0.0 // isOverEyes
+        materialUniformData[6] = 0.0
+        materialUniformData[7] = 0.0
+
+        const materialUniformBuffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+          label: `outline material uniform: ${mat.name}`,
+          size: materialUniformData.byteLength,
+          usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+        })
+        this.device.queue.writeBuffer(materialUniformBuffer, 0, materialUniformData)
+
+        const outlineBindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
+          label: `outline bind group: ${mat.name}`,
+          layout: this.outlineBindGroupLayout,
+          entries: [
+            { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: this.cameraUniformBuffer } },
+            { binding: 1, resource: { buffer: materialUniformBuffer } },
+            { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: this.skinMatrixBuffer! } },
+          ],
+        })
+
+        if (indexCount > 0) {
+          if (mat.isEye) {
+            this.eyeOutlineDraws.push({
+              count: indexCount,
+              firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+              bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
+            })
+          } else if (mat.isHair) {
+            this.hairOutlineDraws.push({
+              count: indexCount,
+              firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+              bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
+            })
+          } else if (isTransparent) {
+            this.transparentOutlineDraws.push({
+              count: indexCount,
+              firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+              bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
+            })
+          } else {
+            this.opaqueOutlineDraws.push({
+              count: indexCount,
+              firstIndex: currentIndexOffset,
+              bindGroup: outlineBindGroup,
+            })
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      currentIndexOffset += indexCount
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async createTextureFromPath(path: string): Promise<GPUTexture | null> {
+    const cached = this.textureCache.get(path)
+    if (cached) {
+      return cached
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const response = await fetch(path)
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`)
+      }
+      const imageBitmap = await createImageBitmap(await response.blob(), {
+        premultiplyAlpha: "none",
+        colorSpaceConversion: "none",
+      })
+
+      const texture = this.device.createTexture({
+        label: `texture: ${path}`,
+        size: [imageBitmap.width, imageBitmap.height],
+        format: "rgba8unorm",
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+      })
+      this.device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture({ source: imageBitmap }, { texture }, [
+        imageBitmap.width,
+        imageBitmap.height,
+      ])
+
+      this.textureCache.set(path, texture)
+      return texture
+    } catch {
+      return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Helper: Render eyes with stencil writing (for post-alpha-eye effect)
+  private renderEyes(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder) {
+    pass.setPipeline(this.eyePipeline)
+    pass.setStencilReference(this.STENCIL_EYE_VALUE)
+    for (const draw of this.eyeDraws) {
+      pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+      pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Helper: Render hair with post-alpha-eye effect (depth pre-pass + stencil-based shading + outlines)
+  private renderHair(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder) {
+    // Hair depth pre-pass (reduces overdraw via early depth rejection)
+    const hasHair = this.hairDrawsOverEyes.length > 0 || this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes.length > 0
+    if (hasHair) {
+      pass.setPipeline(this.hairDepthPipeline)
+      for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverEyes) {
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+        pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+      }
+      for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes) {
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+        pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Hair shading (split by stencil for transparency over eyes)
+    if (this.hairDrawsOverEyes.length > 0) {
+      pass.setPipeline(this.hairPipelineOverEyes)
+      pass.setStencilReference(this.STENCIL_EYE_VALUE)
+      for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverEyes) {
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+        pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes.length > 0) {
+      pass.setPipeline(this.hairPipelineOverNonEyes)
+      pass.setStencilReference(this.STENCIL_EYE_VALUE)
+      for (const draw of this.hairDrawsOverNonEyes) {
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+        pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Hair outlines
+    if (this.hairOutlineDraws.length > 0) {
+      pass.setPipeline(this.hairOutlinePipeline)
+      for (const draw of this.hairOutlineDraws) {
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+        pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Render strategy: 1) Opaque non-eye/hair 2) Eyes (stencil=1) 3) Hair (depth pre-pass + split by stencil) 4) Transparent 5) Bloom
+  public render() {
+    if (this.multisampleTexture && this.camera && this.device) {
+      const currentTime = performance.now()
+      const deltaTime = this.lastFrameTime > 0 ? (currentTime - this.lastFrameTime) / 1000 : 0.016
+      this.lastFrameTime = currentTime
+
+      this.updateCameraUniforms()
+      this.updateRenderTarget()
+
+      // Update model pose first (this may update morph weights via tweens)
+      // We need to do this before creating the encoder to ensure vertex buffer is ready
+      if (this.currentModel) {
+        const hasActiveMorphTweens = this.currentModel.evaluatePose()
+        if (hasActiveMorphTweens) {
+          this.vertexBufferNeedsUpdate = true
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Update vertex buffer if morphs changed
+      if (this.vertexBufferNeedsUpdate) {
+        this.updateVertexBuffer()
+        this.vertexBufferNeedsUpdate = false
+      }
+
+      // Use single encoder for both compute and render (reduces sync points)
+      const encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder()
+
+      this.updateModelPose(deltaTime, encoder)
+
+      // Hide model if animation is loaded but not playing yet (prevents A-pose flash)
+      // Still update physics and poses, just don't render visually
+      if (this.hasAnimation && !this.playingAnimation) {
+        // Submit encoder to ensure matrices are uploaded and physics initializes
+        this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
+        return
+      }
+
+      const pass = encoder.beginRenderPass(this.renderPassDescriptor)
+
+      if (this.currentModel) {
+        pass.setVertexBuffer(0, this.vertexBuffer)
+        pass.setVertexBuffer(1, this.jointsBuffer)
+        pass.setVertexBuffer(2, this.weightsBuffer)
+        pass.setIndexBuffer(this.indexBuffer!, "uint32")
+
+        // Pass 1: Opaque
+        pass.setPipeline(this.modelPipeline)
+        for (const draw of this.opaqueDraws) {
+          pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+          pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+        }
+
+        // Pass 2: Eyes (writes stencil value for hair to test against)
+        this.renderEyes(pass)
+
+        this.drawOutlines(pass, false)
+
+        // Pass 3: Hair rendering (depth pre-pass + shading + outlines)
+        this.renderHair(pass)
+
+        // Pass 4: Transparent
+        pass.setPipeline(this.modelPipeline)
+        for (const draw of this.transparentDraws) {
+          pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+          pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+        }
+
+        this.drawOutlines(pass, true)
+      }
+
+      pass.end()
+      this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
+
+      this.applyBloom()
+
+      this.updateStats(performance.now() - currentTime)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private applyBloom() {
+    if (!this.sceneRenderTexture || !this.bloomExtractTexture) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Update bloom parameters
+    const thresholdData = new Float32Array(8)
+    thresholdData[0] = this.bloomThreshold
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.bloomThresholdBuffer, 0, thresholdData)
+
+    const intensityData = new Float32Array(8)
+    intensityData[0] = this.bloomIntensity
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.bloomIntensityBuffer, 0, intensityData)
+
+    const encoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder()
+
+    // Extract bright areas
+    const extractPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
+      label: "bloom extract",
+      colorAttachments: [
+        {
+          view: this.bloomExtractTexture.createView(),
+          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
+          loadOp: "clear",
+          storeOp: "store",
+        },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    extractPass.setPipeline(this.bloomExtractPipeline)
+    extractPass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomExtractBindGroup!)
+    extractPass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
+    extractPass.end()
+
+    // Horizontal blur
+    const hBlurData = new Float32Array(4)
+    hBlurData[0] = 1.0
+    hBlurData[1] = 0.0
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.blurDirectionBuffer, 0, hBlurData)
+    const blurHPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
+      label: "bloom blur horizontal",
+      colorAttachments: [
+        {
+          view: this.bloomBlurTexture1.createView(),
+          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
+          loadOp: "clear",
+          storeOp: "store",
+        },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    blurHPass.setPipeline(this.bloomBlurPipeline)
+    blurHPass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomBlurHBindGroup!)
+    blurHPass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
+    blurHPass.end()
+
+    // Vertical blur
+    const vBlurData = new Float32Array(4)
+    vBlurData[0] = 0.0
+    vBlurData[1] = 1.0
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.blurDirectionBuffer, 0, vBlurData)
+    const blurVPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
+      label: "bloom blur vertical",
+      colorAttachments: [
+        {
+          view: this.bloomBlurTexture2.createView(),
+          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
+          loadOp: "clear",
+          storeOp: "store",
+        },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    blurVPass.setPipeline(this.bloomBlurPipeline)
+    blurVPass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomBlurVBindGroup!)
+    blurVPass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
+    blurVPass.end()
+
+    // Compose to canvas
+    const composePass = encoder.beginRenderPass({
+      label: "bloom compose",
+      colorAttachments: [
+        {
+          view: this.context.getCurrentTexture().createView(),
+          clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
+          loadOp: "clear",
+          storeOp: "store",
+        },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    composePass.setPipeline(this.bloomComposePipeline)
+    composePass.setBindGroup(0, this.bloomComposeBindGroup!)
+    composePass.draw(6, 1, 0, 0)
+    composePass.end()
+
+    this.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])
+  }
+
+  private updateCameraUniforms() {
+    const viewMatrix = this.camera.getViewMatrix()
+    const projectionMatrix = this.camera.getProjectionMatrix()
+    const cameraPos = this.camera.getPosition()
+    this.cameraMatrixData.set(viewMatrix.values, 0)
+    this.cameraMatrixData.set(projectionMatrix.values, 16)
+    this.cameraMatrixData[32] = cameraPos.x
+    this.cameraMatrixData[33] = cameraPos.y
+    this.cameraMatrixData[34] = cameraPos.z
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(this.cameraUniformBuffer, 0, this.cameraMatrixData)
+  }
+
+  private updateRenderTarget() {
+    // Use cached view (only recreated on resize in handleResize)
+    const colorAttachment = (this.renderPassDescriptor.colorAttachments as GPURenderPassColorAttachment[])[0]
+    if (this.sampleCount > 1) {
+      colorAttachment.resolveTarget = this.sceneRenderTextureView
+    } else {
+      colorAttachment.view = this.sceneRenderTextureView
+    }
+  }
+
+  private updateModelPose(deltaTime: number, encoder: GPUCommandEncoder) {
+    // Note: evaluatePose is called earlier in render() to update vertex buffer before encoder creation
+    // Here we just get the matrices and update physics/compute
+    const worldMats = this.currentModel!.getBoneWorldMatrices()
+
+    if (this.physics) {
+      this.physics.step(deltaTime, worldMats, this.currentModel!.getBoneInverseBindMatrices())
+    }
+
+    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+      this.worldMatrixBuffer!,
+      0,
+      worldMats.buffer,
+      worldMats.byteOffset,
+      worldMats.byteLength
+    )
+    this.computeSkinMatrices(encoder)
+  }
+
+  private computeSkinMatrices(encoder: GPUCommandEncoder) {
+    const boneCount = this.currentModel!.getSkeleton().bones.length
+    const workgroupCount = Math.ceil(boneCount / this.COMPUTE_WORKGROUP_SIZE)
+
+    const pass = encoder.beginComputePass()
+    pass.setPipeline(this.skinMatrixComputePipeline!)
+    pass.setBindGroup(0, this.skinMatrixComputeBindGroup!)
+    pass.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupCount)
+    pass.end()
+  }
+
+  private drawOutlines(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder, transparent: boolean) {
+    pass.setPipeline(this.outlinePipeline)
+    const draws = transparent ? this.transparentOutlineDraws : this.opaqueOutlineDraws
+    for (const draw of draws) {
+      pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.bindGroup)
+      pass.drawIndexed(draw.count, 1, draw.firstIndex, 0, 0)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private updateStats(frameTime: number) {
+    // Simplified frame time tracking - rolling average with fixed window
+    const maxSamples = 60
+    this.frameTimeSum += frameTime
+    this.frameTimeCount++
+    if (this.frameTimeCount > maxSamples) {
+      // Maintain rolling window by subtracting oldest sample estimate
+      const avg = this.frameTimeSum / maxSamples
+      this.frameTimeSum -= avg
+      this.frameTimeCount = maxSamples
+    }
+    this.stats.frameTime =
+      Math.round((this.frameTimeSum / this.frameTimeCount) * Engine.STATS_FRAME_TIME_ROUNDING) /
+      Engine.STATS_FRAME_TIME_ROUNDING
+
+    // FPS tracking
+    const now = performance.now()
+    this.framesSinceLastUpdate++
+    const elapsed = now - this.lastFpsUpdate
+
+    if (elapsed >= Engine.STATS_FPS_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS) {
+      this.stats.fps = Math.round((this.framesSinceLastUpdate / elapsed) * Engine.STATS_FPS_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS)
+      this.framesSinceLastUpdate = 0
+      this.lastFpsUpdate = now
+    }
+  }
+}