quico 0.4.0 → 0.8.0

package/src/server.js

@@ -14,12 +14,21 @@
 
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
-import http2 from 'node:http2';
-import nodeHttps from 'node:https';
-import nodeTls from 'node:tls';
+import lemonTls from 'lemon-tls';
+import crypto from 'node:crypto';
 
 import { createServer as createH3Server } from './h3_server.js';
-import { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse, _makeSocketStub } from './streams.js';
+import { createServer as createH2Server } from './h2_server.js';
+import { createServer as createH1Server } from './h1_server.js';
+import { createTcpListener } from './tcp_listener.js';
+import { createSecureContext } from './tls_bridge.js';
+import { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse, _makeSocketStub, adoptApp } from './streams.js';
+import { creditAsRead } from './utils.js';
+import { runEarlyDataFilter } from './http_common.js';
+import { serverTlsOptions, pickTlsOptions } from './tls_options.js';
+import { STATUS_CODES } from 'node:http';
+import { ServerStats } from './server_stats.js';
+import { createConnectUdp, isConnectUdp, datagramCapsule, STREAM_QUEUE_MAX } from './connect_udp.js';
 
 
 // ============================================================
@@ -29,6 +38,10 @@ import { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse, _makeSocketStub } from './streams.js';
 //  Options:
 //    http2: true (default) — TCP with node:http2
 //    http1: true (default) — allowHTTP1 on TCP (or standalone if http2:false)
+//    ALPNProtocols         — the node:tls option: ALPN names to accept, in
+//                            preference order. Applies to TCP and QUIC,
+//                            each taking the names that belong to it — see
+//                            tcpAlpnList() and quicAlpnList().
 //
 //  Combinations:
 //    { }                          → H3 + H2 + H1    (default)
@@ -37,22 +50,150 @@ import { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse, _makeSocketStub } from './streams.js';
 //    { http2: false, http1: false } → H3 only
 // ============================================================
 
+// ============================================================
+//  ALPN on TCP
+//
+//  The http2 / http1 flags decide which HTTP versions run. ALPNProtocols —
+//  the node:tls option, same name and same shape — adds further names and
+//  sets the order in which they are preferred.
+//
+//  An HTTP protocol that is being served but missing from the list is put in
+//  front of it rather than dropped. The list is the node:tls one, and code
+//  written against node:tls would name only what it adds; silently turning off
+//  HTTP/2 because a caller wrote ['acme-tls/1'] would be a failure nobody sees
+//  — browsers just fall back, a little slower. Turning a version off is what
+//  the flags are for.
+//
+//  'h3' is skipped here: it exists only over QUIC. A name the flags have
+//  disabled is an error rather than an omission, because it can only mean the
+//  two options disagree about what the server should do.
+// ============================================================
+
+function tcpAlpnList(requested, h2, h1) {
+  var served = [];
+  if (h2) served.push('h2');
+  if (h1) served.push('http/1.1');
+  if (requested === undefined || requested === null) return served;
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(requested)) throw new TypeError('ALPNProtocols must be an array of strings');
+
+  var listed = [];
+  var seen = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < requested.length; i++) {
+    var name = requested[i];
+    if (typeof name !== 'string' || name.length === 0) {
+      throw new TypeError('ALPNProtocols entries must be non-empty strings');
+    }
+    if (name === 'h3') continue;
+    if (name === 'h2' && !h2) throw new Error("ALPNProtocols lists 'h2' but http2 is false");
+    if (name === 'http/1.1' && !h1) throw new Error("ALPNProtocols lists 'http/1.1' but http1 is false");
+    if (seen[name]) continue;
+    seen[name] = true;
+    listed.push(name);
+  }
+
+  var missing = [];
+  for (var j = 0; j < served.length; j++) if (!seen[served[j]]) missing.push(served[j]);
+  return missing.concat(listed);
+}
+
+// The QUIC side of the same list, by the same rule as TCP: 'h3' is always
+// served — HTTP/3 is what quico is for — so it goes first when missing, and
+// keeps the position it was given when listed. 'h2' and 'http/1.1' are
+// skipped: they exist only over TCP.
+function quicAlpnList(requested) {
+  if (requested === undefined || requested === null) return ['h3'];
+  var out = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < requested.length; i++) {
+    var name = requested[i];
+    if (name === 'h2' || name === 'http/1.1') continue;
+    if (out.indexOf(name) === -1) out.push(name);
+  }
+  if (out.indexOf('h3') === -1) out.unshift('h3');
+  return out;
+}
+
+// A name accepted in the handshake that quico does not speak. The application
+// asked only that the handshake agree to it — ACME tls-alpn-01 is the case in
+// point: the CA checks the certificate the handshake presented, sends nothing
+// afterwards, and closes. Ending our side too keeps the socket from lingering
+// if a client does not.
+function closeAfterHandshake(socket) {
+  try { socket.end(); } catch (e) {}
+}
+
+
 function createServer(options, handler) {
   if (typeof options === 'function') { handler = options; options = {}; }
   options = options || {};
+  // An Express app runs on quico's req/res only once its request/response
+  // objects inherit from them — see adoptApp in streams.js.
+  adoptApp(handler);
 
   var enableH2 = options.http2 !== false;
   var enableH1 = options.http1 !== false;
   var needsTcp = enableH2 || enableH1;
 
+  // http3: false — run no HTTP/3 on this server.
+  //
+  // listen() used to start the QUIC listener unconditionally, so every
+  // server bound a UDP port alongside its TCP one. That is wrong whenever
+  // HTTP/3 is served somewhere else on the same port — a gateway that owns
+  // UDP 443 and hands QUIC packets to a dedicated server — because a
+  // TCP-only server then competes for the same UDP port. The loser's bind
+  // failed, and since nothing forwarded that error (see below), its listen()
+  // callback simply never fired. The failure was silent.
+  //
+  // Alt-Svc is still sent when this is off. The usual reason to disable
+  // HTTP/3 here is that it is served by another server on the same port, and
+  // Alt-Svc is how a browser on TCP finds it.
+  var enableH3 = options.http3 !== false;
+  // node:tls's TLS options, checked now so a bad one throws from
+  // createServer — for HTTP/3 too when it runs (TLS 1.3 only).
+  serverTlsOptions(options, enableH3);
+
+  // Computed here rather than in listen(), so a contradictory list throws
+  // from createServer — at the line that wrote it — and not later from a
+  // listen() call somewhere else.
+  var tcpAlpn = tcpAlpnList(options.ALPNProtocols, enableH2, enableH1);
+  var quicAlpn = quicAlpnList(options.ALPNProtocols);
+
   var ev = new EventEmitter();
   var port = null;
+  var listening = false;    // node:net's server.listening
+  var closed = false;       // close() called (a second one is an error)
+  var ref = true;           // ref() / unref()
 
   // ---- TLS credentials ----
   var tlsKey = options.key || null;
   var tlsCert = options.cert || null;
   var tlsCa = options.ca || null;
 
+  // Session tickets: one key for this server, TCP and QUIC alike — random
+  // unless the application passes ticketKeys it keeps across restarts. And
+  // the application's ticketData, carried inside each ticket (lemon-tls).
+  var ticketKeys = options.ticketKeys || crypto.randomBytes(48);
+  var ticketData = typeof options.ticketData === 'function' ? options.ticketData : null;
+  // Encrypted Client Hello keys (RFC 9849), TCP and QUIC alike:
+  // { keys: [{ config, privateKey, retry }] } — see lemon-tls generateEchKey.
+  // Checked now: a key that does not match its config would otherwise show
+  // only as every ECH client falling back.
+  var ech = options.ech || null;
+  if (ech) lemonTls.checkEchKeys(ech);
+
+  // OCSP stapling, node:tls's way: server.on('OCSPRequest', (certificate,
+  // issuer, callback) => callback(null, ocspResponse)) — asked when a client
+  // requests status, TCP and QUIC alike. Without a listener nothing is
+  // stapled and nothing waits.
+  function ocspRequest(certificate, issuer, callback) {
+    if (ev.listenerCount('OCSPRequest') === 0) return callback(null, null);
+    ev.emit('OCSPRequest', Buffer.from(certificate), issuer ? Buffer.from(issuer) : null, callback);
+  }
+  // node:tls's TLS options — client certificates, versions, ciphers, curves,
+  // signature schemes, the ticket lifetime, the handshake timeout — passed to
+  // both stacks (tls_options.js), each reading them for itself.
+  var tlsPassOn = pickTlsOptions(options);
+
   // Read from disk if paths were given (not PEM strings)
   if (typeof tlsKey === 'string' && tlsKey.indexOf('-----') === -1) {
     tlsKey = fs.readFileSync(tlsKey);
@@ -61,6 +202,58 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
     tlsCert = fs.readFileSync(tlsCert);
   }
 
+  // ---- The certificate, chosen per connection — TCP and QUIC alike ----
+  //
+  // One resolver for both stacks, so that what node:tls's server offers to
+  // change while running applies to every version at once:
+  //   setSecureContext(options)   the default certificate
+  //   addContext(hostname, ctx)   a certificate for a name (SNI; *.x too)
+  // From the next handshake on; connections open keep what they have, as
+  // in Node. The application's SNICallback, if it gave one, decides first
+  // (Node ignores addContext then, as here); when it answers with nothing,
+  // the default is used.
+  var defaultContext = null;
+  var sniContexts = [];          // [regex, context], the latest added first matched
+  var userSni = typeof options.SNICallback === 'function' ? options.SNICallback : null;
+  function toContext(o, what) {
+    if (o && typeof o === 'object' && o.certificateChain && o.privateKey) return o;   // made already (quico.createSecureContext)
+    if (!o || typeof o !== 'object') throw new TypeError(what + ' takes { key, cert[, ca, passphrase] } or a context from quico.createSecureContext()');
+    var ctx = createSecureContext(Object.assign({ passphrase: options.passphrase }, o));
+    checkKeyMatches(ctx);
+    // Its chain compressed now, not in a client's handshake (RFC 8879).
+    if (typeof lemonTls.precompressCertificate === 'function' && !(Array.isArray(options.certificateCompression) && options.certificateCompression.length === 0)) {
+      try { lemonTls.precompressCertificate(ctx, options.certificateCompression || undefined); } catch (e) {}
+    }
+    return ctx;
+  }
+  // A certificate whose key is another's is refused here — before it
+  // replaces anything — not found out by every client's handshake failing.
+  function checkKeyMatches(ctx) {
+    if (!ctx.keyObj || !ctx.certObjs || !ctx.certObjs[0]) return;
+    var a = crypto.createPublicKey(ctx.keyObj).export({ type: 'spki', format: 'der' });
+    var b = ctx.certObjs[0].publicKey.export({ type: 'spki', format: 'der' });
+    if (Buffer.compare(Buffer.from(a), Buffer.from(b)) !== 0) {
+      var e = new Error('the private key does not match the certificate');
+      e.code = 'ERR_OSSL_X509_KEY_VALUES_MISMATCH';
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+  function contextFor(servername) {
+    var name = String(servername || '');
+    for (var i = sniContexts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (sniContexts[i][0].test(name)) return sniContexts[i][1];
+    return defaultContext;
+  }
+  function serverSni(servername, cb, info) {
+    if (userSni) {
+      return userSni(servername, function (err, ctx) {
+        if (err) cb(err);
+        else cb(null, ctx || defaultContext);
+      }, info);
+    }
+    cb(null, contextFor(servername));
+  }
+  if (tlsKey && tlsCert) defaultContext = toContext({ key: tlsKey, cert: tlsCert, ca: tlsCa }, 'createServer');
+
 
   // ============================================================
   //  HTTP/3 — delegates to existing h3_server.js
@@ -68,25 +261,191 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
   //  plain req/res objects into proper Node.js streams.
   // ============================================================
 
+  // node:http's shouldUpgradeCallback(request): whether an upgrade request —
+  // HTTP/1.1 Upgrade, or extended CONNECT over HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 — reaches
+  // 'upgrade' or is handled as an ordinary 'request'. Node's default: taken up
+  // when the application listens for 'upgrade'. Decided here, for every
+  // version, because the layers below always listen (to forward the event
+  // up): their own "nobody listens" check could never fire, and an upgrade
+  // with no listener was left hanging.
+  var userShouldUpgrade = typeof options.shouldUpgradeCallback === 'function' ? options.shouldUpgradeCallback : null;
+  function shouldUpgradeCallback(req) {
+    if (wantsConnectUdp(req)) return true;
+    return userShouldUpgrade ? !!userShouldUpgrade(req) : ev.listenerCount('upgrade') > 0;
+  }
+
+  // ---- CONNECT-UDP (RFC 9298): proxying UDP, on every version ----
+  //
+  // server.on('connectUdp', (req, tunnel) => tunnel.accept()) — see
+  // connect_udp.js. Off until something listens: a request for it then goes
+  // the way it always did (to 'upgrade' or the request handler), and none is
+  // proxied. options.connectUdp: { template, allowPrivate,
+  // maxTunnelsPerConnection, idleTimeout, lookup, proxyName }.
+  var udpProxy = createConnectUdp(options.connectUdp || {});
+  function wantsConnectUdp(req) { return ev.listenerCount('connectUdp') > 0 && isConnectUdp(req); }
+  function emitConnectUdp(tunnel) {
+    if (ev.listenerCount('connectUdp') === 0) return false;
+    ev.emit('connectUdp', tunnel.req, tunnel);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // HTTP/2's and HTTP/1.1's carrier: capsules on a byte stream — the
+  // extended CONNECT's Duplex (DATA frames), or the upgraded socket. Past
+  // STREAM_QUEUE_MAX waiting to be written, a payload is dropped, as a full
+  // UDP queue drops.
+  function byteStreamCarrier(req, stream, version, head, accept, reject) {
+    var closed = false;
+    var carrier = {
+      httpVersion: version,
+      connKey: req.socket || stream,
+      sink: null,
+      mode: function () { return 'capsule'; },
+      accept: function (h) { if (!closed) accept(h); },
+      reject: function (status, h) { if (closed) return; closed = true; reject(status, h); },
+      sendPayload: function (u8) {
+        if (closed || stream.destroyed || stream.writableLength > STREAM_QUEUE_MAX) return false;
+        stream.write(datagramCapsule(u8));
+        return true;
+      },
+      end: function () { if (closed) return; closed = true; try { stream.end(); } catch (e) {} },
+      abort: function () { if (closed) return; closed = true; try { stream.destroy(); } catch (e) {} }
+    };
+    stream.on('error', function () {});
+    udpProxy.handle(req, carrier, emitConnectUdp);
+    if (!carrier.sink) return;
+    stream.on('data', function (d) { carrier.sink.data(d); });
+    stream.on('end', function () { carrier.sink.end(); });
+    stream.on('close', function () { carrier.sink.abort(); });
+    if (head && head.length) carrier.sink.data(head);
+  }
+  function fieldLines(h) {
+    var out = '';
+    for (var n in (h || {})) out += n + ': ' + String(h[n]).replace(/[\r\n]/g, '') + '\r\n';
+    return out;
+  }
+  function connectUdpH2(req, stream) {
+    byteStreamCarrier(req, stream, '2.0', null,
+      function (h) { stream._h2Accept(h); },
+      function (status, h) { stream._h2Reject(status, null, h); });
+  }
+  // HTTP/1.1: a GET with Upgrade: connect-udp, answered 101 (§3.2).
+  function connectUdpH1(req, socket, head) {
+    byteStreamCarrier(req, socket, '1.1', head,
+      function (h) {
+        socket.write('HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\nConnection: Upgrade\r\nUpgrade: connect-udp\r\n' + fieldLines(h) + '\r\n');
+      },
+      function (status, h) {
+        try {
+          socket.end('HTTP/1.1 ' + status + ' ' + (STATUS_CODES[status] || 'Error') + '\r\nConnection: close\r\nContent-Length: 0\r\n' + fieldLines(h) + '\r\n');
+        } catch (e) {}
+      });
+  }
+
+  // The server's counters (server_stats.js): each layer counts into them
+  // where things happen; getStats() copies them out.
+  var stats = new ServerStats();
+
   var h3Options = {
+    stats: stats,
+    shouldUpgradeCallback: shouldUpgradeCallback,
+    // CONNECT-UDP over HTTP/3: h3_server builds the carrier (QUIC datagrams,
+    // or capsules in DATA frames); the request is wrapped as the others are.
+    connectUdpHandler: {
+      wants: wantsConnectUdp,
+      handle: function (plainReq, carrier) {
+        var req = new IncomingMessage({
+          httpVersion: '3.0', method: plainReq.method, url: plainReq.url,
+          headers: plainReq.headers || {}, streamId: plainReq.stream_id, socket: plainReq.socket || _makeSocketStub()
+        });
+        if (req.headers.host === undefined && req.headers[':authority'] !== undefined) req.headers.host = req.headers[':authority'];
+        req._endData();
+        udpProxy.handle(req, carrier, emitConnectUdp);
+      }
+    },
     key: tlsKey,
     cert: tlsCert,
     ca: tlsCa,
-    SNICallback: options.SNICallback || null,
+    SNICallback: (tlsKey && tlsCert) || userSni ? serverSni : null,
+    ticketKeys: ticketKeys,
+    ticketData: ticketData,
+    ech: ech,
+    ocspRequest: ocspRequest,
+    // The HTTP/3 side's stateless reset secret (see quic_server). Random when
+    // not given.
+    resetTokenSecret: options.resetTokenSecret || null,
+    // The secret HTTP/3 address-validation tokens (Retry, NEW_TOKEN) are
+    // sealed under (see quic_server). Random when not given.
+    tokenSecret: options.tokenSecret || null,
+    // HTTP/3 address validation with Retry — node:quic's validateAddress.
+    // Off unless set; see setValidateAddress below.
+    validateAddress: options.validateAddress === true,
+    // Handshakes under way: the threshold of 'handshakeLoad', and the cap per
+    // client address (quic_server, "Handshakes under way").
+    handshakeLoadThreshold: options.handshakeLoadThreshold,
+    // 0-RTT (HTTP/3): off unless true; see h3_server for earlyDataFilter.
+    earlyData: options.earlyData, earlyDataMaxAge: options.earlyDataMaxAge,
+    earlyDataReplay: options.earlyDataReplay, earlyDataFilter: options.earlyDataFilter,
+    maxHandshakesPerAddress: options.maxHandshakesPerAddress,
+    // Every version's: how long a request may take to arrive (http_common).
+    headersTimeout: options.headersTimeout,
+    requestTimeout: options.requestTimeout,
+    maxRequestsPerSocket: options.maxRequestsPerSocket,
+    // Rapid Reset: cancelled streams a connection may send (http_common).
+    streamResetBurst: options.streamResetBurst, streamResetRate: options.streamResetRate,
+    // WebTransport sessions a connection may hold at once (SETTINGS_WT_MAX_
+    // SESSIONS); unset, no limit.
+    maxWebTransportSessions: options.maxWebTransportSessions,
+    // QUIC's transport parameters (tls_bridge): windows and stream limits.
+    transportParams: options.transportParams,
+    // The congestion window a connection starts with, in packets (20).
+    initialCongestionWindow: options.initialCongestionWindow,
+    // A returning client's connection starts from what the last one measured
+    // (RFC 9959 Careful Resume); on unless false.
+    carefulResume: options.carefulResume,
+    // Startup's cap on the congestion window: 'stall' (default), 'always',
+    // 'off' (quic_connection, startupCap); per connection by connectionOptions.
+    startupCap: options.startupCap,
+    // Path MTU discovery (off by default on Windows), the largest UDP
+    // payload, the RTT assumed before a sample, the reordering a packet is
+    // allowed (quic_connection's CONNECTION_OPTIONS).
+    pmtuDiscovery: options.pmtuDiscovery,
+    maxUdpPayloadSize: options.maxUdpPayloadSize,
+    initialRtt: options.initialRtt,
+    reorderWindow: options.reorderWindow,
+    // Per QUIC connection, asked once its ClientHello is in: (info, callback)
+    // → { transportParams, initialCongestionWindow, carefulResume, startupCap,
+    //     pmtuDiscovery, maxUdpPayloadSize, initialRtt, reorderWindow }.
+    connectionOptions: options.connectionOptions,
+    // The QUIC versions accepted, in preference (quic_version.js): ['v1', 'v2'].
+    quicVersions: options.quicVersions,
+    alpn: quicAlpn,
     maxConnections: options.maxConnections || 10000,
     // External UDP sockets (shared UDP port scenario). When provided,
     // the UDP layer is owned externally — caller feeds packets via
     // server.handlePacket(msg, rinfo). See RFC 9443.
     socket:  options.socket  || null,
-    socket6: options.socket6 || null
+    socket6: options.socket6 || null,
+    // grease_quic_bit (RFC 9287): on, except with external sockets — a port
+    // they share with other protocols may tell QUIC apart by that bit.
+    // true: the port is QUIC's alone, grease there too.
+    greaseQuicBit: options.greaseQuicBit
   };
+  // node:tls's options (tls_options.js) — to a QUIC server that will run:
+  // one that does not (http3: false) is still built, and would refuse what
+  // only HTTP/3 cannot do (maxVersion TLSv1.2, TLS 1.2-only ciphers).
+  if (enableH3) Object.assign(h3Options, tlsPassOn);
 
   var isExternalUdp = !!(options.socket || options.socket6);
 
   var h3srv = createH3Server(h3Options, function (plainReq, plainRes) {
-    var socketStub = _makeSocketStub();
-    socketStub.remoteAddress = plainReq.remoteAddress || null;
-    socketStub.remotePort = plainReq.remotePort || null;
+    // h3_server already attached a socket stand-in carrying the QUIC
+    // connection's address and its TLS fingerprints. Building a fresh stub
+    // here and using that instead threw all of it away — the application saw
+    // an object with no getJA4 and concluded, reasonably, that this
+    // connection had no TLS.
+    var socketStub = plainReq.socket || _makeSocketStub();
+    if (!socketStub.remoteAddress) socketStub.remoteAddress = plainReq.remoteAddress || null;
+    if (!socketStub.remotePort) socketStub.remotePort = plainReq.remotePort || null;
 
     // ---- Wrap plain req into IncomingMessage (Readable) ----
     var req = new IncomingMessage({
@@ -98,9 +457,68 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
       socket: socketStub
     });
 
-    // Bridge data from plain req → IncomingMessage
-    plainReq.on('data', function (chunk) { req._pushData(chunk); });
-    plainReq.on('end', function () { req._endData(); });
+    // req.headers.host, from :authority — as HTTP/2 already provides it.
+    //
+    // HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 both carry the host as :authority and no Host header,
+    // and the HTTP/2 path has always synthesized `host` from it
+    // (pseudoHeadersToRequest in http_common). This path never did, so the
+    // same application saw headers.host on one protocol and undefined on the
+    // other — including for every WebTransport session, which only exists
+    // over HTTP/3.
+    //
+    // ADDED, not substituted: the pseudo-headers stay, since code routes on
+    // them (:protocol is how a WebTransport CONNECT is recognised). And added
+    // AFTER the IncomingMessage is built, so rawHeaders — the record of what
+    // the client actually sent, and what JA4H is computed from — is untouched.
+    if (req.headers.host === undefined && req.headers[':authority'] !== undefined) {
+      req.headers.host = req.headers[':authority'];
+    }
+
+    // Carried across the wrapper, like the socket above: built on the
+    // connection, and lost if only the fields listed in the constructor
+    // survive.
+    if (plainReq.h3Fingerprint) req.h3Fingerprint = plainReq.h3Fingerprint;
+    // Came in 0-RTT (and earlyDataFilter let it through): it may be a
+    // replay — nothing with an effect that must happen once.
+    req.earlyData = plainReq.earlyData === true;
+    if (plainReq.webTransportProtocols) req.webTransportProtocols = plainReq.webTransportProtocols;
+
+    // Bridge data from plain req → IncomingMessage.
+    //
+    // The body's flow-control credit goes back to the client as the
+    // application READS it (_read), not as it arrives — as over HTTP/2 (see
+    // h2_server). A handler that does not read at once — an authorization
+    // check first, a lookup — had the whole upload taken in and held in
+    // memory meanwhile, as fast as the client could send it. Now the client
+    // can be ahead of the reader by one window, and no more.
+    var holdsBody = typeof plainReq._holdBody === 'function';
+    var received = null;
+    if (holdsBody) {
+      plainReq._holdBody();
+      // Credited for what has been read (utils' creditAsRead).
+      received = creditAsRead(req, function (n) { plainReq._creditBody(n); });
+      // Read to the end, or abandoned (destroyed, aborted): nothing more to
+      // wait for.
+      req.on('close', function () { plainReq._releaseBody(); });
+    }
+    plainReq.on('data', function (chunk) {
+      // Nobody will read it: let it go, credit and all.
+      if (req.destroyed) { if (holdsBody) plainReq._releaseBody(); return; }
+      if (received) received(chunk.length);
+      req._pushData(chunk);
+    });
+    plainReq.on('end', function () {
+      // Its trailers, if it sent any — before 'end', where node:http has them.
+      if (plainReq.trailers) {
+        req.trailers = plainReq.trailers;
+        req.rawTrailers = [];
+        for (var tn in plainReq.trailers) req.rawTrailers.push(tn, String(plainReq.trailers[tn]));
+      }
+      req._endData();
+    });
+    // Once the response is complete: is the rest of the body still wanted?
+    // As node:http2 decides it — if the application has started reading it.
+    plainReq._wantsRest = function () { return !req.destroyed && req.readableFlowing !== null; };
 
     // ---- Wrap plain res into ServerResponse (Writable) ----
     // ServerResponse._write → plainRes.write
@@ -112,6 +530,24 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
     });
     res.req = req;
 
+    // The stream was cancelled under this request (see releaseHttpStream in
+    // h3_server) — handled as h2_server's abortStream does: 'aborted' always,
+    // an Error only to a listener that asked for one, and 'close' on the
+    // response so a handler still writing can stop.
+    plainReq.on('aborted', function () {
+      if (req.aborted) return;
+      var err = new Error('stream reset by peer'); err.code = 'ERR_STREAM_RESET';
+      req._abort(err);   // 'aborted', an Error only to a listener, 'close'
+      res._abortResponse();
+    });
+    // The application giving the exchange up — res.destroy([err]),
+    // req.destroy([err]), as on node:http2 where either ends the stream —
+    // reaches the client: h3_server's abort (RESET_STREAM and STOP_SENDING,
+    // or only STOP_SENDING once the response is complete).
+    var giveUp = function (err) { plainRes.abort(err ? 0x0102 : 0x010c); };   // H3_INTERNAL_ERROR : H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED
+    res._onDestroy(giveUp);
+    req._onDestroy(function (err) { if (!res.writableFinished && !res.destroyed) res.destroy(err); else giveUp(err); });
+
     // Store wrapper references for WebTransport event forwarding.
     // MUST come after `res` is created (was previously set while res was
     // still undefined due to var hoisting).
@@ -119,10 +555,12 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
     plainRes._wrapper = res;
 
     // Override internal methods to delegate to the plain H3 res.
-    // Key insight: we buffer one chunk behind so that _final can
-    // send the last data + FIN together via plainRes.end(chunk),
-    // instead of plainRes.write(chunk) + plainRes.end() separately.
-    // This avoids FIN-only packets that can get lost without PTO.
+    // One chunk is held back so that _final can send the last data and the
+    // FIN together via plainRes.end(chunk): res.end('ok') is one packet, not
+    // the data and then a FIN-only packet. (A FIN-only packet is recovered
+    // like any other when lost — see fin_pns in quic_connection — so this is
+    // about packets, not correctness.) Backpressure therefore bounds what is
+    // held at the high-water mark plus that one chunk.
     var _pendingChunk = null;
 
     res._flushHeaders = function () {
@@ -140,28 +578,46 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
         plainRes.write(_pendingChunk);
       }
       _pendingChunk = chunk;
-      callback();
+      // Done with this write once the stream has caught up to within the
+      // high-water mark — not at once. Calling back at once told Writable
+      // nothing was ever buffered, so write() never returned false and a
+      // piped file was read into memory as fast as the disk allowed.
+      plainRes.whenSent(res.writableHighWaterMark, callback);
     };
 
     res._final = function (callback) {
       if (!res.headersSent) res._flushHeaders();
+      // res.addTrailers(): a HEADERS frame after the body, which carries the
+      // FIN instead (gRPC's grpc-status rides there).
+      var trailers = res.trailers && Object.keys(res.trailers).length ? res.trailers : null;
       if (_pendingChunk !== null) {
-        plainRes.end(_pendingChunk);   // data + FIN together
+        plainRes.end(_pendingChunk, trailers);   // data + FIN together
       } else {
-        plainRes.end();                // FIN only (no body written)
+        plainRes.end(null, trailers);            // FIN only (no body written)
       }
       callback();
     };
 
-    // ---- WebTransport method proxying ----
-    if (plainRes.sendDatagram) {
-      res.sendDatagram = plainRes.sendDatagram.bind(plainRes);
+    // 102 Processing — the HTTP/3 one.
+    if (plainRes.writeProcessing) {
+      res.writeProcessing = function () { if (!res.headersSent) plainRes.writeProcessing(); };
     }
-    if (plainRes.createBidirectionalStream) {
-      res.createBidirectionalStream = plainRes.createBidirectionalStream.bind(plainRes);
+    // 103 Early Hints — the HTTP/3 one, written on the same stream.
+    if (plainRes.writeEarlyHints) {
+      res.writeEarlyHints = function (hints, callback) {
+        if (res.headersSent) { if (typeof callback === 'function') process.nextTick(callback); return; }
+        plainRes.writeEarlyHints(hints, callback);
+      };
     }
-    if (plainRes.createUnidirectionalStream) {
-      res.createUnidirectionalStream = plainRes.createUnidirectionalStream.bind(plainRes);
+
+    // ---- Methods of the HTTP/3 response: its priority, and WebTransport's ----
+    ['setPriority', 'sendDatagram', 'maxDatagramSize', 'createBidirectionalStream', 'createUnidirectionalStream',
+     'createSendGroup', 'canOpenStream', 'setWebTransportProtocol', 'getStats', 'closeSession', 'drainSession',
+     'exportKeyingMaterial'].forEach(function (m) {
+      if (typeof plainRes[m] === 'function') res[m] = plainRes[m].bind(plainRes);
+    });
+    if ('datagrams' in plainRes) {
+      Object.defineProperty(res, 'datagrams', { enumerable: true, get: function () { return plainRes.datagrams; } });
     }
 
     if (typeof handler === 'function') handler(req, res);
@@ -169,92 +625,295 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
   });
 
 
+
+  // RFC 9220: WebSocket over HTTP/3 arrives as extended CONNECT on a QUIC
+  // stream and surfaces on the same 'upgrade' event as HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2.
+  // Three transports, one event, one WebSocketServer.
+  h3srv.on('upgrade', function (req, stream, head) { ev.emit('upgrade', req, stream, head); });
+  h3srv.on('stream_open', function (conn, id) { ev.emit('stream_open', conn, id); });
+  h3srv.on('stream_reset', function (conn, id, code) { ev.emit('stream_reset', conn, id, code); });
+
+  // A new QUIC connection, before its handshake. On a server that runs all
+  // three protocols this shares the event with TCP connections, so a listener
+  // may receive either a net.Socket or a QUIC connection handle. Both carry
+  // remoteAddress, destroyed and destroy() — the three things screening code
+  // uses — and the handle's httpVersion ('3.0') tells them apart where it
+  // matters.
+  h3srv.on('connection', function (conn) { ev.emit('connection', conn); });
+  h3srv.on('handshakeLoad', function (e) { ev.emit('handshakeLoad', e); });
+  h3srv.on('secureConnection', function (conn) { ev.emit('secureConnection', conn); });
+  h3srv.on('tlsClientError', function (err, conn) { ev.emit('tlsClientError', err, conn); });
+
   // ============================================================
-  //  TCP — HTTP/2 and/or HTTP/1.1
+  //  TCP — HTTP/2 and HTTP/1.1, both ours.
+  //
+  //  Previously node:http2 and node:https. They are gone: h2_server and
+  //  h1_server implement the same two protocols, and tcp_listener owns the
+  //  socket and the ALPN choice between them — one port, one certificate, one
+  //  preference order, decided in one place.
+  //
+  //  The three request paths now converge completely. h3_server, h2_server and
+  //  h1_server each hand the application the same IncomingMessage /
+  //  ServerResponse pair from streams.js, so `handler` cannot tell which
+  //  protocol produced a request except by reading req.httpVersion — which is
+  //  exactly the property that lets Express and Fastify run unchanged over all
+  //  three.
   // ============================================================
 
-  var tcpServer = null;
+  // The QUIC layer's errors — a UDP bind that fails, most importantly — are
+  // this server's errors. h3_server emits them, and nothing here listened,
+  // so a port that could not be bound left listen() waiting forever with no
+  // sign of why.
+  h3srv.on('error', function (err) {
+    if (err && !err.transport) err.transport = 'udp';
+    ev.emit('error', err);
+  });
 
-  function startTcpServer(listenPort, host, callback) {
-    var hasTlsCredentials = (tlsKey && tlsCert) || options.SNICallback;
-    if (!needsTcp || !hasTlsCredentials) {
-      if (callback) callback();
-      return;
-    }
+  // ============================================================
+  //  Building versus binding.
+  //
+  //  Everything a request needs — the TLS layer, ALPN, HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1,
+  //  HTTP/3 — is built HERE, when the server is created. listen() only binds
+  //  the ports this server owns.
+  //
+  //  It used to be the other way round: the protocol layers were built inside
+  //  listen(), so a server whose sockets belonged to someone else still had to
+  //  call listen() to exist — a listen() that listened to nothing — and a
+  //  separate flag told it not to bind. Now the rule is simply:
+  //
+  //      listen() not called   → nothing bound; feed it through
+  //                              handlePacket() (UDP) and handleConnection()
+  //                              (TCP), from whoever owns the ports
+  //      listen(port) called   → binds TCP, and UDP unless `socket` was given
+  //
+  //  A server can also be built and bound — the ordinary case — with nothing
+  //  changing for callers that always called listen().
+  // ============================================================
 
-    // Bridge SNICallback: detect context type and route accordingly.
-    //   quico context (_nodeContext) → use pre-built node:tls context
-    //   quico context (_rawKey)      → build node:tls context from stored creds
-    //   node:tls context             → use directly (someone used tls.createSecureContext)
-    var tcpSniCallback = null;
-    if (options.SNICallback) {
-      tcpSniCallback = function (servername, cb) {
-        options.SNICallback(servername, function (err, ctx) {
-          if (err) return cb(err);
-          if (!ctx) return cb(new Error('SNICallback returned null'));
-
-          // 1. Pre-built node:tls context (fastest path)
-          if (ctx._nodeContext) {
-            return cb(null, ctx._nodeContext);
-          }
-          // 2. Raw key/cert stored — build node:tls context
-          if (ctx._rawKey && ctx._rawCert) {
-            var nodeOpts = { key: ctx._rawKey, cert: ctx._rawCert };
-            if (ctx._rawCa) nodeOpts.ca = ctx._rawCa;
-            try { return cb(null, nodeTls.createSecureContext(nodeOpts)); }
-            catch (e) { return cb(e); }
-          }
-          // 3. Assume it's already a node:tls context (tls.createSecureContext)
-          cb(null, ctx);
-        });
-      };
-    }
+  // The port Alt-Svc advertises. listen(port) sets it; a server that is fed
+  // from outside never calls listen(), and takes it from `options.port`
+  // instead — quico cannot otherwise know which port its clients see.
+  var altSvcPort = (options.port !== undefined && options.port !== null) ? options.port : 443;
+
+  // A function, so HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 read the value per response. They are
+  // built before listen() can say which port is real.
+  //
+  // Alt-Svc advertises HTTP/3 on the same authority (RFC 9114 §3.3), which is
+  // how a browser that arrived over TCP learns to try QUIC next time.
+  //
+  // Only for an HTTP/3 this server runs. With http3:false it was sent anyway,
+  // on the guess that HTTP/3 was served elsewhere on the same port — and when
+  // it was not, every browser was sent to try a QUIC endpoint that does not
+  // exist, failing over back to TCP each time the advertisement was renewed.
+  // HTTP/3 served by something else is said with `altSvc`, the header value
+  // as is (`'h3=":443"; ma=86400'`); `altSvc: false` sends none at all.
+  function altSvcValue() { return 'h3=":' + altSvcPort + '"; ma=86400'; }
+  var altSvcOption = options.altSvc;
+  if (altSvcOption !== undefined && altSvcOption !== false && altSvcOption !== null && typeof altSvcOption !== 'string') {
+    throw new TypeError('options.altSvc must be a string or false');
+  }
+  function altSvcHeader() {
+    if (typeof altSvcOption === 'string') return altSvcOption;
+    if (altSvcOption === false || altSvcOption === null || !enableH3) return null;
+    return altSvcValue();
+  }
 
-    var altSvcHeader = 'h3=":' + listenPort + '"; ma=86400';
+  var tcpServer = null;
+  var hasTlsCredentials = (tlsKey && tlsCert) || options.SNICallback;
 
-    if (enableH2) {
-      // ---- HTTP/2 (+ optional HTTP/1.1) via node:http2 ----
-      var tcpOpts = {
-        allowHTTP1: enableH1,
-        settings: { enablePush: false }
-      };
-      if (tlsKey) tcpOpts.key = tlsKey;
-      if (tlsCert) tcpOpts.cert = tlsCert;
-      if (tlsCa) tcpOpts.ca = tlsCa;
-      if (tcpSniCallback) tcpOpts.SNICallback = tcpSniCallback;
+  // ---- A WebTransport session asked for over HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 ----
+  //
+  // WebTransport runs here over HTTP/3 only (an extended CONNECT, RFC 9220;
+  // HTTP/2 advertises no WebTransport). A browser that cannot reach HTTP/3
+  // may still send its session request over TCP: Firefox 158, with HTTP/3
+  // excluded for the origin, sends a plain "GET /" with
+  // Sec-Fetch-Dest: webtransport on a new HTTP/1.1 connection. Handed to the
+  // application it is answered as a page, and that body lands in the
+  // browser's WebTransport session — Firefox aborts the whole browser on it
+  // (MOZ_RELEASE_ASSERT in WebTransportSessionProxy::OnDataAvailable).
+  //
+  // So the server answers it itself: 501 and no body (RFC 9110 §15.6.2 — the
+  // functionality asked for is not offered on this version). The session
+  // fails cleanly, and the client can fall back to whatever it has. The
+  // application never sees it. Two signs, either enough: the Fetch
+  // destination a browser sends (Sec-Fetch-Dest: webtransport), and an
+  // extended CONNECT for :protocol webtransport over HTTP/2.
+  function isWebTransportRequest(req) {
+    var h = req.headers || {};
+    return h['sec-fetch-dest'] === 'webtransport' || h[':protocol'] === 'webtransport';
+  }
+  function refuseWebTransport(req, res) {
+    req.resume();
+    try { res.writeHead(501, { 'content-length': '0', 'cache-control': 'no-store' }); res.end(); } catch (e) {}
+  }
 
-      tcpServer = http2.createSecureServer(tcpOpts);
+  function onRequest(req, res) {
+    if (isWebTransportRequest(req)) { refuseWebTransport(req, res); return; }
+    if (req.earlyData === true) { earlyGate(req, res); return; }
+    runHandler(req, res);
+  }
+  function runHandler(req, res) {
+    if (typeof handler === 'function') handler(req, res);
+    ev.emit('request', req, res);
+  }
 
-      tcpServer.on('request', function (req, res) {
-        res.setHeader('alt-svc', altSvcHeader);
-        if (typeof handler === 'function') handler(req, res);
-        ev.emit('request', req, res);
-      });
+  // A request read from TLS early data (HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1; HTTP/3's is
+  // h3_server's): handled now only if earlyDataFilter lets it — by default a
+  // GET, HEAD or OPTIONS — or answered 425 Too Early, which the client
+  // sends again after the handshake (RFC 8470 §5.2). No answer within
+  // 100 ms: 425.
+  function earlyGate(req, res) {
+    runEarlyDataFilter(options.earlyDataFilter, req, function (allow) {
+      if (res.writableEnded || res.destroyed) return;
+      if (allow) { runHandler(req, res); return; }
+      req.resume();
+      stats.earlyData.tooEarly++;
+      try { res.writeHead(425, { 'content-length': '0' }); res.end(); } catch (e) {}
+    });
+  }
 
-    } else if (enableH1) {
-      // ---- HTTP/1.1 only via node:https ----
-      var tcpOpts = {};
-      if (tlsKey) tcpOpts.key = tlsKey;
-      if (tlsCert) tcpOpts.cert = tlsCert;
-      if (tlsCa) tcpOpts.ca = tlsCa;
-      if (tcpSniCallback) tcpOpts.SNICallback = tcpSniCallback;
+  if (needsTcp) {
+    var shared = {
+      // An extended CONNECT for WebTransport over HTTP/2 is not taken up: it
+      // goes on as a request, and onRequest refuses it (above).
+      shouldUpgradeCallback: function (req) { return !isWebTransportRequest(req) && shouldUpgradeCallback(req); },
+      // Not over cleartext: HTTP/3 is always TLS, and browsers take Alt-Svc
+      // only from an https origin — on http:// it advertised a service that
+      // could not exist there.
+      altSvc: hasTlsCredentials && altSvcHeader() !== null ? altSvcHeader : null,
+      maxHeaderListSize: options.maxHeaderListSize,
+      headersTimeout: options.headersTimeout,
+      keepAliveTimeout: options.keepAliveTimeout,
+      requestTimeout: options.requestTimeout,
+      // node:http's: requests per connection (HTTP/1.1: the Nth closes it;
+      // HTTP/2 and HTTP/3: GOAWAY after it).
+      maxRequestsPerSocket: options.maxRequestsPerSocket,
+      // Rapid Reset, HTTP/2's (http_common streamResetLimiter).
+      streamResetBurst: options.streamResetBurst, streamResetRate: options.streamResetRate,
+      maxHeadSize: options.maxHeadSize || options.maxHeaderSize,
+      maxHeaderCount: options.maxHeaderCount,
+      // These were being dropped: an application could set them and nothing
+      // downstream ever saw them, which is worse than not offering the option
+      // at all — it looks configured and is not.
+      maxConcurrentStreams: options.maxConcurrentStreams,
+      maxSessionMemory: options.maxSessionMemory,
+      initialWindowSize: options.initialWindowSize,
+      connectionWindowSize: options.connectionWindowSize,
+      maxFrameSize: options.maxFrameSize,
+      headerTableSize: options.headerTableSize,
+      enableConnectProtocol: options.enableConnectProtocol,
+      stats: stats
+    };
 
-      tcpServer = nodeHttps.createServer(tcpOpts);
+    tcpServer = createTcpListener(Object.assign({
+      // Cleartext when there are no credentials: a dev server, or a service
+      // behind a terminating proxy. Without TLS there is no ALPN, so
+      // tcp_listener tells h2c from HTTP/1.1 by looking for the connection
+      // preface instead.
+      tls: hasTlsCredentials ? lemonTls : null,
+      key: tlsKey,
+      cert: tlsCert,
+      ca: tlsCa,
+      SNICallback: (tlsKey && tlsCert) || userSni ? serverSni : null,
+      ticketKeys: ticketKeys,
+      ticketData: ticketData,
+      ech: ech,
+      ocspRequest: ocspRequest,
+      // node:http's TCP options, with its defaults: Nagle off, keep-alive off.
+      noDelay: options.noDelay,
+      keepAlive: options.keepAlive,
+      keepAliveInitialDelay: options.keepAliveInitialDelay,
+      // 0-RTT over TLS 1.3 (HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1): the same options as HTTP/3's,
+      // as they are at each connection (setOptions changes them).
+      earlyDataNow: function () { var o = h3srv.getOptions(); return { on: o.earlyData === true, maxAge: o.earlyDataMaxAge }; },
+      earlyDataReplay: options.earlyDataReplay,
+      stats: stats
+    }, tlsPassOn));   // node:tls's options (tls_options.js)
 
-      tcpServer.on('request', function (req, res) {
-        res.setHeader('alt-svc', altSvcHeader);
-        if (typeof handler === 'function') handler(req, res);
-        ev.emit('request', req, res);
+    var h2srv = null;
+    var h1srv = null;
+
+    if (enableH2) {
+      h2srv = createH2Server(shared, onRequest);
+      h2srv.on('clientError', function (err, sock) { ev.emit('clientError', err, sock); });
+      h2srv.on('sessionError', function (err, session) { ev.emit('sessionError', err, session); });
+      // Extended CONNECT (RFC 8441) arrives on the same 'upgrade' event as an
+      // HTTP/1.1 Upgrade, so a WebSocketServer attached to this server serves
+      // both without knowing which carried the connection.
+      h2srv.on('upgrade', function (req, stream, head) {
+        if (wantsConnectUdp(req)) { connectUdpH2(req, stream); return; }
+        ev.emit('upgrade', req, stream, head);
+      });
+      // Stream lifecycle, for rate limiting. `conn` carries the address to key
+      // on and the two ways to refuse; see h2_server.
+      h2srv.on('stream_open', function (conn, id) { ev.emit('stream_open', conn, id); });
+      h2srv.on('stream_reset', function (conn, id, code) { ev.emit('stream_reset', conn, id, code); });
+    }
+    if (enableH1) {
+      h1srv = createH1Server(shared, onRequest);
+      h1srv.on('clientError', function (err, sock) { ev.emit('clientError', err, sock); });
+      // 'upgrade' is how WebSocket (and anything else that switches protocols)
+      // gets the raw socket. Same signature as node:http, so the `ws` package
+      // works over this server unchanged.
+      h1srv.on('upgrade', function (req, socket, head) {
+        if (wantsConnectUdp(req)) { connectUdpH1(req, socket, head); return; }
+        ev.emit('upgrade', req, socket, head);
       });
     }
 
-    if (tcpServer) {
-      tcpServer.on('error', function (err) { ev.emit('error', err); });
-      var tcpHost = host || '0.0.0.0';
-      tcpServer.listen(listenPort, tcpHost, callback);
-    } else {
-      if (callback) callback();
+    // Registration order is the server's ALPN preference — tcpAlpn, which is
+    // h2 then HTTP/1.1 unless ALPNProtocols says otherwise. Names beyond HTTP
+    // are only meaningful with TLS: without it there is no ALPN to carry them.
+    for (var a = 0; a < tcpAlpn.length; a++) {
+      var proto = tcpAlpn[a];
+      // managesClose: each closes its own connections (beginClose) — the
+      // ones in flight finish first.
+      if (proto === 'h2') tcpServer.register('h2', h2srv.handleConnection, { managesClose: true });
+      else if (proto === 'http/1.1') tcpServer.register('http/1.1', h1srv.handleConnection, { managesClose: true });
+      else if (hasTlsCredentials) tcpServer.register(proto, closeAfterHandshake);
+    }
+
+    tcpServer.on('error', function (err) { ev.emit('error', err); });
+    tcpServer.on('clientError', function (err, sock) { ev.emit('clientError', err, sock); });
+    tcpServer.on('tlsClientError', function (err, sock) { ev.emit('tlsClientError', err, sock); });
+    // Fires before the TLS handshake — see tcp_listener. Same name and same
+    // argument as node:net, so an IP screen written for node:http works here.
+    tcpServer.on('connection', function (sock) {
+      armSocketTimeout(sock);
+      ev.emit('connection', sock);
+    });
+    tcpServer.on('secureConnection', function (sock) { ev.emit('secureConnection', sock); });
+  }
+
+  // External UDP: the sockets are the caller's, and so is reading them. What
+  // the QUIC layer still needs is its own housekeeping — the idle sweep, and
+  // larger kernel buffers — and that starts now, since listen() may never be
+  // called. h3srv.listen() in external mode binds nothing; see quic_server.
+  if (enableH3 && isExternalUdp) {
+    h3srv.listen(altSvcPort, null, function () {});
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Accept a TCP connection accepted by someone else.
+   *
+   * For a server whose TCP port belongs to another component — typically one
+   * that demultiplexes it by first byte, sending TLS here and other protocols
+   * elsewhere, the way RFC 9443 splits a UDP port. The socket is treated
+   * exactly as one this server accepted itself: 'connection' fires before the
+   * TLS handshake, and ALPN routes it to HTTP/2 or HTTP/1.1.
+   *
+   * Works without listen(): the layers exist from createServer. Bytes the
+   * owner read to classify the connection must be put back first —
+   * socket.unshift(chunk) — or the TLS layer starts mid-record.
+   */
+  function handleConnection(socket) {
+    if (!tcpServer) {
+      // HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 are both off; there is nothing to hand it to.
+      try { socket.destroy(); } catch (e) {}
+      return;
     }
+    tcpServer.handleConnection(socket);
   }
 
 
@@ -264,52 +923,140 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
 
   function listen(listenPort, host, callback) {
     if (typeof host === 'function') { callback = host; host = null; }
-    port = listenPort || 443;
 
-    var remaining = needsTcp ? 2 : 1;
+    // `|| 443` turned port 0 into 443. Port 0 is not "no port": it is the
+    // documented way to ask the OS for a free one, which every test harness
+    // and every process that binds more than one server relies on. The old
+    // form silently bound 443 instead — and on a machine where that needs
+    // privileges, failed with EACCES for a caller that never mentioned 443.
+    port = (listenPort === undefined || listenPort === null) ? 443 : listenPort;
+    if (port !== 0) altSvcPort = port;
+
+    // Only what this server owns: UDP unless it was handed sockets, TCP unless
+    // both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 are off.
+    var bindUdp = enableH3 && !isExternalUdp;
+    var remaining = (bindUdp ? 1 : 0) + (needsTcp ? 1 : 0);
     var called = false;
 
     function done() {
       remaining--;
       if (remaining <= 0 && !called) {
         called = true;
+        listening = true;
+        closed = false;
+        // After listen(0) the OS chose the port; Alt-Svc must name that one.
+        if (port === 0 && tcpServer && tcpServer.address()) altSvcPort = tcpServer.address().port;
         ev.emit('listening');
         if (typeof callback === 'function') callback();
       }
     }
 
-    // H3 — always. In external mode h3srv.listen() wires up the external
-    // sockets' message handler and starts the sweep timer, but does not
-    // bind anything new.
-    h3srv.listen(port, host, done);
+    // Nothing to bind — every socket is external. Still answer, and still
+    // asynchronously, like a real bind would.
+    if (remaining === 0) { remaining = 1; setImmediate(done); return server; }
 
-    // TCP — if needed
-    if (needsTcp) {
-      startTcpServer(port, host, done);
-    }
+    if (ref === false) { if (enableH3) h3srv.unref(); if (tcpServer) tcpServer.unref(); }
+    if (bindUdp) h3srv.listen(port, host, done);
+    if (needsTcp) tcpServer.listen(port, host || '0.0.0.0', done);
 
     return server;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * As node:http's close(): no new connections; the idle ones closed now;
+   * each with a request in flight closes once it is answered — HTTP/2 and
+   * HTTP/3 with GOAWAY (RFC 9113 §6.8, RFC 9114 §5.2), HTTP/1.1 at the end
+   * of its response. The callback, and 'close', when every connection is
+   * gone. It used to close every connection at once, on all three versions:
+   * a response being written was cut off (HTTP/1.1: ECONNRESET; HTTP/3: the
+   * client waited for the rest until a timeout). A second close(): the
+   * callback gets ERR_SERVER_NOT_RUNNING, as node:http's.
+   */
   function close(callback) {
-    var remaining = 1 + (tcpServer ? 1 : 0);
+    if (closed) {
+      if (typeof callback === 'function') {
+        var e = new Error('Server is not running.'); e.code = 'ERR_SERVER_NOT_RUNNING';
+        process.nextTick(callback, e);
+      }
+      return server;
+    }
+    closed = true;
+    listening = false;
+    // h3srv is closed whenever HTTP/3 is on, bound or not: in external mode it
+    // still runs a sweep timer, started at creation.
+    var remaining = (enableH3 ? 1 : 0) + (tcpServer ? 1 : 0);
 
     function onClose() {
       remaining--;
-      if (remaining <= 0 && typeof callback === 'function') callback();
+      if (remaining > 0) return;
+      ev.emit('close');
+      if (typeof callback === 'function') callback();
     }
 
-    h3srv.close(onClose);
-    if (tcpServer) { tcpServer.close(onClose); tcpServer = null; }
-    else if (remaining <= 1 && typeof callback === 'function') callback();
+    if (remaining === 0) { remaining = 1; process.nextTick(onClose); return server; }
+    if (enableH3) h3srv.close(onClose);
+    if (tcpServer) {
+      if (h1srv) h1srv.beginClose();
+      if (h2srv) h2srv.beginClose();
+      // The port, and what tcp_listener holds that HTTP did not claim.
+      // Its callback waits for every socket, as node:net's.
+      tcpServer.close(onClose);
+      tcpServer = null;
+    }
+    return server;
+  }
+
+  // node:http's: the connections with nothing in flight closed now (Node
+  // does this from close() too); all of them, in flight or not. A socket
+  // handed to 'upgrade' over HTTP/1.1 is not this server's any more and
+  // stays; HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 carry WebSockets and WebTransport on the
+  // connection itself, and close with it.
+  function closeIdleConnections() {
+    if (h1srv) h1srv.closeIdleConnections();
+    if (h2srv) h2srv.closeIdleConnections();
+    if (enableH3) h3srv.closeIdleConnections();
+  }
+  function closeAllConnections() {
+    if (h1srv) h1srv.closeAllConnections();
+    if (h2srv) h2srv.closeAllConnections();
+    if (enableH3) h3srv.closeAllConnections();
+  }
+
+  // node:net's getConnections(cb): TCP connections and QUIC ones.
+  function getConnections(cb) {
+    var n = (h1srv ? h1srv.connectionCount : 0) + (h2srv ? h2srv.connectionCount : 0) + (enableH3 ? h3srv.connectionCount : 0);
+    if (typeof cb === 'function') process.nextTick(cb, null, n);
+    return server;
+  }
+
+  // node:http's timeouts and limits, readable and settable while the server
+  // runs, as server.keepAliveTimeout = 5000. Each version takes what it has:
+  // keepAliveTimeout and maxHeadersCount are HTTP/1.1's; the rest all three.
+  var limits = {
+    headersTimeout: options.headersTimeout != null ? options.headersTimeout : 60000,
+    requestTimeout: options.requestTimeout != null ? options.requestTimeout : 300000,
+    keepAliveTimeout: options.keepAliveTimeout != null ? options.keepAliveTimeout : 5000,
+    maxHeadersCount: options.maxHeaderCount != null ? options.maxHeaderCount : 2000,
+    maxRequestsPerSocket: options.maxRequestsPerSocket != null ? options.maxRequestsPerSocket : 0
+  };
+  function setLimit(name, value) {
+    if (typeof value !== 'number' || !(value >= 0)) throw new RangeError('server.' + name + ' must be a non-negative number, got ' + value);
+    limits[name] = value;
+    var o = {};
+    o[name === 'maxHeadersCount' ? 'maxHeaderCount' : name] = value;
+    if (h1srv) h1srv.setLimits(o);
+    if (h2srv) h2srv.setLimits(o);
+    if (enableH3) h3srv.setLimits(o);
   }
 
   function address() {
+    // The TCP listener knows the port the OS actually assigned, which is the
+    // only useful answer after listen(0).
     if (tcpServer && typeof tcpServer.address === 'function') {
       var addr = tcpServer.address();
       if (addr) return addr;
     }
-    return { address: '0.0.0.0', family: 'IPv4', port: port };
+    return { address: '0.0.0.0', family: 'IPv4', port: altSvcPort };
   }
 
 
@@ -317,21 +1064,217 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
   //  Public API
   // ============================================================
 
-  var server = {
+  // ---- server.setTimeout / server.timeout — node:http's ----
+  //
+  // Inactivity on a connection's socket: after `serverTimeout` ms with nothing
+  // read or written, 'timeout' is emitted with the socket — and if nothing
+  // listens for it, the socket is destroyed. 0 (the default) disables it.
+  // Applied when a connection is accepted, so a change affects new
+  // connections only — as in Node. TCP connections (HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2); an
+  // HTTP/3 connection has QUIC's own idle timeout. This used to only register
+  // the callback: no connection ever timed out.
+  var serverTimeout = 0;
+  function armSocketTimeout(sock) {
+    if (!(serverTimeout > 0) || typeof sock.setTimeout !== 'function') return;
+    sock.setTimeout(serverTimeout);
+    sock.on('timeout', function () {
+      if (ev.listenerCount('timeout') > 0) ev.emit('timeout', sock);
+      else { try { sock.destroy(); } catch (e) {} }
+    });
+  }
+
+  var api = {
     listen: listen,
     close: close,
     address: address,
-    on: function (name, fn) { ev.on(name, fn); return server; },
-    once: function (name, fn) { ev.once(name, fn); return server; },
-    off: function (name, fn) { ev.off(name, fn); return server; },
-    removeListener: function (name, fn) { ev.removeListener(name, fn); return server; },
-    emit: function () { ev.emit.apply(ev, arguments); return server; },
-    setTimeout: function (msecs, callback) {
-      if (tcpServer && typeof tcpServer.setTimeout === 'function') {
-        tcpServer.setTimeout(msecs, callback);
+    handleConnection: handleConnection,
+    closeIdleConnections: closeIdleConnections,
+    closeAllConnections: closeAllConnections,
+    getConnections: getConnections,
+    get listening() { return listening; },
+    get headersTimeout() { return limits.headersTimeout; },
+    set headersTimeout(v) { setLimit('headersTimeout', v); },
+    get requestTimeout() { return limits.requestTimeout; },
+    set requestTimeout(v) { setLimit('requestTimeout', v); },
+    get keepAliveTimeout() { return limits.keepAliveTimeout; },
+    set keepAliveTimeout(v) { setLimit('keepAliveTimeout', v); },
+    get maxHeadersCount() { return limits.maxHeadersCount; },
+    set maxHeadersCount(v) { setLimit('maxHeadersCount', v); },
+    get maxRequestsPerSocket() { return limits.maxRequestsPerSocket; },
+    set maxRequestsPerSocket(v) { setLimit('maxRequestsPerSocket', v); },
+    // node:net's: unref() lets the process exit while the server listens.
+    ref: function () { ref = true; if (enableH3) h3srv.ref(); if (tcpServer) tcpServer.ref(); return server; },
+    unref: function () { ref = false; if (enableH3) h3srv.unref(); if (tcpServer) tcpServer.unref(); return server; },
+
+    /**
+     * The session ticket keys: 48 bytes, the key every ticket is sealed with
+     * — TCP and QUIC alike. tls.Server's names and rules: setTicketKeys takes
+     * a 48-byte Buffer and throws on anything else.
+     *
+     * A server that keeps its keys across restarts (a file, say) passes them
+     * as options.ticketKeys, and can replace them while running: connections
+     * from then on use the new key. Tickets sealed with the old one no longer
+     * open — each of those clients does one full handshake and gets a new
+     * ticket, as after a restart with random keys.
+     */
+    /**
+     * node:tls's server.setSecureContext(options): the certificate from the
+     * next handshake on — HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 alike; connections open
+     * keep theirs. { key, cert[, ca, passphrase] } (files' contents or paths,
+     * as createServer takes them), or a quico.createSecureContext(). A bad
+     * one throws here, and the one in use stays. The way to renew a
+     * certificate (Let's Encrypt) without a restart.
+     */
+    setSecureContext: function (o) {
+      if (!hasTlsCredentials) throw new Error('setSecureContext: this server has no TLS (it was made without key/cert or SNICallback)');
+      var ctx = toContext(o, 'setSecureContext');
+      defaultContext = ctx;
+    },
+    /**
+     * node:tls's server.addContext(hostname, context): this certificate for
+     * that name (the client's SNI) — '*.example.com' covering one label —
+     * on every version, from the next handshake on. The latest added wins
+     * where two match. Not consulted when createServer had an SNICallback
+     * (as in Node).
+     */
+    addContext: function (hostname, ctx) {
+      if (typeof hostname !== 'string' || hostname === '') throw new TypeError('addContext: hostname must be a non-empty string');
+      if (!hasTlsCredentials) throw new Error('addContext: this server has no TLS (it was made without key/cert or SNICallback)');
+      var re = new RegExp('^' + hostname.replace(/([.^$+?\-\\[\]{}()|])/g, '\\$1').replace(/\*/g, '[^.]*') + '$', 'i');
+      sniContexts.push([re, toContext(ctx, 'addContext')]);
+    },
+    getTicketKeys: function () { return ticketKeys; },
+    setTicketKeys: function (keys) {
+      if (!Buffer.isBuffer(keys) || keys.length !== 48) {
+        throw new TypeError('ticket keys must be a 48-byte Buffer');
       }
+      ticketKeys = keys;
+      if (tcpServer) tcpServer.setTicketKeys(keys);
+      h3srv.setTicketKeys(keys);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The Encrypted Client Hello keys, TCP and QUIC alike. Rotation without a
+     * restart: publish the new config in DNS (ech= in the HTTPS record), then
+     * setEchKeys with the new key and the old one kept as retry: false until
+     * the old record's TTL has run out — clients still holding it connect
+     * meanwhile. New connections use the new set; a bad key throws and the
+     * old set stays.
+     */
+    getEchKeys: function () { return ech; },
+    setEchKeys: function (keys) {
+      if (keys) lemonTls.checkEchKeys(keys);
+      ech = keys || null;
+      if (tcpServer) tcpServer.setEchKeys(ech);
+      h3srv.setEchKeys(ech);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The secret HTTP/3 stateless reset tokens are derived from (RFC 9000
+     * §10.3) — node:quic's resetTokenSecret, at least 16 bytes. Kept across
+     * restarts (options.resetTokenSecret, or set here once read), it lets a
+     * restarted server tell each browser still holding a connection to the
+     * old one that it is gone, instead of leaving it to time out.
+     */
+    /**
+     * HTTP/3 address validation with Retry (RFC 9000 §8.1.2): while on, each
+     * new client proves its address with one extra round trip before any
+     * connection state or key exchange is spent on it — the defence against
+     * a flood of Initials from spoofed addresses. quico never turns it on by
+     * itself; the application decides when (always, never, under load) and
+     * can switch it at any moment. Applies from the next new client on.
+     */
+    getValidateAddress: function () { return h3srv.getValidateAddress(); },
+    setValidateAddress: function (on) { h3srv.setValidateAddress(on); },
+
+    /**
+     * HTTP/3 handshakes under way: connections made and not yet complete
+     * (the client's Finished verified). The application decides what load
+     * is — 'handshakeLoad' ({ pending, high }) tells it when the count
+     * reaches handshakeLoadThreshold (high: true) and when it is back under
+     * half of it (high: false) — and what to do: setOptions({
+     * validateAddress: true }), say. maxHandshakesPerAddress caps them per
+     * client address; past it an Initial makes no connection. 0 turns either
+     * off. Both change with setOptions, at once.
+     */
+    getPendingHandshakes: function () { return h3srv.getPendingHandshakes(); },
+    /**
+     * The options that can change while the server runs, by createServer's
+     * names — one call, a partial object, checked whole before anything
+     * changes (a bad value: TypeError / RangeError, nothing changed):
+     *   validateAddress, handshakeLoadThreshold, maxHandshakesPerAddress
+     *     the server's (from the next client; the threshold at once);
+     *   startupCap, initialCongestionWindow, carefulResume, pmtuDiscovery,
+     *   maxUdpPayloadSize, initialRtt, reorderWindow
+     *     what new HTTP/3 connections are made with — open ones keep
+     *     theirs (conn.setOptions, or connectionOptions, for one).
+     * A name that cannot change this way says what can (cert:
+     * setSecureContext()). getOptions(): all of them, as they are now.
+     */
+    getOptions: function () { return h3srv.getOptions(); },
+    setOptions: function (o) { h3srv.setOptions(o); return server; },
+
+    getResetTokenSecret: function () { return h3srv.getResetTokenSecret(); },
+    setResetTokenSecret: function (secret) { h3srv.setResetTokenSecret(secret); },
+
+    /**
+     * The secret HTTP/3 address-validation tokens — Retry's, and NEW_TOKEN's
+     * for a client's next connection — are sealed under: node:quic's
+     * tokenSecret, at least 16 bytes. Random unless given. Servers that share
+     * it open each other's tokens — several servers on one port (a thread
+     * each, SO_REUSEPORT), or one restarted.
+     */
+    getTokenSecret: function () { return h3srv.getTokenSecret(); },
+    setTokenSecret: function (secret) { h3srv.setTokenSecret(secret); },
+
+    /**
+     * Carry another protocol over this server's TLS port, beside HTTP.
+     *
+     * A client that negotiates `name` by ALPN is handed to `handler(socket)`
+     * after the TLS handshake, as a decrypted Duplex. `options.sniff(bytes)`
+     * also claims connections that negotiated no ALPN, by their first bytes —
+     * how TURN over TLS on 443 is recognised from a browser, which offers no
+     * ALPN for it. `options.paused` hands the socket over paused for the
+     * handler to resume. See register() in tcp_listener.
+     *
+     * The name is added to the ALPN list the server advertises, after the
+     * HTTP versions, so an HTTPS client still gets h2 or HTTP/1.1.
+     */
+    addProtocol: function (name, handler, options) {
+      if (!tcpServer) throw new Error('addProtocol needs the TCP side (http1 or http2 enabled)');
+      if (!hasTlsCredentials) throw new Error('addProtocol needs TLS: without it there is no ALPN, and nothing to sniff after');
+      tcpServer.register(name, handler, options);
+      return server;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * CONNECT-UDP's figures, across this server's tunnels: { active,
+     * accepted, rejected, closed, packetsFromClient, bytesFromClient,
+     * packetsToClient, bytesToClient, droppedFromClient, droppedToClient }
+     * — those of tunnels still open included. Each tunnel has its own
+     * (tunnel.stats, and the 'close' event's argument).
+     */
+    getConnectUdpStats: function () { return udpProxy.stats(); },
+
+    /**
+     * The server's counters since it was made, a copy: connections and TLS
+     * handshakes over QUIC and TCP, the protocols they spoke, 0-RTT taken,
+     * refused and answered 425, how connections ended by code (QUIC and
+     * HTTP/3 CONNECTION_CLOSE, HTTP/2 GOAWAY, HTTP/1.1 requests refused),
+     * streams reset by code, datagrams held at the anti-amplification limit,
+     * internal errors caught. Counts only — no addresses, no names.
+     * See server_stats.js.
+     */
+    getStats: function () { return stats.snapshot(); },
+
+    setTimeout: function (msecs, callback) {
+      if (typeof msecs === 'function') { callback = msecs; msecs = undefined; }
+      if (msecs !== undefined) serverTimeout = Math.max(0, Number(msecs) || 0);
+      if (typeof callback === 'function') ev.on('timeout', callback);
       return server;
     },
+    get timeout() { return serverTimeout; },
+    set timeout(ms) { serverTimeout = Math.max(0, Number(ms) || 0); },
 
     /** Feed an incoming UDP packet from a shared/external socket.
      *  rinfo must be in Node's dgram format: { address, port, family, size }.
@@ -340,13 +1283,42 @@ function createServer(options, handler) {
       return h3srv.handlePacket(msg, rinfo);
     },
 
-    /** Returns true if the 5-tuple matches an active QUIC connection.
-     *  Used by demuxers for routing decisions on shared UDP ports. */
-    hasConnection: function (rinfo) {
-      return h3srv.hasConnection(rinfo);
+    /** hasConnection(rinfo): the address matches an active QUIC connection.
+     *  hasConnection(rinfo, msg): the datagram is addressed to one, by its
+     *  connection ID — for servers sharing a port across threads
+     *  (quic_server.js). Used by demuxers for routing decisions on shared
+     *  UDP ports. */
+    hasConnection: function (rinfo, msg) {
+      return h3srv.hasConnection(rinfo, msg);
     }
   };
 
+  // The server IS an EventEmitter, as node:http's is (a net.Server): every
+  // method of one, and instanceof. It was a plain object passing five of
+  // them on to an emitter inside — socket.io, which takes the 'request'
+  // listeners off (listeners(), removeAllListeners()) to put its own first,
+  // failed at once.
+  var server = ev;
+  Object.defineProperties(server, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(api));
+  // server.on('request', app) — the other way an app is attached: an Express
+  // app is adopted (adoptApp, streams.js), whichever method adds it.
+  ['on', 'addListener', 'once', 'prependListener', 'prependOnceListener'].forEach(function (m) {
+    var base = EventEmitter.prototype[m];
+    Object.defineProperty(server, m, {
+      configurable: true, writable: true,
+      value: function (name, fn) { if (name === 'request') adoptApp(fn); return base.call(this, name, fn); }
+    });
+  });
+  // node:net's: `await using server = createServer(...)` closes it.
+  if (typeof Symbol.asyncDispose === 'symbol') {
+    server[Symbol.asyncDispose] = function () {
+      return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+        if (closed) { resolve(); return; }
+        close(function (err) { if (err) reject(err); else resolve(); });
+      });
+    };
+  }
+
   return server;
 }