quico 0.4.0 → 0.8.0

package/src/h3.js

@@ -12,6 +12,51 @@
  *     https://github.com/colocohen/quico
  */
 
+import {
+  createQpackTable,
+  createQpackHistory,
+  encodeHeaderBlock as qpackEncodeHeaderBlock,
+  encodeInsert as qpackEncodeInsert,
+  encodeSetCapacity as qpackEncodeSetCapacity,
+  parseDecoderInstructions as qpackParseDecoderInstructions,
+  encodeInsertCountIncrement as qpackEncodeAck,
+  encodeStreamCancellation as qpackEncodeStreamCancel,
+  decodeRequiredInsertCount,
+  encodeSectionAck as qpackEncodeSectionAck,
+  entrySize as qpackEntrySize
+} from './qpack.js';
+import { validateFieldSection, parseContentLength, parsePriority, formatPriority } from './http_common.js';
+
+// ============================================================
+//  QPACK dynamic table (RFC 9204): ON.
+//
+//  A kill switch rather than a constant, because the dynamic table is the one
+//  part of HTTP/3 whose failure is invisible to a quico-to-quico test: both
+//  ends of such a test share this file's encoder and decoder, so a mistake
+//  made the same way on both sides passes. That is exactly what happened
+//  once — the Required Insert Count was sent raw and read raw, the two agreed,
+//  and every real browser failed from its fourth request on.
+//
+//  Verified since against independent implementations in both directions:
+//  aioquic/ls-qpack and Chromium. Set to false to fall back to static-table
+//  and Huffman compression only, with no other change.
+// ============================================================
+var QPACK_DYNAMIC_TABLE = true;
+
+// The dynamic table's size, both ways: what we let the peer's encoder use, and
+// the most our encoder uses of what the peer allows. 4096 is what browsers
+// advertise, and it is enough: the fields that repeat and are not in the
+// static table — user-agent, accept, sec-ch-ua — total a few hundred bytes.
+var QPACK_TABLE_BYTES = 4096;
+
+// Streams that may wait for the peer's encoder stream at once (SETTINGS_
+// QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS, RFC 9204 §2.1.2): a field section may then
+// reference an entry the encoder has only just inserted — its insertion and
+// the section travel on different streams, and either can arrive first —
+// rather than wait a round trip for our acknowledgement, or not compress the
+// field at all. 0 was advertised. Chromium advertises 100.
+var QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS = 100;
+
 import {
   DEBUG,
   Emitter,
@@ -20,301 +65,198 @@ import {
   readVarInt,
   wt_stream_header
 } from './utils.js';
+import {
+  QPACK_STATIC,
+  readPrefixedInt,
+  decodeStringLiteral
+} from './hpack_primitives.js';
 
 
 // ============================================================
-//  QPACK Static Table (RFC 9204 Appendix A)
-// ============================================================
-
-var QPACK_STATIC = [
-  [':authority',''], [':path','/'], ['age','0'], ['content-disposition',''],
-  ['content-length','0'], ['cookie',''], ['date',''], ['etag',''],
-  ['if-modified-since',''], ['if-none-match',''], ['last-modified',''],
-  ['link',''], ['location',''], ['referer',''], ['set-cookie',''],
-  [':method','CONNECT'], [':method','DELETE'], [':method','GET'],
-  [':method','HEAD'], [':method','OPTIONS'], [':method','POST'],
-  [':method','PUT'], [':scheme','http'], [':scheme','https'],
-  [':status','103'], [':status','200'], [':status','304'],
-  [':status','404'], [':status','503'], ['accept','*/*'],
-  ['accept','application/dns-message'], ['accept-encoding','gzip, deflate, br'],
-  ['accept-ranges','bytes'], ['access-control-allow-headers','cache-control'],
-  ['access-control-allow-headers','content-type'],
-  ['access-control-allow-origin','*'], ['cache-control','max-age=0'],
-  ['cache-control','max-age=2592000'], ['cache-control','max-age=604800'],
-  ['cache-control','no-cache'], ['cache-control','no-store'],
-  ['cache-control','public, max-age=31536000'], ['content-encoding','br'],
-  ['content-encoding','gzip'], ['content-type','application/dns-message'],
-  ['content-type','application/javascript'], ['content-type','application/json'],
-  ['content-type','application/x-www-form-urlencoded'],
-  ['content-type','image/gif'], ['content-type','image/jpeg'],
-  ['content-type','image/png'], ['content-type','text/css'],
-  ['content-type','text/html; charset=utf-8'], ['content-type','text/plain'],
-  ['content-type','text/plain;charset=utf-8'], ['range','bytes=0-'],
-  ['strict-transport-security','max-age=31536000'],
-  ['strict-transport-security','max-age=31536000; includesubdomains'],
-  ['strict-transport-security','max-age=31536000; includesubdomains; preload'],
-  ['vary','accept-encoding'], ['vary','origin'],
-  ['x-content-type-options','nosniff'], ['x-xss-protection','1; mode=block'],
-  [':status','100'], [':status','204'], [':status','206'], [':status','302'],
-  [':status','400'], [':status','403'], [':status','421'], [':status','425'],
-  [':status','500'], ['accept-language',''],
-  ['access-control-allow-credentials','FALSE'],
-  ['access-control-allow-credentials','TRUE'],
-  ['access-control-allow-headers','*'],
-  ['access-control-allow-methods','get'],
-  ['access-control-allow-methods','get, post, options'],
-  ['access-control-allow-methods','options'],
-  ['access-control-expose-headers','content-length'],
-  ['access-control-request-headers','content-type'],
-  ['access-control-request-method','get'],
-  ['access-control-request-method','post'], ['alt-svc','clear'],
-  ['authorization',''],
-  ['content-security-policy',"script-src 'none'; object-src 'none'; base-uri 'none'"],
-  ['early-data','1'], ['expect-ct',''], ['forwarded',''], ['if-range',''],
-  ['origin',''], ['purpose','prefetch'], ['server',''],
-  ['timing-allow-origin','*'], ['upgrade-insecure-requests','1'],
-  ['user-agent',''], ['x-forwarded-for',''],
-  ['x-frame-options','deny'], ['x-frame-options','sameorigin']
-];
-
-
-// ============================================================
-//  Huffman (RFC 7541 Appendix B)
+//  QPACK header blocks (RFC 9204)
+//
+//  The wire primitives — Huffman, prefixed integers, string literals — now live
+//  in hpack_primitives.js, because RFC 9204 defines them by reference to
+//  RFC 7541 and HTTP/2's HPACK needs byte-identical code. What stays here is
+//  what is genuinely QPACK: the RIC/base-index prefix, the encoder-stream
+//  instructions, and the static table's own contents.
+//
+//  Names and values are turned into text with TextDecoder (UTF-8), which is
+//  what this file has always done. hpack_primitives exports bytesToLatin1 as a
+//  lossless alternative; switching to it is a deliberate behaviour change and
+//  deliberately NOT part of this move.
 // ============================================================
 
-var HUFF_CODES = new Uint32Array([
-  0x1ff8,0x7fffd8,0xfffffe2,0xfffffe3,0xfffffe4,0xfffffe5,0xfffffe6,0xfffffe7,
-  0xfffffe8,0xffffea,0x3ffffffc,0xfffffe9,0xfffffea,0x3ffffffd,0xfffffeb,0xfffffec,
-  0xfffffed,0xfffffee,0xfffffef,0xffffff0,0xffffff1,0xffffff2,0x3ffffffe,0xffffff3,
-  0xffffff4,0xffffff5,0xffffff6,0xffffff7,0xffffff8,0xffffff9,0xffffffa,0xffffffb,
-  0x14,0x3f8,0x3f9,0xffa,0x1ff9,0x15,0xf8,0x7fa,0x3fa,0x3fb,0xf9,0x7fb,0xfa,
-  0x16,0x17,0x18,0x0,0x1,0x2,0x19,0x1a,0x1b,0x1c,0x1d,0x1e,0x1f,0x5c,0xfb,
-  0x7ffc,0x20,0xffb,0x3fc,0x1ffa,0x21,0x5d,0x5e,0x5f,0x60,0x61,0x62,0x63,0x64,
-  0x65,0x66,0x67,0x68,0x69,0x6a,0x6b,0x6c,0x6d,0x6e,0x6f,0x70,0x71,0x72,0xfc,
-  0x73,0xfd,0x1ffb,0x7fff0,0x1ffc,0x3ffc,0x22,0x7ffd,0x3,0x23,0x4,0x24,0x5,0x25,
-  0x26,0x27,0x6,0x74,0x75,0x28,0x29,0x2a,0x7,0x2b,0x76,0x2c,0x8,0x9,0x2d,0x77,
-  0x78,0x79,0x7a,0x7b,0x7ffe,0x7fc,0x3ffd,0x1ffd,0xffffffc,0xfffe6,0x3fffd2,
-  0xfffe7,0xfffe8,0x3fffd3,0x3fffd4,0x3fffd5,0x7fffd9,0x3fffd6,0x7fffda,0x7fffdb,
-  0x7fffdc,0x7fffdd,0x7fffde,0xffffeb,0x7fffdf,0xffffec,0xffffed,0x3fffd7,0x7fffe0,
-  0xffffee,0x7fffe1,0x7fffe2,0x7fffe3,0x7fffe4,0x1fffdc,0x3fffd8,0x7fffe5,0x3fffd9,
-  0x7fffe6,0x7fffe7,0xffffef,0x3fffda,0x1fffdd,0xfffe9,0x3fffdb,0x3fffdc,0x7fffe8,
-  0x7fffe9,0x1fffde,0x7fffea,0x3fffdd,0x3fffde,0xfffff0,0x1fffdf,0x3fffdf,0x7fffeb,
-  0x7fffec,0x1fffe0,0x1fffe1,0x3fffe0,0x1fffe2,0x7fffed,0x3fffe1,0x7fffee,0x7fffef,
-  0xfffea,0x3fffe2,0x3fffe3,0x3fffe4,0x7ffff0,0x3fffe5,0x3fffe6,0x7ffff1,0x3ffffe0,
-  0x3ffffe1,0xfffeb,0x7fff1,0x3fffe7,0x7ffff2,0x3fffe8,0x1ffffec,0x3ffffe2,0x3ffffe3,
-  0x3ffffe4,0x7ffffde,0x7ffffdf,0x3ffffe5,0xfffff1,0x1ffffed,0x7fff2,0x1fffe3,
-  0x3ffffe6,0x7ffffe0,0x7ffffe1,0x3ffffe7,0x7ffffe2,0xfffff2,0x1fffe4,0x1fffe5,
-  0x3ffffe8,0x3ffffe9,0xffffffd,0x7ffffe3,0x7ffffe4,0x7ffffe5,0xfffec,0xfffff3,
-  0xfffed,0x1fffe6,0x3fffe9,0x1fffe7,0x1fffe8,0x7ffff3,0x3fffea,0x3fffeb,0x1ffffee,
-  0x1ffffef,0xfffff4,0xfffff5,0x3ffffea,0x7ffff4,0x3ffffeb,0x7ffffe6,0x3ffffec,
-  0x3ffffed,0x7ffffe7,0x7ffffe8,0x7ffffe9,0x7ffffea,0x7ffffeb,0xffffffe,0x7ffffec,
-  0x7ffffed,0x7ffffee,0x7ffffef,0x7fffff0,0x3ffffee,0x3fffffff
-]);
-
-var HUFF_BITS = new Uint8Array([
-  13,23,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,24,30,28,28,30,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,28,30,28,28,
-  28,28,28,28,28,28,28,6,10,10,12,13,6,8,11,10,10,8,11,8,6,6,6,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,
-  6,6,6,7,8,15,6,12,10,13,6,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,7,
-  8,13,19,13,14,6,15,5,6,5,6,5,6,6,6,5,7,7,6,6,6,5,6,7,6,5,5,6,7,7,7,7,7,15,
-  11,14,13,28,20,22,20,20,22,22,22,23,22,23,23,23,23,23,24,23,24,24,22,23,24,
-  23,23,23,23,21,22,23,22,23,23,24,22,21,20,22,22,23,23,21,23,22,22,24,21,22,
-  23,23,21,21,22,21,23,22,23,23,20,22,22,22,23,22,22,23,26,26,20,19,22,23,22,
-  25,26,26,26,27,27,26,24,25,19,21,26,27,27,26,27,24,21,21,26,26,28,27,27,27,
-  20,24,20,21,22,21,21,23,22,22,25,25,24,24,26,23,26,27,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
-  28,27,27,27,27,27,26,30
-]);
-
-var _huffRoot = (function () {
-  var root = {};
-  for (var i = 0; i < HUFF_CODES.length; i++) {
-    var code = HUFF_CODES[i], bits = HUFF_BITS[i], node = root;
-    for (var j = bits - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
-      var bit = (code >> j) & 1;
-      if (!node[bit]) node[bit] = {};
-      node = node[bit];
-    }
-    node.sym = i;
-  }
-  return root;
-})();
-
-function huffDecode(buf) {
-  var out = [], node = _huffRoot, nbits = 0, current = 0;
-  for (var i = 0; i < buf.length; i++) {
-    current = (current << 8) | buf[i];
-    nbits += 8;
-    while (nbits > 0) {
-      node = node[(current >> (nbits - 1)) & 1];
-      if (!node) throw new Error('Invalid Huffman');
-      nbits--;
-      if (node.sym !== undefined) { out.push(node.sym); node = _huffRoot; }
-    }
-  }
-  return new TextDecoder().decode(Uint8Array.from(out));
+// One decoder for the module: decode() holds no state between calls (no
+// `stream` option), and constructing one per name and per value cost more
+// than the decoding itself.
+var _utf8Decoder = new TextDecoder();
+function _text(bytes) {
+  return _utf8Decoder.decode(bytes);
 }
 
+// Every decodeStringLiteral() call below passes strict = true, enabling the
+// padding checks of RFC 7541 §5.2: padding over 7 bits, padding that is not the
+// EOS prefix, and a literal EOS symbol are all rejected. Without it an all-ones
+// run decodes to symbol 256, which then silently truncates to a zero byte and
+// lands in a header value — a malformed block quietly becomes a valid-looking
+// request. Every peer that matters (nghttp2, quiche, msquic, Chrome) pads
+// correctly, and the QPACK interop tests check that a decoder rejects the ones
+// that do not.
+//
+// Note what strict does NOT cover: a literal cut short by the end of the
+// available bytes still returns null and the parser waits for more, because on
+// a QUIC stream that is ordinary partial delivery, not corruption. Telling the
+// two apart needs the stream's FIN — a block still incomplete at FIN is a real
+// error, and that check belongs with the per-stream state, not here.
+
+
+
+function parseQpackHeaderBlock(buf, dynamicTable, totalInserts, maxEntries, maxSectionSize) {
+  // RFC 9204 §4.5. `dynamicTable` is newest-first; `totalInserts` is how many
+  // entries the peer has ever inserted, so absolute index A (zero-based) sits
+  // at array position totalInserts - 1 - A — if it has not been evicted.
+  //
+  // This used to read the Required Insert Count raw, compute Base with the
+  // sign bit's meaning reversed, and index the array by the absolute index.
+  // None of it ran while our advertised table capacity was 0; the moment it
+  // was raised, every conforming encoder broke on its first dynamic reference.
+  var pos = 0;
+  var ricEnc = readPrefixedInt(buf, 8, pos); if (!ricEnc) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field section prefix');
+  pos = ricEnc.next;
+  if (pos >= buf.length) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field section prefix');
+  var sign = (buf[pos] & 0x80) !== 0;
+  var db = readPrefixedInt(buf, 7, pos); if (!db) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field section prefix');
+  pos = db.next;
+
+  var ric = decodeRequiredInsertCount(ricEnc.value, maxEntries || 0, totalInserts || 0);
+
+  // A section past the inserts received waits before it is decoded (the
+  // caller, sectionBlocked): here, it is one that should not have come.
+  if (ric > (totalInserts || 0)) {
+    throw new Error('QPACK: section needs ' + ric + ' inserts, have ' + (totalInserts || 0));
+  }
 
-// ============================================================
-//  QPACK parse/build helpers
-// ============================================================
+  // §4.5.1.2: sign 0 → Base = RIC + Delta; sign 1 → Base = RIC - Delta - 1.
+  var base = sign ? ric - db.value - 1 : ric + db.value;
+  if (base < 0) throw new Error('QPACK: negative Base');
 
-// Read a QPACK/HPACK prefixed integer at buf[pos]. Returns { value, next } or
-// null if the buffer ends mid-integer (truncated). Used by both the header
-// block parser and the encoder-instruction parser.
-function readPrefixedInt(buf, prefixBits, pos) {
-  if (pos >= buf.length) return null;
-  var max = (1 << prefixBits) - 1;
-  var value = buf[pos] & max;
-  pos++;
-  if (value < max) return { value: value, next: pos };
-  var m = 0;
-  while (pos < buf.length) {
-    var byte = buf[pos++];
-    value += (byte & 0x7f) << m;
-    if ((byte & 0x80) === 0) return { value: value, next: pos };
-    m += 7;
+  function entryAt(absolute) {
+    // Only entries below the declared Required Insert Count may be referenced.
+    if (absolute < 0 || absolute >= ric) {
+      throw new Error('QPACK: dynamic reference ' + absolute + ' outside Required Insert Count ' + ric);
+    }
+    var p = totalInserts - 1 - absolute;
+    if (!dynamicTable || p < 0 || p >= dynamicTable.length) {
+      throw new Error('QPACK: dynamic entry ' + absolute + ' unresolvable (evicted or never inserted)');
+    }
+    return dynamicTable[p];
   }
-  return null; // truncated mid-integer
-}
-
-function parseQpackHeaderBlock(buf, dynamicTable, baseIndex) {
-  var pos = 0;
-  var ric = readPrefixedInt(buf, 8, pos); if (!ric) return {}; pos = ric.next;
-  var postBase = (buf[pos] & 0x80) !== 0;
-  var db = readPrefixedInt(buf, 7, pos); if (!db) return {}; pos = db.next;
-  var bi = postBase ? ric.value + db.value : ric.value - db.value;
 
   var headers = {};
+  // The field names in the order they were decoded.
+  //
+  // An object cannot carry it — pseudo-headers and regular fields end up in
+  // whatever order the engine chooses — and the order is the strongest single
+  // signal in a protocol fingerprint: Chrome sends m,a,s,p, Firefox m,p,a,s,
+  // Safari m,s,p,a, each a constant in its own source. Attached as a
+  // non-enumerable property so nothing that iterates the headers is affected.
+  var _order = [];
+  // And every field as decoded, repeats included: the object kept only the
+  // last of a repeated name (two cookie fields, one survived), and has no
+  // way to say a name came twice. The section is validated, and the request's
+  // headers built, from this list (validateFieldSection, http_common).
+  var _list = [];
+  // The section's size as RFC 9114 §4.2.2 measures it: decoded, name and
+  // value in bytes plus 32 per field — what SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE
+  // limits. Only the ENCODED size of a HEADERS frame was bounded, and a
+  // reference to a dynamic-table entry is one byte however long the entry:
+  // 64 KB of references to one 4 KB entry decoded to 256 MB, joined into a
+  // single field value (HPACK's "decompression bomb", which HTTP/2 here
+  // bounds by MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE the same way).
+  var sectionSize = 0;
+  function field(name, value) {
+    if (maxSectionSize) {
+      sectionSize += qpackEntrySize(name, value);
+      if (sectionSize > maxSectionSize) {
+        var big = new Error('QPACK: field section exceeds ' + maxSectionSize + ' bytes decoded');
+        big.excessive = true;
+        throw big;
+      }
+    }
+    _order.push(name); _list.push([name, value]); if (name !== '__proto__') headers[name] = value;
+  }
+
   while (pos < buf.length) {
     var byte = buf[pos];
+    var idx, nameIdx, val, e;
 
     if ((byte & 0x80) === 0x80) {
-      // Indexed
-      var fromStatic = (byte & 0x40) !== 0;
-      var idx = readPrefixedInt(buf, 6, pos); if (!idx) break; pos = idx.next;
-      if (fromStatic && idx.value < QPACK_STATIC.length) {
-        headers[QPACK_STATIC[idx.value][0]] = QPACK_STATIC[idx.value][1];
-      } else if (!fromStatic && dynamicTable) {
-        var di = bi - 1 - idx.value;
-        if (di >= 0 && di < dynamicTable.length) {
-          headers[dynamicTable[di][0]] = dynamicTable[di][1];
-        }
+      // Indexed field line: 1 T xxxxxx
+      idx = readPrefixedInt(buf, 6, pos); if (!idx) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = idx.next;
+      if (byte & 0x40) {
+        if (idx.value >= QPACK_STATIC.length) throw new Error('QPACK: static index ' + idx.value + ' out of range');
+        field(QPACK_STATIC[idx.value][0], QPACK_STATIC[idx.value][1]);
+      } else {
+        e = entryAt(base - 1 - idx.value);
+        field(e[0], e[1]);
       }
 
     } else if ((byte & 0xc0) === 0x40) {
-      // Literal with name ref
-      var fromStatic = (byte & 0x10) !== 0;
-      var nameIdx = readPrefixedInt(buf, 4, pos); if (!nameIdx) break; pos = nameIdx.next;
-      var valH = (buf[pos] & 0x80) !== 0;
-      var valLen = readPrefixedInt(buf, 7, pos); if (!valLen) break; pos = valLen.next;
-      var valBytes = buf.slice(pos, pos + valLen.value); pos += valLen.value;
-      var value = valH ? huffDecode(valBytes) : new TextDecoder().decode(valBytes);
-
-      var name = null;
-      if (fromStatic && nameIdx.value < QPACK_STATIC.length) {
+      // Literal with name reference: 01 N T xxxx
+      nameIdx = readPrefixedInt(buf, 4, pos); if (!nameIdx) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = nameIdx.next;
+      val = decodeStringLiteral(buf, 7, pos, true); if (!val) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = val.next;
+      var name;
+      if (byte & 0x10) {
+        if (nameIdx.value >= QPACK_STATIC.length) throw new Error('QPACK: static name index ' + nameIdx.value + ' out of range');
         name = QPACK_STATIC[nameIdx.value][0];
-      } else if (!fromStatic && dynamicTable) {
-        var di = bi - 1 - nameIdx.value;
-        if (di >= 0 && di < dynamicTable.length) name = dynamicTable[di][0];
+      } else {
+        name = entryAt(base - 1 - nameIdx.value)[0];
       }
-      if (name) headers[name] = value;
+      field(name, _text(val.bytes));
 
     } else if ((byte & 0xe0) === 0x20) {
-      // Literal with literal name
-      var nameH = (byte & 0x08) !== 0;
-      var nameLen = readPrefixedInt(buf, 3, pos); if (!nameLen) break; pos = nameLen.next;
-      var nameBytes = buf.slice(pos, pos + nameLen.value); pos += nameLen.value;
-      var name = nameH ? huffDecode(nameBytes) : new TextDecoder().decode(nameBytes);
-      var valH = (buf[pos] & 0x80) !== 0;
-      var valLen = readPrefixedInt(buf, 7, pos); if (!valLen) break; pos = valLen.next;
-      var valBytes = buf.slice(pos, pos + valLen.value); pos += valLen.value;
-      var value = valH ? huffDecode(valBytes) : new TextDecoder().decode(valBytes);
-      headers[name] = value;
+      // Literal with literal name: 001 N H xxx
+      var nameLit = decodeStringLiteral(buf, 3, pos, true); if (!nameLit) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = nameLit.next;
+      val = decodeStringLiteral(buf, 7, pos, true); if (!val) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = val.next;
+      field(_text(nameLit.bytes), _text(val.bytes));
+
+    } else if ((byte & 0xf0) === 0x10) {
+      // Indexed field line with post-base index: 0001 xxxx (§4.5.3)
+      idx = readPrefixedInt(buf, 4, pos); if (!idx) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = idx.next;
+      e = entryAt(base + idx.value);
+      field(e[0], e[1]);
 
     } else {
-      break;
+      // Literal with post-base name reference: 0000 N xxx (§4.5.5)
+      nameIdx = readPrefixedInt(buf, 3, pos); if (!nameIdx) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = nameIdx.next;
+      val = decodeStringLiteral(buf, 7, pos, true); if (!val) throw new Error('QPACK: truncated field line');
+      pos = val.next;
+      field(entryAt(base + nameIdx.value)[0], _text(val.bytes));
     }
   }
 
+  Object.defineProperty(headers, '_order', { value: _order, enumerable: false });
+  Object.defineProperty(headers, '_list', { value: _list, enumerable: false });
+  // For the Section Acknowledgment the decoder owes when this is non-zero.
+  Object.defineProperty(headers, '_ric', { value: ric, enumerable: false });
   return headers;
 }
 
-function encodeQpackInt(value, prefixBits) {
-  var max = (1 << prefixBits) - 1;
-  if (value < max) return [value];
-  var bytes = [max];
-  value -= max;
-  while (value >= 128) { bytes.push((value & 0x7f) | 0x80); value >>= 7; }
-  bytes.push(value);
-  return bytes;
-}
-
-
-// ---- Static table lookup maps (built once) ----
-
-var _qpackFullMatch = {};   // "name\0value" → index
-var _qpackNameMatch = {};   // "name" → first index
-
-for (var _i = 0; _i < QPACK_STATIC.length; _i++) {
-  var _key = QPACK_STATIC[_i][0] + '\0' + QPACK_STATIC[_i][1];
-  if (!(_key in _qpackFullMatch)) _qpackFullMatch[_key] = _i;
-  if (!(QPACK_STATIC[_i][0] in _qpackNameMatch)) _qpackNameMatch[QPACK_STATIC[_i][0]] = _i;
-}
-
-
-function buildQpackHeaderBlock(headers) {
-  var out = [0x00, 0x00]; // QPACK prefix: RIC=0, delta base=0
-
-  for (var name in headers) {
-    var lname = name.toLowerCase();
-    var value = String(headers[name]);
-
-    // (1) Try full match: name + value in static table → indexed (1 byte)
-    var fullKey = lname + '\0' + value;
-    if (fullKey in _qpackFullMatch) {
-      var idx = _qpackFullMatch[fullKey];
-      // Indexed: 1 1 NNNNNN (T=1 static, 6-bit prefix)
-      var enc = encodeQpackInt(idx, 6);
-      out.push(0xc0 | enc[0]);
-      for (var i = 1; i < enc.length; i++) out.push(enc[i]);
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // (2) Try name match: name in static table → literal with name ref
-    if (lname in _qpackNameMatch) {
-      var nameIdx = _qpackNameMatch[lname];
-      // Literal with name reference: 01 N T PPPP (N=0, T=1 static, 4-bit prefix)
-      var nameEnc = encodeQpackInt(nameIdx, 4);
-      out.push(0x50 | nameEnc[0]);
-      for (var i = 1; i < nameEnc.length; i++) out.push(nameEnc[i]);
-      // Value: H=0 (no huffman), 7-bit length prefix
-      var valBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(value);
-      var valLenEnc = encodeQpackInt(valBytes.length, 7);
-      out.push(valLenEnc[0]);
-      for (var i = 1; i < valLenEnc.length; i++) out.push(valLenEnc[i]);
-      for (var i = 0; i < valBytes.length; i++) out.push(valBytes[i]);
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // (3) No match: literal with literal name (fallback)
-    var nameBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(lname);
-    var nameLenEnc = encodeQpackInt(nameBytes.length, 3);
-    out.push(0x20 | nameLenEnc[0]);
-    for (var i = 1; i < nameLenEnc.length; i++) out.push(nameLenEnc[i]);
-    for (var i = 0; i < nameBytes.length; i++) out.push(nameBytes[i]);
-    var valBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(value);
-    var valLenEnc = encodeQpackInt(valBytes.length, 7);
-    out.push(valLenEnc[0]);
-    for (var i = 1; i < valLenEnc.length; i++) out.push(valLenEnc[i]);
-    for (var i = 0; i < valBytes.length; i++) out.push(valBytes[i]);
-  }
-
-  return new Uint8Array(out);
-}
 
 
 // ============================================================
-//  H3 Frame build/parse
+//  H3 Frame build
+//
+//  Frames are read in place, from each stream's own buffer, as the bytes
+//  arrive: processBidiStream and processControlStream in H3Connection.
 // ============================================================
 
 function buildH3Frames(frames) {
@@ -327,49 +269,13 @@ function buildH3Frames(frames) {
   return concatUint8Arrays(parts);
 }
 
-function extractH3Frames(chunks, fromOffset) {
-  if (!chunks || chunks.length === 0) return { frames: [], new_from_offset: fromOffset };
-
-  var buffers = [];
-  var acc = 0;
-  for (var i = 0; i < chunks.length; i++) {
-    var nextAcc = acc + chunks[i].length;
-    if (fromOffset < nextAcc) {
-      buffers.push(chunks[i].slice(fromOffset - acc));
-      for (var j = i + 1; j < chunks.length; j++) buffers.push(chunks[j]);
-      break;
-    }
-    acc = nextAcc;
-  }
-
-  if (buffers.length === 0) return { frames: [], new_from_offset: fromOffset };
-
-  var combined = concatUint8Arrays(buffers);
-  var offset = 0, frames = [];
-
-  while (offset < combined.length) {
-    var start = offset;
-    var ft = readVarInt(combined, offset);
-    if (!ft) break;
-    offset += ft.byteLength;
-    var len = readVarInt(combined, offset);
-    if (!len) { offset = start; break; }
-    offset += len.byteLength;
-    if (offset + len.value > combined.length) { offset = start; break; }
-    frames.push({ frame_type: ft.value, payload: combined.slice(offset, offset + len.value) });
-    offset += len.value;
-  }
-
-  return { frames: frames, new_from_offset: fromOffset + offset };
-}
-
-
 // ============================================================
 //  H3 Settings
 // ============================================================
 
 var H3_SETTINGS_MAP = {
   SETTINGS_QPACK_MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY: 0x01,
+  SETTINGS_QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS: 0x07,
   SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE: 0x06,
   SETTINGS_ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL: 0x08,
   SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM: 0x33,
@@ -393,12 +299,38 @@ function buildSettingsPayload(settings) {
 
 function parseSettingsPayload(buf) {
   var out = {}, offset = 0;
+  // The same settings as an ordered list, on a non-enumerable property so it
+  // does not disturb anything that iterates the result. Order and unknown
+  // identifiers are both discarded by the object form and both matter for
+  // fingerprinting: which settings a peer sends, and in which order, is a
+  // property of its implementation.
+  var list = [];
+  var seen = {};
   while (offset < buf.length) {
     var id = readVarInt(buf, offset); if (!id) break; offset += id.byteLength;
     var val = readVarInt(buf, offset); if (!val) break; offset += val.byteLength;
+    // RFC 9114 §7.2.4: an identifier twice, or one of HTTP/2's that HTTP/3
+    // reserves (0x02-0x05), is H3_SETTINGS_ERROR.
+    if (seen[id.value] || (id.value >= 0x02 && id.value <= 0x05)) {
+      var se = new Error('SETTINGS identifier 0x' + id.value.toString(16) + (seen[id.value] ? ' repeated' : ' is reserved'));
+      se.h3ErrorCode = 0x0109;
+      throw se;
+    }
+    seen[id.value] = true;
+    // Settings that are a yes or no: SETTINGS_ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL (RFC
+    // 8441 §3, by RFC 9220 §3 for HTTP/3) and SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM (RFC 9297
+    // §2.1.1: "...any value other than 0 or 1 ... as a connection error of
+    // type H3_SETTINGS_ERROR").
+    if ((id.value === 0x08 || id.value === 0x33) && val.value > 1) {
+      var ve = new Error('SETTINGS identifier 0x' + id.value.toString(16) + ' with value ' + val.value + ', not 0 or 1');
+      ve.h3ErrorCode = 0x0109;
+      throw ve;
+    }
     var name = H3_ID_TO_NAME[id.value] || ('UNKNOWN_0x' + id.value.toString(16));
     out[name] = val.value;
+    list.push({ id: id.value, value: val.value });
   }
+  Object.defineProperty(out, '_ordered', { value: list, enumerable: false });
   return out;
 }
 
@@ -407,28 +339,25 @@ function parseSettingsPayload(buf) {
 //  QPACK Encoder Instructions (from peer's encoder stream)
 // ============================================================
 
-function parseQpackEncoderInstructions(chunks, fromOffset) {
-  if (!chunks || chunks.length === 0) return { instructions: [], new_from_offset: fromOffset };
-
-  var buffers = [];
-  var acc = 0;
-  for (var i = 0; i < chunks.length; i++) {
-    var nextAcc = acc + chunks[i].length;
-    if (fromOffset < nextAcc) {
-      buffers.push(chunks[i].slice(fromOffset - acc));
-      for (var j = i + 1; j < chunks.length; j++) buffers.push(chunks[j]);
-      break;
-    }
-    acc = nextAcc;
-  }
-  if (buffers.length === 0) return { instructions: [], new_from_offset: fromOffset };
-
-  var combined = concatUint8Arrays(buffers);
+// Parse the encoder-stream instructions in `combined` — the stream's unparsed
+// bytes, from its read position. Returns the complete instructions, how many
+// bytes they took (consumed), and, when the last one is cut short, how many
+// bytes it needs (need). It used to take the stream's chunks and an offset
+// and join them itself; the one caller already hands it a single buffer.
+function parseQpackEncoderInstructions(combined, maxLiteral) {
+  if (!combined || combined.length === 0) return { instructions: [], consumed: 0, need: 0 };
+  if (maxLiteral === undefined) maxLiteral = Infinity;
   var pos = 0;
   var instructions = [];
-
-  // Thin wrapper over the shared readPrefixedInt that advances the local `pos`
-  // and returns the value (or null on truncation), preserving call-site usage.
+  // When the last instruction is cut short: how many bytes, from its start,
+  // it needs before parsing it can succeed (0 = unknown, try on any byte).
+  // The caller waits for that many instead of re-parsing on every arrival —
+  // a literal arriving a byte at a time was re-joined and re-parsed whole
+  // each time: quadratic.
+  var needAbs = 0;
+
+  // Thin wrappers over the shared primitives that advance the local `pos` and
+  // return the value (or null on truncation), preserving call-site usage.
   function safeVarInt(prefixBits) {
     var r = readPrefixedInt(combined, prefixBits, pos);
     if (!r) return null;
@@ -436,6 +365,26 @@ function parseQpackEncoderInstructions(chunks, fromOffset) {
     return r.value;
   }
 
+  // A string literal's length is checked before its bytes are awaited. No
+  // entry larger than the table capacity we advertised can ever be inserted
+  // (RFC 9204 §3.2.2), so a longer literal is an error now — waiting for it
+  // let a peer make us buffer an encoder stream of any size. Huffman can
+  // expand a byte to at most 30 bits, so its bound is 30/8 of that.
+  function safeLiteral(prefixBits) {
+    if (pos >= combined.length) return null;
+    var huffman = (combined[pos] & (1 << prefixBits)) !== 0;
+    var len = readPrefixedInt(combined, prefixBits, pos);
+    if (!len) return null;
+    var limit = huffman ? Math.ceil(maxLiteral * 30 / 8) + 1 : maxLiteral;
+    if (len.value > limit) {
+      throw new Error('literal of ' + len.value + ' bytes cannot fit a table of ' + maxLiteral);
+    }
+    if (len.next + len.value > combined.length) { needAbs = len.next + len.value; return null; }
+    var r = decodeStringLiteral(combined, prefixBits, pos, true);
+    pos = r.next;
+    return _text(r.bytes);
+  }
+
   while (pos < combined.length) {
     var startPos = pos;
     var byte = combined[pos];
@@ -444,25 +393,13 @@ function parseQpackEncoderInstructions(chunks, fromOffset) {
       // Insert with name reference
       var fromStatic = (byte & 0x40) !== 0;
       var nameIdx = safeVarInt(6); if (nameIdx === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
-      var valH = (combined[pos] & 0x80) !== 0;
-      var valLen = safeVarInt(7); if (valLen === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
-      if (pos + valLen > combined.length) { pos = startPos; break; }
-      var valBytes = combined.slice(pos, pos + valLen); pos += valLen;
-      var value = valH ? huffDecode(valBytes) : new TextDecoder().decode(valBytes);
+      var value = safeLiteral(7); if (value === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
       instructions.push({ type: 'insert_name_ref', from_static: fromStatic, name_index: nameIdx, value: value });
 
     } else if ((byte & 0xc0) === 0x40) {
-      // Insert without name reference
-      var nameH = (byte & 0x20) !== 0;
-      var nameLen = safeVarInt(5); if (nameLen === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
-      if (pos + nameLen > combined.length) { pos = startPos; break; }
-      var nameBytes = combined.slice(pos, pos + nameLen); pos += nameLen;
-      var name = nameH ? huffDecode(nameBytes) : new TextDecoder().decode(nameBytes);
-      var valH = (combined[pos] & 0x80) !== 0;
-      var valLen = safeVarInt(7); if (valLen === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
-      if (pos + valLen > combined.length) { pos = startPos; break; }
-      var valBytes = combined.slice(pos, pos + valLen); pos += valLen;
-      var value = valH ? huffDecode(valBytes) : new TextDecoder().decode(valBytes);
+      // Insert without name reference: 01 H NNNNN, 5-bit prefix on the name
+      var name = safeLiteral(5); if (name === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
+      var value = safeLiteral(7); if (value === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
       instructions.push({ type: 'insert_literal', name: name, value: value });
 
     } else if ((byte & 0xe0) === 0x20) {
@@ -471,13 +408,83 @@ function parseQpackEncoderInstructions(chunks, fromOffset) {
       instructions.push({ type: 'set_capacity', capacity: capacity });
 
     } else {
-      break;
+      // Duplicate: 000 xxxxx, relative index (§4.3.4). This used to `break`,
+      // which stopped reading the encoder stream for good: every instruction
+      // after it went unread, and our table fell permanently out of step with
+      // the peer's. Chrome duplicates entries it wants to keep alive.
+      var dupIdx = safeVarInt(5); if (dupIdx === null) { pos = startPos; break; }
+      instructions.push({ type: 'duplicate', index: dupIdx });
     }
   }
 
-  return { instructions: instructions, new_from_offset: fromOffset + pos };
+  return { instructions: instructions, consumed: pos,
+           need: needAbs > pos ? needAbs - pos : 0 };
+}
+
+
+// ============================================================
+//  Error codes (RFC 9114 §8.1, RFC 9204 §6)
+//
+//  These live in QUIC's APPLICATION error space and must be sent in a 0x1d
+//  CONNECTION_CLOSE — see the note on QUICConnection.close().
+//
+//  RFC 9114 splits failures into two kinds, and they are NOT interchangeable:
+//
+//    Connection errors — the whole connection is unusable, because the shared
+//      state it depends on is now unknown. Every QPACK failure is here: the
+//      dynamic table is a running total of the peer's inserts, so one bad
+//      header block means every later block on every stream decodes to
+//      garbage. There is nothing to salvage per-stream. CONNECTION_CLOSE.
+//
+//    Stream errors — one request is malformed but the connection is fine.
+//      RESET_STREAM / STOP_SENDING on that stream id, everything else
+//      continues. H3_MESSAGE_ERROR is the common case.
+//
+//  Both are wired: a stream error is abortStream (STOP_SENDING and
+//  RESET_STREAM, both reliable control frames of quic_connection's —
+//  resetStream / stopSending, retransmitted until acknowledged) or
+//  stopReading (STOP_SENDING alone). H3 resets a stream by asking QUIC, which
+//  owns streams; the error code is an opaque varint QUIC never reads. HTTP/2
+//  has no layer beneath it to ask — its RST_STREAM is its own frame on one
+//  TCP byte stream — so the two share the idea, not the code.
+// ============================================================
+
+var H3_ERR = {
+  H3_NO_ERROR:                0x0100,
+  H3_GENERAL_PROTOCOL_ERROR:  0x0101,
+  H3_INTERNAL_ERROR:          0x0102,
+  H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR:   0x0103,
+  H3_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM:  0x0104,
+  H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED:        0x0105,
+  H3_FRAME_ERROR:             0x0106,
+  H3_EXCESSIVE_LOAD:          0x0107,
+  H3_ID_ERROR:                0x0108,
+  H3_SETTINGS_ERROR:          0x0109,
+  H3_MISSING_SETTINGS:        0x010a,
+  H3_REQUEST_REJECTED:        0x010b,
+  H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED:       0x010c,
+  H3_REQUEST_INCOMPLETE:      0x010d,
+  H3_MESSAGE_ERROR:           0x010e,
+  H3_CONNECT_ERROR:           0x010f,
+  H3_VERSION_FALLBACK:        0x0110,
+
+  QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED: 0x0200,
+  QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR: 0x0201,
+  QPACK_DECODER_STREAM_ERROR: 0x0202
+};
+
+// An exception from inside this code — a read past an end, a property of
+// undefined — and not one of the protocol's: none of these is thrown on
+// purpose on the paths that read a peer's bytes. It is our failure, and goes
+// as H3_INTERNAL_ERROR (as HTTP/2 sends INTERNAL_ERROR for one), not under a
+// code that blames the peer: H3_FRAME_ERROR, QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED.
+function isInternalError(err) {
+  return err instanceof TypeError || err instanceof RangeError || err instanceof ReferenceError || err instanceof SyntaxError;
 }
 
+var H3_ERR_NAME = {};
+for (var _ec in H3_ERR) H3_ERR_NAME[H3_ERR[_ec]] = _ec;
+
 
 // ============================================================
 //  H3Connection — reactive pattern
@@ -488,6 +495,43 @@ function parseQpackEncoderInstructions(chunks, fromOffset) {
 //    'http_body'     (stream_id, data)      — request body chunk
 //
 
+// The SETTINGS a connection with these local values sends.
+function localSettings(c) {
+  var o = { SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE: c.local_max_header_size };
+  if (c.local_qpack_max_table_capacity > 0) {
+    o.SETTINGS_QPACK_MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY = c.local_qpack_max_table_capacity;
+    o.SETTINGS_QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS = QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS;
+  }
+  if (c.local_datagram_support) {
+    o.SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM = 1;
+    o.SETTINGS_ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL = 1;
+  }
+  if (c.local_webtransport) {
+    o.SETTINGS_ENABLE_WEBTRANSPORT = 1;
+    if (c.local_wt_max_sessions !== null) o.SETTINGS_WT_MAX_SESSIONS = c.local_wt_max_sessions;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+function localValues(options) {
+  return {
+    local_max_header_size: 65536,
+    local_qpack_max_table_capacity: QPACK_DYNAMIC_TABLE ? QPACK_TABLE_BYTES : 0,
+    local_datagram_support: !!(options.enableWebTransport || options.enableDatagrams),
+    local_webtransport: !!options.enableWebTransport,
+    local_wt_max_sessions: options.maxWebTransportSessions > 0 ? Math.floor(options.maxWebTransportSessions) : null
+  };
+}
+
+// 0-RTT (RFC 9114 §7.2.4.2): a client that remembered our SETTINGS may send
+// early data under them — accepted only while they are the ones we send now.
+// What a server built with these H3Connection options sends, as a string for
+// the tickets' early-data context.
+function settingsContext(options) {
+  var o = localSettings(localValues(options || {})), keys = Object.keys(o).sort(), parts = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) parts.push(keys[i] + '=' + o[keys[i]]);
+  return 'h3:' + parts.join(',');
+}
+
 function H3Connection(options) {
   if (!(this instanceof H3Connection)) return new H3Connection(options);
   options = options || {};
@@ -495,17 +539,74 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
   var ev = Emitter();
   var quic = options.quicConnection;
 
+  // Set once a connection error has been raised. Everything downstream stops:
+  // the peer is getting a CONNECTION_CLOSE, and continuing to decode against a
+  // dynamic table we no longer trust can only produce more wrong headers.
+  var _fatal = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Raise an HTTP/3 connection error: tell the owner, then close the QUIC
+   * connection with the application error code.
+   *
+   * Before this existed, a malformed header block threw out of the QPACK
+   * decoder, up through processBidiStream, into the quic.on('stream') listener
+   * — where Emitter's catch swallowed it. No error, no close, no RESET_STREAM.
+   * The request simply hung until the idle timeout, and the peer was never told
+   * why. Silently dropping a stream is the one response RFC 9114 does not allow.
+   */
+  // Report-only escape hatch for the checks added alongside this error layer
+  // (strict Huffman padding, unresolvable table indices, post-base field
+  // lines). Every one of them turns something previously ignored into a closed
+  // connection — correct per RFC, but it means any latent bug they touch now
+  // presents as a hard failure against a real peer. With qpackLenient the
+  // condition is logged and the field skipped, restoring the old behaviour, so
+  // a regression can be isolated without reverting the whole layer.
+  var _lenient = options.qpackLenient === true;
+
+  function connectionError(code, reason) {
+    if (_fatal) return;
+    var name = H3_ERR_NAME[code] || ('0x' + code.toString(16));
+
+    if (_lenient) {
+      console.warn('[h3] qpackLenient: ignoring ' + name + ': ' + reason);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    _fatal = true;
+    // Logged unconditionally, not behind DEBUG: this closes the connection, and
+    // the peer only ever sees a generic protocol error. One line here is the
+    // difference between a five-minute diagnosis and a packet capture.
+    console.error('[h3] connection error ' + name + ': ' + reason);
+    var err = new Error('HTTP/3 ' + name + ': ' + reason);
+    err.code = name;
+    err.errorCode = code;
+    ev.emit('error', err);
+    // `true` = application error space (0x1d). H3/QPACK codes are meaningless
+    // in the transport space.
+    try { quic.close(code, name, true); } catch (e) { /* already closing */ }
+  }
+
 
   // ---- Context ----
 
+  var lv = localValues(options);
   var context = {
     isServer: options.isServer !== false,
 
-    // Local settings (what we advertise)
-    local_max_header_size: 65536,
-    local_qpack_max_table_capacity: 0,
-    local_datagram_support: !!options.enableWebTransport,
-    local_webtransport: !!options.enableWebTransport,
+    // Local settings (what we advertise; localValues, as settingsContext sees them)
+    local_max_header_size: lv.local_max_header_size,
+    // QPACK_TABLE_BYTES. Measured against a real Chrome header set, a subresource request drops
+    // from 412 bytes to 80 once these are in the table. The encoder is the
+    // conservative one described in qpack.js, so this costs no risk of
+    // head-of-line blocking.
+    local_qpack_max_table_capacity: lv.local_qpack_max_table_capacity,
+    // SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM (RFC 9297): WebTransport needs it, and so does a
+    // CONNECT-UDP client (enableDatagrams) that is not WebTransport.
+    local_datagram_support: lv.local_datagram_support,
+    local_webtransport: lv.local_webtransport,
+    // How many WebTransport sessions a peer may have open at once on this
+    // connection (SETTINGS_WT_MAX_SESSIONS); null: no limit, and none sent.
+    local_wt_max_sessions: lv.local_wt_max_sessions,
 
     // Remote settings (from peer's SETTINGS frame)
     remote_max_header_size: 0,
@@ -516,6 +617,7 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
     remote_qpack_dynamic_table: [],
     remote_qpack_table_base_index: 0,
     remote_qpack_table_capacity: 0,
+    remote_qpack_table_size: 0,      // bytes, by name + value + 32
 
     // Stream tracking
     streams: {},  // stream_id → { chunks, from_offset, type }
@@ -528,6 +630,61 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
 
   // ---- set_context ----
 
+  // ---- QPACK outbound state ----
+  //
+  // Declared here, above set_context, because set_context opens the table when
+  // the peer's SETTINGS arrives and would otherwise read an undefined `var`
+  // that is hoisted but not yet assigned — a silent no-op rather than an
+  // error, which is how the table stayed closed and nothing compressed.
+  //
+  // Separate from remote_qpack_dynamic_table, which is the PEER's table for
+  // what we receive. The two are independent: each side runs its own with its
+  // own capacity, and they are never in step.
+  var encoderTable = createQpackTable(0);
+  var encoderHistory = createQpackHistory(QPACK_TABLE_BYTES);   // insert on second sighting
+  var encoderStreamId = null;
+  var decoderStreamId = null;
+  var qpackKnownReceived = 0;               // insertions the peer has acknowledged
+  var qpackPendingAcks = 0;                 // insertions of THEIRS we owe an ack for
+
+  // ---- SETTINGS remembered for 0-RTT (RFC 9114 §7.2.4.2) ----
+  //
+  // A client keeps the server's SETTINGS with the sessions it saves; its
+  // early requests may then rely on them before this connection's arrive —
+  // datagrams, the field-section limit (the QPACK table stays closed until
+  // the real ones: using less is always compatible). With 0-RTT accepted,
+  // the server's new SETTINGS must not take back what was remembered: a
+  // known setting with a non-default value omitted, or one now smaller, is
+  // H3_SETTINGS_ERROR. Nothing was kept, and early requests went on the
+  // defaults with no check. Known identifiers only, as '0x…' keys.
+  function knownSettings(list) {
+    var out = {};
+    for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) if (H3_ID_TO_NAME[list[i].id]) out['0x' + list[i].id.toString(16)] = list[i].value;
+    return out;
+  }
+  var rememberedSettings = null;
+  function useRememberedSettings() {
+    var app = !context.isServer && quic && quic.earlyDataStatus === 'offered' ? quic.rememberedApplicationSettings : null;
+    if (!app || !app.h3 || typeof app.h3 !== 'object') return;
+    rememberedSettings = app.h3;
+    var u = {};
+    if (typeof rememberedSettings['0x6'] === 'number') u.remote_max_header_size = rememberedSettings['0x6'];
+    if (typeof rememberedSettings['0x33'] === 'number') u.remote_datagram_support = rememberedSettings['0x33'] > 0;
+    set_context(u);
+  }
+  function checkRememberedSettings(list) {
+    if (!rememberedSettings || !quic || quic.earlyDataStatus !== 'accepted') return;
+    var now = knownSettings(list);
+    for (var k in rememberedSettings) {
+      var was = rememberedSettings[k];
+      if (typeof was !== 'number' || !H3_ID_TO_NAME[parseInt(k, 16)]) continue;
+      if (!(k in now) ? was !== 0 : now[k] < was) {
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_SETTINGS_ERROR, '0-RTT accepted, and SETTINGS ' + (H3_ID_TO_NAME[parseInt(k, 16)]) +
+          (!(k in now) ? ' omitted' : ' reduced') + ' (' + was + ' remembered' + ((k in now) ? ', ' + now[k] + ' now' : '') + ')');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   function set_context(updates) {
     if (!updates || typeof updates !== 'object') return;
 
@@ -541,6 +698,20 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
     if ('remote_qpack_max_table_capacity' in updates && updates.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity !== context.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity) {
       context.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity = updates.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity;
       changed.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity = true;
+
+      // Only now may we insert anything. The capacity is the PEER's — it
+      // decides how much it is willing to hold for us — and inserting before
+      // it has said so would produce references it cannot resolve.
+      //
+      // The Set Dynamic Table Capacity instruction goes first on the encoder
+      // stream, before any insertion (§4.3.1).
+      var cap = QPACK_DYNAMIC_TABLE ? Math.min(updates.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity, QPACK_TABLE_BYTES) : 0;
+      if (cap > 0 && encoderTable.capacity === 0 && encoderStreamId !== null) {
+        encoderTable.setCapacity(cap);
+        quic.sendStream(encoderStreamId,
+                        new Uint8Array(qpackEncodeSetCapacity(cap)), false);
+        if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] qpack encoder table opened at ' + cap);
+      }
     }
 
     if ('remote_datagram_support' in updates) {
@@ -548,30 +719,16 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
       changed.remote_datagram_support = true;
     }
 
-    if ('remote_qpack_table_capacity' in updates) {
-      context.remote_qpack_table_capacity = updates.remote_qpack_table_capacity;
-      changed.remote_qpack_table_capacity = true;
-    }
-
     if ('remote_settings_received' in updates && !context.remote_settings_received) {
       context.remote_settings_received = true;
       changed.remote_settings_received = true;
     }
 
-    if ('add_qpack_entries' in updates) {
-      var entries = updates.add_qpack_entries;
-      for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
-        context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table.unshift(entries[i]);
-        context.remote_qpack_table_base_index++;
-      }
-      changed.qpack_table = true;
-    }
-
     // ---- Reactive ----
 
-    if (changed.remote_qpack_table_capacity) {
-      evictQpackTable();
-    }
+    // (The peer's table — insertions, capacity, eviction, acknowledgements —
+    // is maintained by processQpackEncoderStream directly, one instruction at
+    // a time. It used to go through here in batches; see that function.)
 
     if (changed.remote_settings_received) {
       // Could trigger QPACK table capacity update etc.
@@ -579,40 +736,118 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
   }
 
 
-  function evictQpackTable() {
-    var entries = context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table;
-    var capacity = context.remote_qpack_table_capacity;
-    var totalSize = 0;
-    for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
-      totalSize += entries[i][0].length + entries[i][1].length + 32;
+  /**
+   * The peer's decoder stream: what it has acknowledged.
+   *
+   * The only instruction that matters to this encoder is Insert Count
+   * Increment. Each one raises the watermark below which an entry is safe to
+   * reference — and until an entry is below it, we send a literal instead.
+   * That single number is what makes this encoder non-blocking.
+   *
+   * Section acknowledgements and stream cancellations are parsed and skipped:
+   * they drive eviction accounting in an encoder that references
+   * unacknowledged entries, which this one never does.
+   */
+  function processQpackDecoderStream(s) {
+    if (s.buffered === 0) return;
+    // Only the unparsed bytes; at most one instruction's worth (a few bytes)
+    // is ever left over between arrivals.
+    var buf = Buffer.from(copyBytes(s, s.buffered));
+
+    var r = qpackParseDecoderInstructions(buf, 0);
+    if (r.increments > 0) {
+      qpackKnownReceived += r.increments;
+      if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] qpack acked ' + r.increments +
+                             ' (known=' + qpackKnownReceived + ')');
     }
-    while (totalSize > capacity && entries.length > 0) {
+    consumeBytes(s, r.consumed);
+  }
+
+  function evictQpackTable(limit) {
+    // Oldest first, until what remains fits. Sizes in BYTES: measuring by
+    // string length, as this did, undercounts any non-ASCII header value and
+    // lets our table drift out of step with the peer's.
+    var entries = context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table;
+    if (limit === undefined) limit = context.remote_qpack_table_capacity;
+    while (context.remote_qpack_table_size > limit && entries.length > 0) {
       var removed = entries.pop();
-      totalSize -= removed[0].length + removed[1].length + 32;
+      context.remote_qpack_table_size -= qpackEntrySize(removed[0], removed[1]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function qpackEncoderStreamError(msg) {
+    var err = new Error('QPACK encoder stream: ' + msg);
+    err.h3ErrorCode = H3_ERR.QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR;
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  // One insertion into the PEER's table, applied immediately — the next
+  // instruction on the same stream may refer to it by relative index.
+  function remoteTableInsert(name, value) {
+    var need = qpackEntrySize(name, value);
+    if (need > context.remote_qpack_table_capacity) {
+      throw qpackEncoderStreamError('entry of ' + need + ' bytes exceeds capacity ' +
+                                    context.remote_qpack_table_capacity);
     }
+    evictQpackTable(context.remote_qpack_table_capacity - need);
+    context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table.unshift([name, value]);
+    context.remote_qpack_table_size += need;
+    context.remote_qpack_table_base_index++;
+    qpackPendingAcks++;
   }
 
+  // On the encoder stream a relative index counts back from the most recent
+  // insertion (§3.2.5): 0 is the newest entry, which is also position 0 of
+  // this newest-first array. The old code computed an absolute index here
+  // instead, and named the inserted entry after the wrong one.
+  function remoteEntryByRelative(rel) {
+    var e = context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table[rel];
+    if (!e) throw qpackEncoderStreamError('relative index ' + rel + ' unresolvable');
+    return e;
+  }
+
+  // Tell the peer what we now hold, so it may reference it.
+  function flushQpackAcks() {
+    if (qpackPendingAcks > 0 && decoderStreamId !== null) {
+      quic.sendStream(decoderStreamId, new Uint8Array(qpackEncodeAck(qpackPendingAcks)), false);
+      qpackPendingAcks = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+
 
   // ---- Send initial control + QPACK streams ----
 
+  /**
+   * Send queued insertions on the encoder stream.
+   *
+   * Before the header block that will eventually use them, and never for the
+   * block being sent now — nothing is referenced until acknowledged, so an
+   * insertion is always for a later request.
+   */
+  function flushQpackInserts(inserts) {
+    if (!inserts.length || encoderStreamId === null) return;
+    var chunks = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < inserts.length; i++) {
+      // Never evict: an entry that does not fit as things stand is not
+      // inserted. insert() would make room by dropping old entries, and one of
+      // those may still be referenced by a section the peer has not decoded
+      // yet — which RFC 9204 §2.1.1 forbids. (It used to do exactly that, and
+      // on "did not fit" also emptied our table without telling the peer.)
+      if (!encoderTable.fits(inserts[i].name, inserts[i].value)) continue;
+      encoderTable.insert(inserts[i].name, inserts[i].value);
+      chunks.push(qpackEncodeInsert(inserts[i].name, inserts[i].value));
+    }
+    if (chunks.length) {
+      quic.sendStream(encoderStreamId, new Uint8Array(Buffer.concat(chunks)), false);
+    }
+  }
+
   function sendControlStreams() {
     if (context.control_streams_sent) return;
     context.control_streams_sent = true;
 
-    var settingsObj = {
-      SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE: context.local_max_header_size
-    };
-    if (context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity > 0) {
-      settingsObj.SETTINGS_QPACK_MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY = context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity;
-    }
-    if (context.local_datagram_support) {
-      settingsObj.SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM = 1;
-      settingsObj.SETTINGS_ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL = 1;
-    }
-    if (context.local_webtransport) {
-      settingsObj.SETTINGS_ENABLE_WEBTRANSPORT = 1;
-    }
-    var settings = buildSettingsPayload(settingsObj);
+    var settings = buildSettingsPayload(localSettings(context));
 
     var controlFrame = buildH3Frames([{ frame_type: 0x04, payload: settings }]);
 
@@ -628,9 +863,18 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
     var ctrlData = new Uint8Array(1 + controlFrame.byteLength);
     ctrlData[0] = 0x00;  // control stream type
     ctrlData.set(controlFrame, 1);
+    // Ahead of every request and WebTransport stream (urgency -1, below
+    // RFC 9218's range): SETTINGS, GOAWAY, PRIORITY_UPDATE, and the QPACK
+    // instructions the header blocks on request streams depend on — a block
+    // that refers to an entry still waiting behind response bytes blocks.
+    quic.setStreamPriority(ctrlId, { urgency: -1 });
+    quic.setStreamPriority(encId, { urgency: -1 });
+    quic.setStreamPriority(decId, { urgency: -1 });
     quic.sendStream(ctrlId, ctrlData, false);
     quic.sendStream(encId, new Uint8Array([0x02]), false);    // QPACK encoder
     quic.sendStream(decId, new Uint8Array([0x03]), false);    // QPACK decoder
+    encoderStreamId = encId;
+    decoderStreamId = decId;
   }
 
 
@@ -650,90 +894,548 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
   var _claimedStreams = new Set(); // streams owned by WebTransport (skip H3 processing)
   var _wtSessions = new Set();    // active WT session stream IDs
   var _wtStreams = {};             // streamId → { sessionId, isBidi }
+  var _wtLocalUni = {};            // our own WT uni streams: streamId → sessionId
+
+  // WebTransport streams that arrive before their session is accepted. The
+  // client may open them as soon as it has sent the CONNECT (draft-ietf-
+  // webtrans-http3 §4.6), and they travel on streams of their own, so one can
+  // be read before the CONNECT itself — or before the application has
+  // answered it. They used to be read as unknown streams and their bytes
+  // dropped, without a word to either side. Now they are held — their bytes
+  // in the stream's own buffer, uncredited, so the peer is held to one
+  // stream window each — until the session is accepted (then delivered as if
+  // just arrived) or turned down, or too many wait (then reset with
+  // WEBTRANSPORT_BUFFERED_STREAM_REJECTED, as the draft has it).
+  var WT_BUFFERED_STREAM_REJECTED = 0x3994bd84;
+  var MAX_HELD_WT_STREAMS = 64;
+  var _wtHeld = new Map();         // streamId → the session ID it names
+  var _wtConnects = new Set();     // WebTransport CONNECTs read, not yet answered (server)
+
+  // Could this name a session still to be accepted? A CONNECT read and not
+  // answered, or a client stream still open whose request is not read yet.
+  function wtSessionMayCome(sessionId) {
+    if (!context.isServer || sessionId % 4 !== 0) return false;
+    if (_wtConnects.has(sessionId)) return true;
+    if (!quic.isReceiving || !quic.isReceiving(sessionId)) return false;
+    var cs = context.streams[sessionId];
+    return !cs || (cs.type !== 'wt_held' && !cs.final_head_seen);
+  }
+
+  function holdWtStream(s, sessionId) {
+    if (_wtHeld.size >= MAX_HELD_WT_STREAMS) { abortStream(s.sid, WT_BUFFERED_STREAM_REJECTED); return; }
+    s.type = 'wt_held';
+    _wtHeld.set(s.sid, sessionId);
+  }
+
+  // The session is accepted (go on) or not: its held streams, read again
+  // from their start, or reset.
+  function settleHeldWt(sessionId, accepted) {
+    var ids = [];
+    _wtHeld.forEach(function (sess, sid) { if (sess === sessionId) ids.push(sid); });
+    if (ids.length === 0) return;
+    if (!accepted) { for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) abortStream(ids[i], WT_BUFFERED_STREAM_REJECTED); return; }
+    // After the caller's accept returns — the layer above finishes setting up
+    // the session (and the application its listeners) first.
+    queueMicrotask(function () {
+      for (var j = 0; j < ids.length; j++) {
+        var hs = context.streams[ids[j]];
+        if (!hs || _wtHeld.get(ids[j]) !== sessionId) continue;
+        _wtHeld.delete(ids[j]);
+        hs.type = null;
+        onStream(ids[j], new Uint8Array(0), false);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Streams running an extended-CONNECT protocol that is NOT WebTransport —
+  // in practice WebSocket (RFC 9220). Their bytes are the inner protocol's,
+  // not HTTP/3 frames, so they bypass the frame parser entirely.
+  //
+  // Kept apart from _wtSessions on purpose. A WebTransport session makes every
+  // LATER stream that carries its id a member of that session; a WebSocket
+  // does not, and registering one as a session would make unrelated streams
+  // look like they belong to it.
+  var _tunnelStreams = new Set();
+
+  // Request bodies whose flow-control credit the application returns as it
+  // reads them (holdBody / creditBody / releaseBody). On the server every
+  // request stream's credit is held at the QUIC layer from its first byte
+  // (setCreditPolicy below); this layer credits what it consumes itself —
+  // frame headers, HEADERS, frames it skips — at once, and a body chunk
+  // either as it hands it up (the default) or, for a stream in this set, when
+  // the application has read it. The peer then sends a body no faster than
+  // it is read: a handler that had not read yet — waiting on an
+  // authorization check, say — had the whole upload held in memory, as fast
+  // as the client could send it.
+  var _bodyHeld = new Set();
+  // The peer's control and QPACK streams, by type → stream ID.
+  var _criticalStreams = {};
+  //
+  // WebTransport streams the same way: the client's unidirectional streams
+  // are held too from their first byte, since what a stream is shows only in
+  // those bytes — and our own bidirectional ones, which only WebTransport
+  // opens, for what the client sends back on them. Control and QPACK streams (and ones of unknown type) give
+  // their credit back the moment they are recognised; a WebTransport stream,
+  // bidirectional or not, keeps it held, and h3_server returns it as the
+  // application reads. Credited on delivery, a stream nobody read was taken
+  // in whole: 40 MB from a browser, all of it in memory.
+  //
+  // The same on either side — a WebTransport client reads the server's
+  // streams as the server reads the client's: every stream the peer can send
+  // on, so all but our own unidirectional ones.
+  if (quic.setCreditPolicy) {
+    var ownUni = context.isServer ? 3 : 2;
+    quic.setCreditPolicy(function (sid) { return (sid % 4) !== ownUni; });
+  }
+  function creditRecv(sid, n) { if (n > 0 && quic.creditStream) quic.creditStream(sid, n); }
+  function releaseRecvCredit(sid) { if (quic.releaseStreamCredit) quic.releaseStreamCredit(sid); }
+
+  // Bytes on a stream we have decided is a tunnel but have not yet accepted.
+  //
+  // The window is real and unavoidable: the client learns the CONNECT was
+  // accepted only when our 2xx reaches it, but nothing stops it sending frames
+  // the moment it sent the CONNECT — and an eager client (or a slow network in
+  // the other direction) does exactly that. Those bytes are not HTTP/3 frames,
+  // so they cannot go to the frame parser; they are held here and replayed, in
+  // order, the instant the tunnel opens.
+  var _tunnelPending = {};
+  var _tunnelPendingBytes = {};
+  var _tunnelPendingIds = new Set();
+  // QUIC returns flow-control credit as it delivers bytes, so bytes held
+  // here are not bounded by it: a client that never waits for the 2xx could
+  // fill memory. Past this, the tunnel is refused.
+  var MAX_TUNNEL_PENDING = 1024 * 1024;           // per stream
+  var MAX_TUNNEL_PENDING_TOTAL = 4 * 1024 * 1024; // per connection
+  var _tunnelPendingTotal = 0;
+  var _tunnelPendingFin = new Set();
+
+  // Frames on the control stream are read whole (SETTINGS, GOAWAY); no real
+  // one comes near this. Anything else there is skipped as it arrives.
+  var MAX_CONTROL_FRAME = 16384;
+
+  // ── Stream lifecycle: one exit ────────────────────────────────────────
+  //
+  // releaseStream is the ONLY place per-stream state is dropped, and every
+  // way a stream can end comes through it:
+  //
+  //   FIN, on whichever path read the stream (HTTP/3 frames, a tunnel, a
+  //     WebTransport stream — including a FIN that arrived with its prefix —,
+  //     a claimed or an ignored stream)        → the 'stream' handler
+  //   RESET_STREAM from the peer               → quic 'stream_reset'
+  //   cancelled or refused by us               → abortStream / stopReading
+  //   its WebTransport session ended           → endWtSession → abortStream
+  //   the connection closed                    → quic 'close'
+  //
+  // It drops only what this layer holds for the stream's RECEIVING side; a
+  // response still being written is QUIC's, and unaffected. Idempotent. The
+  // state used to be dropped piecemeal at each of those sites, each with its
+  // own subset — which is how entries came to outlive their streams.
+  function releaseStream(sid, keepBody) {
+    sid = Number(sid);
+    // Credit still held for it goes back — unless the stream ended normally
+    // (keepBody) and the application still has its body to read: then it is
+    // returned as that is read, or by releaseBody.
+    if (!(keepBody && _bodyHeld.has(sid))) { _bodyHeld.delete(sid); releaseRecvCredit(sid); }
+    delete context.streams[sid];
+    _blocked.delete(sid);
+    _prioPending.delete(sid);
+    _wtHeld.delete(sid);
+    // A CONNECT that ends unanswered: the streams waiting for it will not
+    // get a session.
+    if (_wtConnects.delete(sid) || !_wtSessions.has(sid)) settleHeldWt(sid, false);
+    _tunnelStreams.delete(sid);
+    _tunnelPendingIds.delete(sid);
+    dropTunnelPending(sid);
+    delete _wtStreams[sid];
+    _claimedStreams.delete(sid);
+    delete _wtLocalUni[sid];
+    endWtSession(sid);   // a CONNECT stream's end is its session's end
+  }
 
-  quic.on('stream', function (streamId, data, fin) {
+  // The connection is gone: every stream with it. No frames are sent — there
+  // is no one to send them to — but the layer above still hears of each
+  // What this layer listens to on the QUIC connection, so that it can stop
+  // (detach): a client whose 0-RTT the server refused starts HTTP/3 over on
+  // the same connection, and the layer that spoke early must not hear it.
+  var _quicListeners = [];
+  function listenQuic(name, fn) { _quicListeners.push([name, fn]); quic.on(name, fn); }
+
+  // WebTransport session ending, through the same path as any other end.
+  var _connClosed = false;
+  listenQuic('close', function () {
+    _connClosed = true;
+    var ids = new Set();
+    [context.streams, _wtStreams, _tunnelPending, _wtLocalUni].forEach(function (m) {
+      for (var k in m) ids.add(Number(k));
+    });
+    [_tunnelStreams, _tunnelPendingIds, _claimedStreams, _wtSessions, _bodyHeld].forEach(function (set) {
+      set.forEach(function (k) { ids.add(Number(k)); });
+    });
+    ids.forEach(releaseStream);
+  });
+
+  function dropTunnelPending(sid) {
+    if (_tunnelPendingBytes[sid]) _tunnelPendingTotal -= _tunnelPendingBytes[sid];
+    delete _tunnelPending[sid];
+    delete _tunnelPendingBytes[sid];
+    _tunnelPendingFin.delete(sid);
+  }
+
+  // Bytes held for a tunnel, handed over in order — with the FIN, if it came.
+  function replayTunnelPending(sid) {
+    var pend = _tunnelPending[sid];
+    var fin = _tunnelPendingFin.has(sid);
+    dropTunnelPending(sid);
+    if (pend) for (var i = 0; i < pend.length; i++) ev.emit('tunnel_data', sid, pend[i], false);
+    if (fin) { ev.emit('tunnel_data', sid, new Uint8Array(0), true); releaseStream(sid); }
+  }
+
+  // A WebTransport session is over (its CONNECT stream ended or was reset).
+  // Its streams go with it: reset and stopped with WEBTRANSPORT_SESSION_GONE
+  // (draft-ietf-webtrans-http3 §4.6), and reported so whoever holds them can
+  // destroy them. They used to stay in _wtStreams / _claimedStreams, routed
+  // to a session that no longer existed, until each one happened to end.
+  var WT_SESSION_GONE = 0x170d7b68;
+  function endWtSession(sessionId) {
+    if (!_wtSessions.delete(sessionId)) return;
+    var children = [];
+    for (var k in _wtStreams) {
+      if (_wtStreams[k].sessionId === sessionId) children.push(Number(k));
+    }
+    for (var u in _wtLocalUni) {
+      if (_wtLocalUni[u] === sessionId) children.push(Number(u));
+    }
+    for (var i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
+      if (_connClosed) releaseStream(children[i]);
+      else abortStream(children[i], WT_SESSION_GONE);
+    }
+    ev.emit('wt_session_closed', sessionId, children);
+  }
+
+  // A request stream announces itself as soon as it is one — its first bytes
+  // read as HTTP/3, not WebTransport — before its HEADERS frame has even
+  // arrived whole: the position of h2's 'stream_open', for the same reasons.
+  // A refusal here costs nothing decoded, and the clock on a request's head
+  // (h3_server's headersTimeout) starts with its first byte, not with a
+  // HEADERS frame that a slow peer may never finish sending. It was announced
+  // at that frame's decode, so a HEADERS trickled a byte at a time was
+  // invisible for as long as it lasted.
+  // Emitted unconditionally: a listenerCount guard once stood here, when
+  // h3's emitter had no such method, and the event never fired at all.
+  function announceRequestStream(s) {
+    if (s.announced) return;
+    s.announced = true;
+    ev.emit('stream_open', Number(s.sid));
+  }
+
+  // A stream WE end because of what the peer sent on it — a stream error
+  // (RFC 9114 §8). The stream is cancelled both ways, and reported: a
+  // request above may already exist for it, and would otherwise wait for
+  // an end that is never coming.
+  function streamError(sid, code, reason) {
+    if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] stream error on ' + sid + ' (' + (H3_ERR_NAME[code] || code) + '): ' + reason);
+    abortStream(sid, code);
+    ev.emit('stream_error', sid, code, reason);
+  }
+
+  // Streams WE cancelled (abortStream). The peer's replies to that — it MUST
+  // answer our STOP_SENDING with a RESET_STREAM (RFC 9000 §3.5) — are not the
+  // peer cancelling anything, and must not be reported as if it were: a rate
+  // limiter counting cancellations would charge clients for our refusals.
+  // Bounded; a stream's echo arrives within a round trip or two.
+  var _abortedHere = new Set();
+  function rememberAborted(sid) {
+    _abortedHere.add(sid);
+    if (_abortedHere.size > 4096) _abortedHere.delete(_abortedHere.values().next().value);
+  }
+
+  // The peer reset its sending part (RESET_STREAM). For a request stream that
+  // is the client cancelling the request — RFC 9114 §4.1.1 — and whoever is
+  // handling it needs to know. The WebTransport session is passed along for
+  // a WT stream, so it can be routed to its session.
+  listenQuic('stream_reset', function (streamId, code) {
     var sid = Number(streamId);
+    var wt = _wtStreams[sid];
+    var wasParsing = sid in context.streams;
+    // A client's request stream reset before its HEADERS came: there is no
+    // request, and no one above to end the response side — it stayed open
+    // for good, its slot of the client's stream limit with it (and what the
+    // transport keeps per stream until both sides end). Ended here, as a
+    // cancelled request (RFC 9114 §4.1.1). Not a WebTransport stream: its
+    // session's.
+    var noRequest = context.isServer && (sid & 3) === 0 && !wt && !_wtHeld.has(sid) &&
+                    !(wasParsing && context.streams[sid].headers_seen);
+    releaseStream(sid);
+    if (noRequest && quic.resetStream) quic.resetStream(sid, H3_ERR.H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED);
+    if (_abortedHere.has(sid)) return;
+    if (wasParsing) sendStreamCancel(sid);
+    ev.emit('stream_reset', sid, code, wt ? wt.sessionId : null);
+  });
+
+  // The peer will not read what we send (STOP_SENDING). quic_connection has
+  // already answered with RESET_STREAM, as RFC 9000 §3.5 requires. This is
+  // how a browser cancels a GET: its own side of the stream is already
+  // finished, so there is nothing for it to reset — STOP_SENDING is the
+  // whole cancellation.
+  listenQuic('stop_sending', function (streamId, code) {
+    var sid = Number(streamId);
+    if (_abortedHere.has(sid)) return;
+    ev.emit('stop_sending', sid, code);
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Cancel a stream, both directions — RFC 9114 §4.1.1: "reset the sending
+   * parts of streams and abort reading on the receiving parts". For a request
+   * the server declines to process, `code` is H3_REQUEST_REJECTED (the
+   * client may safely retry it); for one abandoned part way,
+   * H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED.
+   */
+  function abortStream(streamId, code) {
+    var sid = Number(streamId);
+    rememberAborted(sid);
+    var stopped = quic.stopSending ? quic.stopSending(sid, code) : false;
+    if (quic.resetStream) quic.resetStream(sid, code);
+    if (stopped) sendStreamCancel(sid);
+    releaseStream(sid);
+  }
+
+  // Stop reading a stream, leaving our sending part alone — for a stream
+  // whose response is already written (a refused tunnel: the 4xx/5xx went
+  // out with FIN, and resetting would discard it).
+  function stopReading(streamId, code) {
+    var sid = Number(streamId);
+    rememberAborted(sid);
+    var stopped = quic.stopSending ? quic.stopSending(sid, code) : false;
+    if (stopped) sendStreamCancel(sid);
+    releaseStream(sid);
+  }
+
+  // RFC 9204 §2.2.2.2: reading of a request stream was abandoned (by us, or
+  // by the peer's reset), so the peer's encoder must hear that any section
+  // on it will never be acknowledged — or the entries it references can
+  // never be evicted. Header sections live on client-initiated
+  // bidirectional streams, whichever side we are.
+  function sendStreamCancel(sid) {
+    if ((sid % 4) !== 0) return;
+    if (context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity > 0 && decoderStreamId !== null) {
+      quic.sendStream(decoderStreamId, new Uint8Array(qpackEncodeStreamCancel(sid)), false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  listenQuic('stream', onStream);
+  function onStream(streamId, data, fin) {
+    if (_fatal) return;   // connection is closing; decoding further is pointless
+    var sid = Number(streamId);
+
+    // An extended-CONNECT tunnel: after the CONNECT is accepted, everything on
+    // this stream belongs to the protocol running inside it. RFC 9220 §3 —
+    // WebSocket frames, not DATA frames, and reading them as HTTP/3 would fail
+    // on the first opcode.
+    if (_tunnelStreams.has(sid)) {
+      // Bytes that arrived before the application accepted the CONNECT
+      // (normally replayed at accept already). They go first, in order.
+      if (_tunnelPending[sid]) replayTunnelPending(sid);
+      ev.emit('tunnel_data', sid, data, fin);
+      if (fin) releaseStream(sid);
+      return;
+    }
 
     // Route data for already-detected WT streams
     if (sid in _wtStreams) {
       var ws = _wtStreams[sid];
       ev.emit('wt_data', ws.sessionId, sid, data, fin);
-      if (fin) delete _wtStreams[sid];
+      // Nothing arrives after a FIN (quic_connection's recv_final), so the
+      // claim is not needed past it. Kept, both grew by one entry for every
+      // WebTransport stream the connection ever carried.
+      if (fin) releaseStream(sid);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (_tunnelPendingIds.has(sid)) {
+      // Marked as a tunnel-to-be by the application, not yet accepted.
+      if (!_tunnelPending[sid]) { _tunnelPending[sid] = []; _tunnelPendingBytes[sid] = 0; }
+      if (data && data.byteLength) {
+        _tunnelPendingBytes[sid] += data.byteLength;
+        _tunnelPendingTotal += data.byteLength;
+        if (_tunnelPendingBytes[sid] > MAX_TUNNEL_PENDING || _tunnelPendingTotal > MAX_TUNNEL_PENDING_TOTAL) {
+          streamError(sid, H3_ERR.H3_EXCESSIVE_LOAD, 'tunnel data held before the CONNECT was accepted exceeds the limit');
+          return;
+        }
+        _tunnelPending[sid].push(data);
+      }
+      // The FIN is kept too: nothing more arrives after it, so it has to be
+      // replayed at accept, not on a next delivery that never comes.
+      if (fin) _tunnelPendingFin.add(sid);
       return;
     }
 
-    if (_claimedStreams.has(sid)) return; // owned by WebTransport client
+    // Owned by the WebTransport client (webtransport.js reads it itself);
+    // released at its FIN like any other — it used to be kept for good.
+    if (_claimedStreams.has(sid)) { if (fin) releaseStream(sid); return; }
     if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] stream ' + streamId + ' data=' + data.byteLength + ' fin=' + fin);
     if (!(streamId in context.streams)) {
-      context.streams[streamId] = { chunks: [], from_offset: 0, type: null, fin_received: false };
+      context.streams[streamId] = { sid: sid, chunks: [], from_offset: 0, type: null, fin_received: false,
+                                   buffered: 0,       // bytes held past from_offset
+                                   data_left: 0, skip_left: 0,
+                                   headers_seen: false, need: 0 };
+      if (context.isServer && sid % 4 === 0 && sid > _maxPeerBidi) _maxPeerBidi = sid;
     }
 
     var s = context.streams[streamId];
-    s.chunks.push(data);
+    if (data && data.byteLength) { s.chunks.push(data); s.buffered += data.byteLength; }
     if (fin) s.fin_received = true;
 
-    // Identify stream type
+    // Identify the stream type — from its first bytes, however QUIC splits
+    // them. The type used to be read from the first DELIVERY: one that was
+    // empty (a zero-length STREAM frame) left the stream typeless for good,
+    // holding every byte sent on it; a WebTransport prefix split across two
+    // deliveries was read as HTTP/3 frames. Only the first few bytes are
+    // copied, never the whole buffer.
     if (s.type === null) {
-      var isUni = (Number(streamId) & 0x2) !== 0;
-
-      // ---- WT stream detection ----
-      if (context.local_webtransport && _wtSessions.size > 0) {
-        var allData = concatUint8Arrays(s.chunks);
-        if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] WT check: stream=' + sid + ' firstByte=0x' + (allData[0] || 0).toString(16) + ' len=' + allData.byteLength + ' sessions=' + Array.from(_wtSessions));
-        if (allData.byteLength >= 2 && allData[0] === 0x40) {
-          var typeResult = readVarInt(allData, 0);
-          if (typeResult) {
-            var expectedType = isUni ? 0x54 : 0x41;
-            if (typeResult.value === expectedType) {
-              var afterType = allData.slice(typeResult.byteLength);
-              var sidResult = readVarInt(afterType, 0);
-              if (sidResult && _wtSessions.has(sidResult.value)) {
-                // WT stream detected
-                var sessionId = sidResult.value;
-                var prefixLen = typeResult.byteLength + sidResult.byteLength;
-                var remaining = allData.byteLength > prefixLen ? allData.slice(prefixLen) : new Uint8Array(0);
-
-                _claimedStreams.add(sid);
-                _wtStreams[sid] = { sessionId: sessionId, isBidi: !isUni };
-                delete context.streams[streamId];
-
-                if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] WT stream detected: stream=' + sid + ' session=' + sessionId + ' bidi=' + !isUni + ' dataLen=' + remaining.byteLength);
-                ev.emit('wt_stream', sessionId, sid, remaining, fin, !isUni);
-                if (fin) delete _wtStreams[sid];
-                return;
-              }
-            }
+      var isUni = (sid % 4) >= 2;
+      var head = copyBytes(s, Math.min(s.buffered, 16));
+      var st = readVarInt(head, 0);
+
+      if (!st) {
+        // Not even the first varint yet.
+        if (!s.fin_received) return;
+        if (isUni) { releaseStream(sid); return; }   // empty: nothing to do
+        s.type = 'bidi';    // processBidiStream reports what is wrong with it
+        announceRequestStream(s);
+      } else {
+        // ---- WT stream detection ----
+        var wtType = isUni ? 0x54 : 0x41;
+        if (context.local_webtransport && st.value === wtType) {
+          var sidResult = readVarInt(head, st.byteLength);
+          if (!sidResult && !s.fin_received) return;    // the session ID is still to come
+          if (sidResult && !_wtSessions.has(sidResult.value)) {
+            // Not a session (yet): held for one that may come, refused
+            // for one that will not.
+            if (wtSessionMayCome(sidResult.value)) holdWtStream(s, sidResult.value);
+            else abortStream(sid, WT_BUFFERED_STREAM_REJECTED);
+            return;
+          }
+          if (sidResult) {
+            var sessionId = sidResult.value;
+            var prefixLen = st.byteLength + sidResult.byteLength;
+            consumeBytes(s, prefixLen);
+            var remaining = s.buffered > 0 ? copyBytes(s, s.buffered) : new Uint8Array(0);
+
+            delete context.streams[sid];   // no longer parsed as HTTP/3: a WT stream now
+            // The prefix was ours, and consumeBytes credited it; the rest is
+            // the application's, credited as it reads it (h3_server).
+            _claimedStreams.add(sid);
+            _wtStreams[sid] = { sessionId: sessionId, isBidi: !isUni };
+
+            if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] WT stream detected: stream=' + sid + ' session=' + sessionId + ' bidi=' + !isUni + ' dataLen=' + remaining.byteLength);
+            ev.emit('wt_stream', sessionId, sid, remaining, s.fin_received, !isUni);
+            if (s.fin_received) releaseStream(sid);   // the FIN came with the prefix
+            return;
           }
         }
-      }
 
-      if (isUni) {
-        if (s.chunks[0].length > 0) {
-          var first = s.chunks[0][0];
-          if (first === 0x00)      { s.type = 'control';    s.from_offset = 1; }
-          else if (first === 0x02) { s.type = 'qpack_enc';  s.from_offset = 1; }
-          else if (first === 0x03) { s.type = 'qpack_dec';  s.from_offset = 1; }
-          else                     { s.type = 'unknown'; }
+        if (isUni) {
+          if (st.value === 0x00)      s.type = 'control';
+          else if (st.value === 0x02) s.type = 'qpack_enc';
+          else if (st.value === 0x03) s.type = 'qpack_dec';
+          else if (st.value === 0x01) {
+            // A push stream (§4.6, §6.2.2). Only a server pushes: one from a
+            // client is H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR. A client allowed none (it
+            // sends no MAX_PUSH_ID): "...receipt of a push stream as a
+            // connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR when no MAX_PUSH_ID frame
+            // has been sent".
+            releaseRecvCredit(sid);
+            if (context.isServer) connectionError(H3_ERR.H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR, 'a push stream from the client');
+            else connectionError(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'a push stream, none allowed');
+            return;
+          }
+          else                        s.type = 'unknown';
+          if (s.type !== 'unknown') consumeBytes(s, st.byteLength);
+          // Not a WebTransport stream: its credit is not the application's
+          // to return (see setCreditPolicy above).
+          releaseRecvCredit(sid);
+          // One of each per peer (RFC 9114 §6.2.1, RFC 9204 §4.2): a second
+          // control or QPACK stream is H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR. Read, a
+          // second encoder stream fed the same dynamic table from two
+          // directions (nginx CVE-2026-42530 was a reopened encoder stream).
+          if (s.type !== 'unknown') {
+            if (_criticalStreams[s.type] !== undefined && _criticalStreams[s.type] !== sid) {
+              connectionError(H3_ERR.H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR, 'a second ' + s.type + ' stream');
+              return;
+            }
+            _criticalStreams[s.type] = sid;
+          }
+        } else if ((sid % 4) === 1) {
+          // Server-initiated bidirectional: HTTP/3 itself never opens one
+          // (RFC 9114 §6.1) — only an extension such as WebTransport, whose
+          // client side (webtransport.js) reads these streams itself. Parsed
+          // as request frames, a WT payload starting with 0x00 read as DATA
+          // before HEADERS and closed the whole connection.
+          s.type = 'unknown';
+          releaseRecvCredit(sid);   // not read: nothing will return its credit
+        } else {
+          s.type = 'bidi';
+          announceRequestStream(s);
         }
-      } else {
-        s.type = 'bidi';
       }
     }
 
-    // Process by type
-    if (s.type === 'control') {
-      processControlStream(s);
-
-    } else if (s.type === 'qpack_enc') {
-      processQpackEncoderStream(s);
+    // Process by type.
+    //
+    // Each processor decodes attacker-controlled bytes, so each can throw:
+    // a bad prefixed integer, an invalid Huffman code, a truncated literal.
+    // The catch turns that into the connection error RFC 9114 requires,
+    // instead of letting it unwind into Emitter's swallow.
+    try {
+      if ((s.type === 'control' || s.type === 'qpack_enc' || s.type === 'qpack_dec') && s.fin_received) {
+        // RFC 9114 §6.2.1, RFC 9204 §4.2: these live as long as the connection.
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM, 'the peer closed its ' + s.type + ' stream');
+      }
+      if (s.type === 'control') {
+        processControlStream(s);
+
+      } else if (s.type === 'qpack_enc') {
+        processQpackEncoderStream(s);
+
+      } else if (s.type === 'qpack_dec') {
+        processQpackDecoderStream(s);
+
+      } else if (s.type === 'bidi') {
+        processBidiStream(streamId, s);
+
+      } else if (s.type === 'unknown') {
+        // A unidirectional stream of a type we do not know — GREASE, or an
+        // extension we do not speak. RFC 9114 §6.2: its data is ignored. It
+        // used to be kept all the same, every byte, for the connection's life.
+        s.chunks.length = 0;
+        s.from_offset = 0;
+        s.buffered = 0;
+        if (s.fin_received) releaseStream(sid);
+      }
 
-    } else if (s.type === 'bidi') {
-      processBidiStream(streamId, s);
+      // The processors read s.chunks from s.from_offset onward; what lies
+      // before it is done with. Drop those chunks and rebase the offset, so
+      // the array holds only bytes not yet parsed. Kept, every arrival walked
+      // the whole history to find its place and re-copied the unparsed part
+      // of it: O(n^2) over a large upload, and over the connection's life on
+      // the control and QPACK streams, which never end.
+      while (s.chunks.length > 0 && s.from_offset >= s.chunks[0].length) {
+        s.from_offset -= s.chunks[0].length;
+        s.chunks.shift();
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      // A code already chosen at the throw site (see decodeHeaders below) wins;
+      // an exception of our own is H3_INTERNAL_ERROR (isInternalError), and
+      // counted as the QUIC layer counts its own; anything else is a framing
+      // failure on whichever stream we were reading.
+      if (!err.h3ErrorCode && isInternalError(err) && quic.countInternalError) quic.countInternalError(err);
+      connectionError(err.h3ErrorCode || (isInternalError(err) ? H3_ERR.H3_INTERNAL_ERROR : H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_ERROR),
+                      err.message || 'stream processing failed');
     }
-  });
+  }
 
 
-  quic.on('connect', function () {
+  listenQuic('connect', function () {
     sendControlStreams();
   });
 
@@ -745,110 +1447,685 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
 
   // ---- Stream processors ----
 
-  function processControlStream(s) {
-    var ext = extractH3Frames(s.chunks, s.from_offset);
-    if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] control: extracted ' + ext.frames.length + ' H3 frames');
-    if (ext.frames.length === 0) return;
-    s.from_offset = ext.new_from_offset;
-
-    for (var i = 0; i < ext.frames.length; i++) {
-      if (ext.frames[i].frame_type === 0x04) {
-        var settings = parseSettingsPayload(ext.frames[i].payload);
-        var updates = { remote_settings_received: true };
-
-        if ('SETTINGS_QPACK_MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY' in settings) {
-          updates.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity = settings['SETTINGS_QPACK_MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY'];
-        }
-        if ('SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE' in settings) {
-          updates.remote_max_header_size = settings['SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE'];
-        }
-        if ('SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM' in settings) {
-          updates.remote_datagram_support = settings['SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM'] > 0;
-        }
+  // The control stream is read frame by frame, like a request stream. It
+  // used to re-join everything unparsed on every arrival and wait for each
+  // frame whole: a frame of an unknown type (legal — RFC 9114 §9 says to
+  // ignore it) announcing a huge length made us buffer all of it, with a full
+  // copy per packet. Now frames we do not read are skipped as they arrive,
+  // and the ones we do read are bounded.
+  function h3Error(code, msg) {
+    var e = new Error(msg);
+    e.h3ErrorCode = code;
+    return e;
+  }
 
-        set_context(updates);
+  // Frame types of HTTP/2 that HTTP/3 reserves (RFC 9114 §7.2.8, §11.2.1):
+  // PRIORITY, PING, WINDOW_UPDATE, CONTINUATION. On any stream:
+  // H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED.
+  function reservedH2Frame(t) { return t === 0x02 || t === 0x06 || t === 0x08 || t === 0x09; }
+
+  // Server push (RFC 9114 §4.6). Neither side here takes part in it: the
+  // client sends no MAX_PUSH_ID, so no push ID is allowed it; the server
+  // sends no PUSH_PROMISE, so no push ID exists to cancel. What each side
+  // received of the peer's push frames, to hold them to their own rules.
+  var _peerMaxPushId = -1;       // server: the highest MAX_PUSH_ID received
+  var _peerGoawayId = -1;        // the last GOAWAY's identifier
+
+  // A frame payload that is one varint and nothing else (CANCEL_PUSH,
+  // GOAWAY, MAX_PUSH_ID): its value, or H3_FRAME_ERROR (§7.1: "...contain
+  // additional bytes after the identified fields or a frame payload that
+  // terminates before the end of the identified fields").
+  function oneVarint(payload, what) {
+    var v = readVarInt(payload, 0);
+    if (!v || v.byteLength !== payload.length) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_ERROR, what + ' payload is not one integer');
+    return v.value;
+  }
 
-      } else if (ext.frames[i].frame_type === 0x07) {
-        // GOAWAY (RFC 9114 §5.2): the peer will not process requests/pushes
-        // with an identifier >= this value. Surface it so consumers (e.g. the
-        // agent) can stop sending new requests on this connection.
-        var gp = readVarInt(ext.frames[i].payload, 0);
-        if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] ← GOAWAY id=' + (gp ? gp.value : '?'));
-        ev.emit('goaway', gp ? gp.value : 0);
+  function processControlStream(s) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (s.skip_left > 0) {
+        var skipNow = Math.min(s.skip_left, s.buffered);
+        if (skipNow === 0) return;
+        consumeBytes(s, skipNow);
+        s.skip_left -= skipNow;
+        continue;
       }
+      if (s.buffered === 0) return;
+      var head = copyBytes(s, Math.min(s.buffered, 16));
+      var ft = readVarInt(head, 0);
+      if (!ft) return;
+      var flen = readVarInt(head, ft.byteLength);
+      if (!flen) return;
+      var headLen = ft.byteLength + flen.byteLength;
+
+      // RFC 9114 §7.2.1, §7.2.2, §7.2.5: DATA, HEADERS and PUSH_PROMISE on
+      // the control stream are H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED.
+      if (ft.value === 0x00 || ft.value === 0x01 || ft.value === 0x05 || reservedH2Frame(ft.value)) {
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'frame type 0x' + ft.value.toString(16) + ' on the control stream');
+      }
+      // RFC 9114 §6.2.1, §7.2.4: SETTINGS first, and once.
+      if (!s.settings_seen && ft.value !== 0x04) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_MISSING_SETTINGS, 'the control stream did not begin with SETTINGS');
+      if (s.settings_seen && ft.value === 0x04) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'a second SETTINGS frame');
+      // MAX_PUSH_ID from a server (§7.2.7): H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, on sight.
+      if (ft.value === 0x0d && !context.isServer) {
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'MAX_PUSH_ID from the server');
+      }
+      if (ft.value !== 0x04 && ft.value !== 0x07 && ft.value !== 0x03 && ft.value !== 0x0d &&
+          ft.value !== PRIORITY_UPDATE_REQUEST && ft.value !== PRIORITY_UPDATE_PUSH) {
+        consumeBytes(s, headLen);
+        s.skip_left = flen.value;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (flen.value > MAX_CONTROL_FRAME) {
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_EXCESSIVE_LOAD, 'control frame of ' + flen.value + ' bytes');
+      }
+      if (s.buffered < headLen + flen.value) return;
+      consumeBytes(s, headLen);
+      var payload = copyBytes(s, flen.value);
+      consumeBytes(s, flen.value);
+      if (ft.value === 0x04) s.settings_seen = true;
+      handleControlFrame(ft.value, payload);
+      if (_fatal) return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function handleControlFrame(frameType, payload) {
+    if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] control: frame 0x' + frameType.toString(16) + ' len=' + payload.length);
+    if (frameType === 0x04) {
+      var settings = parseSettingsPayload(payload);
+      checkRememberedSettings(settings._ordered || []);
+      // Kept with the sessions saved from now on (a client's).
+      if (!context.isServer && quic && quic.rememberApplicationSettings) quic.rememberApplicationSettings({ h3: knownSettings(settings._ordered || []) });
+      var updates = { remote_settings_received: true };
+
+      if ('SETTINGS_QPACK_MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY' in settings) {
+        updates.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity = settings['SETTINGS_QPACK_MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY'];
+      }
+      if ('SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE' in settings) {
+        updates.remote_max_header_size = settings['SETTINGS_MAX_FIELD_SECTION_SIZE'];
+      }
+      if ('SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM' in settings) {
+        updates.remote_datagram_support = settings['SETTINGS_H3_DATAGRAM'] > 0;
+      }
+
+      set_context(updates);
+
+      // Surfaced separately from the context update: this is an observation
+      // about the peer, not a setting that changes our behaviour.
+      ev.emit('peer_settings', settings._ordered || []);
+
+    } else if (frameType === 0x07) {
+      // GOAWAY (RFC 9114 §5.2): the peer will not process requests/pushes
+      // with an identifier >= this value. Surface it so consumers (e.g. the
+      // agent) can stop sending new requests on this connection.
+      var gid = oneVarint(payload, 'GOAWAY');
+      // From a server, a client-initiated bidirectional stream ID — "...of
+      // any other type as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR"; from a
+      // client, a push ID. Either way it may only stay or go down: "...an
+      // identifier greater than that sent in a previous GOAWAY frame ...
+      // MUST treat this as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR".
+      if (!context.isServer && gid % 4 !== 0) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'GOAWAY with stream ' + gid + ', not a request stream');
+      if (_peerGoawayId >= 0 && gid > _peerGoawayId) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'GOAWAY went up, ' + _peerGoawayId + ' to ' + gid);
+      _peerGoawayId = gid;
+      if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] ← GOAWAY id=' + gid);
+      ev.emit('goaway', gid);
+    } else if (frameType === 0x03) {
+      // CANCEL_PUSH (§7.2.3). At a server, of a push it never promised — it
+      // promises none: "...a push ID that has not yet been mentioned by a
+      // PUSH_PROMISE frame, this MUST be treated as a connection error of
+      // type H3_ID_ERROR". At a client, of a push ID above the maximum it
+      // allowed — it allowed none: H3_ID_ERROR.
+      var cp = oneVarint(payload, 'CANCEL_PUSH');
+      throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'CANCEL_PUSH for push ' + cp + (context.isServer ? ', never promised' : ', none allowed'));
+    } else if (frameType === 0x0d) {
+      // MAX_PUSH_ID at the server (§7.2.7; the client's case is refused
+      // above): "...a MAX_PUSH_ID frame that contains a smaller value than
+      // previously received MUST be treated as a connection error of type
+      // H3_ID_ERROR." Kept, though no push follows.
+      var mp = oneVarint(payload, 'MAX_PUSH_ID');
+      if (mp < _peerMaxPushId) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'MAX_PUSH_ID went down, ' + _peerMaxPushId + ' to ' + mp);
+      _peerMaxPushId = mp;
+    } else {
+      handlePriorityUpdate(frameType, payload);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ---- Priorities (RFC 9218) ────────────────────────────────────────────
+  //
+  // The client's signals, read here and handed to QUIC's scheduler as the
+  // peer's (setStreamPriority's fromPeer): the `priority` header of a
+  // request, and PRIORITY_UPDATE on its control stream, which replaces it.
+  // What the application sets for a response (h3_server's res.setPriority)
+  // is the server's decision, and a signal does not override it. A request
+  // with no signal keeps the scheduler's default: urgency 3, sharing turns.
+  //
+  // A PRIORITY_UPDATE may arrive before its request (§7.1 — they travel on
+  // different streams): held until the request's head is read, then applied
+  // over it. Bounded, oldest out; a client has no reason to run far ahead.
+  var PRIORITY_UPDATE_REQUEST = 0xF0700, PRIORITY_UPDATE_PUSH = 0xF0701;
+  var PRIORITY_PENDING_MAX = 128;
+  var _prioPending = new Map();   // sid -> Priority Field Value
+  var _maxPeerBidi = -1;          // highest request stream the client has opened
+
+  function handlePriorityUpdate(frameType, payload) {
+    // §7.2: the server sends none.
+    if (!context.isServer) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'PRIORITY_UPDATE from the server');
+    var id = readVarInt(payload, 0);
+    if (!id) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_ERROR, 'PRIORITY_UPDATE without an element ID');
+    // §7.2: no push was ever allowed (we send no MAX_PUSH_ID), so any push ID
+    // is beyond the limit; a request ID must be a client-initiated
+    // bidirectional stream.
+    if (frameType === PRIORITY_UPDATE_PUSH) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'PRIORITY_UPDATE for a push');
+    var sid = id.value;
+    if (sid % 4 !== 0) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'PRIORITY_UPDATE for stream ' + sid + ', not a request stream');
+    var value = Buffer.from(payload.subarray(id.byteLength)).toString('latin1');
+    var s = context.streams[sid];
+    if (sid > _maxPeerBidi || (s && s.type !== 'bidi') || (s && !s.final_head_seen)) {
+      _prioPending.delete(sid);
+      _prioPending.set(sid, value);
+      if (_prioPending.size > PRIORITY_PENDING_MAX) _prioPending.delete(_prioPending.keys().next().value);
+      return;
     }
+    quic.setStreamPriority(sid, parsePriority(value), true);   // false for a stream already over: nothing to do
+  }
+
+  // A request's head is read: its signals, the header first and any update
+  // that came ahead of it over it.
+  function applyRequestPriority(sid, headers) {
+    if (headers.priority != null) quic.setStreamPriority(sid, parsePriority(headers.priority), true);
+    if (_prioPending.has(sid)) {
+      quic.setStreamPriority(sid, parsePriority(_prioPending.get(sid)), true);
+      _prioPending.delete(sid);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The client's side: change a request's priority after it was sent (§7).
+  function sendPriorityUpdate(streamId, p) {
+    if (context.isServer) return false;
+    sendControlStreams();
+    var field = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(formatPriority(p), 'latin1'));
+    var idv = writeVarInt(Number(streamId));
+    var payload = new Uint8Array(idv.byteLength + field.byteLength);
+    payload.set(idv, 0); payload.set(field, idv.byteLength);
+    quic.sendStream(context.isServer ? 3 : 2, buildH3Frames([{ frame_type: PRIORITY_UPDATE_REQUEST, payload: payload }]), false);
+    return true;
   }
 
   function processQpackEncoderStream(s) {
-    var ext = parseQpackEncoderInstructions(s.chunks, s.from_offset);
+    // An instruction cut short said how many bytes it needs; until they are
+    // here, there is nothing to parse.
+    if (s.buffered === 0 || (s.need > 0 && s.buffered < s.need)) return;
+    var ext;
+    try {
+      // Only the unparsed bytes are copied (once per completed instruction,
+      // given `need`), and no literal larger than our table can hold is
+      // waited for.
+      ext = parseQpackEncoderInstructions(copyBytes(s, s.buffered),
+                                          context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity);
+    } catch (err) {
+      // RFC 9204 §4.2: a malformed encoder stream is QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR,
+      // not a decompression failure — nothing was being decompressed yet.
+      err.h3ErrorCode = H3_ERR.QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR;
+      throw err;
+    }
+    consumeBytes(s, ext.consumed);
+    s.need = ext.need;
     if (ext.instructions.length === 0) return;
-    s.from_offset = ext.new_from_offset;
 
-    var inserts = [];
+    // Each instruction is applied before the next is read. They used to be
+    // collected and inserted together, so an instruction naming an entry
+    // inserted earlier in the same batch found the wrong one. And one that
+    // could not be resolved was skipped — leaving our insert count one short
+    // of the peer's, and every later reference pointing at the wrong entry.
+    // Both are errors the peer must hear about, not things to paper over.
     for (var i = 0; i < ext.instructions.length; i++) {
       var inst = ext.instructions[i];
+
       if (inst.type === 'set_capacity') {
-        set_context({ remote_qpack_table_capacity: inst.capacity });
+        if (inst.capacity > context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity) {
+          throw qpackEncoderStreamError('capacity ' + inst.capacity + ' exceeds the ' +
+                                        context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity + ' we advertised');
+        }
+        context.remote_qpack_table_capacity = inst.capacity;
+        evictQpackTable();
 
       } else if (inst.type === 'insert_name_ref') {
-        var name = null;
-        if (inst.from_static && inst.name_index < QPACK_STATIC.length) {
-          name = QPACK_STATIC[inst.name_index][0];
-        } else if (!inst.from_static) {
-          var di = context.remote_qpack_table_base_index - 1 - inst.name_index;
-          if (di >= 0 && di < context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table.length) {
-            name = context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table[di][0];
+        var name;
+        if (inst.from_static) {
+          if (inst.name_index >= QPACK_STATIC.length) {
+            throw qpackEncoderStreamError('static name index ' + inst.name_index + ' out of range');
           }
+          name = QPACK_STATIC[inst.name_index][0];
+        } else {
+          name = remoteEntryByRelative(inst.name_index)[0];
         }
-        if (name) inserts.push([name, inst.value]);
+        remoteTableInsert(name, inst.value);
 
       } else if (inst.type === 'insert_literal') {
-        inserts.push([inst.name, inst.value]);
+        remoteTableInsert(inst.name, inst.value);
+
+      } else if (inst.type === 'duplicate') {
+        var dup = remoteEntryByRelative(inst.index);
+        remoteTableInsert(dup[0], dup[1]);
       }
     }
 
-    if (inserts.length > 0) {
-      set_context({ add_qpack_entries: inserts });
+    flushQpackAcks();
+    unblockStreams();
+  }
+
+  // ---- Blocked streams (RFC 9204 §2.1.2) ----
+  //
+  // A HEADERS frame whose section needs inserts not yet received waits — its
+  // bytes stay in the stream's buffer, uncredited, and nothing behind it on
+  // the stream is read — until the encoder stream brings them. At most
+  // QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS at once; one more is the peer breaking the limit
+  // we set: QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED (§2.2.1).
+  var _blocked = new Map();   // stream id → the Required Insert Count it waits for
+
+  // The Required Insert Count of a field section, from its prefix.
+  function sectionRequiredInsertCount(payload) {
+    var ricEnc = readPrefixedInt(payload, 8, 0);
+    if (!ricEnc) return 0;
+    return decodeRequiredInsertCount(ricEnc.value, Math.floor(context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity / 32), context.remote_qpack_table_base_index);
+  }
+
+  // Whether stream `sid` must wait for this section; registers it if so.
+  function sectionBlocked(sid, payload) {
+    var ric;
+    try { ric = sectionRequiredInsertCount(payload); }
+    catch (e) { return false; }   // malformed: decodeHeaders reports it
+    if (ric <= context.remote_qpack_table_base_index) { _blocked.delete(sid); return false; }
+    if (!_blocked.has(sid) && _blocked.size >= QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS) {
+      throw h3Error(H3_ERR.QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED, 'more than ' + QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS + ' blocked streams');
+    }
+    _blocked.set(sid, ric);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Inserts arrived: every stream they unblock is read on, in turn.
+  function unblockStreams() {
+    if (_blocked.size === 0) return;
+    var ready = [];
+    _blocked.forEach(function (ric, sid) { if (ric <= context.remote_qpack_table_base_index) ready.push(sid); });
+    for (var i = 0; i < ready.length; i++) {
+      _blocked.delete(ready[i]);
+      var bs = context.streams[ready[i]];
+      if (bs && bs.type === 'bidi') processBidiStream(ready[i], bs);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Decode a QPACK header block, re-tagging any failure as
+   * QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED (RFC 9204 §2.2.3) rather than the generic
+   * framing error. The distinction matters to whoever reads the peer's logs:
+   * a decompression failure says the two dynamic tables have diverged, which
+   * is a different bug from a malformed frame.
+   */
+  function decodeHeaders(payload, streamId) {
+    var headers;
+    try {
+      headers = parseQpackHeaderBlock(
+        payload,
+        context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table,
+        context.remote_qpack_table_base_index,
+        // MaxEntries from the capacity WE advertised (§4.5.1.1).
+        Math.floor(context.local_qpack_max_table_capacity / 32),
+        context.local_max_header_size
+      );
+    } catch (err) {
+      // Too large is this message's fault, not the tables': the stream goes,
+      // the connection stays (see the caller).
+      if (!err.excessive && !isInternalError(err)) err.h3ErrorCode = H3_ERR.QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED;
+      throw err;
+    }
+    // §4.4.1: a section that used the dynamic table is acknowledged, so the
+    // peer's encoder knows those references are done with.
+    // Not for a stream we have abandoned: abortStream sent a Stream
+    // Cancellation for it, and an acknowledgement after that names a section
+    // the encoder no longer has — QPACK_DECODER_STREAM_ERROR on its side.
+    if (headers._ric > 0 && decoderStreamId !== null && streamId !== undefined &&
+        !_abortedHere.has(Number(streamId))) {
+      quic.sendStream(decoderStreamId, new Uint8Array(qpackEncodeSectionAck(streamId)), false);
+    }
+    return headers;
+  }
+
+
+  // ---- Reading a request stream ----
+  //
+  // A request stream is a sequence of frames — HEADERS, DATA, perhaps trailing
+  // HEADERS — and the bytes arrive in whatever pieces QUIC delivers, about one
+  // packet each, cut with no regard for where a frame begins or ends.
+  //
+  // HEADERS is decoded whole, so it waits until all of it is here. DATA is not:
+  // its bytes are handed to the application as they arrive, and s.data_left
+  // counts down what is still to come of the frame. It used to wait for the
+  // whole frame like HEADERS, re-joining everything received so far on every
+  // packet — a 10MB DATA frame took some 20 seconds of CPU to parse, while the
+  // application received nothing and the whole body sat in memory. One DATA
+  // frame per write is exactly what h3_client sends.
+  //
+  // Frames of any other type carry nothing for a request stream; their bytes
+  // are skipped the same way (s.skip_left), not buffered. They were ignored
+  // before too, once complete.
+
+  // Bytes buffered on stream `s` past its read position.
+  function bufferedBytes(s) {
+    return s.buffered;     // kept current by the push and consumeBytes — O(1)
+  }
+
+  // Move the read position on by `n` bytes, dropping chunks read to the end.
+  // A body chunk (isBody) is credited by the caller; anything else consumed
+  // here is credited at once.
+  function consumeBytes(s, n, isBody) {
+    if (!isBody && s.sid !== undefined) creditRecv(s.sid, n);
+    s.from_offset += n;
+    s.buffered -= n;
+    while (s.chunks.length > 0 && s.from_offset >= s.chunks[0].length) {
+      s.from_offset -= s.chunks[0].length;
+      s.chunks.shift();
     }
   }
 
+  // Copy `n` bytes from the read position; the caller has checked they are here.
+  function copyBytes(s, n) {
+    var out = new Uint8Array(n);
+    var got = 0, skip = s.from_offset;
+    for (var i = 0; got < n; i++) {
+      var c = s.chunks[i];
+      if (skip >= c.length) { skip -= c.length; continue; }
+      var take = Math.min(c.length - skip, n - got);
+      out.set(c.subarray(skip, skip + take), got);
+      got += take;
+      skip = 0;
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  // The bytes from the read position to the end of the chunk holding it, at
+  // most `max` — a view, not a copy. null when nothing is buffered.
+  function nextPiece(s, max) {
+    var skip = s.from_offset;
+    for (var i = 0; i < s.chunks.length; i++) {
+      var c = s.chunks[i];
+      if (skip >= c.length) { skip -= c.length; continue; }
+      return c.subarray(skip, skip + Math.min(c.length - skip, max));
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
   function processBidiStream(streamId, s) {
-    var ext = extractH3Frames(s.chunks, s.from_offset);
-    if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] bidi stream ' + streamId + ': extracted ' + ext.frames.length + ' H3 frames, types=' + ext.frames.map(function(f){ return '0x' + f.frame_type.toString(16); }).join(','));
-
-    if (ext.frames.length > 0) {
-      s.from_offset = ext.new_from_offset;
-
-      for (var i = 0; i < ext.frames.length; i++) {
-        if (ext.frames[i].frame_type === 1) {
-          // HEADERS
-          var headers = parseQpackHeaderBlock(
-            ext.frames[i].payload,
-            context.remote_qpack_dynamic_table,
-            context.remote_qpack_table_base_index
-          );
-          ev.emit('http_headers', Number(streamId), headers);
-
-        } else if (ext.frames[i].frame_type === 0) {
-          // DATA
-          ev.emit('http_body', Number(streamId), ext.frames[i].payload);
+    while (true) {
+      // Inside a DATA frame: hand over whatever of it is here.
+      if (s.data_left > 0) {
+        var piece = nextPiece(s, s.data_left);
+        if (!piece) break;
+        consumeBytes(s, piece.length, true);
+        if (!_bodyHeld.has(Number(streamId))) creditRecv(Number(streamId), piece.length);
+        s.data_left -= piece.length;
+        if (s.content_length !== null && s.content_length !== undefined) {
+          s.body_received += piece.length;
+          if (s.body_received > s.content_length) {
+            streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_MESSAGE_ERROR, 'body longer than content-length');
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+        ev.emit('http_body', Number(streamId), piece);
+        if (context.streams[streamId] !== s) return;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Inside a frame of another type: skip whatever of it is here.
+      if (s.skip_left > 0) {
+        var skipNow = Math.min(s.skip_left, bufferedBytes(s));
+        if (skipNow === 0) break;
+        consumeBytes(s, skipNow);
+        s.skip_left -= skipNow;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // The next frame header: type and length, two varints of at most 8
+      // bytes each.
+      var avail = bufferedBytes(s);
+      if (avail === 0) break;
+      var head = copyBytes(s, Math.min(avail, 16));
+      var ft = readVarInt(head, 0);
+      if (!ft) break;
+      var len = readVarInt(head, ft.byteLength);
+      if (!len) break;
+      var headLen = ft.byteLength + len.byteLength;
+
+      if (ft.value === 0) {
+        // DATA
+        // RFC 9114 §4.1: a message starts with HEADERS; DATA before it is an
+        // invalid frame sequence — H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, a connection error.
+        // It used to be delivered, and h3_server built a request around it:
+        // empty method and URL, handler called, and an entry nothing would
+        // ever remove.
+        if (!s.headers_seen) {
+          throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'DATA before HEADERS on stream ' + streamId);
+        }
+        // Nor after the trailers, which end the message (§4.1): taken as more
+        // body, the message read here was not the one framed — what a proxy
+        // in front would have passed on.
+        if (s.trailers_seen) {
+          throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'DATA after trailers on stream ' + streamId);
         }
+        consumeBytes(s, headLen);
+        s.data_left = len.value;
+        if (len.value === 0) {
+          // An empty one is still reported, as it always was.
+          ev.emit('http_body', Number(streamId), new Uint8Array(0));
+          if (context.streams[streamId] !== s) return;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Frames of the control stream, and HTTP/2's reserved ones, are
+      // H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED on a request stream (§7.2.3, §7.2.4, §7.2.6,
+      // §7.2.7, §7.2.8; RFC 9218 §7.2 for PRIORITY_UPDATE).
+      if (ft.value === 0x03 || ft.value === 0x04 || ft.value === 0x07 || ft.value === 0x0d ||
+          ft.value === PRIORITY_UPDATE_REQUEST || ft.value === PRIORITY_UPDATE_PUSH || reservedH2Frame(ft.value)) {
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'frame type 0x' + ft.value.toString(16) + ' on request stream ' + streamId);
       }
+      // PUSH_PROMISE (§7.2.5): from a client, H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED; at a
+      // client, a push ID above the maximum it allowed — none — H3_ID_ERROR.
+      if (ft.value === 0x05) {
+        if (context.isServer) throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'PUSH_PROMISE from the client on stream ' + streamId);
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_ID_ERROR, 'PUSH_PROMISE on stream ' + streamId + ', no push allowed');
+      }
+      if (ft.value !== 1) {
+        consumeBytes(s, headLen);
+        s.skip_left = len.value;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // HEADERS — whole, or wait for the rest. Waiting is bounded: QUIC
+      // returns flow-control credit as it hands bytes up, so it does not stop
+      // a peer from announcing a frame of any length and sending it all. One
+      // larger than the field section size we advertised (SETTINGS_MAX_
+      // FIELD_SECTION_SIZE) is refused on sight, before it is buffered. The
+      // encoded size is the right thing to compare: literals count their
+      // full length plus 32 bytes per field there, more than they take here.
+      // A field section after the trailers: §4.1, H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED.
+      if (s.trailers_seen) {
+        throw h3Error(H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED, 'HEADERS after trailers on stream ' + streamId);
+      }
+      if (len.value > context.local_max_header_size) {
+        streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_EXCESSIVE_LOAD,
+                    'HEADERS of ' + len.value + ' bytes exceeds ' + context.local_max_header_size);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (avail < headLen + len.value) break;
+      // Waits for the encoder stream when it must (see sectionBlocked): the
+      // frame stays in the buffer, read again once unblocked.
+      // Already waiting, and the inserts it needs are not here yet: nothing
+      // to do. The frame was copied and its prefix decoded again on every
+      // packet that arrived on the stream meanwhile.
+      if (_blocked.has(Number(streamId)) &&
+          _blocked.get(Number(streamId)) > context.remote_qpack_table_base_index) return;
+      var whole = copyBytes(s, headLen + len.value);
+      var payload = whole.subarray(headLen);
+      if (sectionBlocked(Number(streamId), payload)) return;
+      consumeBytes(s, headLen + len.value);
+      s.headers_seen = true;
+
+      // HEADERS
+
+      var headers;
+      try { headers = decodeHeaders(payload, Number(streamId)); }
+      catch (e) {
+        if (!e.excessive) throw e;
+        streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_EXCESSIVE_LOAD, e.message);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Refused in 'stream_open' (abortStream forgot the stream): stop
+      // here, before the request exists. The block is still decoded — the
+      // QPACK state is shared with the peer and has to see every section —
+      // but nothing above this layer hears of it. The comment above
+      // promised exactly this; the code went on to emit http_headers, and
+      // a refused request reached its handler all the same.
+      if (context.streams[streamId] !== s) return;
+
+      // The section must be well formed (RFC 9114 §4.1.2, §4.2, §4.3), by the
+      // rules HTTP/2 uses too (validateFieldSection). None were checked here:
+      // a value with CR LF, a connection-specific field, a request without
+      // :path reached the handler as it came. Malformed: H3_MESSAGE_ERROR on
+      // this stream. A section after the final head is trailers; a 1xx
+      // response (103 Early Hints) is not the final head.
+      var isTrailers = !!s.final_head_seen;
+      var r;
+      try {
+        r = validateFieldSection(headers._list || [], {
+          isServer: context.isServer,
+          trailers: isTrailers,
+          connectProtocol: !!context.local_datagram_support
+        });
+      } catch (e) {
+        streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_MESSAGE_ERROR, e.message);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (!isTrailers && !(!context.isServer && /^1/.test(r.headers[':status']))) s.final_head_seen = true;
+      if (isTrailers) s.trailers_seen = true;
+
+      // content-length against the body that actually comes (§4.1.2) — for
+      // requests: a response to HEAD, or a 304, carries a length and no body.
+      if (context.isServer) {
+        if (!isTrailers) {
+          try { s.content_length = parseContentLength(r.headers['content-length']); }
+          catch (e) { streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_MESSAGE_ERROR, e.message); return; }
+          s.body_received = 0;
+        } else if (s.content_length !== null && s.content_length !== undefined && s.body_received !== s.content_length) {
+          streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_MESSAGE_ERROR, 'body shorter than content-length');
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // The pseudo-header order, for the protocol fingerprint — once the
+      // section is known to be well formed. Emitted separately because by the
+      // time the headers reach an application they are an object and the
+      // order is gone; this decode is the only place that sees the sequence.
+      if (r.pseudoOrder.length) ev.emit('pseudo_order', r.pseudoOrder);
+      if (context.isServer && !isTrailers) applyRequestPriority(Number(streamId), r.headers);
+      if (context.isServer && !isTrailers && context.local_webtransport &&
+          r.headers[':method'] === 'CONNECT' && r.headers[':protocol'] === 'webtransport') {
+        // One session more than we said the peer may have: refused before
+        // the application hears of it — H3_REQUEST_REJECTED, so it may try
+        // again later, or on another connection.
+        if (context.local_wt_max_sessions !== null && _wtSessions.size + _wtConnects.size >= context.local_wt_max_sessions) {
+          streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_REQUEST_REJECTED, 'more WebTransport sessions than SETTINGS_WT_MAX_SESSIONS');
+          return;
+        }
+        _wtConnects.add(Number(streamId));
+      }
+
+      // Trailers (a field section after the final head, RFC 9114 §4.1) are
+      // their own event. As 'http_headers' they reached the layers above as a
+      // second head: the client took them for the response's headers — its
+      // status read 0 and 'response' fired twice — and the server merged
+      // them into the request's headers.
+      ev.emit(isTrailers ? 'http_trailers' : 'http_headers', Number(streamId), r.headers);
+      // A handler may cancel the stream the moment it sees the headers;
+      // DATA behind them in this batch must not surface as a body for a
+      // request that no longer exists — h3_server would build a new one.
+      if (context.streams[streamId] !== s) return;
     }
 
     // FIN received → stream complete (emitted only once)
     if (s.fin_received && !s.http_end_emitted) {
+      // Every byte of the stream is here once its FIN is: anything left
+      // unread is a frame cut short by the end of the stream. RFC 9114 §7.1:
+      // H3_FRAME_ERROR. Ending the request quietly instead would hand the
+      // application a truncated body as a complete one — the more so now that
+      // DATA is delivered as it arrives.
+      if (s.data_left > 0 || s.skip_left > 0 || bufferedBytes(s) > 0) {
+        var truncated = new Error('stream ' + streamId + ' ended inside a frame');
+        truncated.h3ErrorCode = H3_ERR.H3_FRAME_ERROR;
+        throw truncated;
+      }
+      // A stream that ended without ever carrying HEADERS holds no message:
+      // RFC 9114 §4.1.2, H3_REQUEST_INCOMPLETE. Reporting its end made the
+      // layer above build a request out of nothing.
+      if (!s.headers_seen) {
+        streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_REQUEST_INCOMPLETE, 'stream ended without HEADERS');
+        return;
+      }
+      if (s.content_length !== null && s.content_length !== undefined && s.body_received !== s.content_length) {
+        streamError(Number(streamId), H3_ERR.H3_MESSAGE_ERROR, 'body shorter than content-length');
+        return;
+      }
       s.http_end_emitted = true;
       ev.emit('http_end', Number(streamId));
+      // Its receiving side is over, and nothing more can arrive on it:
+      // quic_connection discards every frame after the FIN (recv_final). Kept,
+      // the entry held every byte the stream ever carried — a whole upload —
+      // until the connection closed. Only this side is done; responses are
+      // sent without this entry.
+      // If it was a WebTransport CONNECT stream, its FIN ended the session:
+      // a later stream naming it belongs to nothing, and the streams still
+      // open in it are closed with it (releaseStream → endWtSession).
+      if (context.streams[streamId] === s) releaseStream(Number(streamId), true);
     }
   }
 
 
   // ---- Send methods ----
 
+  // One encoder whatever the peer allows. With no dynamic table — the peer
+  // advertised capacity 0, or its SETTINGS have not arrived yet, and
+  // encoderTable's capacity is still 0 — it uses the static table and Huffman
+  // alone, and references and inserts nothing. (A second,
+  // static-only encoder used to serve that case, without Huffman: a typical
+  // page's response headers came out 313 bytes instead of 245.)
   function sendHeaders(streamId, headers, fin) {
-    var payload = buildQpackHeaderBlock(headers);
-    var frame = buildH3Frames([{ frame_type: 1, payload: payload }]);
+    var list = [];
+    for (var hname in headers) {
+      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(headers, hname)) {
+        // A list: one field line per value (Set-Cookie above all, which may
+        // not be combined), not String(list).
+        var hv = headers[hname];
+        if (Array.isArray(hv)) { for (var hi = 0; hi < hv.length; hi++) list.push([hname, String(hv[hi])]); }
+        else list.push([hname, hv]);
+      }
+    }
+    var enc = qpackEncodeHeaderBlock(list, encoderTable, {
+      knownReceivedCount: qpackKnownReceived,
+      history: encoderHistory,
+      // The Required Insert Count is encoded against the capacity the PEER
+      // advertised, not the smaller one this encoder uses (§4.5.1.1).
+      peerMaxTableCapacity: context.remote_qpack_max_table_capacity || 0,
+      // authorization and cookie carry secrets, and compressed size is
+      // observable — the CRIME attack. They are never inserted.
+      neverIndex: { 'authorization': true, 'cookie': true,
+                    'proxy-authorization': true, 'set-cookie': true }
+    });
+    // Insertions FIRST, on their own stream: they are for the next request,
+    // not this one.
+    flushQpackInserts(enc.inserts);
+
+    var frame = buildH3Frames([{ frame_type: 1, payload: new Uint8Array(enc.block) }]);
     if (DEBUG) console.log('[h3] sendHeaders stream=' + streamId + ' len=' + frame.byteLength + ' fin=' + !!fin);
     quic.sendStream(streamId, frame, !!fin);
   }
@@ -861,14 +2138,24 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
       return;
     }
     if (typeof data === 'string') data = new TextEncoder().encode(data);
-    var frame = buildH3Frames([{ frame_type: 0, payload: data }]);
-    quic.sendStream(streamId, frame, !!fin);
+    // The DATA frame header and the payload go down as two pieces: the payload
+    // is queued by reference rather than copied behind a few header bytes.
+    var header = concatUint8Arrays([writeVarInt(0), writeVarInt(data.byteLength)]);
+    quic.sendStream(streamId, [header, data], !!fin);
   }
 
 
   // ---- Public API ----
 
+  useRememberedSettings();
+
   var api = {
+    /** Stop listening to the QUIC connection: this HTTP/3 layer is done
+     *  with it, another may take over (a client's refused 0-RTT). */
+    detach: function () {
+      for (var i = 0; i < _quicListeners.length; i++) if (quic.off) quic.off(_quicListeners[i][0], _quicListeners[i][1]);
+      _quicListeners = [];
+    },
     context: context,
 
     on: function (name, fn) { ev.on(name, fn); },
@@ -876,35 +2163,112 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
 
     sendHeaders: sendHeaders,
     sendBody: sendBody,
+    abortStream: abortStream,
     sendControlStreams: sendControlStreams,
+    sendPriorityUpdate: sendPriorityUpdate,
     sendGoaway: sendGoaway,
-    claimStream: function (streamId) { _claimedStreams.add(Number(streamId)); },
 
     // WebTransport server-side API
     registerWebTransportSession: function (sessionStreamId) {
-      _wtSessions.add(Number(sessionStreamId));
+      var id = Number(sessionStreamId);
+      _wtSessions.add(id);
+      _wtConnects.delete(id);
+      settleHeldWt(id, true);   // its streams that came early
     },
 
-    createWebTransportStream: function (sessionId, isBidi) {
-      // Allocate next stream ID (server-initiated)
-      // Server bidi: 1, 5, 9, 13... (type 0x1)
-      // Server uni: 3, 7, 11, 15... (type 0x3) — but 3,7,11 used by H3
-      var streamId;
-      if (isBidi) {
-        if (!context._nextServerBidiId) context._nextServerBidiId = 1;
-        streamId = context._nextServerBidiId;
-        context._nextServerBidiId += 4;
-      } else {
-        if (!context._nextServerUniId) context._nextServerUniId = 15;
-        streamId = context._nextServerUniId;
-        context._nextServerUniId += 4;
+    // The application answered a WebTransport CONNECT with something other
+    // than 2xx: streams that came early for it are refused.
+    rejectWebTransportSession: function (sessionStreamId) {
+      var id = Number(sessionStreamId);
+      _wtConnects.delete(id);
+      settleHeldWt(id, false);
+    },
+
+    // We closed it (CLOSE_WEBTRANSPORT_SESSION): its streams go now, reset
+    // with WEBTRANSPORT_SESSION_GONE as when the peer ends it.
+    endWebTransportSession: function (sessionStreamId) { endWtSession(Number(sessionStreamId)); },
+
+    /**
+     * Take a stream out of HTTP/3 framing and hand its bytes through raw.
+     *
+     * Called once an extended CONNECT has been accepted with a 2xx. From then
+     * on the stream carries whatever protocol `:protocol` named — WebSocket
+     * frames, for RFC 9220 — and 'tunnel_data' delivers them verbatim.
+     */
+    registerTunnelStream: function (streamId) {
+      var id = Number(streamId);
+      _tunnelStreams.add(id);
+      _tunnelPendingIds.delete(id);
+      // Anything that arrived before the accept is delivered now — after the
+      // caller's accept returns — rather than on the next arrival, which may
+      // never come (the client's FIN may already be here).
+      if (_tunnelPending[id] || _tunnelPendingFin.has(id)) {
+        queueMicrotask(function () { if (_tunnelStreams.has(id)) replayTunnelPending(id); });
       }
+    },
+
+    /** Stop reading a stream without resetting what we sent on it. */
+    stopReading: stopReading,
+
+    /** A WebTransport stream we opened has ended on our side. */
+    releaseWebTransportStream: function (streamId) { releaseStream(streamId); },
+
+    /**
+     * Mark a stream as a tunnel-in-progress: stop feeding it to the HTTP/3
+     * frame parser, but hold its bytes until registerTunnelStream() accepts.
+     *
+     * Called the moment `:protocol` is seen, which is before the application
+     * has decided whether to accept. Without it, a client that sends its first
+     * WebSocket frame immediately after the CONNECT has that frame parsed as
+     * an HTTP/3 frame and lost.
+     */
+    beginTunnelStream: function (streamId) {
+      _tunnelPendingIds.add(Number(streamId));
+      // Its bytes are the tunnel's, bounded by MAX_TUNNEL_PENDING until the
+      // accept: credited as delivered from here on.
+      _bodyHeld.delete(Number(streamId));
+      releaseRecvCredit(Number(streamId));
+    },
 
-      // Send WT prefix: VarInt(type) + VarInt(session_id)
+    /**
+     * The application returns a request body's flow-control credit itself, as
+     * it reads (see _bodyHeld): from now on, `creditBody(id, n)` for each n
+     * bytes read, and `releaseBody(id)` when it will read no more.
+     */
+    holdBody: function (streamId) {
+      var id = Number(streamId);
+      if (context.streams[id]) _bodyHeld.add(id);
+    },
+    creditBody: function (streamId, n) { if (_bodyHeld.has(Number(streamId))) creditRecv(Number(streamId), n); },
+    releaseBody: function (streamId) {
+      var id = Number(streamId);
+      if (!_bodyHeld.delete(id)) return;
+      releaseRecvCredit(id);
+    },
+
+    /** Write raw bytes onto a tunnel stream. */
+    sendTunnelData: function (streamId, data, fin) {
+      quic.sendStream(Number(streamId), data, !!fin);
+    },
+
+    // A WebTransport stream of our own, on either side: the next free stream
+    // number (quic's nextLocalStreamId), opened now with its prefix —
+    // VarInt(0x41 or 0x54) + VarInt(session ID) — as a browser does.
+    createWebTransportStream: function (sessionId, isBidi) {
+      var streamId = quic.nextLocalStreamId(!!isBidi);
       quic.sendStream(streamId, wt_stream_header(isBidi, sessionId), false);
 
-      _claimedStreams.add(streamId);
-      _wtStreams[streamId] = { sessionId: sessionId, isBidi: isBidi };
+      // Claimed for what the peer sends back on it — so only a bidirectional
+      // one. Nothing ever arrives on our own unidirectional stream, so no FIN
+      // ever released a claim made for it.
+      if (isBidi) {
+        _claimedStreams.add(streamId);
+        _wtStreams[streamId] = { sessionId: sessionId, isBidi: isBidi };
+      } else {
+        // Tracked only so the session's end can reset it (released by the
+        // writer at its end: releaseWebTransportStream).
+        _wtLocalUni[streamId] = Number(sessionId);
+      }
 
       return streamId;
     }
@@ -917,4 +2281,106 @@ function H3Connection(options) {
 }
 
 
-export { H3Connection };
+// ============================================================
+//  WebTransport stream error codes (draft-ietf-webtrans-http3 §4.4)
+// ============================================================
+//
+// A WebTransport application resets or stops a stream with a 32-bit code of
+// its own; on the wire it is an HTTP/3 error code, in a range reserved for
+// it, which skips the codes reserved for greasing (0x1f * N + 0x21). Sent
+// raw, a WebTransport code collided with HTTP/3's own (H3_NO_ERROR is
+// 0x100), and the browser read neither.
+var WT_ERR_FIRST = 0x52e4a40fa8db;
+var WT_ERR_LAST  = 0x52e5ac983162;
+
+function wtErrorToH3(code) {
+  code = Number(code);
+  if (!(code >= 0 && code <= 0xffffffff) || Math.floor(code) !== code) code = 0;
+  return WT_ERR_FIRST + code + Math.floor(code / 0x1e);
+}
+
+// The WebTransport code an HTTP/3 code carries; null if it carries none.
+function h3ErrorToWt(h3code) {
+  h3code = Number(h3code);
+  if (!(h3code >= WT_ERR_FIRST && h3code <= WT_ERR_LAST)) return null;
+  if ((h3code - 0x21) % 0x1f === 0) return null;   // a grease code
+  var shifted = h3code - WT_ERR_FIRST;
+  return shifted - Math.floor(shifted / 0x1f);
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+//  WebTransport session capsules (RFC 9297; draft-ietf-webtrans-http3 §5)
+// ============================================================
+//
+// After the 2xx, a session's CONNECT stream carries capsules — type, length,
+// value — in HTTP/3 DATA frames. Two concern the session:
+//   CLOSE_WEBTRANSPORT_SESSION (0x2843): a 32-bit application code and a
+//     UTF-8 reason of up to 1024 bytes; the sender then ends the stream;
+//   DRAIN_WEBTRANSPORT_SESSION (0x78ae): empty — finish up, no new work.
+// Any other type is skipped (RFC 9297 §3.2), without being buffered.
+var CAPSULE_CLOSE_WT = 0x2843;
+var CAPSULE_DRAIN_WT = 0x78ae;
+var WT_CLOSE_REASON_MAX = 1024;
+
+function encodeCapsule(type, value) {
+  return concatUint8Arrays([writeVarInt(type), writeVarInt(value.byteLength), value]);
+}
+
+function wtCloseCapsule(code, reason) {
+  code = Number(code);
+  if (!(code >= 0 && code <= 0xffffffff) || Math.floor(code) !== code) code = 0;
+  var r = Buffer.from(String(reason == null ? '' : reason), 'utf8');
+  if (r.length > WT_CLOSE_REASON_MAX) {
+    // Cut on a character boundary: back off continuation bytes (10xxxxxx).
+    var end = WT_CLOSE_REASON_MAX;
+    while (end > 0 && (r[end] & 0xc0) === 0x80) end--;
+    r = r.subarray(0, end);
+  }
+  var v = new Uint8Array(4 + r.length);
+  v[0] = code >>> 24; v[1] = (code >>> 16) & 0xff; v[2] = (code >>> 8) & 0xff; v[3] = code & 0xff;
+  v.set(r, 4);
+  return encodeCapsule(CAPSULE_CLOSE_WT, v);
+}
+
+function wtDrainCapsule() { return encodeCapsule(CAPSULE_DRAIN_WT, new Uint8Array(0)); }
+
+// Reads a CONNECT stream's capsules as they arrive, however they are split:
+// onClose({ closeCode, reason }) and onDrain(). A CLOSE whose value is
+// malformed (shorter than its code, or a reason past the limit) is still a
+// close — with code 0 and no reason.
+function createCapsuleReader(onClose, onDrain) {
+  var buf = new Uint8Array(0), skip = 0;
+  return function feed(data) {
+    if (skip > 0) {
+      var n = Math.min(skip, data.byteLength);
+      skip -= n; data = data.subarray(n);
+    }
+    if (data.byteLength === 0) return;
+    buf = buf.byteLength ? concatUint8Arrays([buf, data]) : data;
+    for (;;) {
+      var t = readVarInt(buf, 0); if (!t) return;
+      var l = readVarInt(buf, t.byteLength); if (!l) return;
+      var head = t.byteLength + l.byteLength;
+      var known = t.value === CAPSULE_CLOSE_WT || t.value === CAPSULE_DRAIN_WT;
+      if (!known || l.value > 4 + WT_CLOSE_REASON_MAX) {
+        if (known) onClose({ closeCode: 0, reason: '' });   // oversized: a close all the same
+        var have = buf.byteLength - head;
+        if (have >= l.value) { buf = buf.subarray(head + l.value); continue; }
+        skip = l.value - have; buf = new Uint8Array(0); return;
+      }
+      if (buf.byteLength < head + l.value) return;   // the rest is still to come
+      var v = buf.subarray(head, head + l.value);
+      buf = buf.subarray(head + l.value);
+      if (t.value === CAPSULE_DRAIN_WT) { onDrain(); continue; }
+      if (v.byteLength < 4) { onClose({ closeCode: 0, reason: '' }); continue; }
+      onClose({ closeCode: ((v[0] << 24) >>> 0) + (v[1] << 16) + (v[2] << 8) + v[3],
+                reason: Buffer.from(v.subarray(4)).toString('utf8') });
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+// parseQpackHeaderBlock is exported for the QPACK tests, which check it
+// against sections from an independent encoder.
+export { settingsContext as h3SettingsContext };
+export { H3Connection, H3_ERR, H3_ERR_NAME, parseQpackHeaderBlock, wtErrorToH3, h3ErrorToWt,
+         wtCloseCapsule, wtDrainCapsule, createCapsuleReader };