playsocketjs 2.4.2 → 2.5.1

package/dist/playsocket-server.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,2646 @@
+import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';
+import * as http from 'node:http';
+
+function utf8Count(str) {
+    const strLength = str.length;
+    let byteLength = 0;
+    let pos = 0;
+    while (pos < strLength) {
+        let value = str.charCodeAt(pos++);
+        if ((value & 0xffffff80) === 0) {
+            // 1-byte
+            byteLength++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        else if ((value & 0xfffff800) === 0) {
+            // 2-bytes
+            byteLength += 2;
+        }
+        else {
+            // handle surrogate pair
+            if (value >= 0xd800 && value <= 0xdbff) {
+                // high surrogate
+                if (pos < strLength) {
+                    const extra = str.charCodeAt(pos);
+                    if ((extra & 0xfc00) === 0xdc00) {
+                        ++pos;
+                        value = ((value & 0x3ff) << 10) + (extra & 0x3ff) + 0x10000;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if ((value & 0xffff0000) === 0) {
+                // 3-byte
+                byteLength += 3;
+            }
+            else {
+                // 4-byte
+                byteLength += 4;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return byteLength;
+}
+function utf8EncodeJs(str, output, outputOffset) {
+    const strLength = str.length;
+    let offset = outputOffset;
+    let pos = 0;
+    while (pos < strLength) {
+        let value = str.charCodeAt(pos++);
+        if ((value & 0xffffff80) === 0) {
+            // 1-byte
+            output[offset++] = value;
+            continue;
+        }
+        else if ((value & 0xfffff800) === 0) {
+            // 2-bytes
+            output[offset++] = ((value >> 6) & 0x1f) | 0xc0;
+        }
+        else {
+            // handle surrogate pair
+            if (value >= 0xd800 && value <= 0xdbff) {
+                // high surrogate
+                if (pos < strLength) {
+                    const extra = str.charCodeAt(pos);
+                    if ((extra & 0xfc00) === 0xdc00) {
+                        ++pos;
+                        value = ((value & 0x3ff) << 10) + (extra & 0x3ff) + 0x10000;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if ((value & 0xffff0000) === 0) {
+                // 3-byte
+                output[offset++] = ((value >> 12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0;
+                output[offset++] = ((value >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+            }
+            else {
+                // 4-byte
+                output[offset++] = ((value >> 18) & 0x07) | 0xf0;
+                output[offset++] = ((value >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+                output[offset++] = ((value >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+            }
+        }
+        output[offset++] = (value & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+    }
+}
+// TextEncoder and TextDecoder are standardized in whatwg encoding:
+// https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/
+// and available in all the modern browsers:
+// https://caniuse.com/textencoder
+// They are available in Node.js since v12 LTS as well:
+// https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#textencoder
+const sharedTextEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+// This threshold should be determined by benchmarking, which might vary in engines and input data.
+// Run `npx ts-node benchmark/encode-string.ts` for details.
+const TEXT_ENCODER_THRESHOLD = 50;
+function utf8EncodeTE(str, output, outputOffset) {
+    sharedTextEncoder.encodeInto(str, output.subarray(outputOffset));
+}
+function utf8Encode(str, output, outputOffset) {
+    if (str.length > TEXT_ENCODER_THRESHOLD) {
+        utf8EncodeTE(str, output, outputOffset);
+    }
+    else {
+        utf8EncodeJs(str, output, outputOffset);
+    }
+}
+const CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+function utf8DecodeJs(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength) {
+    let offset = inputOffset;
+    const end = offset + byteLength;
+    const units = [];
+    let result = "";
+    while (offset < end) {
+        const byte1 = bytes[offset++];
+        if ((byte1 & 0x80) === 0) {
+            // 1 byte
+            units.push(byte1);
+        }
+        else if ((byte1 & 0xe0) === 0xc0) {
+            // 2 bytes
+            const byte2 = bytes[offset++] & 0x3f;
+            units.push(((byte1 & 0x1f) << 6) | byte2);
+        }
+        else if ((byte1 & 0xf0) === 0xe0) {
+            // 3 bytes
+            const byte2 = bytes[offset++] & 0x3f;
+            const byte3 = bytes[offset++] & 0x3f;
+            units.push(((byte1 & 0x1f) << 12) | (byte2 << 6) | byte3);
+        }
+        else if ((byte1 & 0xf8) === 0xf0) {
+            // 4 bytes
+            const byte2 = bytes[offset++] & 0x3f;
+            const byte3 = bytes[offset++] & 0x3f;
+            const byte4 = bytes[offset++] & 0x3f;
+            let unit = ((byte1 & 0x07) << 0x12) | (byte2 << 0x0c) | (byte3 << 0x06) | byte4;
+            if (unit > 0xffff) {
+                unit -= 0x10000;
+                units.push(((unit >>> 10) & 0x3ff) | 0xd800);
+                unit = 0xdc00 | (unit & 0x3ff);
+            }
+            units.push(unit);
+        }
+        else {
+            units.push(byte1);
+        }
+        if (units.length >= CHUNK_SIZE) {
+            result += String.fromCharCode(...units);
+            units.length = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    if (units.length > 0) {
+        result += String.fromCharCode(...units);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+const sharedTextDecoder = new TextDecoder();
+// This threshold should be determined by benchmarking, which might vary in engines and input data.
+// Run `npx ts-node benchmark/decode-string.ts` for details.
+const TEXT_DECODER_THRESHOLD = 200;
+function utf8DecodeTD(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength) {
+    const stringBytes = bytes.subarray(inputOffset, inputOffset + byteLength);
+    return sharedTextDecoder.decode(stringBytes);
+}
+function utf8Decode(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength) {
+    if (byteLength > TEXT_DECODER_THRESHOLD) {
+        return utf8DecodeTD(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength);
+    }
+    else {
+        return utf8DecodeJs(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * ExtData is used to handle Extension Types that are not registered to ExtensionCodec.
+ */
+class ExtData {
+    constructor(type, data) {
+        this.type = type;
+        this.data = data;
+    }
+}
+
+class DecodeError extends Error {
+    constructor(message) {
+        super(message);
+        // fix the prototype chain in a cross-platform way
+        const proto = Object.create(DecodeError.prototype);
+        Object.setPrototypeOf(this, proto);
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "name", {
+            configurable: true,
+            enumerable: false,
+            value: DecodeError.name,
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// Integer Utility
+const UINT32_MAX = 4294967295;
+// DataView extension to handle int64 / uint64,
+// where the actual range is 53-bits integer (a.k.a. safe integer)
+function setUint64(view, offset, value) {
+    const high = value / 4294967296;
+    const low = value; // high bits are truncated by DataView
+    view.setUint32(offset, high);
+    view.setUint32(offset + 4, low);
+}
+function setInt64(view, offset, value) {
+    const high = Math.floor(value / 4294967296);
+    const low = value; // high bits are truncated by DataView
+    view.setUint32(offset, high);
+    view.setUint32(offset + 4, low);
+}
+function getInt64(view, offset) {
+    const high = view.getInt32(offset);
+    const low = view.getUint32(offset + 4);
+    return high * 4294967296 + low;
+}
+function getUint64(view, offset) {
+    const high = view.getUint32(offset);
+    const low = view.getUint32(offset + 4);
+    return high * 4294967296 + low;
+}
+
+// https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#timestamp-extension-type
+const EXT_TIMESTAMP = -1;
+const TIMESTAMP32_MAX_SEC = 0x100000000 - 1; // 32-bit unsigned int
+const TIMESTAMP64_MAX_SEC = 0x400000000 - 1; // 34-bit unsigned int
+function encodeTimeSpecToTimestamp({ sec, nsec }) {
+    if (sec >= 0 && nsec >= 0 && sec <= TIMESTAMP64_MAX_SEC) {
+        // Here sec >= 0 && nsec >= 0
+        if (nsec === 0 && sec <= TIMESTAMP32_MAX_SEC) {
+            // timestamp 32 = { sec32 (unsigned) }
+            const rv = new Uint8Array(4);
+            const view = new DataView(rv.buffer);
+            view.setUint32(0, sec);
+            return rv;
+        }
+        else {
+            // timestamp 64 = { nsec30 (unsigned), sec34 (unsigned) }
+            const secHigh = sec / 0x100000000;
+            const secLow = sec & 0xffffffff;
+            const rv = new Uint8Array(8);
+            const view = new DataView(rv.buffer);
+            // nsec30 | secHigh2
+            view.setUint32(0, (nsec << 2) | (secHigh & 0x3));
+            // secLow32
+            view.setUint32(4, secLow);
+            return rv;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        // timestamp 96 = { nsec32 (unsigned), sec64 (signed) }
+        const rv = new Uint8Array(12);
+        const view = new DataView(rv.buffer);
+        view.setUint32(0, nsec);
+        setInt64(view, 4, sec);
+        return rv;
+    }
+}
+function encodeDateToTimeSpec(date) {
+    const msec = date.getTime();
+    const sec = Math.floor(msec / 1e3);
+    const nsec = (msec - sec * 1e3) * 1e6;
+    // Normalizes { sec, nsec } to ensure nsec is unsigned.
+    const nsecInSec = Math.floor(nsec / 1e9);
+    return {
+        sec: sec + nsecInSec,
+        nsec: nsec - nsecInSec * 1e9,
+    };
+}
+function encodeTimestampExtension(object) {
+    if (object instanceof Date) {
+        const timeSpec = encodeDateToTimeSpec(object);
+        return encodeTimeSpecToTimestamp(timeSpec);
+    }
+    else {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+function decodeTimestampToTimeSpec(data) {
+    const view = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+    // data may be 32, 64, or 96 bits
+    switch (data.byteLength) {
+        case 4: {
+            // timestamp 32 = { sec32 }
+            const sec = view.getUint32(0);
+            const nsec = 0;
+            return { sec, nsec };
+        }
+        case 8: {
+            // timestamp 64 = { nsec30, sec34 }
+            const nsec30AndSecHigh2 = view.getUint32(0);
+            const secLow32 = view.getUint32(4);
+            const sec = (nsec30AndSecHigh2 & 0x3) * 0x100000000 + secLow32;
+            const nsec = nsec30AndSecHigh2 >>> 2;
+            return { sec, nsec };
+        }
+        case 12: {
+            // timestamp 96 = { nsec32 (unsigned), sec64 (signed) }
+            const sec = getInt64(view, 4);
+            const nsec = view.getUint32(0);
+            return { sec, nsec };
+        }
+        default:
+            throw new DecodeError(`Unrecognized data size for timestamp (expected 4, 8, or 12): ${data.length}`);
+    }
+}
+function decodeTimestampExtension(data) {
+    const timeSpec = decodeTimestampToTimeSpec(data);
+    return new Date(timeSpec.sec * 1e3 + timeSpec.nsec / 1e6);
+}
+const timestampExtension = {
+    type: EXT_TIMESTAMP,
+    encode: encodeTimestampExtension,
+    decode: decodeTimestampExtension,
+};
+
+// ExtensionCodec to handle MessagePack extensions
+class ExtensionCodec {
+    constructor() {
+        // built-in extensions
+        this.builtInEncoders = [];
+        this.builtInDecoders = [];
+        // custom extensions
+        this.encoders = [];
+        this.decoders = [];
+        this.register(timestampExtension);
+    }
+    register({ type, encode, decode, }) {
+        if (type >= 0) {
+            // custom extensions
+            this.encoders[type] = encode;
+            this.decoders[type] = decode;
+        }
+        else {
+            // built-in extensions
+            const index = -1 - type;
+            this.builtInEncoders[index] = encode;
+            this.builtInDecoders[index] = decode;
+        }
+    }
+    tryToEncode(object, context) {
+        // built-in extensions
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.builtInEncoders.length; i++) {
+            const encodeExt = this.builtInEncoders[i];
+            if (encodeExt != null) {
+                const data = encodeExt(object, context);
+                if (data != null) {
+                    const type = -1 - i;
+                    return new ExtData(type, data);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // custom extensions
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.encoders.length; i++) {
+            const encodeExt = this.encoders[i];
+            if (encodeExt != null) {
+                const data = encodeExt(object, context);
+                if (data != null) {
+                    const type = i;
+                    return new ExtData(type, data);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (object instanceof ExtData) {
+            // to keep ExtData as is
+            return object;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    decode(data, type, context) {
+        const decodeExt = type < 0 ? this.builtInDecoders[-1 - type] : this.decoders[type];
+        if (decodeExt) {
+            return decodeExt(data, type, context);
+        }
+        else {
+            // decode() does not fail, returns ExtData instead.
+            return new ExtData(type, data);
+        }
+    }
+}
+ExtensionCodec.defaultCodec = new ExtensionCodec();
+
+function isArrayBufferLike(buffer) {
+    return (buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer || (typeof SharedArrayBuffer !== "undefined" && buffer instanceof SharedArrayBuffer));
+}
+function ensureUint8Array(buffer) {
+    if (buffer instanceof Uint8Array) {
+        return buffer;
+    }
+    else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(buffer)) {
+        return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer, buffer.byteOffset, buffer.byteLength);
+    }
+    else if (isArrayBufferLike(buffer)) {
+        return new Uint8Array(buffer);
+    }
+    else {
+        // ArrayLike<number>
+        return Uint8Array.from(buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_MAX_DEPTH = 100;
+const DEFAULT_INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE = 2048;
+class Encoder {
+    constructor(options) {
+        this.entered = false;
+        this.extensionCodec = options?.extensionCodec ?? ExtensionCodec.defaultCodec;
+        this.context = options?.context; // needs a type assertion because EncoderOptions has no context property when ContextType is undefined
+        this.useBigInt64 = options?.useBigInt64 ?? false;
+        this.maxDepth = options?.maxDepth ?? DEFAULT_MAX_DEPTH;
+        this.initialBufferSize = options?.initialBufferSize ?? DEFAULT_INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE;
+        this.sortKeys = options?.sortKeys ?? false;
+        this.forceFloat32 = options?.forceFloat32 ?? false;
+        this.ignoreUndefined = options?.ignoreUndefined ?? false;
+        this.forceIntegerToFloat = options?.forceIntegerToFloat ?? false;
+        this.pos = 0;
+        this.view = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(this.initialBufferSize));
+        this.bytes = new Uint8Array(this.view.buffer);
+    }
+    clone() {
+        // Because of slightly special argument `context`,
+        // type assertion is needed.
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-argument
+        return new Encoder({
+            extensionCodec: this.extensionCodec,
+            context: this.context,
+            useBigInt64: this.useBigInt64,
+            maxDepth: this.maxDepth,
+            initialBufferSize: this.initialBufferSize,
+            sortKeys: this.sortKeys,
+            forceFloat32: this.forceFloat32,
+            ignoreUndefined: this.ignoreUndefined,
+            forceIntegerToFloat: this.forceIntegerToFloat,
+        });
+    }
+    reinitializeState() {
+        this.pos = 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * This is almost equivalent to {@link Encoder#encode}, but it returns an reference of the encoder's internal buffer and thus much faster than {@link Encoder#encode}.
+     *
+     * @returns Encodes the object and returns a shared reference the encoder's internal buffer.
+     */
+    encodeSharedRef(object) {
+        if (this.entered) {
+            const instance = this.clone();
+            return instance.encodeSharedRef(object);
+        }
+        try {
+            this.entered = true;
+            this.reinitializeState();
+            this.doEncode(object, 1);
+            return this.bytes.subarray(0, this.pos);
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.entered = false;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * @returns Encodes the object and returns a copy of the encoder's internal buffer.
+     */
+    encode(object) {
+        if (this.entered) {
+            const instance = this.clone();
+            return instance.encode(object);
+        }
+        try {
+            this.entered = true;
+            this.reinitializeState();
+            this.doEncode(object, 1);
+            return this.bytes.slice(0, this.pos);
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.entered = false;
+        }
+    }
+    doEncode(object, depth) {
+        if (depth > this.maxDepth) {
+            throw new Error(`Too deep objects in depth ${depth}`);
+        }
+        if (object == null) {
+            this.encodeNil();
+        }
+        else if (typeof object === "boolean") {
+            this.encodeBoolean(object);
+        }
+        else if (typeof object === "number") {
+            if (!this.forceIntegerToFloat) {
+                this.encodeNumber(object);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.encodeNumberAsFloat(object);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (typeof object === "string") {
+            this.encodeString(object);
+        }
+        else if (this.useBigInt64 && typeof object === "bigint") {
+            this.encodeBigInt64(object);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.encodeObject(object, depth);
+        }
+    }
+    ensureBufferSizeToWrite(sizeToWrite) {
+        const requiredSize = this.pos + sizeToWrite;
+        if (this.view.byteLength < requiredSize) {
+            this.resizeBuffer(requiredSize * 2);
+        }
+    }
+    resizeBuffer(newSize) {
+        const newBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(newSize);
+        const newBytes = new Uint8Array(newBuffer);
+        const newView = new DataView(newBuffer);
+        newBytes.set(this.bytes);
+        this.view = newView;
+        this.bytes = newBytes;
+    }
+    encodeNil() {
+        this.writeU8(0xc0);
+    }
+    encodeBoolean(object) {
+        if (object === false) {
+            this.writeU8(0xc2);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.writeU8(0xc3);
+        }
+    }
+    encodeNumber(object) {
+        if (!this.forceIntegerToFloat && Number.isSafeInteger(object)) {
+            if (object >= 0) {
+                if (object < 0x80) {
+                    // positive fixint
+                    this.writeU8(object);
+                }
+                else if (object < 0x100) {
+                    // uint 8
+                    this.writeU8(0xcc);
+                    this.writeU8(object);
+                }
+                else if (object < 0x10000) {
+                    // uint 16
+                    this.writeU8(0xcd);
+                    this.writeU16(object);
+                }
+                else if (object < 0x100000000) {
+                    // uint 32
+                    this.writeU8(0xce);
+                    this.writeU32(object);
+                }
+                else if (!this.useBigInt64) {
+                    // uint 64
+                    this.writeU8(0xcf);
+                    this.writeU64(object);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.encodeNumberAsFloat(object);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if (object >= -32) {
+                    // negative fixint
+                    this.writeU8(0xe0 | (object + 0x20));
+                }
+                else if (object >= -128) {
+                    // int 8
+                    this.writeU8(0xd0);
+                    this.writeI8(object);
+                }
+                else if (object >= -32768) {
+                    // int 16
+                    this.writeU8(0xd1);
+                    this.writeI16(object);
+                }
+                else if (object >= -2147483648) {
+                    // int 32
+                    this.writeU8(0xd2);
+                    this.writeI32(object);
+                }
+                else if (!this.useBigInt64) {
+                    // int 64
+                    this.writeU8(0xd3);
+                    this.writeI64(object);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.encodeNumberAsFloat(object);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            this.encodeNumberAsFloat(object);
+        }
+    }
+    encodeNumberAsFloat(object) {
+        if (this.forceFloat32) {
+            // float 32
+            this.writeU8(0xca);
+            this.writeF32(object);
+        }
+        else {
+            // float 64
+            this.writeU8(0xcb);
+            this.writeF64(object);
+        }
+    }
+    encodeBigInt64(object) {
+        if (object >= BigInt(0)) {
+            // uint 64
+            this.writeU8(0xcf);
+            this.writeBigUint64(object);
+        }
+        else {
+            // int 64
+            this.writeU8(0xd3);
+            this.writeBigInt64(object);
+        }
+    }
+    writeStringHeader(byteLength) {
+        if (byteLength < 32) {
+            // fixstr
+            this.writeU8(0xa0 + byteLength);
+        }
+        else if (byteLength < 0x100) {
+            // str 8
+            this.writeU8(0xd9);
+            this.writeU8(byteLength);
+        }
+        else if (byteLength < 0x10000) {
+            // str 16
+            this.writeU8(0xda);
+            this.writeU16(byteLength);
+        }
+        else if (byteLength < 0x100000000) {
+            // str 32
+            this.writeU8(0xdb);
+            this.writeU32(byteLength);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new Error(`Too long string: ${byteLength} bytes in UTF-8`);
+        }
+    }
+    encodeString(object) {
+        const maxHeaderSize = 1 + 4;
+        const byteLength = utf8Count(object);
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(maxHeaderSize + byteLength);
+        this.writeStringHeader(byteLength);
+        utf8Encode(object, this.bytes, this.pos);
+        this.pos += byteLength;
+    }
+    encodeObject(object, depth) {
+        // try to encode objects with custom codec first of non-primitives
+        const ext = this.extensionCodec.tryToEncode(object, this.context);
+        if (ext != null) {
+            this.encodeExtension(ext);
+        }
+        else if (Array.isArray(object)) {
+            this.encodeArray(object, depth);
+        }
+        else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(object)) {
+            this.encodeBinary(object);
+        }
+        else if (typeof object === "object") {
+            this.encodeMap(object, depth);
+        }
+        else {
+            // symbol, function and other special object come here unless extensionCodec handles them.
+            throw new Error(`Unrecognized object: ${Object.prototype.toString.apply(object)}`);
+        }
+    }
+    encodeBinary(object) {
+        const size = object.byteLength;
+        if (size < 0x100) {
+            // bin 8
+            this.writeU8(0xc4);
+            this.writeU8(size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x10000) {
+            // bin 16
+            this.writeU8(0xc5);
+            this.writeU16(size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x100000000) {
+            // bin 32
+            this.writeU8(0xc6);
+            this.writeU32(size);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new Error(`Too large binary: ${size}`);
+        }
+        const bytes = ensureUint8Array(object);
+        this.writeU8a(bytes);
+    }
+    encodeArray(object, depth) {
+        const size = object.length;
+        if (size < 16) {
+            // fixarray
+            this.writeU8(0x90 + size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x10000) {
+            // array 16
+            this.writeU8(0xdc);
+            this.writeU16(size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x100000000) {
+            // array 32
+            this.writeU8(0xdd);
+            this.writeU32(size);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new Error(`Too large array: ${size}`);
+        }
+        for (const item of object) {
+            this.doEncode(item, depth + 1);
+        }
+    }
+    countWithoutUndefined(object, keys) {
+        let count = 0;
+        for (const key of keys) {
+            if (object[key] !== undefined) {
+                count++;
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+    encodeMap(object, depth) {
+        const keys = Object.keys(object);
+        if (this.sortKeys) {
+            keys.sort();
+        }
+        const size = this.ignoreUndefined ? this.countWithoutUndefined(object, keys) : keys.length;
+        if (size < 16) {
+            // fixmap
+            this.writeU8(0x80 + size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x10000) {
+            // map 16
+            this.writeU8(0xde);
+            this.writeU16(size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x100000000) {
+            // map 32
+            this.writeU8(0xdf);
+            this.writeU32(size);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new Error(`Too large map object: ${size}`);
+        }
+        for (const key of keys) {
+            const value = object[key];
+            if (!(this.ignoreUndefined && value === undefined)) {
+                this.encodeString(key);
+                this.doEncode(value, depth + 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    encodeExtension(ext) {
+        if (typeof ext.data === "function") {
+            const data = ext.data(this.pos + 6);
+            const size = data.length;
+            if (size >= 0x100000000) {
+                throw new Error(`Too large extension object: ${size}`);
+            }
+            this.writeU8(0xc9);
+            this.writeU32(size);
+            this.writeI8(ext.type);
+            this.writeU8a(data);
+            return;
+        }
+        const size = ext.data.length;
+        if (size === 1) {
+            // fixext 1
+            this.writeU8(0xd4);
+        }
+        else if (size === 2) {
+            // fixext 2
+            this.writeU8(0xd5);
+        }
+        else if (size === 4) {
+            // fixext 4
+            this.writeU8(0xd6);
+        }
+        else if (size === 8) {
+            // fixext 8
+            this.writeU8(0xd7);
+        }
+        else if (size === 16) {
+            // fixext 16
+            this.writeU8(0xd8);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x100) {
+            // ext 8
+            this.writeU8(0xc7);
+            this.writeU8(size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x10000) {
+            // ext 16
+            this.writeU8(0xc8);
+            this.writeU16(size);
+        }
+        else if (size < 0x100000000) {
+            // ext 32
+            this.writeU8(0xc9);
+            this.writeU32(size);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new Error(`Too large extension object: ${size}`);
+        }
+        this.writeI8(ext.type);
+        this.writeU8a(ext.data);
+    }
+    writeU8(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(1);
+        this.view.setUint8(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos++;
+    }
+    writeU8a(values) {
+        const size = values.length;
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(size);
+        this.bytes.set(values, this.pos);
+        this.pos += size;
+    }
+    writeI8(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(1);
+        this.view.setInt8(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos++;
+    }
+    writeU16(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(2);
+        this.view.setUint16(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 2;
+    }
+    writeI16(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(2);
+        this.view.setInt16(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 2;
+    }
+    writeU32(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(4);
+        this.view.setUint32(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 4;
+    }
+    writeI32(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(4);
+        this.view.setInt32(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 4;
+    }
+    writeF32(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(4);
+        this.view.setFloat32(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 4;
+    }
+    writeF64(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(8);
+        this.view.setFloat64(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 8;
+    }
+    writeU64(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(8);
+        setUint64(this.view, this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 8;
+    }
+    writeI64(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(8);
+        setInt64(this.view, this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 8;
+    }
+    writeBigUint64(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(8);
+        this.view.setBigUint64(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 8;
+    }
+    writeBigInt64(value) {
+        this.ensureBufferSizeToWrite(8);
+        this.view.setBigInt64(this.pos, value);
+        this.pos += 8;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * It encodes `value` in the MessagePack format and
+ * returns a byte buffer.
+ *
+ * The returned buffer is a slice of a larger `ArrayBuffer`, so you have to use its `#byteOffset` and `#byteLength` in order to convert it to another typed arrays including NodeJS `Buffer`.
+ */
+function encode(value, options) {
+    const encoder = new Encoder(options);
+    return encoder.encodeSharedRef(value);
+}
+
+function prettyByte(byte) {
+    return `${byte < 0 ? "-" : ""}0x${Math.abs(byte).toString(16).padStart(2, "0")}`;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_MAX_KEY_LENGTH = 16;
+const DEFAULT_MAX_LENGTH_PER_KEY = 16;
+class CachedKeyDecoder {
+    constructor(maxKeyLength = DEFAULT_MAX_KEY_LENGTH, maxLengthPerKey = DEFAULT_MAX_LENGTH_PER_KEY) {
+        this.hit = 0;
+        this.miss = 0;
+        this.maxKeyLength = maxKeyLength;
+        this.maxLengthPerKey = maxLengthPerKey;
+        // avoid `new Array(N)`, which makes a sparse array,
+        // because a sparse array is typically slower than a non-sparse array.
+        this.caches = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.maxKeyLength; i++) {
+            this.caches.push([]);
+        }
+    }
+    canBeCached(byteLength) {
+        return byteLength > 0 && byteLength <= this.maxKeyLength;
+    }
+    find(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength) {
+        const records = this.caches[byteLength - 1];
+        FIND_CHUNK: for (const record of records) {
+            const recordBytes = record.bytes;
+            for (let j = 0; j < byteLength; j++) {
+                if (recordBytes[j] !== bytes[inputOffset + j]) {
+                    continue FIND_CHUNK;
+                }
+            }
+            return record.str;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    store(bytes, value) {
+        const records = this.caches[bytes.length - 1];
+        const record = { bytes, str: value };
+        if (records.length >= this.maxLengthPerKey) {
+            // `records` are full!
+            // Set `record` to an arbitrary position.
+            records[(Math.random() * records.length) | 0] = record;
+        }
+        else {
+            records.push(record);
+        }
+    }
+    decode(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength) {
+        const cachedValue = this.find(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength);
+        if (cachedValue != null) {
+            this.hit++;
+            return cachedValue;
+        }
+        this.miss++;
+        const str = utf8DecodeJs(bytes, inputOffset, byteLength);
+        // Ensure to copy a slice of bytes because the bytes may be a NodeJS Buffer and Buffer#slice() returns a reference to its internal ArrayBuffer.
+        const slicedCopyOfBytes = Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call(bytes, inputOffset, inputOffset + byteLength);
+        this.store(slicedCopyOfBytes, str);
+        return str;
+    }
+}
+
+const STATE_ARRAY = "array";
+const STATE_MAP_KEY = "map_key";
+const STATE_MAP_VALUE = "map_value";
+const mapKeyConverter = (key) => {
+    if (typeof key === "string" || typeof key === "number") {
+        return key;
+    }
+    throw new DecodeError("The type of key must be string or number but " + typeof key);
+};
+class StackPool {
+    constructor() {
+        this.stack = [];
+        this.stackHeadPosition = -1;
+    }
+    get length() {
+        return this.stackHeadPosition + 1;
+    }
+    top() {
+        return this.stack[this.stackHeadPosition];
+    }
+    pushArrayState(size) {
+        const state = this.getUninitializedStateFromPool();
+        state.type = STATE_ARRAY;
+        state.position = 0;
+        state.size = size;
+        state.array = new Array(size);
+    }
+    pushMapState(size) {
+        const state = this.getUninitializedStateFromPool();
+        state.type = STATE_MAP_KEY;
+        state.readCount = 0;
+        state.size = size;
+        state.map = {};
+    }
+    getUninitializedStateFromPool() {
+        this.stackHeadPosition++;
+        if (this.stackHeadPosition === this.stack.length) {
+            const partialState = {
+                type: undefined,
+                size: 0,
+                array: undefined,
+                position: 0,
+                readCount: 0,
+                map: undefined,
+                key: null,
+            };
+            this.stack.push(partialState);
+        }
+        return this.stack[this.stackHeadPosition];
+    }
+    release(state) {
+        const topStackState = this.stack[this.stackHeadPosition];
+        if (topStackState !== state) {
+            throw new Error("Invalid stack state. Released state is not on top of the stack.");
+        }
+        if (state.type === STATE_ARRAY) {
+            const partialState = state;
+            partialState.size = 0;
+            partialState.array = undefined;
+            partialState.position = 0;
+            partialState.type = undefined;
+        }
+        if (state.type === STATE_MAP_KEY || state.type === STATE_MAP_VALUE) {
+            const partialState = state;
+            partialState.size = 0;
+            partialState.map = undefined;
+            partialState.readCount = 0;
+            partialState.type = undefined;
+        }
+        this.stackHeadPosition--;
+    }
+    reset() {
+        this.stack.length = 0;
+        this.stackHeadPosition = -1;
+    }
+}
+const HEAD_BYTE_REQUIRED = -1;
+const EMPTY_VIEW = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(0));
+const EMPTY_BYTES = new Uint8Array(EMPTY_VIEW.buffer);
+try {
+    // IE11: The spec says it should throw RangeError,
+    // IE11: but in IE11 it throws TypeError.
+    EMPTY_VIEW.getInt8(0);
+}
+catch (e) {
+    if (!(e instanceof RangeError)) {
+        throw new Error("This module is not supported in the current JavaScript engine because DataView does not throw RangeError on out-of-bounds access");
+    }
+}
+const MORE_DATA = new RangeError("Insufficient data");
+const sharedCachedKeyDecoder = new CachedKeyDecoder();
+class Decoder {
+    constructor(options) {
+        this.totalPos = 0;
+        this.pos = 0;
+        this.view = EMPTY_VIEW;
+        this.bytes = EMPTY_BYTES;
+        this.headByte = HEAD_BYTE_REQUIRED;
+        this.stack = new StackPool();
+        this.entered = false;
+        this.extensionCodec = options?.extensionCodec ?? ExtensionCodec.defaultCodec;
+        this.context = options?.context; // needs a type assertion because EncoderOptions has no context property when ContextType is undefined
+        this.useBigInt64 = options?.useBigInt64 ?? false;
+        this.rawStrings = options?.rawStrings ?? false;
+        this.maxStrLength = options?.maxStrLength ?? UINT32_MAX;
+        this.maxBinLength = options?.maxBinLength ?? UINT32_MAX;
+        this.maxArrayLength = options?.maxArrayLength ?? UINT32_MAX;
+        this.maxMapLength = options?.maxMapLength ?? UINT32_MAX;
+        this.maxExtLength = options?.maxExtLength ?? UINT32_MAX;
+        this.keyDecoder = options?.keyDecoder !== undefined ? options.keyDecoder : sharedCachedKeyDecoder;
+        this.mapKeyConverter = options?.mapKeyConverter ?? mapKeyConverter;
+    }
+    clone() {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-argument
+        return new Decoder({
+            extensionCodec: this.extensionCodec,
+            context: this.context,
+            useBigInt64: this.useBigInt64,
+            rawStrings: this.rawStrings,
+            maxStrLength: this.maxStrLength,
+            maxBinLength: this.maxBinLength,
+            maxArrayLength: this.maxArrayLength,
+            maxMapLength: this.maxMapLength,
+            maxExtLength: this.maxExtLength,
+            keyDecoder: this.keyDecoder,
+        });
+    }
+    reinitializeState() {
+        this.totalPos = 0;
+        this.headByte = HEAD_BYTE_REQUIRED;
+        this.stack.reset();
+        // view, bytes, and pos will be re-initialized in setBuffer()
+    }
+    setBuffer(buffer) {
+        const bytes = ensureUint8Array(buffer);
+        this.bytes = bytes;
+        this.view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+        this.pos = 0;
+    }
+    appendBuffer(buffer) {
+        if (this.headByte === HEAD_BYTE_REQUIRED && !this.hasRemaining(1)) {
+            this.setBuffer(buffer);
+        }
+        else {
+            const remainingData = this.bytes.subarray(this.pos);
+            const newData = ensureUint8Array(buffer);
+            // concat remainingData + newData
+            const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(remainingData.length + newData.length);
+            newBuffer.set(remainingData);
+            newBuffer.set(newData, remainingData.length);
+            this.setBuffer(newBuffer);
+        }
+    }
+    hasRemaining(size) {
+        return this.view.byteLength - this.pos >= size;
+    }
+    createExtraByteError(posToShow) {
+        const { view, pos } = this;
+        return new RangeError(`Extra ${view.byteLength - pos} of ${view.byteLength} byte(s) found at buffer[${posToShow}]`);
+    }
+    /**
+     * @throws {@link DecodeError}
+     * @throws {@link RangeError}
+     */
+    decode(buffer) {
+        if (this.entered) {
+            const instance = this.clone();
+            return instance.decode(buffer);
+        }
+        try {
+            this.entered = true;
+            this.reinitializeState();
+            this.setBuffer(buffer);
+            const object = this.doDecodeSync();
+            if (this.hasRemaining(1)) {
+                throw this.createExtraByteError(this.pos);
+            }
+            return object;
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.entered = false;
+        }
+    }
+    *decodeMulti(buffer) {
+        if (this.entered) {
+            const instance = this.clone();
+            yield* instance.decodeMulti(buffer);
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            this.entered = true;
+            this.reinitializeState();
+            this.setBuffer(buffer);
+            while (this.hasRemaining(1)) {
+                yield this.doDecodeSync();
+            }
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.entered = false;
+        }
+    }
+    async decodeAsync(stream) {
+        if (this.entered) {
+            const instance = this.clone();
+            return instance.decodeAsync(stream);
+        }
+        try {
+            this.entered = true;
+            let decoded = false;
+            let object;
+            for await (const buffer of stream) {
+                if (decoded) {
+                    this.entered = false;
+                    throw this.createExtraByteError(this.totalPos);
+                }
+                this.appendBuffer(buffer);
+                try {
+                    object = this.doDecodeSync();
+                    decoded = true;
+                }
+                catch (e) {
+                    if (!(e instanceof RangeError)) {
+                        throw e; // rethrow
+                    }
+                    // fallthrough
+                }
+                this.totalPos += this.pos;
+            }
+            if (decoded) {
+                if (this.hasRemaining(1)) {
+                    throw this.createExtraByteError(this.totalPos);
+                }
+                return object;
+            }
+            const { headByte, pos, totalPos } = this;
+            throw new RangeError(`Insufficient data in parsing ${prettyByte(headByte)} at ${totalPos} (${pos} in the current buffer)`);
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.entered = false;
+        }
+    }
+    decodeArrayStream(stream) {
+        return this.decodeMultiAsync(stream, true);
+    }
+    decodeStream(stream) {
+        return this.decodeMultiAsync(stream, false);
+    }
+    async *decodeMultiAsync(stream, isArray) {
+        if (this.entered) {
+            const instance = this.clone();
+            yield* instance.decodeMultiAsync(stream, isArray);
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            this.entered = true;
+            let isArrayHeaderRequired = isArray;
+            let arrayItemsLeft = -1;
+            for await (const buffer of stream) {
+                if (isArray && arrayItemsLeft === 0) {
+                    throw this.createExtraByteError(this.totalPos);
+                }
+                this.appendBuffer(buffer);
+                if (isArrayHeaderRequired) {
+                    arrayItemsLeft = this.readArraySize();
+                    isArrayHeaderRequired = false;
+                    this.complete();
+                }
+                try {
+                    while (true) {
+                        yield this.doDecodeSync();
+                        if (--arrayItemsLeft === 0) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (e) {
+                    if (!(e instanceof RangeError)) {
+                        throw e; // rethrow
+                    }
+                    // fallthrough
+                }
+                this.totalPos += this.pos;
+            }
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.entered = false;
+        }
+    }
+    doDecodeSync() {
+        DECODE: while (true) {
+            const headByte = this.readHeadByte();
+            let object;
+            if (headByte >= 0xe0) {
+                // negative fixint (111x xxxx) 0xe0 - 0xff
+                object = headByte - 0x100;
+            }
+            else if (headByte < 0xc0) {
+                if (headByte < 0x80) {
+                    // positive fixint (0xxx xxxx) 0x00 - 0x7f
+                    object = headByte;
+                }
+                else if (headByte < 0x90) {
+                    // fixmap (1000 xxxx) 0x80 - 0x8f
+                    const size = headByte - 0x80;
+                    if (size !== 0) {
+                        this.pushMapState(size);
+                        this.complete();
+                        continue DECODE;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        object = {};
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (headByte < 0xa0) {
+                    // fixarray (1001 xxxx) 0x90 - 0x9f
+                    const size = headByte - 0x90;
+                    if (size !== 0) {
+                        this.pushArrayState(size);
+                        this.complete();
+                        continue DECODE;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        object = [];
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    // fixstr (101x xxxx) 0xa0 - 0xbf
+                    const byteLength = headByte - 0xa0;
+                    object = this.decodeString(byteLength, 0);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc0) {
+                // nil
+                object = null;
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc2) {
+                // false
+                object = false;
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc3) {
+                // true
+                object = true;
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xca) {
+                // float 32
+                object = this.readF32();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xcb) {
+                // float 64
+                object = this.readF64();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xcc) {
+                // uint 8
+                object = this.readU8();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xcd) {
+                // uint 16
+                object = this.readU16();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xce) {
+                // uint 32
+                object = this.readU32();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xcf) {
+                // uint 64
+                if (this.useBigInt64) {
+                    object = this.readU64AsBigInt();
+                }
+                else {
+                    object = this.readU64();
+                }
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd0) {
+                // int 8
+                object = this.readI8();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd1) {
+                // int 16
+                object = this.readI16();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd2) {
+                // int 32
+                object = this.readI32();
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd3) {
+                // int 64
+                if (this.useBigInt64) {
+                    object = this.readI64AsBigInt();
+                }
+                else {
+                    object = this.readI64();
+                }
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd9) {
+                // str 8
+                const byteLength = this.lookU8();
+                object = this.decodeString(byteLength, 1);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xda) {
+                // str 16
+                const byteLength = this.lookU16();
+                object = this.decodeString(byteLength, 2);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xdb) {
+                // str 32
+                const byteLength = this.lookU32();
+                object = this.decodeString(byteLength, 4);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xdc) {
+                // array 16
+                const size = this.readU16();
+                if (size !== 0) {
+                    this.pushArrayState(size);
+                    this.complete();
+                    continue DECODE;
+                }
+                else {
+                    object = [];
+                }
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xdd) {
+                // array 32
+                const size = this.readU32();
+                if (size !== 0) {
+                    this.pushArrayState(size);
+                    this.complete();
+                    continue DECODE;
+                }
+                else {
+                    object = [];
+                }
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xde) {
+                // map 16
+                const size = this.readU16();
+                if (size !== 0) {
+                    this.pushMapState(size);
+                    this.complete();
+                    continue DECODE;
+                }
+                else {
+                    object = {};
+                }
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xdf) {
+                // map 32
+                const size = this.readU32();
+                if (size !== 0) {
+                    this.pushMapState(size);
+                    this.complete();
+                    continue DECODE;
+                }
+                else {
+                    object = {};
+                }
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc4) {
+                // bin 8
+                const size = this.lookU8();
+                object = this.decodeBinary(size, 1);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc5) {
+                // bin 16
+                const size = this.lookU16();
+                object = this.decodeBinary(size, 2);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc6) {
+                // bin 32
+                const size = this.lookU32();
+                object = this.decodeBinary(size, 4);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd4) {
+                // fixext 1
+                object = this.decodeExtension(1, 0);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd5) {
+                // fixext 2
+                object = this.decodeExtension(2, 0);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd6) {
+                // fixext 4
+                object = this.decodeExtension(4, 0);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd7) {
+                // fixext 8
+                object = this.decodeExtension(8, 0);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xd8) {
+                // fixext 16
+                object = this.decodeExtension(16, 0);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc7) {
+                // ext 8
+                const size = this.lookU8();
+                object = this.decodeExtension(size, 1);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc8) {
+                // ext 16
+                const size = this.lookU16();
+                object = this.decodeExtension(size, 2);
+            }
+            else if (headByte === 0xc9) {
+                // ext 32
+                const size = this.lookU32();
+                object = this.decodeExtension(size, 4);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new DecodeError(`Unrecognized type byte: ${prettyByte(headByte)}`);
+            }
+            this.complete();
+            const stack = this.stack;
+            while (stack.length > 0) {
+                // arrays and maps
+                const state = stack.top();
+                if (state.type === STATE_ARRAY) {
+                    state.array[state.position] = object;
+                    state.position++;
+                    if (state.position === state.size) {
+                        object = state.array;
+                        stack.release(state);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        continue DECODE;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (state.type === STATE_MAP_KEY) {
+                    if (object === "__proto__") {
+                        throw new DecodeError("The key __proto__ is not allowed");
+                    }
+                    state.key = this.mapKeyConverter(object);
+                    state.type = STATE_MAP_VALUE;
+                    continue DECODE;
+                }
+                else {
+                    // it must be `state.type === State.MAP_VALUE` here
+                    state.map[state.key] = object;
+                    state.readCount++;
+                    if (state.readCount === state.size) {
+                        object = state.map;
+                        stack.release(state);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        state.key = null;
+                        state.type = STATE_MAP_KEY;
+                        continue DECODE;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return object;
+        }
+    }
+    readHeadByte() {
+        if (this.headByte === HEAD_BYTE_REQUIRED) {
+            this.headByte = this.readU8();
+            // console.log("headByte", prettyByte(this.headByte));
+        }
+        return this.headByte;
+    }
+    complete() {
+        this.headByte = HEAD_BYTE_REQUIRED;
+    }
+    readArraySize() {
+        const headByte = this.readHeadByte();
+        switch (headByte) {
+            case 0xdc:
+                return this.readU16();
+            case 0xdd:
+                return this.readU32();
+            default: {
+                if (headByte < 0xa0) {
+                    return headByte - 0x90;
+                }
+                else {
+                    throw new DecodeError(`Unrecognized array type byte: ${prettyByte(headByte)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    pushMapState(size) {
+        if (size > this.maxMapLength) {
+            throw new DecodeError(`Max length exceeded: map length (${size}) > maxMapLengthLength (${this.maxMapLength})`);
+        }
+        this.stack.pushMapState(size);
+    }
+    pushArrayState(size) {
+        if (size > this.maxArrayLength) {
+            throw new DecodeError(`Max length exceeded: array length (${size}) > maxArrayLength (${this.maxArrayLength})`);
+        }
+        this.stack.pushArrayState(size);
+    }
+    decodeString(byteLength, headerOffset) {
+        if (!this.rawStrings || this.stateIsMapKey()) {
+            return this.decodeUtf8String(byteLength, headerOffset);
+        }
+        return this.decodeBinary(byteLength, headerOffset);
+    }
+    /**
+     * @throws {@link RangeError}
+     */
+    decodeUtf8String(byteLength, headerOffset) {
+        if (byteLength > this.maxStrLength) {
+            throw new DecodeError(`Max length exceeded: UTF-8 byte length (${byteLength}) > maxStrLength (${this.maxStrLength})`);
+        }
+        if (this.bytes.byteLength < this.pos + headerOffset + byteLength) {
+            throw MORE_DATA;
+        }
+        const offset = this.pos + headerOffset;
+        let object;
+        if (this.stateIsMapKey() && this.keyDecoder?.canBeCached(byteLength)) {
+            object = this.keyDecoder.decode(this.bytes, offset, byteLength);
+        }
+        else {
+            object = utf8Decode(this.bytes, offset, byteLength);
+        }
+        this.pos += headerOffset + byteLength;
+        return object;
+    }
+    stateIsMapKey() {
+        if (this.stack.length > 0) {
+            const state = this.stack.top();
+            return state.type === STATE_MAP_KEY;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @throws {@link RangeError}
+     */
+    decodeBinary(byteLength, headOffset) {
+        if (byteLength > this.maxBinLength) {
+            throw new DecodeError(`Max length exceeded: bin length (${byteLength}) > maxBinLength (${this.maxBinLength})`);
+        }
+        if (!this.hasRemaining(byteLength + headOffset)) {
+            throw MORE_DATA;
+        }
+        const offset = this.pos + headOffset;
+        const object = this.bytes.subarray(offset, offset + byteLength);
+        this.pos += headOffset + byteLength;
+        return object;
+    }
+    decodeExtension(size, headOffset) {
+        if (size > this.maxExtLength) {
+            throw new DecodeError(`Max length exceeded: ext length (${size}) > maxExtLength (${this.maxExtLength})`);
+        }
+        const extType = this.view.getInt8(this.pos + headOffset);
+        const data = this.decodeBinary(size, headOffset + 1 /* extType */);
+        return this.extensionCodec.decode(data, extType, this.context);
+    }
+    lookU8() {
+        return this.view.getUint8(this.pos);
+    }
+    lookU16() {
+        return this.view.getUint16(this.pos);
+    }
+    lookU32() {
+        return this.view.getUint32(this.pos);
+    }
+    readU8() {
+        const value = this.view.getUint8(this.pos);
+        this.pos++;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readI8() {
+        const value = this.view.getInt8(this.pos);
+        this.pos++;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readU16() {
+        const value = this.view.getUint16(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 2;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readI16() {
+        const value = this.view.getInt16(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 2;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readU32() {
+        const value = this.view.getUint32(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 4;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readI32() {
+        const value = this.view.getInt32(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 4;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readU64() {
+        const value = getUint64(this.view, this.pos);
+        this.pos += 8;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readI64() {
+        const value = getInt64(this.view, this.pos);
+        this.pos += 8;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readU64AsBigInt() {
+        const value = this.view.getBigUint64(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 8;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readI64AsBigInt() {
+        const value = this.view.getBigInt64(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 8;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readF32() {
+        const value = this.view.getFloat32(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 4;
+        return value;
+    }
+    readF64() {
+        const value = this.view.getFloat64(this.pos);
+        this.pos += 8;
+        return value;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * It decodes a single MessagePack object in a buffer.
+ *
+ * This is a synchronous decoding function.
+ * See other variants for asynchronous decoding: {@link decodeAsync}, {@link decodeStream}, or {@link decodeArrayStream}.
+ *
+ * @throws {@link RangeError} if the buffer is incomplete, including the case where the buffer is empty.
+ * @throws {@link DecodeError} if the buffer contains invalid data.
+ */
+function decode(buffer, options) {
+    const decoder = new Decoder(options);
+    return decoder.decode(buffer);
+}
+
+// Custom conflict-free replicated data type system with vector clocks
+
+const CONSOLE_PREFIX = "PlaySocket CRDT manager: ";
+
+class CRDTManager {
+    // Storage
+    #replicaId;
+    #keyOperations = new Map();
+    #vectorClock = new Map();
+
+    // Local only
+    #propertyStore = {}; // Current local values per key, as object
+    #lastPropertyStore = {}; // Last property store to compare against
+
+    // Local Garbage Collection
+    #lastGCCheck = 0;
+    #opUuidTimestamp = new Map(); // Map every operation to a timestamp for garbage collection
+
+    // Debug
+    #debug = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new instance
+     */
+    constructor(debug) {
+        if (debug) this.#debug = true;
+        this.#replicaId = crypto.randomUUID();
+        this.#vectorClock.set(this.#replicaId, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Import the entire state of the CRDT manager (this overwrites the old state)
+     * @param {Object} state
+     */
+    importState(state) {
+        try {
+            const { keyOperations, vectorClock } = state;
+            if (this.#debug) console.log(CONSOLE_PREFIX + "Importing state:", state);
+
+            // Resets
+            this.#opUuidTimestamp.clear();
+            this.#propertyStore = {};
+            this.#lastPropertyStore = {};
+
+            this.#keyOperations = new Map(keyOperations); // Rebuild the operations map
+            this.#vectorClock = new Map(vectorClock); // Rebuild the vector clock map
+            if (!this.#vectorClock.has(this.#replicaId)) this.#vectorClock.set(this.#replicaId, 0); // Add own vector clock if it wasn't present in the imported state
+
+            // Map all operation uuids to current timestamp
+            this.#keyOperations.forEach((value, key) => {
+                value?.forEach((operation) => {
+                    this.#opUuidTimestamp.set(operation?.uuid, Date.now());
+                });
+            });
+
+            // Process each key to update local values
+            for (const key of this.#keyOperations.keys()) this.#processLocalProperty(key);
+
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.error(CONSOLE_PREFIX + "Failed to import state:", error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Import property update
+     * @param {Object} data - Data to import
+     */
+    importPropertyUpdate(data) {
+        try {
+            const { key, operation: rawOperation, vectorClock } = data;
+            const operation = this.#sanitizeValue(rawOperation);
+            if (this.#debug) console.log(CONSOLE_PREFIX + "Importing update:", data); // Debug
+
+            // Check key limit to afeguard against too many keys
+            if (this.#keyOperations.size >= 100 && !this.#keyOperations.has(key)) throw new Error('Key limit exceeded!');
+
+            // Get COPY of current ops (or empty array if none yet)
+            const currentOps = [...(this.#keyOperations.get(key) || [])];
+            // Merge vector clocks (always take max value)
+            for (const [id, counter] of vectorClock) {
+                if (!this.#vectorClock.has(id) || this.#vectorClock.get(id) < counter) {
+                    this.#vectorClock.set(id, counter);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Safeguard against massive vector clocks
+            if (this.#vectorClock.size > 1000) this.#vectorClock = new Map([...this.#vectorClock].slice(-100));
+
+            // Add new operation if it's not already added
+            const existingUuids = new Set(currentOps.map(op => op.uuid));
+            if (operation.uuid && !existingUuids.has(operation.uuid)) {
+                currentOps.push({ ...operation }); // Add operation
+                this.#opUuidTimestamp.set(operation.uuid, Date.now()); // Add timestamp for gc
+            }
+
+            // Sort, update operations & local value
+            this.#keyOperations.set(key, this.#sortByVectorClock(currentOps));
+            this.#processLocalProperty(key);
+            this.#checkGarbageCollection();
+
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.error(CONSOLE_PREFIX + "Failed to import property update:", error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a property
+     * @param {string} key 
+     * @param {string} type 
+     * @param {*} value 
+     * @param {*} updateValue 
+     * @returns {Object} - Returns the property update
+     */
+    updateProperty(key, type, value, updateValue) {
+        try {
+            // Sanitize inputs
+            value = this.#sanitizeValue(value);
+            updateValue = this.#sanitizeValue(updateValue);
+
+            // Debug log
+            if (this.#debug) console.log(CONSOLE_PREFIX + `Updating property with key ${key}, type ${type}, value ${value} and updateValue ${updateValue}.`);
+
+            // Increment vector clock
+            const counter = this.#vectorClock.get(this.#replicaId) || 0;
+            this.#vectorClock.set(this.#replicaId, counter + 1);
+
+            // Assign shallow COPY of currennt ops or fall back to empty array
+            const currentOps = [...(this.#keyOperations.get(key) || [])];
+
+            // Add operation
+            const newOp = this.#createOperation({ type, value, updateValue }, Array.from(this.#vectorClock.entries()));
+            currentOps.push(newOp);
+            this.#keyOperations.set(key, currentOps); // Update the operations (no need to sort via vector clock since local updates are always the latest)
+            this.#processLocalProperty(key); // Process local value
+            this.#checkGarbageCollection();
+
+            // Return the property update with the new operation (this can be imported using importPropertyUpdate)
+            return {
+                key,
+                operation: { ...newOp },
+                vectorClock: Array.from(this.#vectorClock.entries())
+            };
+
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.error(CONSOLE_PREFIX + `Failed to add operation for key "${key}":`, error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #checkGarbageCollection() {
+        const MIN_GC_DELAY = 1000; // Minimum 1s delay between garbage collection runs
+        const MIN_AGE_FOR_GC = 5000; // Garbage collect ops that are older than 5s
+
+        try {
+            if (Date.now() - this.#lastGCCheck < MIN_GC_DELAY) return;
+            this.#lastGCCheck = Date.now();
+
+            for (const [key, operations] of this.#keyOperations.entries()) {
+                if (operations?.length < 5) continue; // Min op amount per key for garbage collection to run (otherwise not worth it)
+
+                let retainCount = operations.length;
+                operations.forEach((op, index) => {
+                    // Count how many ops, from last to latest, are older than the min-age in a row
+                    if (op.uuid && this.#opUuidTimestamp.has(op.uuid) && (Date.now() - this.#opUuidTimestamp.get(op.uuid)) > MIN_AGE_FOR_GC) {
+                        const removeCount = index + 1;
+                        retainCount = operations.length - removeCount;
+                        this.#opUuidTimestamp.delete(op.uuid); // Remove from timestamps if set to be deleted
+                    }
+                });
+
+                if (retainCount < operations.length) {
+                    if (this.#debug) console.log(CONSOLE_PREFIX + `Running garbage collection for key ${key} with current operations:`, operations);
+                    const retainOps = operations.slice(-retainCount); // Newest ops
+                    const removeOps = operations.slice(0, -retainCount); // Oldest ops (start =  idx 0, end = retainCount counted from right side)
+                    const baselineVectorClock = removeOps[removeOps.length - 1]?.vectorClock || []; // Use the vector clock from the last operation that we remove/overwrite 
+
+                    // Calculate the value at the point where retained operations start
+                    let baselineValue = null;
+                    for (const op of removeOps) {
+                        if (!op.data) continue;
+                        baselineValue = this.#handleOperation(
+                            baselineValue,
+                            op.data.type,
+                            op.data.value,
+                            op.data.updateValue
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    // Create a compact operation with baseline value and appropriate vector clock
+                    const compactOp = this.#createOperation({ type: "set", value: baselineValue }, baselineVectorClock);
+
+                    // Debug log
+                    if (this.#debug) console.log(CONSOLE_PREFIX + "Operations after garbage collection for this key:", [compactOp, ...retainOps]);
+
+                    // Combine compact op with retained operations
+                    this.#keyOperations.set(key, [compactOp, ...retainOps]);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.error(CONSOLE_PREFIX + "Error running garbage collection:", error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create an operation object
+     * @param {Object} data 
+     * @param {Array} vectorClock 
+     * @returns {Object} - Operation object
+     */
+    #createOperation(data, vectorClock) {
+        const newOperation = {
+            data,
+            vectorClock,
+            source: this.#replicaId,
+            uuid: crypto.randomUUID()
+        };
+        this.#opUuidTimestamp.set(newOperation.uuid, Date.now());
+        return newOperation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process a property's value by applying all operations and set it in the property store
+     * @param {string} key 
+     */
+    #processLocalProperty(key) {
+        try {
+            const ops = this.#keyOperations.get(key);
+            if (!ops?.length) return;
+
+            // Apply all operations in order
+            let value = null;
+
+            for (const op of ops) {
+                if (!op.data) continue;
+                value = this.#handleOperation(
+                    value,
+                    op.data.type,
+                    op.data.value,
+                    op.data.updateValue
+                );
+            }
+
+            this.#propertyStore[key] = value; // Save locally
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.error(CONSOLE_PREFIX + `Failed to process property for key ${key}:`, error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sort by vector clock (causal order)
+     * @param {Array} operations
+     * @returns {Array} - Sorted operations
+     */
+    #sortByVectorClock(operations) {
+        return [...operations].sort((a, b) => {
+            const clockA = new Map(a.vectorClock || []);
+            const clockB = new Map(b.vectorClock || []);
+
+            // First sort by causal relationship
+            let aGreater = false, bGreater = false;
+
+            const allIds = new Set([...clockA.keys(), ...clockB.keys()]);
+            for (const id of allIds) {
+                const countA = clockA.get(id) || 0;
+                const countB = clockB.get(id) || 0;
+
+                if (countA > countB) aGreater = true;
+                if (countA < countB) bGreater = true;
+            }
+
+            // Determine causal relationship (if one is greater, and the other is smaller, it's clear)
+            if (aGreater && !bGreater) return 1;     // a happens after b
+            if (!aGreater && bGreater) return -1;    // a happens before b
+
+            // Concurrent (unclear): Compare highest counter in each (sort by which one is ahead)
+            const maxA = Math.max(...Array.from(clockA.values()), 0);
+            const maxB = Math.max(...Array.from(clockB.values()), 0);
+            if (maxA !== maxB) return maxA - maxB;
+
+            // Final tiebreak: Sort by ID of Replica that actually generated the operation
+            return a.source.localeCompare(b.source);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle an operation
+     * @param {*} curValue 
+     * @param {string} type 
+     * @param {*} value 
+     * @param {*} [updateValue]
+     * @returns {*} - Value after the operation
+     */
+    #handleOperation(curValue, type, value, updateValue) {
+        try {
+            // Deep copy to avoid reference issues in case value is or contains object(s)
+            curValue = structuredClone(curValue);
+
+            // Set operation
+            if (type === "set") return value;
+
+            // Array operations
+            if (type.startsWith('array')) {
+                if (!Array.isArray(curValue)) curValue = []; // Auto-convert to array if current value isn't one
+
+                // Comparison function
+                const isObject = typeof value === 'object' && value !== null;
+                const compare = (item) => {
+                    if (isObject && typeof item === 'object' && item !== null) return JSON.stringify(item) === JSON.stringify(value); // Deep comparison
+                    return item === value; // Value comparison
+                };
+
+                switch (type) {
+                    case 'array-add':
+                        curValue.push(value);
+                        break;
+                    case 'array-add-unique':
+                        if (!curValue.some(compare)) curValue.push(value);
+                        break;
+                    case 'array-remove-matching':
+                        curValue = curValue.filter(item => !compare(item));
+                        break;
+                    case 'array-update-matching':
+                        const index = curValue.findIndex(compare);
+                        if (index !== -1) curValue[index] = updateValue;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return curValue;
+
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.error(CONSOLE_PREFIX + `Failed to handle operation with curValue ${curValue}:`, error);
+            return curValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove HTML to prevent XSS and enforce size limits
+     * @param {Object} obj
+     * @returns {Object} - Sanitized object
+     */
+    #sanitizeValue(obj) {
+        // Check total serialized size
+        const jsonString = JSON.stringify(obj);
+        if (jsonString?.length > 50000) throw new Error('Value too large!'); // 50KB limit
+
+        if (typeof obj === 'string') return (obj.includes('<') || obj.includes('>')) ? obj.replace(/[<>]/g, '') : obj;
+        if (Array.isArray(obj)) return obj.map(item => this.#sanitizeValue(item));
+        if (obj && typeof obj === 'object') return Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(obj).map(([k, v]) => [k, this.#sanitizeValue(v)]));
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    // Get property store
+    get getPropertyStore() {
+        try {
+            return structuredClone(this.#propertyStore); // Return deep clone
+        } catch {
+            console.error(CONSOLE_PREFIX + "Failed to parse property store");
+            return {};
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check for changes in the local property store
+    get didPropertiesChange() {
+        try {
+            if (JSON.stringify(this.#propertyStore) !== JSON.stringify(this.#lastPropertyStore)) {
+                this.#lastPropertyStore = structuredClone(this.#propertyStore);
+                return true;
+            }
+        } catch { }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Get state (can be imported using importState, converts the maps to arrays for serialization)
+    get getState() {
+        return {
+            keyOperations: [...this.#keyOperations.entries()],
+            vectorClock: [...this.#vectorClock.entries()]
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * PlaySocketServer - WebSocket server for PlaySocket multiplayer library
+ */
+class PlaySocketServer {
+    #server;
+    #ownsServer = false;
+    #rateLimitMaxPoints;
+    #wss;
+    #clients = new Map(); // ClientId -> WebSocket instance
+    #rooms = {};
+    #clientRooms = new Map(); // ClientId -> RoomId
+    #rateLimits = new Map(); // Rate limiting storage
+    #callbacks = new Map(); // Event -> [callback functions]
+    #heartbeatInterval;
+    #pendingDisconnects = new Map(); // ClientId -> {timeout, roomId}
+    #clientTokens = new Map(); // ClientId -> Token
+    #roomVersions = new Map(); // RoomId -> Version
+
+    // Debug
+    #debug = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new PlaySocketServer instance
+     * @param {Object} options - Server configuration options
+     * @param {HttpServer} [options.server] - Existing http server
+     * @param {number} [options.port=3000] - Port to listen on (if no server provided)
+     * @param {string} [options.path='/socket'] - WebSocket endpoint path
+     */
+    constructor(options = {}) {
+        const { server, port = 3000, path = '/', debug = false, rateLimit = 20 } = options;
+
+        if (debug) this.#debug = true; // Enable extra logging
+
+        this.#rateLimitMaxPoints = rateLimit; // Set rate limit
+
+        // Handle server creation / usage
+        if (server) {
+            this.#server = server; // Use provided HTTP server
+        } else {
+            this.#ownsServer = true;
+            this.#server = http.createServer(); // Create HTTP server and start it
+            this.#server.listen(port, () => {
+                console.log(`PlaySocket server running on port ${port}.`);
+            });
+        }
+
+        // Create WebSocket server
+        this.#wss = new WebSocketServer({
+            server: this.#server,
+            path
+        });
+
+        // Set up ws event handlers
+        this.#wss.on('connection', ws => {
+            ws.connectionId = crypto.randomUUID();
+            ws.isAlive = true;
+            ws.on('pong', () => { ws.isAlive = true; });
+            ws.on('message', msg => this.#handleMessage(ws, msg));
+            ws.on('close', () => this.#handleDisconnection(ws));
+            ws.on('error', (error) => {
+                console.error(`PlaySocket WebSocket connection error for client ${ws.clientId || 'unknown'}:`, error); // Catch conn errors
+            });
+        });
+
+        // Log & catch server-level errors
+        this.#wss.on('error', (error) => {
+            console.error('PlaySocket WebSocket server error:', error);
+        });
+
+        // Start heartbeat
+        this.#heartbeatInterval = setInterval(() => {
+            this.#wss.clients.forEach(ws => {
+                if (!ws.isAlive) return ws.terminate();
+                ws.isAlive = false;
+                ws.ping();
+            });
+        }, 15000);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle WebSocket message
+     * @private
+     */
+    async #handleMessage(ws, message) {
+        if (ws.isTerminating) return;
+        try {
+            const data = decode(message);
+
+            // Apply rate limiting to all connections (including unregistered)
+            if (!this.#checkRateLimit(ws.connectionId, data.type)) {
+                if (!ws.isTerminating) {
+                    ws.isTerminating = true; // Prevent multiple terminate calls (it is async)
+                    ws.terminate();
+                    return console.error(`Connection ${ws.connectionId} terminated due to rate limit violations.`);
+                }
+            }
+
+            switch (data.type) {
+                case 'register':
+                    // Register client ID if provided & check for a duplicate
+                    if (data.id && this.#clients.get(data.id)) {
+                        ws.send(encode({ type: 'registration_failed', reason: 'ID is taken.' }), { binary: true });
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    // Generate client ID if none provided
+                    if (!data.id) {
+                        for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+                            const id = this.#generateId();
+                            if (!this.#clients.get(id)) {
+                                data.id = id;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (!data.id) {
+                            ws.send(encode({ type: 'registration_failed', reason: 'No available ID found.' }), { binary: true });
+                            throw new Error('Failed to generate unique ID!');
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Event callback
+                    const registrationAllowed = await this.#triggerEvent("clientRegistrationRequested", data.id, data.customData);
+                    if (registrationAllowed === false || typeof registrationAllowed === 'string') {
+                        ws.send(encode({
+                            type: 'registration_failed',
+                            reason: typeof registrationAllowed === 'string' ? registrationAllowed : 'Denied.'
+                        }), { binary: true });
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    ws.clientId = data.id; // Adds the provided id to the ws object as clientId
+                    this.#clients.set(data.id, ws);
+                    const sessionToken = this.#generateSessionToken();
+                    this.#clientTokens.set(data.id, sessionToken); // Token is used when reconnecting to prevent impersonation attacks
+                    ws.send(encode({ type: 'registered', id: data.id, sessionToken }), { binary: true });
+                    this.#triggerEvent("clientRegistered", data.id, data.customData);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'reconnect':
+                    // If user is pending disconnect, respond (otherwise it's too late)
+                    const pd = this.#pendingDisconnects.get(data.id);
+                    if (pd && data.sessionToken) {
+                        if (data.sessionToken !== this.#clientTokens.get(data.id)) {
+                            ws.send(encode({
+                                type: 'reconnection_failed',
+                                reason: "Session token does not match."
+                            }), { binary: true });
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        clearTimeout(pd.timeout);
+                        this.#pendingDisconnects.delete(data.id);
+
+                        // Re-assign old client ID to the new ws connection
+                        ws.clientId = data.id;
+                        this.#clients.set(data.id, ws);
+
+                        // If they were in a room, provide updated room data
+                        let roomData;
+                        const formerRoomId = this.#clientRooms.get(data.id);
+                        const formerRoom = this.#rooms[formerRoomId];
+                        if (formerRoom) {
+                            if (this.#debug) console.log(`State sent for reconnection for room ${formerRoomId}:`, formerRoom.crdtManager.getState);
+                            roomData = {
+                                state: formerRoom.crdtManager.getState,
+                                participantCount: formerRoom.participants.length,
+                                host: formerRoom.host,
+                                version: this.#roomVersions.get(formerRoomId)
+                            };
+                        }
+
+                        ws.send(encode({ type: 'reconnected', roomData }), { binary: true });
+                    } else {
+                        ws.send(encode({ type: 'reconnection_failed', reason: "Client unknown to server." }), { binary: true });
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case 'create_room':
+                    if (!ws.clientId) return;
+
+                    let newRoomId;
+
+                    if (this.#clientRooms.get(ws.clientId)) {
+                        ws.send(encode({
+                            type: 'room_creation_failed',
+                            reason: 'Already in a room.'
+                        }), { binary: true });
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    // Generate room ID
+                    for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+                        const id = this.#generateId();
+                        if (!this.#rooms[id]) {
+                            newRoomId = id;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (!newRoomId) {
+                        ws.send(encode({ type: 'room_creation_failed', reason: 'No available ID found.' }), { binary: true });
+                        throw new Error('Failed to generate unique room ID!');
+                    }
+
+                    const roomCrdtManager = new CRDTManager(this.#debug); // Create the room's crdt manager
+
+                    // Event callback with potential initial storage modifications
+                    const reviewedStorage = await this.#triggerEvent("roomCreationRequested", { roomId: newRoomId, clientId: ws.clientId, initialStorage: structuredClone({ ...data.initialStorage }) });
+                    if (typeof reviewedStorage === 'object') data.initialStorage = reviewedStorage;
+                    if (reviewedStorage === false) {
+                        ws.send(encode({
+                            type: 'room_creation_failed',
+                            reason: 'Room creation denied.'
+                        }), { binary: true });
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    // Check if client/creator is still connected
+                    if (!this.#clients.has(ws.clientId)) {
+                        if (this.#debug) console.log(`Room creation cancelled - client ${ws.clientId} disconnected during event callback.`);
+                        return; // Abort room creation if client is no longer connected
+                    }
+
+                    // Load initial storage if provided
+                    if (data.initialStorage) {
+                        Object.entries(data.initialStorage)?.forEach(([key, value]) => {
+                            roomCrdtManager.updateProperty(key, "set", value);
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    // Create room
+                    const maxSize = Math.min(Number(data.size), 100) || 100; // Max. limit is 100 clients / room
+                    this.#roomVersions.set(newRoomId, 0); // Start with version 0
+                    this.#rooms[newRoomId] = {
+                        participants: [ws.clientId],
+                        host: ws.clientId,
+                        maxSize,
+                        crdtManager: roomCrdtManager
+                    };
+                    this.#clientRooms.set(ws.clientId, newRoomId); // Add client to the room
+
+                    ws.send(encode({ type: 'room_created', state: roomCrdtManager.getState, roomId: newRoomId, size: maxSize }), { binary: true });
+                    this.#triggerEvent("roomCreated", newRoomId);
+                    if (this.#debug) console.log(`Room ${newRoomId} created with initial storage:`, data.initialStorage);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'join_room':
+                    if (!data.roomId || !ws.clientId) return;
+                    const roomId = data.roomId;
+                    const room = this.#rooms[roomId];
+
+                    const rejectJoin = (reason) => {
+                        ws.send(encode({ type: 'join_rejected', reason }), { binary: true });
+                    };
+
+                    // Event callback
+                    const joinAllowed = await this.#triggerEvent("clientJoinRequested", ws.clientId, roomId);
+                    if (joinAllowed === false || typeof joinAllowed === 'string') return rejectJoin(typeof joinAllowed === 'string' ? joinAllowed : 'Denied.');
+
+                    if (!room) return rejectJoin("Room not found.");
+                    if (this.#clientRooms.get(ws.clientId)) return rejectJoin("Already in a room.");
+                    if (room.participants.length >= room.maxSize) return rejectJoin("Room full.");
+
+                    room.participants.push(ws.clientId);
+                    this.#clientRooms.set(ws.clientId, roomId);
+
+                    // Notify joiner with initial storage
+                    if (this.#debug) console.log("Room state sent for join:", room.crdtManager.getState);
+                    ws.send(encode({
+                        type: 'join_accepted',
+                        state: room.crdtManager.getState,
+                        participantCount: room.participants.length,
+                        host: room.host,
+                        version: this.#roomVersions.get(roomId)
+                    }), { binary: true });
+
+                    // Notify existing participants
+                    room.participants.forEach(p => {
+                        if (p === ws.clientId) return;
+                        const client = this.#clients.get(p);
+                        if (client) {
+                            client.send(encode({
+                                type: 'client_connected',
+                                client: ws.clientId,
+                                participantCount: room.participants.length
+                            }), { binary: true });
+                        }
+                    });
+                    this.#triggerEvent("clientJoinedRoom", ws.clientId, roomId);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'update_property':
+                    const updateRoomId = this.#clientRooms.get(ws.clientId);
+                    const updateRoom = updateRoomId ? this.#rooms[updateRoomId] : null;
+
+                    if (updateRoom && data.update) {
+                        // Check if update is allowed via event callback (provide clone to ensure update integrity)
+                        const updateAllowed = await this.#triggerEvent("storageUpdateRequested", { roomId: updateRoomId, clientId: ws.clientId, update: structuredClone(data.update) });
+                        if (updateAllowed === false) {
+                            ws.send(encode({
+                                type: 'property_update_rejected',
+                                state: updateRoom.crdtManager.getState
+                            }), { binary: true });
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        updateRoom.crdtManager.importPropertyUpdate(data.update); // Import update into server state
+
+                        // Increment version for this room
+                        const currentVersion = this.#roomVersions.get(updateRoomId) + 1;
+                        this.#roomVersions.set(updateRoomId, currentVersion);
+
+                        updateRoom.participants?.forEach(p => {
+                            const client = this.#clients.get(p);
+                            if (client) {
+                                client.send(encode({
+                                    type: 'property_updated',
+                                    update: data.update,
+                                    version: currentVersion
+                                }), { binary: true });
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        this.#triggerEvent("storageUpdated", { roomId: updateRoomId, clientId: ws.clientId, update: structuredClone(data.update), storage: this.getRoomStorage(updateRoomId) });
+                        if (this.#debug) console.log("Property update received and imported:", data.update);
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case 'request':
+                    if (!ws.clientId) return;
+                    const requestorRoomId = this.#clientRooms.get(ws.clientId) || null;
+                    this.#triggerEvent("requestReceived", { roomId: requestorRoomId, clientId: ws.clientId, name: data.request.name, data: data.request.data });
+                    break;
+
+                case 'disconnect':
+                    // Client signals to server that it will will willfully disconnect soon
+                    ws.willfulDisconnect = true;
+                    break;
+            }
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.error('Error in message handler:', error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a readable, 6 digit ID
+     */
+    #generateId() {
+        const chars = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ123456789';
+        return Array.from({ length: 6 }, () => chars[Math.floor(Math.random() * chars.length)]).join('');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the client that disconnected (and is now in the reconnection-phase) was the room host,
+     * pick a new room host immediately to avoid host-less phase (in case important logic is attached to the host)
+     * @param {string} roomId
+     * @param {string} clientId
+     */
+    #changeHostIfDisconnected(roomId, clientId) {
+        const room = this.#rooms[roomId];
+        if (room && room.host === clientId && room.participants.length > 1) {
+            const participantsWithoutClient = room.participants.filter((e) => e !== clientId);
+            room.host = participantsWithoutClient[0]; // Set new host
+
+            // Inform all participants about the new host
+            participantsWithoutClient.forEach(p => {
+                const client = this.#clients.get(p);
+                if (client) client.send(encode({
+                    type: 'host_migrated',
+                    newHost: room.host,
+                }), { binary: true });
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a random token to prevent malicious reconnect attempts
+     * @returns {string} - Token
+     */
+    #generateSessionToken() {
+        let token = '';
+        for (let i = 0; i < 16; i++) token += Math.floor(Math.random() * 16).toString(16);
+        return token;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check rate limit using token bucket algorithm
+     * @private
+     */
+    #checkRateLimit(connectionId, operationType) {
+        const now = Date.now();
+
+        if (!this.#rateLimits.has(connectionId)) {
+            this.#rateLimits.set(connectionId, { points: this.#rateLimitMaxPoints, lastReset: now });
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        const limit = this.#rateLimits.get(connectionId);
+
+        // Reset points if interval has passed (1s)
+        if (now - limit.lastReset > 1000) {
+            limit.points = this.#rateLimitMaxPoints;
+            limit.lastReset = now;
+        }
+
+        const pointCost = operationType == "create_room" ? 5 : 1;
+        if (limit.points < pointCost) return false;
+
+        limit.points -= pointCost;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle client disconnection
+     * @private
+     */
+    #handleDisconnection(ws) {
+        this.#rateLimits.delete(ws.connectionId);
+
+        if (ws.clientId) {
+            this.#clients.delete(ws.clientId); // Immediately remove from active clients (otherwise, server would try to message this client)
+
+            // If client was in a room, check if they were the host & migrate
+            const roomId = this.#clientRooms.get(ws.clientId);
+            if (roomId != null) this.#changeHostIfDisconnected(roomId, ws.clientId);
+
+            if (ws.willfulDisconnect) {
+                this.#disconnectClient(ws); // Immediate disconnection
+            } else {
+                // Pending complete disconnection with 5s grace period to allow for reconnections
+                this.#pendingDisconnects.set(ws.clientId, {
+                    timeout: setTimeout(() => {
+                        this.#disconnectClient(ws);
+                    }, 5000)
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect a client
+     * @private
+     * @param {Object} ws 
+     */
+    #disconnectClient(ws) {
+        this.#pendingDisconnects.delete(ws.clientId);
+        this.#clientTokens.delete(ws.clientId);
+        let roomId = this.#clientRooms.get(ws.clientId);
+        const room = this.#rooms[roomId];
+
+        if (room) {
+            room.participants = room.participants.filter(p => p !== ws.clientId); // Remove client from room
+            this.#clientRooms.delete(ws.clientId);
+
+            if (room.participants?.length === 0) {
+                delete this.#rooms[roomId]; // Delete room if now empty
+                this.#roomVersions.delete(roomId); // Delete room version
+                this.#triggerEvent("roomDestroyed", roomId);
+                if (this.#debug) console.log("Deleted room with id " + roomId + ".");
+                roomId = null; // If room was destroyed, set roomId to null
+            } else {
+                // Notify remaining participants
+                room.participants.forEach(p => {
+                    const client = this.#clients.get(p);
+                    if (client) client.send(encode({
+                        type: 'client_disconnected',
+                        client: ws.clientId,
+                        participantCount: room.participants.length
+                    }), { binary: true });
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.#triggerEvent("clientDisconnected", ws.clientId, roomId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an event callback
+     * @param {string} event - Event name
+     * @param {Function} callback - Callback function
+     */
+    onEvent(event, callback) {
+        const validEvents = ["clientRegistered", "clientRegistrationRequested", "clientDisconnected", "clientJoinedRoom", "clientJoinRequested", "roomCreated", "roomCreationRequested", "requestReceived", "storageUpdated", "storageUpdateRequested", "roomDestroyed"];
+        if (!validEvents.includes(event)) return console.warn(`Invalid PlaySocket event type "${event}"`);
+        if (!this.#callbacks.has(event)) this.#callbacks.set(event, []);
+        this.#callbacks.get(event).push(callback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Kick a player from the server
+     * @param {string} clientId - Client ID
+     * @param {string} [reason] - Optional reason
+     */
+    kick(clientId, reason) {
+        const client = this.#clients.get(clientId);
+        if (client) {
+            client.willfulDisconnect = true;
+            client.send(encode({ type: 'kicked', reason }), { binary: true });
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Trigger an event to registered callbacks
+     * @private
+     */
+    async #triggerEvent(event, ...args) {
+        const callbacks = this.#callbacks.get(event);
+        if (!callbacks) return;
+
+        for (const callback of callbacks) {
+            try {
+                const result = await callback(...args);
+                if (result != null) return result; // Return any non-null/undefined result
+            } catch (error) {
+                console.error(`PlaySocket ${event} callback error:`, error);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get snapshot of a room's storage
+     * @returns {Object} - Storage object
+     */
+    getRoomStorage(roomId) {
+        const room = this.#rooms[roomId];
+        if (room) return room.crdtManager.getPropertyStore;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a value in a room's storage
+     * @param {string} roomId - Room ID
+     * @param {string} key - Storage key
+     * @param {string} type - Operation type
+     * @param {*} value - New value or value to operate on
+     * @param {*} updateValue - New value for update-matching
+     */
+    updateRoomStorage(roomId, key, type, value, updateValue) {
+        if (this.#debug) console.log(`Playsocket server property update for room ${roomId}, key ${key}, operation ${type}, value ${value} and updateValue ${updateValue}.`);
+        const room = this.#rooms[roomId];
+        if (room) {
+            const propertyUpdate = room.crdtManager.updateProperty(key, type, value, updateValue);
+            const currentVersion = this.#roomVersions.get(roomId) + 1;
+            this.#roomVersions.set(roomId, currentVersion); // Increment version for this room
+
+            room.participants?.forEach(p => {
+                const client = this.#clients.get(p);
+                if (client) {
+                    client.send(encode({
+                        type: 'property_updated',
+                        update: propertyUpdate,
+                        version: currentVersion
+                    }), { binary: true });
+                }
+            });
+            this.#triggerEvent("storageUpdated", { roomId, clientId: null, update: structuredClone(propertyUpdate), storage: this.getRoomStorage(roomId) });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close all client connections, then close the websocket and http server
+     */
+    stop() {
+        clearInterval(this.#heartbeatInterval);
+        if (this.#wss) {
+            this.#clients.forEach(client => {
+                client.send(encode({ type: 'server_stopped' }), { binary: true });
+                client.close();
+            });
+            this.#wss.close();
+        }
+        if (this.#server && this.#ownsServer) this.#server.close(() => { console.log('PlaySocket server stopped.'); });
+        this.#pendingDisconnects.forEach((data) => {
+            clearTimeout(data.timeout);
+        });
+    }
+
+    get getRooms() { return { ...this.#rooms } }
+}
+
+export { PlaySocketServer as default };