opencode-starterkit 1.0.1

package/baseline/skill/swift-concurrency/references/async-algorithms.md

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+# AsyncAlgorithms Package
+
+Patterns for combining, transforming, and managing asynchronous sequences beyond standard library. Provides time-based operators, stream combination tools, and multi-consumer primitives for Swift Concurrency.
+
+---
+
+## Quick Start
+
+Top 5 most common operators:
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+// 1. Debounce rapid inputs
+for await query in searchQueryStream.debounce(for: .milliseconds(500)) {
+    await performSearch(query)
+}
+
+// 2. Throttle repeated actions
+for await _ in buttonClicks.throttle(for: .seconds(1)) {
+    await performAction()
+}
+
+// 3. Merge multiple independent streams
+for await message in chat1Messages.merge(chat2Messages) {
+    display(message)
+}
+
+// 4. Combine dependent values
+for await (username, email) in usernameStream.combineLatest(emailStream) {
+    validateForm(username: username, email: email)
+}
+
+// 5. Zip paired operations
+for await (image, metadata) in imageStream.zip(metadataStream) {
+    await cache(image: image, metadata: metadata)
+}
+```
+
+> **See**: [AsyncAlgorithms on GitHub](https://github.com/apple/swift-async-algorithms)
+
+---
+
+## Overview & Installation
+
+### What is AsyncAlgorithms?
+
+Extends Swift's AsyncSequence with time-based operators, stream combination tools, and multi-consumer primitives.
+
+**Use for**:
+- Time-based operations: debounce, throttle, timers
+- Combining streams: merge, combineLatest, zip, chain
+- Multi-consumer scenarios: AsyncChannel for backpressure
+- Specific operators: removeDuplicates, chunks, adjacentPairs, compacted
+
+**Use standard library for**:
+- Bridging callbacks: AsyncStream
+- Simple iteration: for await in sequence
+- Single-value operations: async/await
+
+### Installation
+
+```swift
+dependencies: [
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-async-algorithms", from: "1.0.0")
+]
+
+targets: [
+    .target(
+        name: "MyTarget",
+        dependencies: [
+            .product(name: "AsyncAlgorithms", package: "swift-async-algorithms")
+        ]
+    )
+]
+```
+
+Import:
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+```
+
+---
+
+## Time-Based Operators
+
+### debounce(for:tolerance:clock:)
+
+Wait for inactivity before emitting. Use for rapid inputs like search fields.
+
+#### Example: ArticleSearcher
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+@Observable
+final class ArticleSearcher {
+    @MainActor private(set) var results: [Article] = []
+    private var searchQueryContinuation: AsyncStream<String>.Continuation?
+
+    private lazy var searchQueryStream: AsyncStream<String> = {
+        AsyncStream { continuation in
+            searchQueryContinuation = continuation
+        }
+    }()
+
+    func search(_ query: String) {
+        searchQueryContinuation?.yield(query)
+    }
+
+    func startDebouncedSearch() {
+        Task { @MainActor in
+            for await query in searchQueryStream.debounce(for: .milliseconds(500)) {
+                self.results = []
+                self.results = await APIClient.searchArticles(query)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Benefits**: Automatic cancellation, backpressure, cleaner than manual Task.sleep.
+
+#### ❌ Anti-Pattern
+
+```swift
+// Bad: Every keystroke spawns new task
+func search(_ query: String) {
+    Task {
+        try? await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(500))
+        await performSearch(query)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Problem**: Multiple tasks execute simultaneously, causing out-of-order results.
+
+**Solution**: Use `debounce()` for automatic backpressure.
+
+---
+
+### throttle(for:clock:reducing:)
+
+Emit at most one value per interval. Use for repeated actions like button taps.
+
+#### Example: Like Button
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+struct LikeButton: View {
+    @State private var tapStream = AsyncStream<Void> { continuation in
+        // Continuation stored externally
+    }
+    @State private var isLiked = false
+
+    var body: some View {
+        Button(action: {
+            tapStream.continuation?.yield()
+        }) {
+            Image(systemName: isLiked ? "heart.fill" : "heart")
+        }
+        .task {
+            await handleThrottledTaps()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func handleThrottledTaps() async {
+        for await _ in tapStream.throttle(for: .seconds(1)) {
+            await toggleLike()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func toggleLike() async {
+        isLiked.toggle()
+        await APIClient.updateLikeStatus(isLiked: isLiked)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### Understanding reducing Parameter
+
+```swift
+// .latest (default): Keep most recent value
+for await value in events.throttle(for: .seconds(1)) {
+    process(value)
+}
+
+// .oldest: Keep first value
+for await value in events.throttle(for: .seconds(1), reducing: .oldest) {
+    process(value)
+}
+
+// Custom: Sum all values
+for await value in events.throttle(for: .seconds(1)) { $0 + $1 } {
+    process(value)
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+### AsyncTimerSequence
+
+Emit values at regular intervals. Use for periodic refresh or countdown timers.
+
+#### Example: Feed Refresh
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+@MainActor @Observable
+final class FeedViewModel {
+    private(set) var articles: [Article] = []
+    private var refreshTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+
+    func startAutoRefresh() {
+        refreshTask = Task {
+            for await _ in AsyncTimerSequence(interval: .seconds(30)) {
+                await refreshFeed()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func refreshFeed() async {
+        articles = await APIClient.fetchLatestArticles()
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### ❌ Anti-Pattern
+
+```swift
+// Bad: Manual timer implementation
+func startTimer() {
+    Task {
+        while !Task.isCancelled {
+            performAction()
+            try? await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(1))
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Solution**: Use `AsyncTimerSequence`.
+
+---
+
+## Combining Operators
+
+### merge(_:...)
+
+Combine sequences into one, emitting as they arrive. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+Use for independent data sources that don't depend on each other.
+
+#### Example: Multi-Room Chat
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+actor ChatManager {
+    private var messageContinuations: [String: AsyncStream<ChatMessage>.Continuation] = [:]
+
+    func getMessagesStream(roomID: String) -> AsyncStream<ChatMessage> {
+        AsyncStream { continuation in
+            messageContinuations[roomID] = continuation
+        }
+    }
+
+    func receiveMessage(_ message: ChatMessage) {
+        messageContinuations[message.roomID]?.yield(message)
+    }
+
+    func startMonitoring(rooms: [String]) -> AsyncStream<ChatMessage> {
+        let streams = rooms.map { getMessagesStream(roomID: $0) }
+        return streams.merge()
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage
+let manager = ChatManager()
+let mergedMessages = await manager.startMonitoring(rooms: ["general", "random"])
+
+for await message in mergedMessages {
+    print("[\(message.roomID)] \(message.text)")
+}
+```
+
+**Behavior**: Values emit as they arrive from any source. Order interleaved by timing. Cancellation propagates to all sources.
+
+---
+
+### combineLatest(_:...)
+
+Combine sequences, emitting tuple when any source emits. Always uses latest values. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+Use for dependent values that need synchronization.
+
+#### Example: Form Validation
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+struct SignupForm: View {
+    @State private var usernameStream = AsyncStream<String> { /* ... */ }
+    @State private var emailStream = AsyncStream<String> { /* ... */ }
+    @State private var passwordStream = AsyncStream<String> { /* ... */ }
+    @State private var formState = FormState.incomplete
+
+    var body: some View {
+        Form {
+            TextField("Username", text: $username)
+            TextField("Email", text: $email)
+            SecureField("Password", text: $password)
+        }
+        .task {
+            await validateForm()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func validateForm() async {
+        for await (username, email, password) in
+                usernameStream.combineLatest(emailStream, passwordStream)
+        {
+            formState = await validate(
+                username: username,
+                email: email,
+                password: password
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### ❌ Anti-Pattern
+
+```swift
+// Bad: Manual value combining
+actor FormValidator {
+    private var currentUsername: String = ""
+    private var currentEmail: String = ""
+
+    func updateUsername(_ username: String) {
+        currentUsername = username
+        checkForm()
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Solution**: Use `combineLatest()`.
+
+---
+
+### zip(_:...)
+
+Combine sequences by pairing elements in order. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+#### Example: Image + Metadata
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+struct ImageLoader {
+    func loadImagesWithMetadata(urls: [URL]) async throws -> [LoadedImage] {
+        let imageStream = AsyncThrowingStream<UIImage, Error> { continuation in
+            Task {
+                for url in urls {
+                    let image = try await downloadImage(from: url)
+                    continuation.yield(image)
+                }
+                continuation.finish()
+            }
+        }
+
+        let metadataStream = AsyncThrowingStream<ImageMetadata, Error> { continuation in
+            Task {
+                for url in urls {
+                    let metadata = try await fetchMetadata(for: url)
+                    continuation.yield(metadata)
+                }
+                continuation.finish()
+            }
+        }
+
+        var results: [LoadedImage] = []
+        for try await (image, metadata) in imageStream.zip(metadataStream) {
+            results.append(LoadedImage(image: image, metadata: metadata))
+        }
+        return results
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Behavior**: Emits tuple when all sequences emit. Maintains order. Finishes when shortest sequence finishes.
+
+---
+
+### chain(_:...)
+
+Concatenate sequences sequentially. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+#### Example: Paginated Loading
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+struct ArticlePaginator {
+    func loadAllArticles() -> AsyncStream<[Article]> {
+        AsyncStream { continuation in
+            Task {
+                var page = 1
+                var hasMore = true
+                while hasMore {
+                    let articles = try await fetchPage(page: page)
+                    continuation.yield(articles)
+                    hasMore = articles.count == 20
+                    page += 1
+                }
+                continuation.finish()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage: Chain cache + network
+for await articles in loadFromCacheStream().chain(loadFromNetworkStream()) {
+    display(articles)
+}
+```
+
+**Behavior**: Emits all values from first sequence before starting second.
+
+---
+
+## Utility Operators
+
+### removeDuplicates()
+
+Remove adjacent duplicates. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+actor ChatHistory {
+    private var messageStream = AsyncStream<ChatMessage> { /* ... */ }
+
+    func getUniqueMessages() -> AsyncStream<ChatMessage> {
+        messageStream.removeDuplicates()
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+### chunks() and chunked()
+
+Collect values into batches. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+struct BatchProcessor {
+    func processLargeDataset(dataStream: AsyncStream<DataItem>) async {
+        for await batch in dataStream.chunks(count: 100) {
+            await processBatch(batch)
+        }
+    }
+
+    func chunkedByTime(dataStream: AsyncStream<DataItem>) async {
+        for await batch in dataStream.chunked(by: .seconds(5)) {
+            await processBatch(batch)
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+### compacted() and adjacentPairs()
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+// Remove nil values
+for await value in optionalValuesStream.compacted() {
+    process(value)
+}
+
+// Pair adjacent elements
+for await (previous, current) in valuesStream.adjacentPairs() {
+    let difference = current - previous
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Multi-Consumer Scenarios
+
+### AsyncChannel
+
+AsyncSequence with backpressure. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+Use for producer-consumer patterns with flow control.
+
+#### Example: Message Queue
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+actor MessageQueue {
+    private let channel = AsyncChannel<Message>()
+
+    func getMessages() -> AsyncStream<Message> {
+        channel
+    }
+
+    func enqueue(_ message: Message) async {
+        await channel.send(message)
+    }
+
+    func startProcessing() {
+        Task {
+            for await message in channel {
+                await process(message)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Multiple producers
+let queue = MessageQueue()
+Task { await queue.enqueue(Message(type: .userAction, content: "tap")) }
+Task { await queue.enqueue(Message(type: .network, content: "data")) }
+queue.startProcessing()
+```
+
+#### ❌ Anti-Pattern
+
+```swift
+// Bad: Values split unpredictably
+let stream = AsyncStream<Int> { continuation in
+    for i in 1...10 {
+        continuation.yield(i)
+    }
+    continuation.finish()
+}
+
+Task { for await value in stream { print("Consumer 1: \(value)") } }
+Task { for await value in stream { print("Consumer 2: \(value)") } }
+```
+
+**Problem**: Each value goes to only one consumer.
+
+**Solution**: Use `AsyncChannel` for multi-consumer scenarios.
+
+---
+
+### AsyncThrowingChannel
+
+Like AsyncChannel but can emit errors. **Stable operator ✅**
+
+#### Example: WebSocket
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+actor WebSocketConnection {
+    private let channel = AsyncThrowingChannel<WebSocketMessage, Error>()
+
+    func getMessages() -> AsyncThrowingStream<WebSocketMessage, Error> {
+        channel
+    }
+
+    func receiveMessage(_ message: WebSocketMessage) async {
+        await channel.send(message)
+    }
+
+    func reportError(_ error: Error) async {
+        await channel.finish(throwing: error)
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage
+do {
+    for await message in connection.getMessages() {
+        handle(message)
+    }
+} catch {
+    print("WebSocket error: \(error)")
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Combine Migration Guide
+
+### Operator Mapping Table
+
+| Combine | AsyncAlgorithms | Status | Alternative |
+|---------|-----------------|---------|-------------|
+| `.debounce()` | `debounce()` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.throttle()` | `throttle()` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.merge()` | `merge()` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.combineLatest()` | `combineLatest()` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.zip()` | `zip()` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.concat()` | `chain()` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.removeDuplicates()` | `removeDuplicates()` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.timer()` | `AsyncTimerSequence` | ✅ Stable | - |
+| `.share()` | - | - | `AsyncChannel` |
+| `.flatMap()` | - | - | `TaskGroup` |
+| `.receive(on:)` | - | - | `Task` / `@MainActor` |
+| `.eraseToAnyPublisher()` | - | - | `any AsyncSequence` |
+
+---
+
+### Migration Examples
+
+#### Example 1: ArticleSearcher
+
+**Before: Combine**
+
+```swift
+import Combine
+
+final class ArticleSearcher: ObservableObject {
+    @Published private(set) var results: [Article] = []
+    @Published var searchQuery = ""
+
+    init() {
+        $searchQuery
+            .debounce(for: .milliseconds(500), scheduler: DispatchQueue.main)
+            .removeDuplicates()
+            .flatMap { query in
+                APIClient.searchArticles(query)
+                    .catch { _ in Just([]) }
+            }
+            .receive(on: DispatchQueue.main)
+            .assign(to: &$results)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**After: AsyncAlgorithms**
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+@Observable
+final class ArticleSearcher {
+    @MainActor private(set) var results: [Article] = []
+    private var searchQueryContinuation: AsyncStream<String>.Continuation?
+
+    private lazy var searchQueryStream: AsyncStream<String> = {
+        AsyncStream { continuation in
+            searchQueryContinuation = continuation
+        }
+    }()
+
+    func search(_ query: String) {
+        searchQueryContinuation?.yield(query)
+    }
+
+    func startDebouncedSearch() {
+        Task { @MainActor in
+            for await query in searchQueryStream
+                .debounce(for: .milliseconds(500))
+                .removeDuplicates()
+            {
+                do {
+                    self.results = try await APIClient.searchArticles(query)
+                } catch {
+                    self.results = []
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Benefits**: Simpler error handling, no cancellables, automatic cancellation.
+
+---
+
+#### Example 2: Multi-Source Loading
+
+**Before: Combine Merge**
+
+```swift
+import Combine
+
+final class ArticleLoader: ObservableObject {
+    @Published private(set) var items: [Item] = []
+
+    func loadAllSources() {
+        let source1 = APIClient.fetchItems(from: .source1)
+        let source2 = APIClient.fetchItems(from: .source2)
+
+        Publishers.Merge(source1, source2)
+            .scan([]) { accumulated, new in
+                accumulated + new
+            }
+            .receive(on: DispatchQueue.main)
+            .assign(to: &$items)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**After: TaskGroup**
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+@Observable
+final class ArticleLoader {
+    @MainActor private(set) var items: [Item] = []
+
+    func loadAllSourcesParallel() async {
+        await withTaskGroup(of: [Item].self) { group in
+            group.addTask {
+                await APIClient.fetchItems(from: .source1)
+            }
+            group.addTask {
+                await APIClient.fetchItems(from: .source2)
+            }
+
+            for await newItems in group {
+                items.append(contentsOf: newItems)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Key difference**: For parallel execution, use `TaskGroup` instead of `flatMap`.
+
+---
+
+#### Example 3: Form Validation
+
+**Before: Combine**
+
+```swift
+import Combine
+
+final class FormValidator: ObservableObject {
+    @Published var username = ""
+    @Published var email = ""
+
+    @Published private(set) var formState: FormState = .incomplete
+
+    init() {
+        Publishers.CombineLatest2($username, $email)
+            .map { username, email in
+                validate(username: username, email: email)
+            }
+            .assign(to: &$formState)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**After: AsyncAlgorithms or async let**
+
+```swift
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+@Observable
+final class FormValidator {
+    var username = ""
+    var email = ""
+
+    @MainActor private(set) var formState: FormState = .incomplete
+
+    // Option 1: combineLatest for stream-based validation
+    func startStreamValidation() {
+        Task { @MainActor in
+            for await (username, email) in
+                    usernameStream.combineLatest(emailStream)
+            {
+                self.formState = validate(
+                    username: username,
+                    email: email
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Option 2: async let for simple validation
+    func validateForm() async {
+        let (username, email) = await (username, email)
+        formState = validate(
+            username: username,
+            email: email
+        )
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Choose**:
+- `combineLatest()`: Continuous validation as fields change
+- `async let`: One-time validation when all values available
+
+---
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Use time-based operators** for rapid inputs: debounce() for search, throttle() for buttons
+2. **Combine streams** with merge/combineLatest instead of manual state management
+3. **Use AsyncChannel** for multi-consumer scenarios with backpressure
+4. **Ensure Sendable conformance** when using operators across isolation boundaries
+5. **Leverage cancellation** - Task cancellation propagates through all operators
+6. **Choose right tool**: AsyncAlgorithms for complex streams, AsyncStream for bridging callbacks
+7. **Avoid manual sleep loops** - use AsyncTimerSequence instead
+
+---
+
+## Further Learning
+
+- [AsyncAlgorithms Documentation](https://github.com/apple/swift-async-algorithms)
+- [Combine Migration Guide](migration.md)
+- [Async Sequences](async-sequences.md)
+- [Tasks](tasks.md) - Task groups and structured concurrency