opencode-knowledge-work 0.0.0-stage → 0.1.1

package/content/bio-research/skills/bio-research-scvi-tools/references/multiome_multivi.md

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+# Multiome Analysis with MultiVI
+
+This reference covers joint RNA and ATAC-seq analysis from multiome experiments using MultiVI.
+
+## Overview
+
+MultiVI is a deep generative model for analyzing multiome data (simultaneous RNA-seq and ATAC-seq from the same cells). It:
+- Learns a joint latent representation across modalities
+- Handles missing modalities (RNA-only or ATAC-only cells)
+- Enables batch correction across experiments
+- Supports imputation of missing modalities
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+```python
+import scvi
+import scanpy as sc
+import mudata as md
+import numpy as np
+
+print(f"scvi-tools version: {scvi.__version__}")
+```
+
+## Data Formats
+
+### Option 1: MuData (Recommended)
+
+```python
+# Load multiome data as MuData
+mdata = md.read("multiome.h5mu")
+
+# Structure:
+# mdata.mod['rna']  - AnnData with RNA counts
+# mdata.mod['atac'] - AnnData with ATAC counts
+
+print(f"RNA: {mdata.mod['rna'].shape}")
+print(f"ATAC: {mdata.mod['atac'].shape}")
+```
+
+### Option 2: Separate AnnData Objects
+
+```python
+# Load separately
+adata_rna = sc.read_h5ad("rna.h5ad")
+adata_atac = sc.read_h5ad("atac.h5ad")
+
+# Ensure same cells in same order
+common_cells = adata_rna.obs_names.intersection(adata_atac.obs_names)
+adata_rna = adata_rna[common_cells].copy()
+adata_atac = adata_atac[common_cells].copy()
+```
+
+## Step 1: Prepare RNA Data
+
+```python
+# RNA preprocessing (standard scvi-tools pipeline)
+adata_rna = mdata.mod['rna'].copy()
+
+# Filter
+sc.pp.filter_cells(adata_rna, min_genes=200)
+sc.pp.filter_genes(adata_rna, min_cells=3)
+
+# Store counts
+adata_rna.layers["counts"] = adata_rna.X.copy()
+
+# HVG selection
+sc.pp.highly_variable_genes(
+    adata_rna,
+    n_top_genes=4000,
+    flavor="seurat_v3",
+    layer="counts",
+    batch_key="batch"  # If multiple batches
+)
+
+# Subset to HVGs
+adata_rna = adata_rna[:, adata_rna.var['highly_variable']].copy()
+```
+
+## Step 2: Prepare ATAC Data
+
+```python
+# ATAC preprocessing
+adata_atac = mdata.mod['atac'].copy()
+
+# Filter peaks
+sc.pp.filter_genes(adata_atac, min_cells=10)
+
+# Binarize accessibility
+adata_atac.X = (adata_atac.X > 0).astype(np.float32)
+
+# Select top accessible peaks (if too many)
+if adata_atac.n_vars > 50000:
+    peak_accessibility = np.array(adata_atac.X.sum(axis=0)).flatten()
+    top_peaks = np.argsort(peak_accessibility)[-50000:]
+    adata_atac = adata_atac[:, top_peaks].copy()
+
+# Store in layer
+adata_atac.layers["counts"] = adata_atac.X.copy()
+```
+
+## Step 3: Create Combined MuData
+
+```python
+# Ensure matching cells
+common_cells = adata_rna.obs_names.intersection(adata_atac.obs_names)
+adata_rna = adata_rna[common_cells].copy()
+adata_atac = adata_atac[common_cells].copy()
+
+# Create MuData
+mdata = md.MuData({
+    "rna": adata_rna,
+    "atac": adata_atac
+})
+
+print(f"Combined multiome: {mdata.n_obs} cells")
+print(f"RNA features: {mdata.mod['rna'].n_vars}")
+print(f"ATAC features: {mdata.mod['atac'].n_vars}")
+```
+
+## Step 4: Setup MultiVI
+
+```python
+# Setup MuData for MultiVI
+scvi.model.MULTIVI.setup_mudata(
+    mdata,
+    rna_layer="counts",
+    atac_layer="counts",
+    batch_key="batch",  # Optional
+    modalities={
+        "rna_layer": "rna",
+        "batch_key": "rna",
+        "atac_layer": "atac"
+    }
+)
+```
+
+## Step 5: Train MultiVI
+
+```python
+# Create model
+model = scvi.model.MULTIVI(
+    mdata,
+    n_latent=20,
+    n_layers_encoder=2,
+    n_layers_decoder=2
+)
+
+# Train
+model.train(
+    max_epochs=300,
+    early_stopping=True,
+    early_stopping_patience=10,
+    batch_size=128
+)
+
+# Check training
+model.history['elbo_train'].plot()
+```
+
+## Step 6: Get Joint Representation
+
+```python
+# Latent representation
+latent = model.get_latent_representation()
+
+# Add to MuData
+mdata.obsm["X_MultiVI"] = latent
+
+# Clustering on joint space
+sc.pp.neighbors(mdata, use_rep="X_MultiVI")
+sc.tl.umap(mdata)
+sc.tl.leiden(mdata, resolution=1.0)
+
+# Visualize
+sc.pl.umap(mdata, color=['leiden', 'batch'], ncols=2)
+```
+
+## Step 7: Modality-Specific Analysis
+
+### Impute Missing Modality
+
+```python
+# Impute RNA expression for ATAC-only cells
+# (Useful when integrating with ATAC-only datasets)
+imputed_rna = model.get_normalized_expression(
+    modality="rna"
+)
+
+# Impute accessibility for RNA-only cells
+imputed_atac = model.get_accessibility_estimates()
+```
+
+### Differential Analysis
+
+```python
+# Differential expression (RNA)
+de_results = model.differential_expression(
+    groupby="leiden",
+    group1="0",
+    group2="1"
+)
+
+# Differential accessibility (ATAC)
+da_results = model.differential_accessibility(
+    groupby="leiden",
+    group1="0",
+    group2="1"
+)
+```
+
+## Handling Partial Data
+
+MultiVI can integrate datasets with only one modality:
+
+```python
+# Dataset 1: Full multiome
+# Dataset 2: RNA only
+# Dataset 3: ATAC only
+
+# Mark missing modalities
+mdata.obs['modality'] = 'paired'  # For cells with both
+# For RNA-only cells, ATAC data should be missing/NaN
+# For ATAC-only cells, RNA data should be missing/NaN
+
+# MultiVI handles this automatically during training
+```
+
+## Complete Pipeline
+
+```python
+def analyze_multiome(
+    adata_rna,
+    adata_atac,
+    batch_key=None,
+    n_top_genes=4000,
+    n_top_peaks=50000,
+    n_latent=20,
+    max_epochs=300
+):
+    """
+    Complete multiome analysis with MultiVI.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    adata_rna : AnnData
+        RNA count data
+    adata_atac : AnnData
+        ATAC peak data
+    batch_key : str, optional
+        Batch column name
+    n_top_genes : int
+        Number of HVGs for RNA
+    n_top_peaks : int
+        Number of top peaks for ATAC
+    n_latent : int
+        Latent dimensions
+    max_epochs : int
+        Maximum training epochs
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    MuData with joint representation
+    """
+    import scvi
+    import scanpy as sc
+    import mudata as md
+    import numpy as np
+
+    # Get common cells
+    common_cells = adata_rna.obs_names.intersection(adata_atac.obs_names)
+    adata_rna = adata_rna[common_cells].copy()
+    adata_atac = adata_atac[common_cells].copy()
+
+    # RNA preprocessing
+    sc.pp.filter_genes(adata_rna, min_cells=3)
+    adata_rna.layers["counts"] = adata_rna.X.copy()
+
+    if batch_key:
+        sc.pp.highly_variable_genes(
+            adata_rna, n_top_genes=n_top_genes,
+            flavor="seurat_v3", layer="counts", batch_key=batch_key
+        )
+    else:
+        sc.pp.normalize_total(adata_rna, target_sum=1e4)
+        sc.pp.log1p(adata_rna)
+        sc.pp.highly_variable_genes(adata_rna, n_top_genes=n_top_genes)
+        adata_rna.X = adata_rna.layers["counts"].copy()
+
+    adata_rna = adata_rna[:, adata_rna.var['highly_variable']].copy()
+
+    # ATAC preprocessing
+    sc.pp.filter_genes(adata_atac, min_cells=10)
+    adata_atac.X = (adata_atac.X > 0).astype(np.float32)
+
+    if adata_atac.n_vars > n_top_peaks:
+        peak_acc = np.array(adata_atac.X.sum(axis=0)).flatten()
+        top_idx = np.argsort(peak_acc)[-n_top_peaks:]
+        adata_atac = adata_atac[:, top_idx].copy()
+
+    adata_atac.layers["counts"] = adata_atac.X.copy()
+
+    # Create MuData
+    mdata = md.MuData({"rna": adata_rna, "atac": adata_atac})
+
+    # Setup and train
+    scvi.model.MULTIVI.setup_mudata(
+        mdata,
+        rna_layer="counts",
+        atac_layer="counts",
+        batch_key=batch_key,
+        modalities={"rna_layer": "rna", "batch_key": "rna", "atac_layer": "atac"}
+    )
+
+    model = scvi.model.MULTIVI(mdata, n_latent=n_latent)
+    model.train(max_epochs=max_epochs, early_stopping=True)
+
+    # Add representation
+    mdata.obsm["X_MultiVI"] = model.get_latent_representation()
+
+    # Cluster
+    sc.pp.neighbors(mdata, use_rep="X_MultiVI")
+    sc.tl.umap(mdata)
+    sc.tl.leiden(mdata)
+
+    return mdata, model
+
+
+# Usage
+mdata, model = analyze_multiome(
+    adata_rna,
+    adata_atac,
+    batch_key="sample"
+)
+
+sc.pl.umap(mdata, color=['leiden', 'sample'])
+```
+
+## Peak-to-Gene Linking
+
+```python
+# Link ATAC peaks to genes based on correlation in latent space
+# This identifies regulatory relationships
+
+def link_peaks_to_genes(model, mdata, distance_threshold=100000):
+    """
+    Link peaks to nearby genes based on correlation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    model : MULTIVI
+        Trained model
+    mdata : MuData
+        Multiome data
+    distance_threshold : int
+        Maximum distance (bp) to link peak to gene
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    DataFrame of peak-gene links
+    """
+    # Get imputed values
+    rna_imputed = model.get_normalized_expression()
+    atac_imputed = model.get_accessibility_estimates()
+
+    # Correlate peak accessibility with gene expression
+    # for peaks near gene promoters
+    # ... (requires genomic coordinates)
+
+    return peak_gene_links
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+| Issue | Cause | Solution |
+|-------|-------|----------|
+| Different cell counts | Cells missing in one modality | Use common cells only |
+| Training instability | Imbalanced modalities | Normalize feature counts |
+| Poor clustering | Too few features | Increase n_top_genes/peaks |
+| Memory error | Large ATAC matrix | Reduce peak count, use sparse |
+| Batch dominates | Strong technical effects | Ensure batch_key is set |
+
+## Key References
+
+- Ashuach et al. (2023) "MultiVI: deep generative model for the integration of multimodal data"