mlx-bun 0.5.0 → 1.0.0

package/src/train/loss.ts

@@ -1,1591 +0,0 @@
-// Training losses: masked cross-entropy (SFT) and DPO.
-//
-// SFT — port of mlx_lm/tuner/trainer.py default_loss:
-//   logits = forward(ids[:, :-1]); targets = ids[:, 1:]
-//   ce[b,t]  = logsumexp(logits[b,t]) - logits[b,t, targets[b,t]]
-//   mask[b,t] = 1 iff position predicts a response token that is NOT padding,
-//               i.e. (t+1) >= promptLen[b]  AND  (t+1) < length[b]
-//   loss = sum(ce * mask) / sum(mask)   (token-mean over the whole batch)
-// For B=1 with no padding this reduces to exactly the original single-example
-// loss (mask[t] = (t+1) >= promptLen, length == ids.length).
-//
-// DPO — port of optiq/lora/dpo.py: per-sequence response log-prob via
-// _seq_logp, reference log-probs computed with the adapter scale forced to 0
-// and stop_gradient'd, then L = -log σ(β·((πc-refc) - (πr-refr))) averaged
-// over the batch. Padding never contributes: the response mask is 0 at pad
-// positions and the batched attention mask hides padded keys.
-
-import { MlxArray } from "../mlx/array";
-import { Dtype } from "../mlx/ffi";
-import * as ops from "../mlx/ops";
-import { Checkpoint } from "../mlx/checkpoint";
-import { CustomVjp } from "../mlx/custom-vjp";
-import type { RuntimeModel } from "../model/factory";
-import { Gemma4Model } from "../model/gemma4";
-import { MiniCPM5Model } from "../model/minicpm5";
-import { logitSoftcap } from "../model/gemma4-base";
-import { trainForward, trainForwardHidden } from "./forward";
-import { setLoraScale, type TrainableLora } from "./lora-params";
-import { flashCceForward, flashCceBackward, type FlashCceHead } from "./flash-cce";
-import { runtimeValue } from "../runtime-config";
-
-/** The quantized LM-head weights + final-logit softcap, accessed uniformly across
- *  models for the fused linear-CE head: Gemma is tied (`embed.asLinear`, softcap
- *  from config), MiniCPM5 is the separate `lmHead` (no softcap). The head is NOT
- *  a default LoRA target, so the base quantized weights are authoritative. */
-interface HeadQuant {
-  w: MlxArray; scales: MlxArray; biases: MlxArray | null;
-  spec: ops.QuantSpec; softcap: number | null;
-}
-function headQuant(model: RuntimeModel): HeadQuant {
-  if (model instanceof Gemma4Model) {
-    const e = model.embed;
-    return { w: e.w, scales: e.scales, biases: e.biases, spec: e.spec, softcap: model.config.text.finalLogitSoftcapping };
-  }
-  if (model instanceof MiniCPM5Model) {
-    const h = model.lmHead;
-    return { w: h.w, scales: h.scales, biases: h.biases, spec: h.spec, softcap: null };
-  }
-  throw new Error("fused linear-CE head is not wired for this model type");
-}
-
-/** Token-chunking context for the ORPO loss head. When `chunkSize > 0`, the B=1
- *  response-only head is computed in token-chunks, each wrapped in a Checkpoint
- *  so its `[chunk, vocab]` logits are RECOMPUTED in the backward instead of all
- *  `[M, vocab]` being retained — bounding the dominant large-vocab term to
- *  `[chunkSize, vocab]`. The checkpoints recompute during the enclosing
- *  value_and_grad backward, so they must outlive `orpoLoss`: they are pushed
- *  into `sink`, which the caller (orpoLoop) disposes AFTER `vag.apply` returns
- *  (i.e. after the backward). Exact — rematerialization is numerically
- *  identical, and MLX computes the (quantized) head backward itself. */
-export interface ChunkCtx {
-  chunkSize: number;
-  /** When set, use the FUSED linear-CE head (`fusedLogpMeanB1`: one CustomVjp with
-   *  an analytic softmax−onehot backward, no autograd through the head and no
-   *  retained `[M,V]` logits) instead of the per-chunk `Checkpoint` head. Same
-   *  token `chunkSize`; the fused path bounds large-vocab memory in both
-   *  directions and is the Liger/CCE structure (the moat). Off → the Checkpoint
-   *  token-chunked head (unchanged). */
-  fused?: boolean;
-  /** When set (with `fused`), route the head through the flash-CCE Metal kernel
-   *  (`makeFlashCceHeadVjp`): in-kernel quantized logits + online softmax (fwd) and
-   *  `dh` accumulation (bwd), so neither `[M,V]` logits nor a dequantized head touch
-   *  HBM — the lowest-memory head, and the fastest on large vocab (e4b/CPM). The
-   *  Apple-CCE coeff filter is on by default in the backward. */
-  flash?: boolean;
-  /** Disposables whose lifetime must extend past the enclosing value_and_grad
-   *  backward: the per-chunk `Checkpoint`s / the fused `CustomVjp` (they recompute
-   *  in the backward) AND the hidden `h` / chunk slices they read (these
-   *  deliberately drop their input activations, so freeing them early corrupts the
-   *  recompute — and even the forward eval). The caller (orpoLoop) disposes these
-   *  only AFTER the step's grads are eval'd (the `afterMicroEval` hook). */
-  sink: Array<{ dispose(): void }>;
-}
-import {
-  rowLength, dpoChosenLength, dpoRejectedLength,
-  type SftBatch, type DpoBatch,
-} from "./dataset";
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// SFT
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/** Masked cross-entropy over an SFT batch (B>=1).
- *  Returns a scalar MlxArray (caller owns).
- *
- *  Every row is padded to the batch length L. The forward runs over
- *  ids[:, :-1] (a single [B, L-1] pass) with a padding-aware attention mask;
- *  the loss mask then keeps only (response AND non-padding) target positions.
- *  Loss = sum(ce·mask) / sum(mask) — a token-mean over the whole batch, the
- *  same reduction as mlx-lm default_loss. */
-export function sftLoss(model: RuntimeModel, batch: SftBatch): MlxArray {
-  const B = batch.ids.length;
-  const L = batch.ids[0]!.length;
-  if (L < 2) throw new Error("sftLoss: sequence too short (need >= 2 tokens)");
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++)
-    if (batch.ids[b]!.length !== L)
-      throw new Error("sftLoss: all rows in a batch must share length L (pad first)");
-
-  // inputs = ids[:, :-1]  (flatten row-major into [B, L-1]).
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const inputHost = new Int32Array(B * T);
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++)
-    for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) inputHost[b * T + t] = batch.ids[b]![t]!;
-  const inputIds = MlxArray.fromInt32(inputHost, [B, T]);
-
-  // Per-input-row valid length = min(rowLength, L) - 1 (inputs dropped the
-  // last token). Keys beyond this are padding and must not be attended.
-  const inputValid = Array.from({ length: B }, (_, b) =>
-    Math.max(0, Math.min(rowLength(batch, b), L) - 1),
-  );
-
-  let scalar: MlxArray;
-  try {
-    if (B === 1) {
-      // Response-only path: run the forward to hidden states, then apply the
-      // LM head ONLY at supervised positions. Avoids the [1, T, 262k] logits
-      // (+ its grad) — the dominant long-context training-memory term.
-      const h = trainForwardHidden(model, inputIds, inputValid); // [1, T, hidden]
-      scalar = responseOnlyCe(model, h, batch);
-      h.dispose();
-    } else {
-      const logits = trainForward(model, inputIds, inputValid); // [B, T, V]
-      scalar = maskedCe(logits, batch);
-      logits.dispose();
-    }
-  } finally {
-    inputIds.dispose();
-  }
-  return scalar;
-}
-
-/** model.logitsFromHidden for TRAINING heads, with the upstream mlx
- *  quantized_matmul bug worked around: transpose=false returns WRONG values at
- *  row count 2 or 3 (reproduced on stock mlx 0.31.2; M=1 and M>=4 correct,
- *  transpose=true correct at every M). mlx's autograd computes dh for a
- *  transpose=true head qmm via an INTERNAL transpose=false call at the
- *  cotangent's row count — so any differentiated [M,V] logits with M in {2,3}
- *  (2-3-token responses, 2-3-token tail chunks, tiny prompt spans) got a
- *  silently wrong dh (measured relnorm ~0.35-0.99 vs the f32 ground truth).
- *  Fix: pad the span to 4 rows with zeros and slice the logits back — the pad
- *  rows' cotangents are exactly zero (slice adjoint), and the internal vjp
- *  then runs at M=4 where the kernel is correct. */
-export function logitsFromHiddenPadM(
-  model: { logitsFromHidden(h: MlxArray): MlxArray },
-  hSpan: MlxArray, // [1, M, hidden]
-): MlxArray {
-  const M = hSpan.shape[1]!;
-  if (M !== 2 && M !== 3) return model.logitsFromHidden(hSpan);
-  const [B, , H] = hSpan.shape as [number, number, number];
-  const pad = ops.zeros([B, 4 - M, H], hSpan.dtype);
-  const hPad = ops.concatAxis([hSpan, pad], 1);
-  pad.dispose();
-  const lgPad = model.logitsFromHidden(hPad); // [1, 4, V]
-  hPad.dispose();
-  const start = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([0]), [1]);
-  const lg = ops.sliceDynamic(lgPad, start, [1], [B, M, lgPad.shape[2]!]);
-  start.dispose();
-  lgPad.dispose();
-  return lg;
-}
-
-/** B=1 masked CE that applies the LM head only at the supervised (response)
- *  span. The supervised input positions are the contiguous range
- *  [promptLen-1, len-1) (each predicts the next, response, token). The LM head
- *  is position-independent and prompt positions get zero loss weight, so this
- *  is numerically identical to maskedCe for B=1 — but it never materializes
- *  logits at prompt positions. Gradients to prompt-position LoRA params still
- *  flow: the response hidden states depend on the prompt through causal
- *  attention, which is fully captured upstream in `h`. */
-export function responseOnlyCe(model: RuntimeModel, h: MlxArray, batch: SftBatch): MlxArray {
-  const L = batch.ids[0]!.length;
-  const promptLen = batch.promptLens[0]!;
-  const len = Math.min(rowLength(batch, 0), L);
-  const startT = Math.max(0, promptLen - 1); // first supervised input position
-  const M = (len - 1) - startT; // # supervised positions (predict ids[startT+1 .. len-1])
-  if (M <= 0) throw new Error("sftLoss: no response tokens to supervise");
-
-  // h[:, startT : startT+M, :]  → [1, M, hidden]  (sliceSize is the full output shape)
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-  const start = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([startT]), [1]);
-  const hResp = ops.sliceDynamic(h, start, [1], [1, M, hidden]);
-  const logits = logitsFromHiddenPadM(model, hResp); // [1, M, V] (M in {2,3} padded — mlx qmm bug)
-  const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-  const logits2d = ops.reshape(logits, [M, V]);
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(M);
-  for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) targetsHost[i] = batch.ids[0]![startT + 1 + i]!;
-  const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost, [M, 1]);
-
-  const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits2d, -1, false); // [M]
-  const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits2d, targets, -1); // [M, 1]
-  const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [M]); // [M]
-  const ce = ops.sub(lse, picked); // [M]
-  const ceF = ce.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? ce : ce.astype(Dtype.float32);
-  const sumCe = ops.sumAxis(ceF, 0, false); // scalar
-  const loss = ops.mulScalar(sumCe, 1 / M); // token-mean over the response
-
-  for (const a of [start, hResp, logits, logits2d, targets, lse, gathered, picked, ce, sumCe]) a.dispose();
-  if (ceF !== ce) ceF.dispose();
-  return loss;
-}
-
-/** B=1 response-only length-normalized mean log-prob from pre-computed final-hidden h [1, T, hidden].
- *  Mirror of responseOnlyCe but returns mean response logp (scalar wrapped in [1]) instead of
- *  CE loss. Used by SegmentedBackwardOrpo's head VJP. Disposes nothing; caller owns h and result. */
-export function responseOnlyLogpMean(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  h: MlxArray,  // [1, T, hidden] post-finalNorm
-  ids: number[],
-  mask: number[],
-): MlxArray {
-  const L = ids.length;
-  const T = L - 1; // h has T positions
-  // Find response span: supervised positions where mask[t+1] == 1
-  let startT = -1; let M = 0;
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) if (mask[t + 1]) { if (startT < 0) startT = t; M++; }
-  if (M <= 0) return MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]);
-
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-  const start = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([startT]), [1]);
-  const hResp = ops.sliceDynamic(h, start, [1], [1, M, hidden]); // [1, M, hidden]
-  const logits = logitsFromHiddenPadM(model, hResp);              // [1, M, V] (M in {2,3} padded — mlx qmm bug)
-  const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-  const logits2d = ops.reshape(logits, [M, V]);
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(M);
-  for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) targetsHost[i] = ids[startT + 1 + i]!;
-  const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost, [M, 1]);
-
-  const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits2d, -1, false);       // [M]
-  const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits2d, targets, -1); // [M, 1]
-  const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [M]);                 // [M]
-  const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse);                        // [M] log_softmax at label
-  const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-  const sumLogp = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false);             // scalar
-  const meanScalar = ops.mulScalar(sumLogp, 1 / M);
-  const mean = ops.reshape(meanScalar, [1]);                 // [1]
-
-  for (const a of [start, hResp, logits, logits2d, targets, lse, gathered, picked, logp, sumLogp, meanScalar]) a.dispose();
-  if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-  return mean;
-}
-
-/** Build the token-mean masked-CE scalar from batched logits [B, T, V]
- *  (T = L-1) and the batch's host ids/boundaries. */
-export function maskedCe(logits: MlxArray, batch: SftBatch): MlxArray {
-  const B = batch.ids.length;
-  const L = batch.ids[0]!.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(B * T);
-  const maskHost = new Float32Array(B * T);
-  let ntoks = 0;
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++) {
-    const promptLen = batch.promptLens[b]!;
-    const len = Math.min(rowLength(batch, b), L);
-    for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) {
-      const flat = b * T + t;
-      targetsHost[flat] = batch.ids[b]![t + 1]!;
-      // predicted token is ids[t+1]; supervised iff it is a response token
-      // (t+1 >= promptLen) AND a real (non-pad) token (t+1 < len).
-      if (t + 1 >= promptLen && t + 1 < len) {
-        maskHost[flat] = 1;
-        ntoks++;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  if (ntoks === 0) throw new Error("sftLoss: no response tokens to supervise");
-
-  const N = B * T;
-  const logits2d = ops.reshape(logits, [N, V]); // [B*T, V]
-  const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost, [N, 1]);
-  const mask = MlxArray.fromFloat32(maskHost, [N]);
-
-  // ce[n] = logsumexp(logits[n]) - logits[n, target[n]]
-  const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits2d, -1, false); // [N]
-  const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits2d, targets, -1); // [N, 1]
-  const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [N]); // [N]
-  const ce = ops.sub(lse, picked); // [N]
-  const ceF = ce.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? ce : ce.astype(Dtype.float32);
-
-  const masked = ops.mul(ceF, mask); // [N]
-  const sumCe = ops.sumAxis(masked, 0, false); // scalar
-  const loss = ops.mulScalar(sumCe, 1 / ntoks); // scalar (token-mean)
-
-  for (const a of [logits2d, targets, mask, lse, gathered, picked, ce, masked, sumCe]) a.dispose();
-  if (ceF !== ce) ceF.dispose();
-  return loss;
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// DPO
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/** Per-sequence sum of response-position log-probs (B>=1), port of
- *  dpo.py _seq_logp. `ids`/`mask` are `[B][L]` host arrays; `logits` are
- *  [B, L-1, V] (the forward over ids[:, :-1]). Returns a [B] MlxArray — one
- *  summed response log-prob per row. Pad positions contribute 0 because the
- *  response mask is 0 there. */
-function seqLogp(logits: MlxArray, ids: number[][], mask: number[][]): MlxArray {
-  const B = ids.length;
-  const L = ids[0]!.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-  const N = B * T;
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(N);
-  const maskHost = new Float32Array(N);
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++)
-    for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) {
-      const flat = b * T + t;
-      targetsHost[flat] = ids[b]![t + 1]!;
-      maskHost[flat] = mask[b]![t + 1]!; // resp_mask[:, 1:]
-    }
-  const logits2d = ops.reshape(logits, [N, V]);
-  const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost, [N, 1]);
-  const m = MlxArray.fromFloat32(maskHost, [N]);
-
-  const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits2d, -1, false); // [N]
-  const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits2d, targets, -1); // [N,1]
-  const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [N]); // [N]
-  const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse); // log_softmax at the label
-  const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-  const masked = ops.mul(logpF, m); // [N]
-  const masked2d = ops.reshape(masked, [B, T]); // [B, T]
-  const perRow = ops.sumAxis(masked2d, 1, false); // [B]
-
-  for (const a of [logits2d, targets, m, lse, gathered, picked, logp, masked, masked2d]) a.dispose();
-  if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-  return perRow;
-}
-
-/** Forward + per-sequence response log-prob for one branch (B>=1). `validLen`
- *  is each row's true (unpadded) length, used to mask padded keys in the
- *  attention; passing it makes the batched forward ignore padding bit-for-bit
- *  the way separate per-row forwards would. */
-function branchLogp(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  ids: number[][],
-  mask: number[][],
-  validLen: number[],
-): MlxArray {
-  const B = ids.length;
-  const L = ids[0]!.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const inputHost = new Int32Array(B * T);
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++)
-    for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) inputHost[b * T + t] = ids[b]![t]!;
-  const inputIds = MlxArray.fromInt32(inputHost, [B, T]);
-  // input row valid length = min(len, L) - 1 (last token dropped from inputs).
-  const inputValid = validLen.map((v) => Math.max(0, Math.min(v, L) - 1));
-  try {
-    const logits = trainForward(model, inputIds, inputValid);
-    const lp = seqLogp(logits, ids, mask);
-    logits.dispose();
-    return lp;
-  } finally {
-    inputIds.dispose();
-  }
-}
-
-/** Branch valid lengths from a DPO batch (defaults to full length for B=1). */
-function chosenLengths(batch: DpoBatch): number[] {
-  return batch.chosenIds.map((_, i) => dpoChosenLength(batch, i));
-}
-function rejectedLengths(batch: DpoBatch): number[] {
-  return batch.rejectedIds.map((_, i) => dpoRejectedLength(batch, i));
-}
-
-/** Reference log-probs for a DPO batch: forward with the adapter disabled
- *  (scale 0), materialized + stop_gradient'd so the policy forwards don't
- *  hold the reference activations. Returns detached scalars (caller owns). */
-export function dpoRefLogps(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  lora: TrainableLora,
-  batch: DpoBatch,
-): { refChosen: MlxArray; refRejected: MlxArray } {
-  const original = lora.targets[0]?.lw.scale ?? lora.scale;
-  const cLen = chosenLengths(batch);
-  const rLen = rejectedLengths(batch);
-  setLoraScale(lora, 0);
-  try {
-    const c = branchLogp(model, batch.chosenIds, batch.chosenMask, cLen); // [B]
-    const r = branchLogp(model, batch.rejectedIds, batch.rejectedMask, rLen); // [B]
-    ops.evalAll([c, r]); // free reference activations before policy forwards
-    const refChosen = ops.stopGradient(c);
-    const refRejected = ops.stopGradient(r);
-    c.dispose();
-    r.dispose();
-    return { refChosen, refRejected };
-  } finally {
-    setLoraScale(lora, original);
-  }
-}
-
-/** DPO loss for one batch given precomputed reference log-probs ([B] each).
- *  Runs the two policy forwards (adapter active) and reduces to the scalar
- *  mean over the batch of -logσ(adv) (matching dpo.py _policy_dpo_loss).
- *  Returns a scalar MlxArray (caller owns). */
-export function dpoLoss(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  batch: DpoBatch,
-  beta: number,
-  refChosen: MlxArray,
-  refRejected: MlxArray,
-): MlxArray {
-  const cLen = chosenLengths(batch);
-  const rLen = rejectedLengths(batch);
-  const piC = branchLogp(model, batch.chosenIds, batch.chosenMask, cLen); // [B]
-  const piR = branchLogp(model, batch.rejectedIds, batch.rejectedMask, rLen); // [B]
-
-  const logrC = ops.sub(piC, refChosen); // [B] πc - refc
-  const logrR = ops.sub(piR, refRejected); // [B] πr - refr
-  const diff = ops.sub(logrC, logrR);
-  const adv = ops.mulScalar(diff, beta); // [B] β·(logrC - logrR)
-  // -log σ(adv) = softplus(-adv) = logaddexp(0, -adv); mean over the batch.
-  const negAdv = ops.neg(adv);
-  const zero = ops.scalarLike(0, adv);
-  const perRow = ops.logaddexp(zero, negAdv); // [B]
-  const loss = ops.meanAll(perRow, false); // scalar
-
-  for (const a of [piC, piR, logrC, logrR, diff, adv, negAdv, zero, perRow]) a.dispose();
-  return loss;
-}
-
-/** DPO diagnostics (no grad): loss, accuracy (mean of adv>0), reward margin
- *  (mean of β·(logrC-logrR)) over the batch. Computes its own references. */
-export function dpoMetrics(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  lora: TrainableLora,
-  batch: DpoBatch,
-  beta: number,
-): { loss: number; accuracy: number; margin: number } {
-  const { refChosen, refRejected } = dpoRefLogps(model, lora, batch);
-  const cLen = chosenLengths(batch);
-  const rLen = rejectedLengths(batch);
-  const piC = branchLogp(model, batch.chosenIds, batch.chosenMask, cLen); // [B]
-  const piR = branchLogp(model, batch.rejectedIds, batch.rejectedMask, rLen); // [B]
-
-  const logrC = ops.sub(piC, refChosen);
-  const logrR = ops.sub(piR, refRejected);
-  const diff = ops.sub(logrC, logrR);
-  const adv = ops.mulScalar(diff, beta); // [B]
-  const negAdv = ops.neg(adv);
-  const zero = ops.scalarLike(0, adv);
-  const perRow = ops.logaddexp(zero, negAdv); // [B]
-  const loss = ops.meanAll(perRow, false);
-
-  const advVals = adv.toFloat32(); // [B]
-  const lossVal = loss.toFloat32()[0]!;
-  let acc = 0;
-  let margin = 0;
-  for (let b = 0; b < advVals.length; b++) {
-    if (advVals[b]! > 0) acc++;
-    margin += advVals[b]!;
-  }
-  acc /= advVals.length;
-  margin /= advVals.length;
-
-  for (const a of [refChosen, refRejected, piC, piR, logrC, logrR, diff, adv, negAdv, zero, perRow, loss]) a.dispose();
-  return { loss: lossVal, accuracy: acc, margin };
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// ORPO (Odds Ratio Preference Optimization, Hong et al. 2024)
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-//
-// Reference-FREE: one objective, no reference model (vs DPO's scale-0 ref pass).
-//   L = L_NLL(chosen)  +  λ · L_OR
-//   L_NLL = the chosen-sequence SFT term (unweighted); scope selected by sft_scope:
-//     "full"     (default in TrainConfig; paper/TRL-faithful): mean cross-entropy
-//                over ALL non-pad supervised positions of the chosen sequence —
-//                prompt AND response (TRL masks only padding to -100 for the
-//                chosen_nll_loss; nn.CrossEntropyLoss reduction="mean").
-//     "response" (the pre-2026-07 mlx-bun behavior, bit-exact): -ℓw, the negative
-//                mean response log-prob.
-//   L_OR  = -log σ(log_odds)
-//   log_odds = (ℓw - ℓr) - (log1mexp(ℓw) - log1mexp(ℓr))
-// where ℓ is the LENGTH-NORMALIZED (mean over response tokens) log-prob — the
-// paper's choice (and TRL's), distinct from DPO's summed seqLogp. CRITICAL:
-// ℓw/ℓr stay RESPONSE-ONLY in BOTH sft_scope modes (TRL's get_batch_logps uses
-// prompt-masked labels for the odds ratio; only the NLL term is full-sequence).
-// Two facts shape the code: (1) ℓw feeds BOTH terms (under "full" the chosen
-// forward additionally yields the prompt-position log-probs — same forward, the
-// head just runs over the extended span); (2) only 2 forwards/step (chosen +
-// rejected), both with grad, no reference. The REJECTED branch never needs
-// prompt logps. This is the naïve full-logits oracle path — the chunked /
-// response-only / segmented tiers validate against it (see the design's oracle
-// ladder, docs/design/orpo-training.md).
-
-/** SFT-term scope for ORPO's L_NLL(chosen): "full" = prompt+response token-mean
- *  CE (paper/TRL-faithful); "response" = -ℓw (the pre-change behavior). The
- *  odds-ratio ℓ terms are response-only in both modes. */
-export type SftScope = "full" | "response";
-
-/** A contiguous supervised input-position span [startT, startT+M): position t
- *  predicts token ids[t+1]. The response span comes from the mask; "full" mode
- *  additionally runs the head over the prompt span {startT: 0, M: respStartT}. */
-export interface HeadSpan { startT: number; M: number }
-
-/** The response span from a DPO-row mask (mask[t+1]==1 ⇔ input position t is
- *  supervised): first supervised position + count. M<=0 ⇔ no response. */
-export function respSpanFromMask(mask: number[], T: number): HeadSpan {
-  let startT = -1;
-  let M = 0;
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) if (mask[t + 1]) { if (startT < 0) startT = t; M++; }
-  return { startT, M };
-}
-
-/** Length-normalized mean log-prob over the contiguous input-position span
- *  [s0, s0+n) of `h [1, T, hidden]` (post-finalNorm), scoring targets
- *  ids[s0+1 .. s0+n]. The span-parameterized generalization of
- *  responseOnlyLogpMean (same ops); used for the prompt span under
- *  sft_scope:"full". Whole-vocab autograd head. Returns [1] (caller owns);
- *  disposes nothing it didn't create. */
-export function spanLogpMeanFromHidden(
-  model: { logitsFromHidden(h: MlxArray): MlxArray },
-  h: MlxArray, // [1, T, hidden] post-finalNorm
-  ids: number[],
-  s0: number,
-  n: number,
-): MlxArray {
-  if (n <= 0) return MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]);
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-  const start = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([s0]), [1]);
-  const hSpan = ops.sliceDynamic(h, start, [1], [1, n, hidden]); // [1, n, hidden]
-  const logits = logitsFromHiddenPadM(model, hSpan); // [1, n, V] (n in {2,3} padded — mlx qmm bug)
-  const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-  const logits2d = ops.reshape(logits, [n, V]);
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(n);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) targetsHost[i] = ids[s0 + 1 + i]!;
-  const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost, [n, 1]);
-
-  const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits2d, -1, false); // [n]
-  const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits2d, targets, -1); // [n, 1]
-  const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [n]); // [n]
-  const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse); // [n] log_softmax at the label
-  const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-  const sumLogp = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false); // scalar
-  const meanScalar = ops.mulScalar(sumLogp, 1 / n);
-  const mean = ops.reshape(meanScalar, [1]); // [1]
-
-  for (const a of [start, hSpan, logits, logits2d, targets, lse, gathered, picked, logp, sumLogp, meanScalar]) a.dispose();
-  if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-  return mean;
-}
-
-/** Combine the prompt-span mean logp (`promptMean`, over nPrompt positions) and
- *  the response mean logp (`lw`, over nResp positions) into the FULL-scope chosen
- *  NLL: `-(nPrompt·promptMean + nResp·lw) / (nPrompt + nResp)` — the token-mean
- *  CE over all prompt+response supervised positions (nn.CrossEntropyLoss
- *  reduction="mean" over the label-shifted non-pad positions). Graph-preserving
- *  (pure ops on the two means), so the head gradient flows to BOTH spans. Does
- *  NOT dispose promptMean/lw (caller owns); returns [1] (caller owns). */
-export function combineFullNll(
-  promptMean: MlxArray | null,
-  lw: MlxArray,
-  nPrompt: number,
-  nResp: number,
-): MlxArray {
-  if (!promptMean || nPrompt <= 0) return ops.neg(lw); // no prompt predictions → full == response
-  const ps = ops.mulScalar(promptMean, nPrompt); // Σ prompt logp (reconstructed)
-  const rs = ops.mulScalar(lw, nResp); // Σ response logp (reconstructed)
-  const sum = ops.add(ps, rs);
-  const mean = ops.mulScalar(sum, 1 / (nPrompt + nResp));
-  const out = ops.neg(mean);
-  for (const a of [ps, rs, sum, mean]) a.dispose();
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** Per-row LENGTH-NORMALIZED response log-prob for one branch (B>=1): the
- *  summed response logp divided by the per-row response-token count. Pad/prompt
- *  positions contribute 0 (mask is 0 there) and never inflate the count.
- *  Returns a [B] MlxArray (caller owns).
- *
- *  B=1 takes the response-only path (mirrors `responseOnlyCe`): the LM head is
- *  applied ONLY at the supervised response positions, so the dominant
- *  `[1, T, vocab]` logits term (and its grad) is never materialized — the same
- *  long-context memory win the SFT B=1 path already gets, doubly important for
- *  ORPO since it forwards two responses. Numerically identical to the B>1
- *  full-logits path (same positions, same count). B>1 uses the full-logits
- *  path (the batched forward already materializes logits). */
-function branchLogpMean(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  ids: number[][],
-  mask: number[][],
-  validLen: number[],
-  chunk?: ChunkCtx,
-): MlxArray {
-  if (ids.length === 1) {
-    if (chunk && chunk.chunkSize > 0)
-      return chunk.fused
-        ? fusedLogpMeanB1(model, ids[0]!, mask[0]!, validLen[0]!, chunk.chunkSize, chunk.sink, 0, chunk.flash ?? false)
-        : chunkedLogpMeanB1(model, ids[0]!, mask[0]!, validLen[0]!, chunk.chunkSize, chunk.sink);
-    return branchLogpMeanB1(model, ids[0]!, mask[0]!, validLen[0]!);
-  }
-
-  const sum = branchLogp(model, ids, mask, validLen); // [B] summed response logp
-  // Per-row response-token count = Σ_t mask[b][t+1] (resp_mask[:, 1:]); clamp to
-  // >=1 so an all-prompt row (no response) can't divide by zero. Multiply by the
-  // host-side reciprocal (avoids needing an elementwise divide op).
-  const B = ids.length;
-  const L = ids[0]!.length;
-  const recip = new Float32Array(B);
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++) {
-    let c = 0;
-    for (let t = 0; t < L - 1; t++) c += mask[b]![t + 1]!;
-    recip[b] = 1 / Math.max(c, 1);
-  }
-  const recipArr = MlxArray.fromFloat32(recip, [B]);
-  const mean = ops.mul(sum, recipArr); // [B] length-normalized
-  sum.dispose();
-  recipArr.dispose();
-  return mean;
-}
-
-/** B=1 response-only length-normalized log-prob → [1]. The supervised input
- *  positions are exactly `{ t in [0, T) : mask[t+1] == 1 }` (the same set the
- *  full-logits seqLogp sums), which for prompt+response data is the contiguous
- *  span `[startT, startT+M)`; the LM head runs only on that slice. Grads to
- *  prompt-position LoRA still flow — the response hidden states depend on the
- *  prompt through causal attention, captured upstream in `h`. */
-export function branchLogpMeanB1(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  ids: number[],
-  mask: number[],
-  validLen: number,
-): MlxArray {
-  const L = ids.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  // Supervised input positions (contiguous for prompt+response): first/count.
-  let startT = -1;
-  let M = 0;
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) if (mask[t + 1]) { if (startT < 0) startT = t; M++; }
-  if (M <= 0) return MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]); // no response → 0 (matches clamp)
-
-  const inputHost = new Int32Array(T);
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) inputHost[t] = ids[t]!;
-  const inputIds = MlxArray.fromInt32(inputHost, [1, T]);
-  const inputValid = [Math.max(0, Math.min(validLen, L) - 1)];
-
-  const h = trainForwardHidden(model, inputIds, inputValid); // [1, T, hidden]
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-  const start = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([startT]), [1]);
-  const hResp = ops.sliceDynamic(h, start, [1], [1, M, hidden]); // [1, M, hidden]
-  const logits = logitsFromHiddenPadM(model, hResp); // [1, M, V] — head only on the response span (M in {2,3} padded — mlx qmm bug)
-  const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-  const logits2d = ops.reshape(logits, [M, V]);
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(M);
-  for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) targetsHost[i] = ids[startT + 1 + i]!;
-  const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost, [M, 1]);
-
-  const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits2d, -1, false); // [M]
-  const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits2d, targets, -1); // [M, 1]
-  const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [M]); // [M]
-  const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse); // [M] log_softmax at the label
-  const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-  const sumLogp = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false); // scalar
-  const meanScalar = ops.mulScalar(sumLogp, 1 / M); // scalar (length-normalized)
-  const mean = ops.reshape(meanScalar, [1]); // [1] to match the [B] contract
-
-  for (const a of [inputIds, h, start, hResp, logits, logits2d, targets, lse, gathered, picked, logp, sumLogp, meanScalar]) a.dispose();
-  if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-  return mean;
-}
-
-/** B=1 chunked response-only mean log-prob → [1]. Same result as
- *  `branchLogpMeanB1` but the LM head over the M response positions is computed
- *  in token-chunks of `chunkSize`, each wrapped in a `Checkpoint`: the
- *  `[chunk, vocab]` logits are recomputed in the backward rather than all
- *  `[M, vocab]` retained, so peak large-vocab memory is bounded to
- *  `[chunkSize, vocab]`. Each checkpoint must survive until the enclosing
- *  value_and_grad backward (it recomputes there), so it is pushed into `sink`
- *  for the caller to dispose after `vag.apply`. Grads flow chunk → slice → `h`
- *  → layer-stack LoRA exactly as the single-shot path. */
-function chunkedLogpMeanB1(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  ids: number[],
-  mask: number[],
-  validLen: number,
-  chunkSize: number,
-  sink: Array<{ dispose(): void }>,
-): MlxArray {
-  const L = ids.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  let startT = -1;
-  let M = 0;
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) if (mask[t + 1]) { if (startT < 0) startT = t; M++; }
-  if (M <= 0) return MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]);
-
-  const inputHost = new Int32Array(T);
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) inputHost[t] = ids[t]!;
-  const inputIds = MlxArray.fromInt32(inputHost, [1, T]);
-  const inputValid = [Math.max(0, Math.min(validLen, L) - 1)];
-  const h = trainForwardHidden(model, inputIds, inputValid); // [1, T, hidden]
-  inputIds.dispose();
-  // `h` and the chunk slices feed Checkpoints, which drop their input
-  // activations — so they must NOT be freed until after the backward. Defer to
-  // the sink (disposed post-eval by the caller).
-  sink.push(h);
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-
-  let total: MlxArray | null = null;
-  for (let c0 = startT; c0 < startT + M; c0 += chunkSize) {
-    const c1 = Math.min(c0 + chunkSize, startT + M);
-    const Cc = c1 - c0;
-    const startArr = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([c0]), [1]);
-    const hChunk = ops.sliceDynamic(h, startArr, [1], [1, Cc, hidden]); // [1, Cc, hidden]
-    startArr.dispose();
-    sink.push(hChunk); // checkpoint input — alive until post-eval
-
-    // Targets for this chunk, captured immutably by the checkpoint closure so
-    // the backward recompute reproduces exactly these positions' logp.
-    const tHost = new Int32Array(Cc);
-    for (let i = 0; i < Cc; i++) tHost[i] = ids[c0 + 1 + i]!;
-
-    const ckpt = new Checkpoint((inp) => {
-      const hc = inp[0]!;
-      const logits = logitsFromHiddenPadM(model, hc); // [1, Cc, V] — recomputed in backward (Cc in {2,3} padded — mlx qmm bug)
-      const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-      const l2 = ops.reshape(logits, [Cc, V]);
-      const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(tHost, [Cc, 1]);
-      const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(l2, -1, false); // [Cc]
-      const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(l2, targets, -1); // [Cc, 1]
-      const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [Cc]); // [Cc]
-      const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse); // [Cc]
-      const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-      const s = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false); // scalar — Σ logp over the chunk
-      for (const a of [logits, l2, targets, lse, gathered, picked, logp]) a.dispose();
-      if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-      return [s];
-    });
-    sink.push(ckpt); // disposed by the caller after the backward (vag.apply)
-    const [s] = ckpt.apply([hChunk]);
-    if (total === null) total = s!;
-    else {
-      const sum = ops.add(total, s!);
-      total.dispose();
-      s!.dispose();
-      total = sum;
-    }
-  }
-
-  const meanScalar = ops.mulScalar(total!, 1 / M); // length-normalized
-  total!.dispose();
-  const mean = ops.reshape(meanScalar, [1]); // [1] to match the [B] contract
-  meanScalar.dispose();
-  return mean;
-}
-
-/** CHECKPOINT token-chunked response-only mean logp from a PRE-COMPUTED
- *  post-finalNorm hidden `h [1,T,hidden]` (the segmented-backward head variant of
- *  `chunkedLogpMeanB1`). Each token-chunk's `logitsFromHidden` is wrapped in a
- *  `Checkpoint`, so the per-chunk `[chunk,V]` logits are RECOMPUTED in the
- *  backward and freed sequentially — the recompute boundary is what actually
- *  bounds the head term under MLX's lazy eval when nested inside the segmented
- *  `mlx_vjp` (unlike the analytic CustomVjp, whose per-chunk graph isn't freed
- *  incrementally inside an outer vjp). Checkpoints + slices go in `sink`. */
-export function chunkedLogpMeanFromHidden(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  h: MlxArray, // [1, T, hidden] post-finalNorm
-  ids: number[],
-  mask: number[],
-  chunkSize: number,
-  sink: Array<{ dispose(): void }>,
-  span?: HeadSpan, // override the mask-derived response span (sft_scope:"full" prompt span)
-): MlxArray {
-  const L = ids.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const { startT, M } = span ?? respSpanFromMask(mask, T);
-  if (M <= 0) return MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]);
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-
-  let total: MlxArray | null = null;
-  for (let c0 = startT; c0 < startT + M; c0 += chunkSize) {
-    const c1 = Math.min(c0 + chunkSize, startT + M);
-    const Cc = c1 - c0;
-    const startArr = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([c0]), [1]);
-    const hChunk = ops.sliceDynamic(h, startArr, [1], [1, Cc, hidden]); // [1, Cc, hidden]
-    startArr.dispose();
-    sink.push(hChunk);
-    const tHost = new Int32Array(Cc);
-    for (let i = 0; i < Cc; i++) tHost[i] = ids[c0 + 1 + i]!;
-    const ckpt = new Checkpoint((inp) => {
-      const hc = inp[0]!;
-      const logits = logitsFromHiddenPadM(model, hc); // [1, Cc, V] — recomputed in backward (Cc in {2,3} padded — mlx qmm bug)
-      const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-      const l2 = ops.reshape(logits, [Cc, V]);
-      const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(tHost, [Cc, 1]);
-      const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(l2, -1, false);
-      const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(l2, targets, -1);
-      const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [Cc]);
-      const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse);
-      const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-      const s = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false);
-      for (const a of [logits, l2, targets, lse, gathered, picked, logp]) a.dispose();
-      if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-      return [s];
-    });
-    sink.push(ckpt);
-    const [s] = ckpt.apply([hChunk]);
-    if (total === null) total = s!;
-    else { const sum = ops.add(total, s!); total.dispose(); s!.dispose(); total = sum; }
-  }
-  const meanScalar = ops.mulScalar(total!, 1 / M);
-  total!.dispose();
-  const mean = ops.reshape(meanScalar, [1]);
-  meanScalar.dispose();
-  return mean;
-}
-
-/** B=1 FUSED linear cross-entropy response-only mean log-prob → [1]. Same result
- *  as `branchLogpMeanB1` but the LM head is a single `CustomVjp` with an ANALYTIC
- *  backward — the Liger `FusedLinearCrossEntropy` structure ported to MLX:
- *   - FORWARD token-chunks the M response rows; per chunk materializes only
- *     `[Cc, V]` logits (= `h_c @ Wᵀ` via `quantizedMatmul`, + Gemma softcap),
- *     reduces to `logp = target_logit − logsumexp`, and DROPS the logits. Returns
- *     Σ logp (the `1/M` mean is applied outside, a cheap linear scale).
- *   - BACKWARD recomputes `[Cc, V]` per chunk and forms the gradient in CLOSED
- *     FORM — `∂(Σlogp)/∂logit = onehot_target − softmax` (× `sech²` through the
- *     softcap), scaled by the incoming cotangent — instead of autograd-ing through
- *     logsumexp+gather (what the `Checkpoint` token-chunked path does). `dh_c =
- *     grad_logits_c @ dequant(W)` uses `quantizedMatmul(…, transpose=false)`, which
- *     IS mlx's own x-vjp of the `transpose=true` head matmul (the path LoRA
- *     training already differentiates through), so it contracts the vocab axis
- *     correctly without dequantizing the full `[V, hidden]` head (1.3 GB at 262k).
- *  Peak large-vocab memory is bounded to `[chunkSize, V]` in BOTH directions, the
- *  full `[M, V]` logits never materialize, and the head backward needs no autograd
- *  graph. The `CustomVjp` recomputes in the backward (it must outlive the
- *  enclosing value_and_grad), so it — and `h` — are pushed into `sink`, disposed
- *  by the caller after the step's grads are eval'd. The head is NOT a LoRA target,
- *  so only `dh` flows back (seeding the layer-stack LoRA backward); a head-LoRA
- *  `∇A/∇B` fold-in is a follow-on. Exact within the established bf16 class. */
-export function fusedLogpMeanB1(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  ids: number[],
-  mask: number[],
-  validLen: number,
-  chunkSize: number,
-  sink: Array<{ dispose(): void }>,
-  vocabBlock = 0,
-  flash = false,
-): MlxArray {
-  const L = ids.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  let startT = -1;
-  let M = 0;
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) if (mask[t + 1]) { if (startT < 0) startT = t; M++; }
-  if (M <= 0) return MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]);
-
-  const inputHost = new Int32Array(T);
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) inputHost[t] = ids[t]!;
-  const inputIds = MlxArray.fromInt32(inputHost, [1, T]);
-  const inputValid = [Math.max(0, Math.min(validLen, L) - 1)];
-  const h = trainForwardHidden(model, inputIds, inputValid); // [1, T, hidden]
-  inputIds.dispose();
-  sink.push(h); // primal of the CustomVjp (via the slice below) — alive until post-eval
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-
-  // Response hiddens [M, hidden] — the CustomVjp primal.
-  const startArr = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([startT]), [1]);
-  const hRespSlice = ops.sliceDynamic(h, startArr, [1], [1, M, hidden]); // [1, M, hidden]
-  startArr.dispose();
-  const hResp = ops.reshape(hRespSlice, [M, hidden]); // [M, hidden]
-  hRespSlice.dispose();
-  sink.push(hResp);
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(M);
-  for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) targetsHost[i] = ids[startT + 1 + i]!;
-  return fusedRespLogpMean(model, hResp, targetsHost, chunkSize, sink, vocabBlock, flash);
-}
-
-/** Fused linear-CE log-prob from a PRE-COMPUTED post-finalNorm hidden
- *  `h [1, T, hidden]` (the segmented-backward head: finalNorm is applied by the
- *  caller). Mirrors `responseOnlyLogpMean`'s response-span selection but routes
- *  the head through the fused analytic CustomVjp, so the head term inside the
- *  segmented backward is bounded to `[chunk, V]` instead of the full `[M, V]`.
- *  Composes with the segmented `mlx_vjp` (the CustomVjp nests inside it, like the
- *  fused-GeGLU kernel). The CustomVjp + the response slice are pushed into `sink`,
- *  disposed by the caller AFTER the head vjp is eval'd. */
-export function fusedLogpMeanFromHidden(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  h: MlxArray, // [1, T, hidden] post-finalNorm
-  ids: number[],
-  mask: number[],
-  chunkSize: number,
-  sink: Array<{ dispose(): void }>,
-  vocabBlock = 0,
-  flash = false,
-  span?: HeadSpan, // override the mask-derived response span (sft_scope:"full" prompt span)
-): MlxArray {
-  const L = ids.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const { startT, M } = span ?? respSpanFromMask(mask, T);
-  if (M <= 0) return MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]);
-  const hidden = h.shape[2]!;
-  const startArr = MlxArray.fromInt32(new Int32Array([startT]), [1]);
-  const hRespSlice = ops.sliceDynamic(h, startArr, [1], [1, M, hidden]); // [1, M, hidden]
-  startArr.dispose();
-  const hResp = ops.reshape(hRespSlice, [M, hidden]); // [M, hidden]
-  hRespSlice.dispose();
-  sink.push(hResp);
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(M);
-  for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) targetsHost[i] = ids[startT + 1 + i]!;
-  return fusedRespLogpMean(model, hResp, targetsHost, chunkSize, sink, vocabBlock, flash);
-}
-
-/** The fused linear-CE head core: response hidden `hResp [M, hidden]`
- *  (post-finalNorm) + target ids → length-normalized mean logp [1], via the
- *  analytic CustomVjp (token-chunked forward, softmax−onehot backward, dh through
- *  mlx's quantized x-vjp). Shared by `fusedLogpMeanB1` (re-runs the forward) and
- *  `fusedLogpMeanFromHidden` (segmented head). Pushes the CustomVjp into `sink`;
- *  the caller owns `hResp` (and is responsible for its sink lifetime). */
-/** VOCAB-BLOCKED online-softmax fused head (full Cut Cross Entropy structure):
- *  even `[chunk, V]` never exists — the vocab axis is tiled into `vocabBlock`-wide
- *  blocks and the logsumexp is built with the [online-softmax](https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.02867)
- *  running (max `m`, sumexp `d`) recurrence, so only `[chunk, vocabBlock]` is ever
- *  live (MLX frees each block's tensor after the running scalars update — the
- *  blocks are sequentially dependent through `m`/`d`). The target logit is captured
- *  per block (host-side membership mask, so no full-row gather). The backward
- *  recomputes per `(token-chunk, vocab-block)`: `softmax_block = exp(logit_block −
- *  lse)`, `grad = cotangent·(onehot_block − softmax_block)·sech²`, accumulating
- *  `dh += grad @ dequant(W_block)` (mlx x-vjp, `transpose=false`) into a
- *  `[chunk, hidden]` running buffer — `lse` is recomputed by one online pass (the
- *  scalar `[chunk]` lse is cheap; stashing it forward→backward is the FLOP
- *  optimization left as a follow-on). NOT bit-exact to the whole-vocab head (the
- *  block-wise reduction re-associates), but within the bf16 class.
- *  `W_block` = an axis-0 (vocab) row-slice of the quantized `w`/`scales`/`biases`. */
-function makeVocabBlockedHeadVjp(
-  head: HeadQuant, targetsHost: Int32Array, M: number, hidden: number,
-  tokenChunk: number, vocabBlock: number,
-): CustomVjp {
-  const cap = head.softcap;
-  const V = head.scales.shape[0]!;
-  const wCols = head.w.shape[1]!, scCols = head.scales.shape[1]!, biCols = head.biases?.shape[1] ?? 0;
-  const sliceHead = (v0: number, v1: number) => ({
-    w: head.w.slice([v0, 0], [v1, wCols]),
-    scales: head.scales.slice([v0, 0], [v1, scCols]),
-    biases: head.biases ? head.biases.slice([v0, 0], [v1, biCols]) : null,
-  });
-  // Post-softcap logits [Cc,Vb] for a vocab block, plus sech² (null if no softcap)
-  // for the backward chain rule. The block weights `wb` are RETURNED (the backward
-  // reuses them for dh = grad @ dequant(W_block)); caller disposes them.
-  const blockLogits = (hc: MlxArray, wb: { w: MlxArray; scales: MlxArray; biases: MlxArray | null }):
-    { lb: MlxArray; sech2: MlxArray | null } => {
-    const raw = ops.quantizedMatmul(hc, wb.w, wb.scales, wb.biases, head.spec, true); // [Cc, Vb]
-    if (cap === null) return { lb: raw, sech2: null };
-    const capArr = ops.scalarLike(cap, raw);
-    const div = ops.div(raw, capArr);
-    const th = ops.tanh(div); div.dispose(); // bind the nested div so its wrapper is freed
-    raw.dispose();
-    const lb = ops.mul(th, capArr); // cap·tanh(raw/cap)
-    const th2 = ops.mul(th, th); th.dispose();
-    const one = ops.scalarLike(1, th2);
-    const sech2 = ops.sub(one, th2); // 1 − tanh²
-    one.dispose(); th2.dispose(); capArr.dispose();
-    return { lb, sech2 };
-  };
-  // One online-softmax pass over vocab blocks for a token-chunk hc [Cc,hidden]:
-  // running (max m, sumexp d) so only [Cc,Vb] is ever live → lse [Cc] + the
-  // captured target logit [Cc]. Used by fwd and (to recompute lse) by the vjp.
-  const onlinePass = (hc: MlxArray, c0: number, Cc: number): { lse: MlxArray; tgt: MlxArray } => {
-    let m: MlxArray | null = null;   // [Cc] running max
-    let d: MlxArray | null = null;   // [Cc] running sumexp (relative to m)
-    let tgt: MlxArray | null = null; // [Cc] accumulated (masked) target logit
-    for (let v0 = 0; v0 < V; v0 += vocabBlock) {
-      const v1 = Math.min(v0 + vocabBlock, V);
-      const wb = sliceHead(v0, v1);
-      const { lb: lbRaw, sech2 } = blockLogits(hc, wb); // [Cc, Vb]
-      sech2?.dispose();
-      wb.w.dispose(); wb.scales.dispose(); wb.biases?.dispose();
-      // Online (m, d) accumulation in f32 — bf16 across many blocks loses the
-      // precision that softmax = exp(logit − lse) is exponentially sensitive to
-      // (matches logsumexpAxis's f32-internal reduction).
-      const lb = lbRaw.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? lbRaw : lbRaw.astype(Dtype.float32);
-      if (lb !== lbRaw) lbRaw.dispose();
-      const bmax = ops.maxAxis(lb, -1, false); // [Cc]
-      const mNew: MlxArray = m === null ? bmax : ops.maximum(m, bmax);
-      if (m !== null) bmax.dispose();
-      const mCol = ops.reshape(mNew, [Cc, 1]);
-      const shifted = ops.sub(lb, mCol); mCol.dispose();
-      const ex = ops.exp(shifted); shifted.dispose(); // [Cc, Vb]
-      const blockSum = ops.sumAxis(ex, -1, false); ex.dispose(); // [Cc]
-      let dNew: MlxArray;
-      if (d === null) dNew = blockSum;
-      else {
-        const md = ops.sub(m!, mNew); // prevM − mNew  [Cc]
-        const sc = ops.exp(md); md.dispose();
-        const rescaled = ops.mul(d, sc); sc.dispose();
-        dNew = ops.add(rescaled, blockSum);
-        rescaled.dispose(); blockSum.dispose();
-      }
-      // Target logit capture: host membership mask (each target lands in one
-      // block), gather the clamped local index, accumulate masked across blocks.
-      const locHost = new Int32Array(Cc), maskHost = new Float32Array(Cc);
-      for (let t = 0; t < Cc; t++) {
-        const tg = targetsHost[c0 + t]!;
-        const inb = tg >= v0 && tg < v1;
-        locHost[t] = inb ? tg - v0 : 0;
-        maskHost[t] = inb ? 1 : 0;
-      }
-      const locArr = MlxArray.fromInt32(locHost, [Cc, 1]);
-      const gathered = ops.reshape(ops.takeAlongAxis(lb, locArr, -1), [Cc]); // [Cc]
-      locArr.dispose();
-      const maskA = MlxArray.fromFloat32(maskHost, [Cc]);
-      const maskM = maskA.dtype === gathered.dtype ? maskA : maskA.astype(gathered.dtype);
-      const contrib = ops.mul(gathered, maskM); gathered.dispose();
-      if (maskM !== maskA) maskA.dispose();
-      maskM.dispose();
-      const tgtNew: MlxArray = tgt === null ? contrib : ops.add(tgt, contrib);
-      if (tgt !== null) { tgt.dispose(); contrib.dispose(); }
-      lb.dispose();
-      if (m !== null) m.dispose();
-      if (d !== null) d.dispose();
-      m = mNew; d = dNew; tgt = tgtNew;
-    }
-    const logd = ops.log(d!);
-    const lse = ops.add(m!, logd);
-    logd.dispose(); m!.dispose(); d!.dispose();
-    return { lse, tgt: tgt! };
-  };
-
-  return new CustomVjp(
-    // FORWARD: Σ over the response of (target_logit − lse), token-chunked, with
-    // the lse built vocab-block-by-block (online). Only [Cc,Vb] ever materializes.
-    (inputs) => {
-      const hR = inputs[0]!; // [M, hidden]
-      let sum: MlxArray | null = null;
-      for (let c0 = 0; c0 < M; c0 += tokenChunk) {
-        const c1 = Math.min(c0 + tokenChunk, M);
-        const Cc = c1 - c0;
-        const hc = hR.slice([c0, 0], [c1, hidden]);
-        const { lse, tgt } = onlinePass(hc, c0, Cc);
-        hc.dispose();
-        const logp = ops.sub(tgt, lse); // [Cc]
-        tgt.dispose(); lse.dispose();
-        const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-        const s = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false);
-        logp.dispose(); if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-        if (sum === null) sum = s;
-        else { const n = ops.add(sum, s); sum.dispose(); s.dispose(); sum = n; }
-      }
-      const out = ops.reshape(sum!, [1]);
-      sum!.dispose();
-      return [out];
-    },
-    // BACKWARD: per token-chunk, recompute lse (online), then per vocab block form
-    // softmax_block = exp(logit_block − lse), grad = cot·(onehot − softmax)·sech²,
-    // accumulate dh += grad @ dequant(W_block). Peak stays [Cc,Vb].
-    (primals, cots) => {
-      const hR = primals[0]!; // [M, hidden]
-      const c = cots[0]!; // [1] scalar = ∂loss/∂(Σlogp)
-      const dtype = hR.dtype;
-      const cMatch = c.dtype === dtype ? c : c.astype(dtype);
-      const chunks: MlxArray[] = [];
-      for (let c0 = 0; c0 < M; c0 += tokenChunk) {
-        const c1 = Math.min(c0 + tokenChunk, M);
-        const Cc = c1 - c0;
-        const hc = hR.slice([c0, 0], [c1, hidden]);
-        const { lse, tgt } = onlinePass(hc, c0, Cc);
-        tgt.dispose();
-        const lseCol = ops.reshape(lse, [Cc, 1]); lse.dispose();
-        let dh: MlxArray | null = null; // [Cc, hidden]
-        for (let v0 = 0; v0 < V; v0 += vocabBlock) {
-          const v1 = Math.min(v0 + vocabBlock, V);
-          const Vb = v1 - v0;
-          const wb = sliceHead(v0, v1);
-          const { lb, sech2 } = blockLogits(hc, wb); // [Cc, Vb]
-          const softmax = ops.exp(ops.sub(lb, lseCol)); // [Cc, Vb]
-          lb.dispose();
-          // onehot_block: global col == target.
-          const colFlat = ops.arange(v0, v1, 1, Dtype.int32);
-          const col = ops.reshape(colFlat, [1, Vb]); colFlat.dispose();
-          const tcol = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost.slice(c0, c1), [Cc, 1]);
-          const ge1 = ops.greaterEqual(col, tcol);
-          const ge2 = ops.greaterEqual(tcol, col);
-          const eqMask = ops.logicalAnd(ge1, ge2); // bind the nested compares so their wrappers free
-          ge1.dispose(); ge2.dispose();
-          col.dispose(); tcol.dispose();
-          const onehot = eqMask.astype(softmax.dtype); eqMask.dispose();
-          let g = ops.sub(onehot, softmax); // onehot − softmax  [Cc, Vb]
-          onehot.dispose(); softmax.dispose();
-          if (sech2) { const gg = ops.mul(g, sech2); g.dispose(); sech2.dispose(); g = gg; }
-          const gScaled = ops.mul(g, cMatch); g.dispose();
-          const gT = gScaled.dtype === dtype ? gScaled : gScaled.astype(dtype);
-          if (gT !== gScaled) gScaled.dispose();
-          const dhcBf = ops.quantizedMatmul(gT, wb.w, wb.scales, wb.biases, head.spec, false); // [Cc, hidden]
-          gT.dispose();
-          wb.w.dispose(); wb.scales.dispose(); wb.biases?.dispose();
-          // Accumulate dh in f32: the whole-vocab qmm reduces V in f32 internally,
-          // but summing hundreds of bf16 block-dh's re-introduces an error that
-          // scales with block count (the dominant grad bug at small vocabBlock).
-          const dhc = dhcBf.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? dhcBf : dhcBf.astype(Dtype.float32);
-          if (dhc !== dhcBf) dhcBf.dispose();
-          if (dh === null) dh = dhc;
-          else { const n = ops.add(dh, dhc); dh.dispose(); dhc.dispose(); dh = n; }
-        }
-        lseCol.dispose(); hc.dispose();
-        const dhFinal = dh!.dtype === dtype ? dh! : dh!.astype(dtype);
-        if (dhFinal !== dh!) dh!.dispose();
-        chunks.push(dhFinal);
-      }
-      if (cMatch !== c) cMatch.dispose();
-      const dh = chunks.length === 1 ? chunks[0]! : ops.concatAxis(chunks, 0); // [M, hidden]
-      if (chunks.length > 1) for (const a of chunks) a.dispose();
-      return [dh];
-    },
-  );
-}
-
-/** flash-CCE head as a CustomVjp: forward runs the Metal kernel → Σ logp (stashing
- *  `lse` for the backward, avoiding a forward recompute); backward runs the kernel's
- *  `dh` for unit cotangent then scales by the scalar cotangent `c` (loss = Σ logp →
- *  ∂loss/∂logp_t = c for all t). The coeff filter + vocab-block skip default ON at
- *  1e-5 (2026-07-02 flip; real-data gates in flash-cce.ts) — set
- *  MLX_BUN_CCE_BWD_{FILTER,BLOCK}_EPS=0 for the EXACT dh. */
-function makeFlashCceHeadVjp(
-  head: HeadQuant, targetsHost: Int32Array, M: number,
-  sink: Array<{ dispose(): void }>,
-): CustomVjp {
-  if (!head.biases) throw new Error("flash-CCE head requires affine (biased) quantization");
-  const fch: FlashCceHead = {
-    w: head.w, scales: head.scales, biases: head.biases,
-    bits: head.spec.bits, groupSize: head.spec.groupSize, softcap: head.softcap,
-  };
-  const targets = Array.from(targetsHost);
-  let savedLse: MlxArray | null = null;
-  let savedBlockMax: MlxArray | null = null;
-  return new CustomVjp(
-    (inputs) => {
-      const hR = inputs[0]!; // [M, hidden]
-      const { logp, lse, blockMax } = flashCceForward(hR, fch, targets); // logp[M], lse[M], blockMax[M,NBLK]
-      savedLse = lse; sink.push(lse); // stash lse + blockMax → backward (no recompute;
-      savedBlockMax = blockMax; sink.push(blockMax); // blockMax drives the vocab-block skip)
-      const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-      const s = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false); // Σ logp (scalar)
-      if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-      logp.dispose();
-      const out = ops.reshape(s, [1]); s.dispose();
-      return [out];
-    },
-    (primals, cots) => {
-      const hR = primals[0]!; // [M, hidden]
-      const c = cots[0]!;      // [1] = ∂loss/∂(Σ logp); uniform over tokens
-      // dh for unit cotangent, then × c (avoids a host read of the cotangent).
-      const ones = new Array(M).fill(1) as number[];
-      // filter + block-skip default ON at 1e-5 (env-overridable; =0 → exact dh).
-      // savedBlockMax feeds the ~lossless vocab-block skip.
-      const dhUnit = flashCceBackward(hR, fch, targets, savedLse!, ones, undefined, savedBlockMax!); // [M, hidden] f32
-      const cM = c.dtype === dhUnit.dtype ? c : c.astype(dhUnit.dtype);
-      const dh = ops.mul(dhUnit, cM); // broadcast [M,hidden]·[1]
-      if (cM !== c) cM.dispose();
-      dhUnit.dispose();
-      const dhO = dh.dtype === hR.dtype ? dh : dh.astype(hR.dtype);
-      if (dhO !== dh) dh.dispose();
-      return [dhO];
-    },
-  );
-}
-
-export function fusedRespLogpMean(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  hResp: MlxArray, // [M, hidden]
-  targetsHost: Int32Array,
-  chunkSize: number,
-  sink: Array<{ dispose(): void }>,
-  vocabBlock = 0,
-  flash = false,
-): MlxArray {
-  const M = hResp.shape[0]!;
-  const hidden = hResp.shape[1]!;
-  const head = headQuant(model);
-  const cap = head.softcap;
-  const chunk = Math.max(1, chunkSize);
-  const V = head.scales.shape[0]!;
-  // Vocab-blocked (full CCE) path: even [chunk,V] never materializes — only
-  // [chunk,vocabBlock]. Otherwise the whole-vocab analytic head below.
-  const vb = vocabBlock > 0 && vocabBlock < V ? vocabBlock : 0;
-  // Auto-dispatch by M (kernel backlog #3; measured 2026-07-02 on the M1 Max,
-  // head-dispatch-sweep.ts (deleted 2026-08-23; git history)): the fused QM head is FASTER
-  // at short M (e4b M=64 1.6×, M=512 1.13×; CPM5 faster at EVERY M) — the
-  // flash head's win is residency, plus time at long M on e4b (M≥2048 after
-  // the 2026-07-02 filter/blockMax flip; 8K: 10.7 vs 13.2 s). So a
-  // requested-flash batch with M below MLX_BUN_FLASH_MIN_M (default 1024, the
-  // e4b time-tie point where flash's memory win takes over) takes the EXACT
-  // fused head instead — short rows get the faster exact head for free.
-  // MLX_BUN_FLASH_MIN_M=0 always honors flash (the pre-dispatch behavior).
-  const flashMinM = Number(runtimeValue("MLX_BUN_FLASH_MIN_M") ?? "1024");
-  const useFlash = flash && (flashMinM <= 0 || M >= flashMinM);
-  let op: CustomVjp;
-  if (useFlash) {
-    op = makeFlashCceHeadVjp(head, targetsHost, M, sink);
-  } else if (vb > 0) {
-    op = makeVocabBlockedHeadVjp(head, targetsHost, M, hidden, chunk, vb);
-  } else {
-
-  // logits for one token-chunk [Cc, V] (+ softcap). Shared by fwd and vjp.
-  const chunkLogits = (hc: MlxArray): MlxArray => {
-    const raw = ops.quantizedMatmul(hc, head.w, head.scales, head.biases, head.spec, true); // [Cc, V]
-    if (cap === null) return raw;
-    const capped = logitSoftcap(raw, cap); // EXACT match to logitsFromHidden (div by a bf16 cap array)
-    raw.dispose();
-    return capped;
-  };
-
-  op = new CustomVjp(
-    // FORWARD: Σ over the response of (target_logit − logsumexp), token-chunked.
-    (inputs) => {
-      const hR = inputs[0]!; // [M, hidden]
-      let sum: MlxArray | null = null;
-      for (let c0 = 0; c0 < M; c0 += chunk) {
-        const c1 = Math.min(c0 + chunk, M);
-        const Cc = c1 - c0;
-        const hc = hR.slice([c0, 0], [c1, hidden]); // [Cc, hidden]
-        const logits = chunkLogits(hc); // [Cc, V]
-        hc.dispose();
-        const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits, -1, false); // [Cc]
-        const tgt = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost.slice(c0, c1), [Cc, 1]);
-        const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits, tgt, -1); // [Cc, 1]
-        const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [Cc]);
-        const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse); // [Cc]
-        const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-        const s = ops.sumAxis(logpF, 0, false); // scalar
-        for (const a of [logits, lse, tgt, gathered, picked, logp]) a.dispose();
-        if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-        if (sum === null) sum = s;
-        else { const n = ops.add(sum, s); sum.dispose(); s.dispose(); sum = n; }
-      }
-      const out = ops.reshape(sum!, [1]);
-      sum!.dispose();
-      return [out];
-    },
-    // BACKWARD: dh = (cotangent · (onehot − softmax) · sech²) @ dequant(W).
-    (primals, cots) => {
-      const hR = primals[0]!; // [M, hidden]
-      const c = cots[0]!; // [1] scalar = ∂loss/∂(Σlogp)
-      const dtype = hR.dtype;
-      const cMatch = c.dtype === dtype ? c : c.astype(dtype);
-      const chunks: MlxArray[] = [];
-      for (let c0 = 0; c0 < M; c0 += chunk) {
-        const c1 = Math.min(c0 + chunk, M);
-        const Cc = c1 - c0;
-        const hc = hR.slice([c0, 0], [c1, hidden]); // [Cc, hidden]
-        // recompute logits, keeping sech² through the softcap if present
-        const raw = ops.quantizedMatmul(hc, head.w, head.scales, head.biases, head.spec, true); // [Cc, V]
-        hc.dispose();
-        let logits = raw;
-        let sech2: MlxArray | null = null;
-        if (cap !== null) {
-          // Replicate logitSoftcap internals (div by a bf16 cap array) so the
-          // recomputed logits match the forward exactly, and keep tanh for sech².
-          const capArr = ops.scalarLike(cap, raw);
-          const scaled = ops.div(raw, capArr);
-          raw.dispose();
-          const th = ops.tanh(scaled);
-          scaled.dispose();
-          logits = ops.mul(th, capArr); // cap·tanh(raw/cap), bit-exact to logitSoftcap
-          const th2 = ops.mul(th, th);
-          th.dispose();
-          const one = ops.scalarLike(1, th2);
-          sech2 = ops.sub(one, th2); // 1 − tanh² = sech²
-          one.dispose(); th2.dispose(); capArr.dispose();
-        }
-        const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits, -1, false); // [Cc]
-        const lseCol = ops.reshape(lse, [Cc, 1]);
-        const softmax = ops.exp(ops.sub(logits, lseCol)); // [Cc, V]
-        logits.dispose(); lse.dispose(); lseCol.dispose();
-        // onehot via equality (no scatter op): col == target.
-        const colFlat = ops.arange(0, softmax.shape[1]!, 1, Dtype.int32);
-        const col = ops.reshape(colFlat, [1, softmax.shape[1]!]);
-        colFlat.dispose();
-        const tcol = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost.slice(c0, c1), [Cc, 1]);
-        const ge = ops.greaterEqual(col, tcol);
-        const le = ops.greaterEqual(tcol, col);
-        const eqMask = ops.logicalAnd(ge, le); // [Cc, V] bool, true at target
-        for (const a of [col, tcol, ge, le]) a.dispose();
-        const onehot = eqMask.astype(softmax.dtype);
-        eqMask.dispose();
-        let g = ops.sub(onehot, softmax); // onehot − softmax  [Cc, V]
-        onehot.dispose(); softmax.dispose();
-        if (sech2) { const gg = ops.mul(g, sech2); g.dispose(); sech2.dispose(); g = gg; }
-        const gScaled = ops.mul(g, cMatch); // × cotangent (broadcast [Cc,V]·[1])
-        g.dispose();
-        const gT = gScaled.dtype === dtype ? gScaled : gScaled.astype(dtype);
-        if (gT !== gScaled) gScaled.dispose();
-        // dh_c = g @ dequant(W) — mlx's x-vjp of the transpose=true head matmul.
-        const dhc = ops.quantizedMatmul(gT, head.w, head.scales, head.biases, head.spec, false); // [Cc, hidden]
-        gT.dispose();
-        chunks.push(dhc);
-      }
-      if (cMatch !== c) cMatch.dispose();
-      const dh = chunks.length === 1 ? chunks[0]! : ops.concatAxis(chunks, 0); // [M, hidden]
-      if (chunks.length > 1) for (const a of chunks) a.dispose();
-      return [dh];
-    },
-  );
-  } // end whole-vocab branch
-  sink.push(op);
-
-  const [sumLogp] = op.apply([hResp]);
-  const mean = ops.mulScalar(sumLogp!, 1 / M); // length-normalized
-  sumLogp!.dispose();
-  const out = ops.reshape(mean, [1]);
-  mean.dispose();
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** Numerically-guarded log(1 - exp(x)) for x < 0 (x = a mean log-prob, so
- *  exp(x) ∈ (0,1) and comfortably below 1 — average per-token logp is well
- *  negative). Clamp `1 - exp(x)` to >= eps so the log never hits -inf in the
- *  pathological near-zero case. Caller owns the result. */
-export function log1mexp(x: MlxArray): MlxArray {
-  const ex = ops.exp(x);
-  const one = ops.scalarLike(1, x);
-  const oneMinus = ops.sub(one, ex);
-  const eps = ops.scalarLike(1e-7, x);
-  const clamped = ops.maximum(oneMinus, eps);
-  const out = ops.log(clamped);
-  for (const a of [ex, one, oneMinus, eps, clamped]) a.dispose();
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** Per-row ORPO log-odds from the two length-normalized log-probs ([B] each):
- *  `log_odds = (ℓw - ℓr) - (log1mexp(ℓw) - log1mexp(ℓr))`. Caller owns lw/lr
- *  (not disposed here) and the [B] result. */
-function orpoLogOdds(lw: MlxArray, lr: MlxArray): MlxArray {
-  const diff = ops.sub(lw, lr);
-  const lmw = log1mexp(lw);
-  const lmr = log1mexp(lr);
-  const lmDiff = ops.sub(lmw, lmr);
-  const logOdds = ops.sub(diff, lmDiff); // [B]
-  for (const a of [diff, lmw, lmr, lmDiff]) a.dispose();
-  return logOdds;
-}
-
-/** The chosen branch under sft_scope:"full" (B=1): ONE forward yields both the
- *  response-only mean logp ℓw (fed to the odds ratio — computed exactly as the
- *  "response" path computes it, same span/head) AND the full-scope chosen NLL
- *  (the head additionally runs over the PROMPT span [0, startT), combined via
- *  combineFullNll). No third forward: the hidden states already cover the
- *  prompt. Routes both spans through the same head tier the response path uses
- *  (flash/fused CustomVjp, Checkpoint token-chunks, or the whole-vocab autograd
- *  head), so the memory bounds hold for the extended span too. Caller owns both
- *  returned arrays ([1] each). */
-function chosenLogpMeanAndFullNllB1(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  ids: number[],
-  mask: number[],
-  validLen: number,
-  chunk?: ChunkCtx,
-): { lw: MlxArray; nllFull: MlxArray } {
-  const L = ids.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const { startT, M } = respSpanFromMask(mask, T);
-  if (M <= 0)
-    return {
-      lw: MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]),
-      nllFull: MlxArray.fromFloat32(new Float32Array([0]), [1]),
-    };
-
-  const inputHost = new Int32Array(T);
-  for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) inputHost[t] = ids[t]!;
-  const inputIds = MlxArray.fromInt32(inputHost, [1, T]);
-  const inputValid = [Math.max(0, Math.min(validLen, L) - 1)];
-  const h = trainForwardHidden(model, inputIds, inputValid); // [1, T, hidden]
-  inputIds.dispose();
-
-  const useFused = !!chunk && chunk.chunkSize > 0 && !!(chunk.fused || chunk.flash);
-  const useChunked = !!chunk && chunk.chunkSize > 0 && !useFused;
-  let lw: MlxArray;
-  let pm: MlxArray | null = null; // prompt-span mean logp (positions [0, startT))
-  if (useFused) {
-    chunk!.sink.push(h); // CustomVjp/flash primal source — alive until post-eval
-    lw = fusedLogpMeanFromHidden(model, h, ids, mask, chunk!.chunkSize, chunk!.sink, 0, chunk!.flash ?? false, { startT, M });
-    if (startT > 0)
-      pm = fusedLogpMeanFromHidden(model, h, ids, mask, chunk!.chunkSize, chunk!.sink, 0, chunk!.flash ?? false, { startT: 0, M: startT });
-  } else if (useChunked) {
-    chunk!.sink.push(h); // Checkpoint input — alive until post-eval
-    lw = chunkedLogpMeanFromHidden(model, h, ids, mask, chunk!.chunkSize, chunk!.sink, { startT, M });
-    if (startT > 0)
-      pm = chunkedLogpMeanFromHidden(model, h, ids, mask, chunk!.chunkSize, chunk!.sink, { startT: 0, M: startT });
-  } else {
-    lw = spanLogpMeanFromHidden(model, h, ids, startT, M);
-    if (startT > 0) pm = spanLogpMeanFromHidden(model, h, ids, 0, startT);
-    h.dispose(); // whole-vocab path builds a normal autograd graph — the loss retains it
-  }
-  const nllFull = combineFullNll(pm, lw, startT, M);
-  pm?.dispose();
-  return { lw, nllFull };
-}
-
-/** The chosen branch under sft_scope:"full" for B>1 (the batched full-logits
- *  path): one forward, one label-logp pass, then TWO masked reductions —
- *  per-row response means for ℓw [B] (identical positions/count to the
- *  "response" path) and the flattened token-mean full NLL over all non-pad
- *  supervised positions across the batch (nn.CrossEntropyLoss
- *  reduction="mean"). Caller owns both returned arrays. */
-function chosenLogpMeanAndFullNllBatch(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  ids: number[][],
-  mask: number[][],
-  validLen: number[],
-): { lw: MlxArray; nllFull: MlxArray } {
-  const B = ids.length;
-  const L = ids[0]!.length;
-  const T = L - 1;
-  const inputHost = new Int32Array(B * T);
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++)
-    for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) inputHost[b * T + t] = ids[b]![t]!;
-  const inputIds = MlxArray.fromInt32(inputHost, [B, T]);
-  const inputValid = validLen.map((v) => Math.max(0, Math.min(v, L) - 1));
-  const logits = trainForward(model, inputIds, inputValid); // [B, T, V]
-  inputIds.dispose();
-  const V = logits.shape[2]!;
-  const N = B * T;
-
-  const targetsHost = new Int32Array(N);
-  const respMaskHost = new Float32Array(N);
-  const fullMaskHost = new Float32Array(N);
-  const respRecip = new Float32Array(B);
-  let fullCount = 0;
-  for (let b = 0; b < B; b++) {
-    const len = Math.min(validLen[b]!, L);
-    let c = 0;
-    for (let t = 0; t < T; t++) {
-      const flat = b * T + t;
-      targetsHost[flat] = ids[b]![t + 1]!;
-      respMaskHost[flat] = mask[b]![t + 1]!; // resp_mask[:, 1:]
-      c += mask[b]![t + 1]!;
-      // full scope: every non-pad supervised position (prompt + response),
-      // i.e. the predicted token ids[t+1] is a real token (t+1 < len).
-      if (t + 1 < len) { fullMaskHost[flat] = 1; fullCount++; }
-    }
-    respRecip[b] = 1 / Math.max(c, 1);
-  }
-
-  const logits2d = ops.reshape(logits, [N, V]);
-  logits.dispose();
-  const targets = MlxArray.fromInt32(targetsHost, [N, 1]);
-  const lse = ops.logsumexpAxis(logits2d, -1, false); // [N]
-  const gathered = ops.takeAlongAxis(logits2d, targets, -1); // [N, 1]
-  const picked = ops.reshape(gathered, [N]); // [N]
-  const logp = ops.sub(picked, lse); // [N] log_softmax at the label
-  const logpF = logp.dtype === Dtype.float32 ? logp : logp.astype(Dtype.float32);
-
-  // ℓw: per-row response length-normalized mean (same as branchLogpMean B>1).
-  const rm = MlxArray.fromFloat32(respMaskHost, [N]);
-  const respMasked = ops.mul(logpF, rm); // [N]
-  const resp2d = ops.reshape(respMasked, [B, T]);
-  const respSum = ops.sumAxis(resp2d, 1, false); // [B]
-  const recipArr = MlxArray.fromFloat32(respRecip, [B]);
-  const lw = ops.mul(respSum, recipArr); // [B]
-
-  // Full NLL: token-mean over ALL non-pad supervised positions, batch-flattened.
-  const fm = MlxArray.fromFloat32(fullMaskHost, [N]);
-  const fullMasked = ops.mul(logpF, fm); // [N]
-  const fullSum = ops.sumAxis(fullMasked, 0, false); // scalar Σ logp
-  const fullMean = ops.mulScalar(fullSum, 1 / Math.max(fullCount, 1));
-  const nllFull = ops.neg(fullMean); // scalar
-
-  for (const a of [logits2d, targets, lse, gathered, picked, logp, rm, respMasked, resp2d, respSum, recipArr, fm, fullMasked, fullSum, fullMean]) a.dispose();
-  if (logpF !== logp) logpF.dispose();
-  return { lw, nllFull };
-}
-
-/** The pure ORPO reduction from the two length-normalized log-probs ([B] each):
- *  `L_NLL + λ·L_OR` with `L_OR = mean(softplus(-log_odds))`. The SFT term:
- *  when `nllFull` is ABSENT (sft_scope:"response"), `L_NLL = mean(-ℓw)` —
- *  bit-exact to the pre-sft_scope behavior; when PRESENT (sft_scope:"full"),
- *  `L_NLL = meanAll(nllFull)`, the separately-computed full-scope chosen NLL
- *  ([1]/[B]/scalar all reduce correctly). The odds-ratio term uses the
- *  response-only ℓw/ℓr in BOTH modes (matching TRL). Model-free and
- *  graph-preserving — the forwards live in `orpoLoss`, the math (and its grad
- *  path) lives here, so the loss can be unit-tested against a hand reference
- *  with synthetic lw/lr. Does NOT dispose lw/lr/nllFull (the caller owns them);
- *  returns the scalar loss. */
-export function orpoLossFromLogps(lw: MlxArray, lr: MlxArray, lambda: number, nllFull?: MlxArray): MlxArray {
-  const negLw = nllFull ? null : ops.neg(lw);
-  const nll = ops.meanAll(nllFull ?? negLw!, false); // scalar  L_NLL
-  const logOdds = orpoLogOdds(lw, lr); // [B]
-  const negLO = ops.neg(logOdds);
-  const orPer = ops.softplus(negLO); // [B]  -log σ(log_odds)
-  const orLoss = ops.meanAll(orPer, false); // scalar L_OR
-  const lamOr = ops.mulScalar(orLoss, lambda);
-  const loss = ops.add(nll, lamOr);
-  for (const a of [nll, logOdds, negLO, orPer, orLoss, lamOr]) a.dispose();
-  negLw?.dispose();
-  return loss;
-}
-
-/** ORPO loss for one preference batch (B>=1). Runs the chosen + rejected policy
- *  forwards (adapter active), reduces via {@link orpoLossFromLogps}. No
- *  reference forward. `sftScope` selects the L_NLL scope: "response" (default —
- *  bit-exact to the pre-sft_scope code path) or "full" (paper/TRL-faithful:
- *  the chosen NLL covers prompt+response, computed from the SAME chosen forward
- *  — no third forward; the rejected branch is untouched). Returns a scalar
- *  MlxArray (caller owns). */
-export function orpoLoss(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  batch: DpoBatch,
-  lambda: number,
-  chunk?: ChunkCtx,
-  sftScope: SftScope = "response",
-): MlxArray {
-  const cLen = chosenLengths(batch);
-  const rLen = rejectedLengths(batch);
-  let lw: MlxArray;
-  let nllFull: MlxArray | null = null;
-  if (sftScope === "full") {
-    const r = batch.chosenIds.length === 1
-      ? chosenLogpMeanAndFullNllB1(model, batch.chosenIds[0]!, batch.chosenMask[0]!, cLen[0]!, chunk)
-      : chosenLogpMeanAndFullNllBatch(model, batch.chosenIds, batch.chosenMask, cLen);
-    lw = r.lw;
-    nllFull = r.nllFull;
-  } else {
-    lw = branchLogpMean(model, batch.chosenIds, batch.chosenMask, cLen, chunk); // [B]
-  }
-  const lr = branchLogpMean(model, batch.rejectedIds, batch.rejectedMask, rLen, chunk); // [B]
-  const loss = orpoLossFromLogps(lw, lr, lambda, nllFull ?? undefined);
-  // Safe to drop the lw/lr/nllFull wrappers now — the loss graph retains the
-  // underlying nodes (same pattern as dpoLoss disposing piC/piR before returning).
-  lw.dispose();
-  lr.dispose();
-  nllFull?.dispose();
-  return loss;
-}
-
-/** ORPO diagnostics (no grad): the total loss and its `nll`/`or` split,
- *  preference accuracy (mean of ℓw > ℓr), and reward margin (mean log_odds).
- *  Runs its own two forwards. `sftScope` selects the reported nll's scope so
- *  the diagnostic loss matches the training objective ("response" default). */
-export function orpoMetrics(
-  model: RuntimeModel,
-  batch: DpoBatch,
-  lambda: number,
-  sftScope: SftScope = "response",
-): { loss: number; nll: number; or: number; accuracy: number; margin: number } {
-  const cLen = chosenLengths(batch);
-  const rLen = rejectedLengths(batch);
-  let lw: MlxArray;
-  let nllFull: MlxArray | null = null;
-  if (sftScope === "full") {
-    const r = batch.chosenIds.length === 1
-      ? chosenLogpMeanAndFullNllB1(model, batch.chosenIds[0]!, batch.chosenMask[0]!, cLen[0]!)
-      : chosenLogpMeanAndFullNllBatch(model, batch.chosenIds, batch.chosenMask, cLen);
-    lw = r.lw;
-    nllFull = r.nllFull;
-  } else {
-    lw = branchLogpMean(model, batch.chosenIds, batch.chosenMask, cLen); // [B]
-  }
-  const lr = branchLogpMean(model, batch.rejectedIds, batch.rejectedMask, rLen); // [B]
-
-  const negLw = ops.neg(lw); // (diagnostic -ℓw; the nll split uses nllFull under "full")
-  const nllArr = nllFull ? ops.meanAll(nllFull, false) : ops.meanAll(negLw, false);
-  const logOdds = orpoLogOdds(lw, lr); // [B]
-  const negLO = ops.neg(logOdds);
-  const orPer = ops.softplus(negLO);
-  const orArr = ops.meanAll(orPer, false);
-
-  const lwVals = lw.toFloat32();
-  const lrVals = lr.toFloat32();
-  const loVals = logOdds.toFloat32();
-  const nll = nllArr.toFloat32()[0]!;
-  const or = orArr.toFloat32()[0]!;
-  const loss = nll + lambda * or;
-  let acc = 0;
-  let margin = 0;
-  for (let b = 0; b < lwVals.length; b++) {
-    if (lwVals[b]! > lrVals[b]!) acc++;
-    margin += loVals[b]!;
-  }
-  acc /= lwVals.length;
-  margin /= loVals.length;
-
-  for (const a of [lw, lr, negLw, nllArr, logOdds, negLO, orPer, orArr]) a.dispose();
-  nllFull?.dispose();
-  return { loss, nll, or, accuracy: acc, margin };
-}