matterviz 0.3.6 → 0.4.0

package/dist/convex-hull/ConvexHull3D.svelte

@@ -0,0 +1,1801 @@
+<script lang="ts">
+  import type { D3InterpolateName } from '../colors'
+  import {
+    add_alpha,
+    AXIS_COLORS,
+    is_dark_mode,
+    NEG_AXIS_COLORS,
+    PLOT_COLORS,
+    vesta_hex,
+    watch_dark_mode,
+  } from '../colors'
+  import { get_formula_label_segments } from '../composition/format'
+  import type { FormulaLabelSegment } from '../composition/format'
+  import { normalize_show_controls } from '../controls'
+  import { sanitize_html } from '../sanitize'
+  import { ClickFeedback, DragOverlay, Spinner } from '../feedback'
+  import Icon from '../Icon.svelte'
+  import { format_num } from '../labels'
+  import {
+    set_fullscreen_bg,
+    setup_fullscreen_effect,
+    toggle_fullscreen,
+  } from '../layout'
+  import { to_radians, type Point3D, type Vec3 } from '../math'
+  import { ColorBar, PlotTooltip } from '../plot'
+  import { centered_rect, pad_rect, rects_overlap, rect_within_rect } from '../plot/core/layout'
+  import type { Rect } from '../plot/core/layout'
+  import { create_pulse_animation } from '../effects.svelte'
+  import { DEFAULTS } from '../settings'
+  import type { AnyStructure } from '../structure'
+  import { Canvas, T } from '@threlte/core'
+  import * as extras from '@threlte/extras'
+  import { ticks } from 'd3-array'
+  import { PerspectiveCamera, WebGLRenderer } from 'three'
+  import type { OrbitControls } from 'three/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls.js'
+  import {
+    get_ternary_3d_coordinates,
+    get_triangle_centroid,
+    get_triangle_edges,
+    get_triangle_vertical_edges,
+    TRIANGLE_VERTICES,
+  } from './barycentric-coords'
+  import ConvexHullControls from './ConvexHullControls.svelte'
+  import ConvexHullInfoPane from './ConvexHullInfoPane.svelte'
+  import ConvexHullTooltip from './ConvexHullTooltip.svelte'
+  import GasPressureControls from './GasPressureControls.svelte'
+  import * as helpers from './helpers'
+  import type { BaseConvexHullProps, Hull3DProps } from './index'
+  import { CONVEX_HULL_STYLE, default_controls, default_hull_config } from './index'
+  import StructurePopup from './StructurePopup.svelte'
+  import TemperatureSlider from './TemperatureSlider.svelte'
+  import * as thermo from './thermodynamics'
+  import type {
+    ConvexHullEntry,
+    ConvexHullTriangle,
+    HighlightStyle,
+    HoverData3D,
+    HullFaceColorMode,
+    LabelPlacement,
+  } from './types'
+  import { compute_hull_stability } from './helpers'
+
+  let {
+    entries = [],
+    controls = {},
+    config = {},
+    on_point_click,
+    on_point_hover,
+    fullscreen = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.fullscreen),
+    enable_fullscreen = true,
+    enable_info_pane = true,
+    wrapper = $bindable(),
+    label_threshold = 50,
+    show_stable = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_stable),
+    show_unstable = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_unstable),
+    show_hull_faces = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_hull_faces),
+    hull_face_opacity = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.hull_face_opacity),
+    hull_face_color_mode = $bindable(
+      DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.hull_face_color_mode as HullFaceColorMode,
+    ),
+    element_colors = vesta_hex,
+    color_mode = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.color_mode),
+    color_scale = $bindable(
+      DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.color_scale as D3InterpolateName,
+    ),
+    info_pane_open = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.info_pane_open),
+    legend_pane_open = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.legend_pane_open),
+    max_hull_dist_show_phases = $bindable(
+      DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.max_hull_dist_show_phases,
+    ),
+    max_hull_dist_show_labels = $bindable(
+      DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.max_hull_dist_show_labels,
+    ),
+    show_stable_labels = $bindable(DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_stable_labels),
+    show_unstable_labels = $bindable(
+      DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_unstable_labels,
+    ),
+    on_file_drop,
+    enable_click_selection = true,
+    enable_structure_preview = true,
+    energy_source_mode = $bindable(`precomputed`),
+    phase_stats = $bindable(null),
+    stable_entries = $bindable([]),
+    unstable_entries = $bindable([]),
+    highlighted_entries = $bindable([]),
+    highlight_style = {},
+    selected_entry = $bindable(null),
+    temperature = $bindable(),
+    interpolate_temperature = true,
+    max_interpolation_gap = 500,
+    gizmo = true,
+    gas_config,
+    gas_pressures = $bindable({}),
+    children,
+    tooltip,
+    ...rest
+  }: BaseConvexHullProps<ConvexHullEntry> & Hull3DProps & {
+    highlight_style?: HighlightStyle
+  } = $props()
+
+  const merged_controls = $derived({ ...default_controls, ...controls })
+  const controls_config = $derived(normalize_show_controls(merged_controls.show))
+  const merged_config = $derived({
+    ...default_hull_config,
+    ...config,
+    colors: { ...default_hull_config.colors, ...config.colors },
+    margin: { t: 40, r: 40, b: 60, l: 60, ...config.margin },
+  })
+
+  // Temperature-dependent free energy support
+  const { has_temp_data, available_temperatures } = $derived(
+    helpers.analyze_temperature_data(entries),
+  )
+
+  // Initialize or reset temperature when it's undefined or no longer valid
+  $effect(() => {
+    if (
+      has_temp_data &&
+      available_temperatures.length > 0 &&
+      (temperature === undefined || !available_temperatures.includes(temperature))
+    ) temperature = available_temperatures[0]
+  })
+
+  // Filter entries by temperature when in temperature mode
+  const temp_filtered_entries = $derived(
+    has_temp_data && temperature !== undefined
+      ? helpers.filter_entries_at_temperature(entries, temperature, {
+        interpolate: interpolate_temperature,
+        max_interpolation_gap,
+      })
+      : entries,
+  )
+
+  // Gas-dependent chemical potential support (corrections based on T, P)
+  // Default to DEFAULT_GAS_TEMP (room temperature) when no temperature specified
+  const {
+    entries: gas_corrected_entries,
+    analysis: gas_analysis,
+    merged_config: merged_gas_config,
+  } = $derived(
+    helpers.get_gas_corrected_entries(
+      temp_filtered_entries,
+      gas_config,
+      gas_pressures,
+      temperature ?? helpers.DEFAULT_GAS_TEMP,
+    ),
+  )
+
+  let { // Compute energy mode information
+    has_precomputed_e_form,
+    has_precomputed_hull,
+    can_compute_e_form,
+    can_compute_hull,
+    energy_mode,
+    unary_refs,
+  } = $derived(
+    helpers.compute_energy_mode_info(
+      gas_corrected_entries,
+      thermo.find_lowest_energy_unary_refs,
+      energy_source_mode,
+    ),
+  )
+
+  const effective_entries = $derived(
+    helpers.get_effective_entries(
+      gas_corrected_entries,
+      energy_mode,
+      unary_refs,
+      thermo.compute_e_form_per_atom,
+    ),
+  )
+
+  // Process convex hull data with unified PhaseData interface using effective entries
+  const pd_data = $derived(thermo.process_hull_entries(effective_entries))
+
+  // Pre-compute polymorph stats once for O(1) tooltip lookups
+  const polymorph_stats_map = $derived(
+    helpers.compute_all_polymorph_stats(effective_entries),
+  )
+
+  const elements = $derived.by(() => {
+    if (pd_data.elements.length > 3) {
+      console.error(
+        `ConvexHull3D: Dataset contains ${pd_data.elements.length} elements, but ternary diagrams require exactly 3. Found: [${
+          pd_data.elements.join(`, `)
+        }]`,
+      )
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return pd_data.elements
+  })
+
+  // 1) Raw 3D coordinates (formation-energy z), independent of hull state
+  const coords_entries = $derived.by(() => {
+    if (elements.length !== 3) return []
+    try {
+      // Pass precomputed el_refs to avoid recomputing in error diagnostics
+      const coords = get_ternary_3d_coordinates(
+        pd_data.entries,
+        elements,
+        pd_data.el_refs,
+      )
+      return coords
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`Error computing ternary coordinates:`, error)
+      return []
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Compute lower convex hull faces (triangles) for 3D rendering (low energy hull only)
+  // Must be defined before all_enriched_entries which uses hull_model
+  const hull_faces = $derived.by((): ConvexHullTriangle[] => {
+    if (coords_entries.length === 0) return []
+    // Excluded entries don't participate in hull construction
+    const hull_entries = coords_entries.filter((entry) => !entry.exclude_from_hull)
+    if (hull_entries.length === 0) return []
+    const points = hull_entries.map(({ x, y, z }) => ({ x, y, z }))
+    try {
+      return thermo.compute_lower_hull_triangles(points)
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`Error computing convex hull:`, error)
+      return []
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Cached hull model for e_above_hull queries; recompute only when faces change
+  let hull_model = $derived.by(() => thermo.build_lower_hull_model(hull_faces))
+
+  // Enrich coords with e_above_hull from cached hull model (before filtering)
+  const all_enriched_entries = $derived.by(() => {
+    if (coords_entries.length === 0) return []
+    if (energy_mode !== `on-the-fly`) return coords_entries
+    const pts = coords_entries.map(({ x, y, z }) => ({ x, y, z }))
+    const raw_dists = thermo.compute_e_above_hull_for_points(pts, hull_model)
+    return coords_entries.map((entry, idx) => ({
+      ...entry, ...compute_hull_stability(raw_dists[idx], entry.exclude_from_hull),
+    }))
+  })
+
+  // Auto threshold: show all for few entries, use default for many, interpolate between
+  const max_hull_dist_in_data = $derived(
+    helpers.calc_max_hull_dist_in_data(all_enriched_entries),
+  )
+  const auto_default_threshold = $derived(helpers.compute_auto_hull_dist_threshold(
+    all_enriched_entries.length,
+    max_hull_dist_in_data,
+    DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.max_hull_dist_show_phases,
+  ))
+
+  const next_auto_threshold = helpers.auto_threshold_reset(
+    DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.max_hull_dist_show_phases,
+  )
+  $effect(() => {
+    max_hull_dist_show_phases = next_auto_threshold(
+      entries,
+      max_hull_dist_show_phases,
+      auto_default_threshold,
+    ) ?? max_hull_dist_show_phases
+  })
+
+  // Filter by threshold; visibility is a view predicate, not entry state.
+  const plot_entries = $derived(
+    all_enriched_entries.filter((entry) =>
+      (entry.e_above_hull ?? 0) <= max_hull_dist_show_phases
+    ),
+  )
+  const visible_entries = $derived(helpers.visible_entries(
+    plot_entries,
+    show_stable,
+    show_unstable,
+  ))
+
+  $effect(() => {
+    stable_entries = plot_entries.filter(helpers.entry_is_stable)
+    unstable_entries = plot_entries.filter(helpers.entry_is_unstable)
+  })
+
+  // Canvas rendering
+  let canvas: HTMLCanvasElement | undefined = undefined
+  let ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | null = null
+
+  // Performance optimization
+  let frame_id = 0
+
+  const camera_default = {
+    elevation: DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.camera_elevation,
+    azimuth: DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.camera_azimuth,
+    zoom: DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.camera_zoom,
+    center_x: 0,
+    center_y: -50, // Shift up to better show the formation energy funnel
+  }
+  let camera = $state({ ...camera_default })
+
+  // === Gizmo state & coordinate mapping ===
+  // ConvexHull3D uses Rz(azimuth) then Rx(-elevation), viewing along -z_rotated.
+  // These helpers convert between that system and Three.js camera position/up.
+  const GIZMO_CAM_DIST = 5
+  const MIN_ELEV_FOR_Z_AXIS = 5 // degrees — below this, z-axis ticks collapse to a point
+  let gizmo_cam_ref = $state<PerspectiveCamera>()
+  let gizmo_orbit_ref = $state<OrbitControls | undefined>(undefined)
+  let gizmo_active = $state(false)
+
+  // Convert elevation/azimuth (degrees) to Three.js camera position + up vector.
+  function gizmo_camera(
+    elev_deg: number,
+    azim_deg: number,
+  ): { position: Vec3; up: Vec3 } {
+    const [elev, azim] = [to_radians(elev_deg), to_radians(azim_deg)]
+    const [se, ce, sa, ca] = [
+      Math.sin(elev),
+      Math.cos(elev),
+      Math.sin(azim),
+      Math.cos(azim),
+    ]
+    return {
+      position: [
+        -sa * se * GIZMO_CAM_DIST,
+        -ca * se * GIZMO_CAM_DIST,
+        ce * GIZMO_CAM_DIST,
+      ],
+      up: [sa * ce, ca * ce, se],
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Derived gizmo camera state, avoids recomputing in the template
+  const gizmo_cam_state = $derived(gizmo_camera(camera.elevation, camera.azimuth))
+
+  // Center camera on the triangle's visual center for a given elevation.
+  // The centroid (rotation center) sits at 1/3 height while the bbox
+  // center is at 1/2 height — a difference of sqrt(3)/12 in data units.
+  // Scale by cos(elevation) so offset only applies in near-top-down views.
+  function center_camera(elev_deg: number): void {
+    camera.center_x = 0
+    // 0.6 matches the draw_data_points() scale factor that maps data coords to canvas pixels
+    const scale = Math.min(canvas_dims.width, canvas_dims.height) * 0.6 * camera.zoom
+    camera.center_y = Math.sqrt(3) / 12 * scale * Math.cos(to_radians(elev_deg))
+  }
+
+  // Sync: ConvexHull3D → Three.js gizmo camera (on main canvas drag)
+  $effect(() => {
+    if (gizmo_active) return
+    const cam = gizmo_cam_ref
+    if (!cam) return
+    const { position, up } = gizmo_camera(camera.elevation, camera.azimuth)
+    cam.position.set(...position)
+    cam.up.set(...up)
+    cam.lookAt(0, 0, 0)
+    gizmo_orbit_ref?.update?.()
+  })
+
+  // Sync: gizmo → ConvexHull3D (during and after gizmo animation)
+  function sync_gizmo_to_camera(): void {
+    const cam = gizmo_cam_ref
+    if (!cam) return
+    const { x: cx, y: cy, z: cz } = cam.position
+    const dist = Math.sqrt(cx * cx + cy * cy + cz * cz)
+    if (dist < 1e-6) return
+    const elev_rad = Math.acos(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, cz / dist)))
+    const sin_elev = Math.sin(elev_rad)
+    const azim_deg = Math.abs(sin_elev) > 1e-6
+      ? Math.atan2(-cx / (dist * sin_elev), -cy / (dist * sin_elev)) * 180 / Math.PI
+      : 0
+    const elev_deg = elev_rad * 180 / Math.PI
+    camera.elevation = elev_deg
+    camera.azimuth = azim_deg
+    center_camera(elev_deg)
+  }
+
+  // Gizmo axis colors (constant — AXIS_COLORS/NEG_AXIS_COLORS never change)
+  const gizmo_axis_options = Object.fromEntries(
+    [...AXIS_COLORS, ...NEG_AXIS_COLORS].map((
+      [axis, color, hover_color],
+    ) => [axis, {
+      color,
+      labelColor: `#111`,
+      opacity: 0.85,
+      hover: { color: hover_color, labelColor: `#222`, opacity: 1 },
+    }]),
+  )
+
+  // Extract placement from gizmo options (not a Threlte Gizmo prop)
+  const gizmo_placement = $derived(
+    typeof gizmo === `object` && gizmo?.placement ? gizmo.placement : `top-right`,
+  )
+
+  // Merge constant axis options with consumer overrides (exclude our custom placement)
+  const gizmo_props = $derived.by(() => {
+    if (typeof gizmo !== `object` || !gizmo) {
+      return { background: { enabled: false }, size: 80, ...gizmo_axis_options }
+    }
+    const { placement: _, ...threlte_opts } = gizmo
+    return {
+      background: { enabled: false },
+      size: 80,
+      ...gizmo_axis_options,
+      ...threlte_opts,
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Interaction state
+  let is_dragging = $state(false)
+  let drag_started = $state(false)
+  let last_mouse = $state({ x: 0, y: 0 })
+  let hover_data = $state.raw<HoverData3D<ConvexHullEntry> | null>(null)
+  let copy_feedback = $state({ visible: false, position: { x: 0, y: 0 } })
+
+  // Drag and drop state
+  let drag_over = $state(false)
+
+  // Structure popup state
+  let modal_open = $state(false)
+  let selected_structure = $state<AnyStructure | null>(null)
+  let modal_place_right = $state(true)
+  $effect(() => {
+    const current_selection = helpers.current_entry(selected_entry, plot_entries)
+    const stale_selection = selected_entry && !current_selection
+    if (stale_selection) selected_entry = null
+    else if (current_selection && !helpers.same_entry(current_selection, selected_entry)) {
+      selected_entry = current_selection
+    }
+    const current_hover = helpers.current_entry(hover_data?.entry, plot_entries)
+    if (hover_data?.entry && !current_hover) {
+      hover_data = null
+      on_point_hover?.(null)
+    } else if (hover_data && current_hover && current_hover !== hover_data.entry) {
+      hover_data = { ...hover_data, entry: current_hover }
+    }
+    if (modal_open) {
+      const structure = current_selection && extract_structure_from_entry(current_selection)
+      if (structure) selected_structure = structure
+      else {
+        modal_open = false
+        selected_structure = null
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Hull face color (customizable via controls)
+  let hull_face_color = $state(`#4caf50`)
+
+  // Pulsating highlight for selected point
+  const pulse = create_pulse_animation(
+    () => selected_entry !== null || highlighted_entries.length > 0,
+    { on_tick: render_once },
+  )
+  let pulse_opacity = $derived(0.3 + 0.4 * pulse.unit)
+
+  // Merge highlight style with defaults
+  const merged_highlight_style = $derived(
+    helpers.merge_highlight_style(highlight_style),
+  )
+
+  // Helper to check if entry is highlighted
+  const is_highlighted = (entry: ConvexHullEntry): boolean =>
+    helpers.is_entry_highlighted(entry, highlighted_entries)
+
+  // Re-render when important state changes
+  $effect(() => {
+    // oxfmt-ignore
+    void [show_hull_faces, color_mode, color_scale, show_stable_labels, show_unstable_labels, max_hull_dist_show_labels, camera.elevation, camera.azimuth, camera.zoom, camera.center_x, camera.center_y, plot_entries, hull_face_color, hull_face_opacity, hull_face_color_mode, element_colors, highlighted_entries, text_color] // track reactively
+
+    render_once()
+  })
+
+  // Function to extract structure data from a convex hull entry
+  function extract_structure_from_entry(
+    entry: ConvexHullEntry,
+  ): AnyStructure | null {
+    const orig_entry = entries.find((ent) => ent.entry_id === entry.entry_id)
+    return orig_entry?.structure as AnyStructure || null
+  }
+
+  const reset_camera = () => Object.assign(camera, camera_default)
+  function reset_all() {
+    reset_camera()
+    fullscreen = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.fullscreen
+    info_pane_open = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.info_pane_open
+    legend_pane_open = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.legend_pane_open
+    color_mode = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.color_mode
+    color_scale = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.color_scale as D3InterpolateName
+    show_stable = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_stable
+    show_unstable = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_unstable
+    show_stable_labels = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_stable_labels
+    show_unstable_labels = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_unstable_labels
+    max_hull_dist_show_labels = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.max_hull_dist_show_labels
+    // Use auto-computed threshold based on entry count instead of static default
+    max_hull_dist_show_phases = auto_default_threshold
+    show_hull_faces = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.show_hull_faces
+    hull_face_color = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.hull_face_color
+    hull_face_opacity = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary.hull_face_opacity
+    hull_face_color_mode = DEFAULTS.convex_hull.ternary
+      .hull_face_color_mode as HullFaceColorMode
+  }
+
+  const handle_keydown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+    const target = event.target
+    if (target instanceof HTMLElement && target.tagName.match(/INPUT|TEXTAREA/)) return
+
+    // Stop propagation if event came from canvas to prevent wrapper's handler
+    // from running again (both have onkeydown, causing duplicate handling)
+    if (target === canvas) {
+      event.stopPropagation()
+    }
+
+    if (event.key === `Escape` && modal_open) {
+      close_structure_popup()
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Handle Enter for keyboard accessibility - select hovered entry
+    if (event.key === `Enter`) {
+      const entry = hover_data?.entry
+      if (entry) {
+        on_point_click?.(entry)
+        if (enable_click_selection) {
+          selected_entry = entry
+          if (enable_structure_preview) {
+            const structure = extract_structure_from_entry(entry)
+            if (structure) {
+              selected_structure = structure
+              modal_place_right = helpers.calculate_modal_side(wrapper)
+              modal_open = true
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (modal_open) {
+        close_structure_popup()
+      }
+      return
+    }
+
+    const actions: Record<string, () => void> = {
+      r: reset_camera,
+      t: () => {
+        camera.elevation = 0
+        camera.azimuth = 0
+        center_camera(0)
+      },
+      b: () => color_mode = color_mode === `stability` ? `energy` : `stability`,
+      s: () => show_stable = !show_stable,
+      u: () => show_unstable = !show_unstable,
+      h: () => show_hull_faces = !show_hull_faces,
+      l: () => show_stable_labels = !show_stable_labels,
+    }
+    actions[event.key.toLowerCase()]?.()
+  }
+
+  async function handle_file_drop(event: DragEvent): Promise<void> {
+    drag_over = false
+    const data = await helpers.parse_hull_entries_from_drop(event)
+    if (data) on_file_drop?.(data)
+  }
+
+  async function copy_entry_data(
+    entry: ConvexHullEntry,
+    position: { x: number; y: number },
+  ) {
+    await helpers.copy_entry_to_clipboard(entry, position, (visible, pos) => {
+      copy_feedback.visible = visible
+      copy_feedback.position = pos
+    })
+  }
+
+  const get_point_color = (entry: ConvexHullEntry): string =>
+    helpers.get_point_color_for_entry(
+      entry,
+      color_mode,
+      merged_config.colors,
+      energy_color_scale,
+    )
+
+  // Cache energy color scale per frame/setting
+  const energy_color_scale = $derived.by(() =>
+    helpers.get_energy_color_scale(color_mode, color_scale, plot_entries)
+  )
+
+  // Convex hull statistics - compute internally and expose via bindable prop
+  $effect(() => {
+    phase_stats = thermo.get_convex_hull_stats(plot_entries, elements, 3)
+  })
+
+  // 3D to 2D projection for ternary diagrams
+  function project_3d_point(
+    x: number,
+    y: number,
+    z: number,
+  ): { x: number; y: number; depth: number } {
+    if (!canvas) return { x: 0, y: 0, depth: 0 }
+
+    const [elev, azim] = [
+      (camera.elevation * Math.PI) / 180,
+      (camera.azimuth * Math.PI) / 180,
+    ]
+    const [cos_az, sin_az, cos_el, sin_el] = [
+      Math.cos(azim),
+      Math.sin(azim),
+      Math.cos(-elev),
+      Math.sin(-elev),
+    ]
+    const centroid = get_triangle_centroid()
+    const { center: e_ctr, z_scale } = energy_range
+
+    const [dx, dy, dz] = [x - centroid.x, y - centroid.y, (z - e_ctr) * z_scale]
+    const [x1, y1] = [dx * cos_az - dy * sin_az, dx * sin_az + dy * cos_az]
+    const [y2, z2] = [y1 * cos_el - dz * sin_el, y1 * sin_el + dz * cos_el]
+
+    // Use Math.min for consistent scaling with cached canvas dimensions
+    const scale = Math.min(canvas_dims.width, canvas_dims.height) * 0.6 * camera.zoom
+    return {
+      x: canvas_dims.width / 2 + camera.center_x + x1 * scale,
+      y: canvas_dims.height / 2 + camera.center_y - y2 * scale,
+      depth: z2,
+    }
+  }
+
+  function draw_structure_outline(): void {
+    if (!ctx || !canvas) return
+
+    // Set consistent style for all triangle structure lines
+    ctx.strokeStyle = CONVEX_HULL_STYLE.structure_line.color
+    ctx.lineWidth = CONVEX_HULL_STYLE.structure_line.line_width
+    ctx.setLineDash(CONVEX_HULL_STYLE.structure_line.dash) // Dashed lines for all structure lines
+
+    // Draw triangle base and vertical edges
+    draw_triangle_structure()
+  }
+
+  function draw_triangle_structure(): void {
+    if (!ctx || !canvas) return
+
+    // Get formation energy range for vertical edges
+    const e_form_min = energy_range.min // Includes 0 for elemental references
+    const e_form_max = energy_range.max // Includes 0 for elemental references
+
+    // Draw base triangle edges (top triangle at formation energy = 0)
+    const triangle_edges = get_triangle_edges()
+    ctx.beginPath()
+    for (const [v1, v2] of triangle_edges) {
+      const proj1 = project_3d_point(v1.x, v1.y, 0) // Base triangle at formation energy = 0
+      const proj2 = project_3d_point(v2.x, v2.y, 0)
+
+      ctx.moveTo(proj1.x, proj1.y)
+      ctx.lineTo(proj2.x, proj2.y)
+    }
+    ctx.stroke()
+
+    // Draw vertical edges from corners (from most negative to 0 formation energy)
+    const vertical_edges = get_triangle_vertical_edges(
+      e_form_min,
+      e_form_max,
+    )
+    ctx.beginPath()
+    for (const [v1, v2] of vertical_edges) {
+      const proj1 = project_3d_point(v1.x, v1.y, v1.z)
+      const proj2 = project_3d_point(v2.x, v2.y, v2.z)
+
+      ctx.moveTo(proj1.x, proj1.y)
+      ctx.lineTo(proj2.x, proj2.y)
+    }
+    ctx.stroke()
+
+    // Draw bottom triangle (connecting the bottom tips of vertical lines)
+    const bottom_triangle_edges = get_triangle_edges()
+    ctx.beginPath()
+    for (const [v1, v2] of bottom_triangle_edges) {
+      const proj1 = project_3d_point(v1.x, v1.y, e_form_min) // Bottom triangle at most negative energy
+      const proj2 = project_3d_point(v2.x, v2.y, e_form_min)
+
+      ctx.moveTo(proj1.x, proj1.y)
+      ctx.lineTo(proj2.x, proj2.y)
+    }
+    ctx.stroke()
+
+    // Reset stroke style to default for other elements
+    const styles = getComputedStyle(canvas)
+    ctx.strokeStyle = styles.getPropertyValue(`--hull-edge-color`) || `#212121`
+    ctx.setLineDash([]) // Reset line dash for other drawing operations
+  }
+
+  function draw_element_labels(): void {
+    if (!ctx || elements.length !== 3) return
+
+    ctx.save()
+
+    // Draw element labels outside triangle corners
+    const centroid = get_triangle_centroid()
+    ctx.fillStyle = text_color
+    ctx.font = `bold 16px Arial`
+    ctx.textAlign = `center`
+    ctx.textBaseline = `middle`
+
+    for (
+      let idx = 0;
+      idx < TRIANGLE_VERTICES.length && idx < elements.length;
+      idx++
+    ) {
+      const [x, y] = TRIANGLE_VERTICES[idx]
+      const dx = x - centroid.x
+      const dy = y - centroid.y
+      const length = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
+      const distance = 0.05
+
+      const label_pos = {
+        x: x + (dx / length) * distance,
+        y: y + (dy / length) * distance,
+        z: 0,
+      }
+
+      const proj = project_3d_point(label_pos.x, label_pos.y, label_pos.z)
+      ctx.fillText(elements[idx], proj.x, proj.y)
+    }
+
+    ctx.restore()
+  }
+
+  function draw_z_axis_ticks(): void {
+    if (!ctx || elements.length !== 3) return
+    // Hide z-axis in near-top-down views where ticks collapse to a point
+    if (Math.abs(camera.elevation) < MIN_ELEV_FOR_Z_AXIS) return
+
+    const { min: e_min, max: e_max, center: e_mid } = energy_range
+    if (Math.abs(e_max - e_min) < 1e-6) return
+
+    // Find the vertex that projects to the leftmost x-position (changes with rotation)
+    const projected_vertices = TRIANGLE_VERTICES.map(([vx, vy]) =>
+      project_3d_point(vx, vy, e_mid)
+    )
+    const leftmost_idx = projected_vertices.reduce(
+      (
+        min_idx,
+        proj,
+        idx,
+      ) => (proj.x < projected_vertices[min_idx].x ? idx : min_idx),
+      0,
+    )
+    const [axis_x, axis_y] = TRIANGLE_VERTICES[leftmost_idx]
+    const tick_len = 6 * canvas_dims.scale
+
+    ctx.save()
+    ctx.fillStyle = text_color
+    ctx.textAlign = `right`
+    ctx.textBaseline = `middle`
+    ctx.strokeStyle = CONVEX_HULL_STYLE.structure_line.color
+    ctx.font = `${merged_config.font_size}px Arial`
+
+    for (const tick of ticks(e_min, e_max, 5)) {
+      const { x, y } = project_3d_point(axis_x, axis_y, tick)
+      ctx.beginPath()
+      ctx.moveTo(x - tick_len, y)
+      ctx.lineTo(x, y)
+      ctx.stroke()
+      ctx.fillText(format_num(tick, `.2~`), x - tick_len - 4, y)
+    }
+
+    // Rotated axis label: Eform (eV/atom) with "form" as subscript
+    const { x: lx, y: ly } = project_3d_point(axis_x, axis_y, e_mid)
+    const fs = merged_config.font_size ?? 12
+    const sub_fs = Math.round(fs * 0.75)
+    ctx.translate(lx - 50 * canvas_dims.scale, ly)
+    ctx.rotate(-Math.PI / 2)
+    ctx.textAlign = `left`
+    // Measure widths in each font, then draw — reordered to minimize font switches
+    ctx.font = `bold ${fs}px Arial`
+    const e_width = ctx.measureText(`E`).width
+    const suffix_width = ctx.measureText(` (eV/atom)`).width
+    ctx.font = `${sub_fs}px Arial`
+    const form_width = ctx.measureText(`form`).width
+    const offset = -(e_width + form_width + suffix_width) / 2
+    // Draw subscript while sub-font is still active
+    ctx.fillText(`form`, offset + e_width, fs * 0.3)
+    ctx.font = `bold ${fs}px Arial`
+    ctx.fillText(`E`, offset, 0)
+    ctx.fillText(` (eV/atom)`, offset + e_width + form_width, 0)
+    ctx.restore()
+  }
+
+  function draw_convex_hull_faces(): void {
+    if (!ctx || !show_hull_faces || hull_faces.length === 0) return
+
+    // Lazy computation for uniform mode: normalize alpha by formation energy
+    let norm_alpha: ((e_form: number) => number) | null = null
+    if (hull_face_color_mode === `uniform`) {
+      const min_uniform_e_form = energy_range.min
+      norm_alpha = (e_form: number) => {
+        const alpha_fraction = Math.max(
+          0,
+          Math.min(1, (0 - e_form) / Math.max(1e-6, 0 - min_uniform_e_form)),
+        )
+        return alpha_fraction * hull_face_opacity
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Lazy computation for formation_energy mode
+    let energy_face_scale: ((val: number) => string) | null = null
+    let min_face_e_form = 0
+    if (hull_face_color_mode === `formation_energy`) {
+      const all_e_form = hull_faces.flatMap((tri) =>
+        tri.vertices.map((vertex) => vertex.z)
+      )
+      min_face_e_form = Math.min(...all_e_form)
+      energy_face_scale = helpers.get_energy_color_scale(
+        `energy`,
+        color_scale,
+        all_e_form.map((e_form) => ({
+          e_above_hull: e_form - min_face_e_form,
+        })), // Normalize to 0-based
+      )
+    }
+
+    // Helper to get face color based on mode
+    const get_face_color = (
+      tri: typeof hull_faces[0],
+      tri_idx: number,
+    ): string => {
+      if (hull_face_color_mode === `uniform`) {
+        return hull_face_color
+      }
+      if (hull_face_color_mode === `formation_energy`) {
+        const avg_e_form = (tri.vertices[0].z + tri.vertices[1].z + tri.vertices[2].z) / 3
+        return energy_face_scale?.(avg_e_form - min_face_e_form) ?? hull_face_color
+      }
+      if (hull_face_color_mode === `dominant_element`) {
+        // Find element vertex closest to face centroid in 2D ternary space
+        const { x: cx, y: cy } = tri.centroid
+        const dists = TRIANGLE_VERTICES.map(([tx, ty]) =>
+          Math.hypot(cx - tx, cy - ty)
+        )
+        const el = elements[dists.indexOf(Math.min(...dists))]
+        return element_colors[el] ?? `#888888`
+      }
+      if (hull_face_color_mode === `facet_index`) {
+        return PLOT_COLORS[tri_idx % PLOT_COLORS.length]
+      }
+      return hull_face_color
+    }
+
+    // Sort faces by depth for proper rendering
+    const faces_with_depth = hull_faces.map((tri, tri_idx) => {
+      const centroid_proj = project_3d_point(
+        tri.centroid.x,
+        tri.centroid.y,
+        tri.centroid.z,
+      )
+      return { tri, tri_idx, depth: centroid_proj.depth }
+    })
+
+    faces_with_depth.sort((left, right) => left.depth - right.depth) // Back to front
+
+    // Draw each face (lower hull only)
+    for (const { tri, tri_idx } of faces_with_depth) {
+      const [p1, p2, p3] = tri.vertices
+
+      const proj1 = project_3d_point(p1.x, p1.y, p1.z)
+      const proj2 = project_3d_point(p2.x, p2.y, p2.z)
+      const proj3 = project_3d_point(p3.x, p3.y, p3.z)
+
+      const face_color = get_face_color(tri, tri_idx)
+
+      // For uniform mode, use gradient with variable opacity
+      // For other modes, use fixed opacity
+      if (hull_face_color_mode === `uniform`) {
+        // Build per-face linear gradient in screen space matching linear variation of formation energy
+        const a1 = norm_alpha?.(p1.z) ?? 0
+        const a2 = norm_alpha?.(p2.z) ?? 0
+        const a3 = norm_alpha?.(p3.z) ?? 0
+
+        // Solve a*x + b*y + c = alpha at the three projected vertices
+        const x1 = proj1.x, y1 = proj1.y
+        const x2 = proj2.x, y2 = proj2.y
+        const x3 = proj3.x, y3 = proj3.y
+        const det = x1 * (y2 - y3) + x2 * (y3 - y1) + x3 * (y1 - y2)
+        let coef_a = 0, coef_b = 0, coef_c = (a1 + a2 + a3) / 3
+        if (Math.abs(det) > 1e-9) {
+          coef_a = (a1 * (y2 - y3) + a2 * (y3 - y1) + a3 * (y1 - y2)) / det
+          coef_b = (a1 * (x3 - x2) + a2 * (x1 - x3) + a3 * (x2 - x1)) / det
+          coef_c = (a1 * (x2 * y3 - x3 * y2) + a2 * (x3 * y1 - x1 * y3) +
+            a3 * (x1 * y2 - x2 * y1)) /
+            det
+        }
+
+        // Helper to draw filled+stroked triangle
+        const draw_tri = (fill: string | CanvasGradient, stroke_alpha: number) => {
+          if (!ctx) return
+          ctx.save()
+          ctx.beginPath()
+          ctx.moveTo(proj1.x, proj1.y)
+          ctx.lineTo(proj2.x, proj2.y)
+          ctx.lineTo(proj3.x, proj3.y)
+          ctx.closePath()
+          ctx.fillStyle = fill
+          ctx.fill()
+          ctx.strokeStyle = add_alpha(face_color, Math.min(0.6, stroke_alpha))
+          ctx.lineWidth = 1
+          ctx.stroke()
+          ctx.restore()
+        }
+
+        // Gradient direction is the screen-space gradient of alpha
+        const mag = Math.hypot(coef_a, coef_b)
+        if (mag < 1e-9) {
+          // Fallback: uniform fill if nearly flat
+          const avg_alpha = (a1 + a2 + a3) / 3
+          draw_tri(add_alpha(face_color, avg_alpha), avg_alpha * 3)
+        } else {
+          const vx = coef_a / mag
+          const vy = coef_b / mag
+          const cx = (x1 + x2 + x3) / 3
+          const cy = (y1 + y2 + y3) / 3
+          const alpha_c = coef_a * cx + coef_b * cy + coef_c
+          const alpha_min = Math.min(a1, a2, a3)
+          const alpha_max = Math.max(a1, a2, a3)
+          const s_min = (alpha_min - alpha_c) / mag
+          const s_max = (alpha_max - alpha_c) / mag
+
+          const grad = ctx.createLinearGradient(
+            cx + vx * s_min,
+            cy + vy * s_min,
+            cx + vx * s_max,
+            cy + vy * s_max,
+          )
+          grad.addColorStop(0, add_alpha(face_color, alpha_min))
+          grad.addColorStop(1, add_alpha(face_color, alpha_max))
+          draw_tri(grad, alpha_max * 3)
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Non-uniform modes: solid color with fixed opacity
+        ctx.save()
+        ctx.beginPath()
+        ctx.moveTo(proj1.x, proj1.y)
+        ctx.lineTo(proj2.x, proj2.y)
+        ctx.lineTo(proj3.x, proj3.y)
+        ctx.closePath()
+        ctx.fillStyle = add_alpha(face_color, hull_face_opacity)
+        ctx.fill()
+        ctx.strokeStyle = add_alpha(face_color, Math.min(0.6, hull_face_opacity * 3))
+        ctx.lineWidth = 1
+        ctx.stroke()
+        ctx.restore()
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Formation energy color bar helpers
+  const e_form_range = $derived.by((): [number, number] => {
+    const min_fe = plot_entries.length > 0 ? energy_range.min : -1
+    return [min_fe, 0]
+  })
+
+  const e_form_color_scale_fn = $derived.by(() => {
+    const [min_fe, max_fe] = e_form_range
+    const denom = Math.max(1e-6, max_fe - min_fe)
+    return (value: number) => {
+      // alpha 0 at 0 eV, goes to hull_face_opacity at most negative energy
+      const energy_fraction = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, (value - min_fe) / denom))
+      const alpha = (1 - energy_fraction) * hull_face_opacity
+      return add_alpha(hull_face_color, alpha)
+    }
+  })
+
+  function draw_data_points(): void {
+    if (!ctx || sorted_points_cache.length === 0) return
+
+    for (const { entry, projected } of sorted_points_cache) {
+      const is_stable = helpers.entry_is_stable(entry)
+      const is_entry_highlighted = is_highlighted(entry)
+      const color = get_point_color(entry)
+      const size = (entry.size || (is_stable ? 6 : 4)) * canvas_dims.scale
+      const marker = entry.marker || `circle`
+
+      // Shadow
+      const shadow_offset = Math.abs(entry.z) * 0.1 * canvas_dims.scale
+      ctx.fillStyle = `rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)`
+      const shadow_path = helpers.create_marker_path(size * 0.8, marker)
+      ctx.save()
+      ctx.translate(projected.x + shadow_offset, projected.y + shadow_offset)
+      ctx.fill(shadow_path)
+      ctx.restore()
+
+      // Highlights
+      if (selected_entry && entry.entry_id === selected_entry.entry_id) {
+        helpers.draw_selection_highlight(
+          ctx,
+          projected,
+          size,
+          canvas_dims.scale,
+          pulse.time,
+          pulse_opacity,
+        )
+      }
+      if (is_entry_highlighted) {
+        helpers.draw_highlight_effect(
+          ctx,
+          projected,
+          size,
+          canvas_dims.scale,
+          pulse.time,
+          merged_highlight_style,
+        )
+      }
+
+      // Main point with marker symbol
+      ctx.fillStyle =
+        is_entry_highlighted && merged_highlight_style.effect === `color`
+          ? merged_highlight_style.color
+          : color
+      ctx.strokeStyle = is_stable ? `#ffffff` : `#000000`
+      ctx.lineWidth = 0.5 * canvas_dims.scale
+      const marker_path = helpers.create_marker_path(size, marker)
+      ctx.save()
+      ctx.translate(projected.x, projected.y)
+      ctx.fill(marker_path)
+      ctx.stroke(marker_path)
+      ctx.restore()
+    }
+  }
+
+  const hull_label_font_size = 12
+  const hull_label_subscript_font_size = 11
+  const hull_label_font = `${hull_label_font_size}px Arial`
+  const hull_label_subscript_font = `${hull_label_subscript_font_size}px Arial`
+
+  function label_priority_energy(entry: ConvexHullEntry): number {
+    for (const value of [
+      entry.e_form_per_atom,
+      entry.z,
+      entry.energy_per_atom,
+      entry.energy,
+      entry.e_above_hull,
+    ]) {
+      if (typeof value === `number` && Number.isFinite(value)) return value
+    }
+    return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+  }
+
+  function get_label_placements(
+    projected: { x: number; y: number },
+    point_size: number,
+    text_width: number,
+    text_height: number,
+  ): LabelPlacement[] {
+    const padding = Math.max(1, 2 * canvas_dims.scale)
+    const gap = point_size + 4 * canvas_dims.scale
+    const side_gap = point_size + 5 * canvas_dims.scale
+    const placements = [
+      { x: projected.x, y: projected.y + gap },
+      { x: projected.x, y: projected.y - gap - text_height },
+      { x: projected.x + side_gap + text_width / 2, y: projected.y - text_height / 2 },
+      { x: projected.x - side_gap - text_width / 2, y: projected.y - text_height / 2 },
+      { x: projected.x + side_gap + text_width / 2, y: projected.y + gap },
+      { x: projected.x - side_gap - text_width / 2, y: projected.y + gap },
+      { x: projected.x + side_gap + text_width / 2, y: projected.y - gap - text_height },
+      { x: projected.x - side_gap - text_width / 2, y: projected.y - gap - text_height },
+    ]
+
+    return placements.map((placement) => ({
+      ...placement,
+      rect: pad_rect(
+        centered_rect(placement.x, placement.y, text_width, text_height),
+        padding,
+      ),
+    }))
+  }
+
+  function measure_formula_segments(
+    context: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    segments: FormulaLabelSegment[],
+  ): number {
+    context.save()
+    const width = segments.reduce((sum, segment) => {
+      context.font = segment.subscript ? hull_label_subscript_font : hull_label_font
+      return sum + context.measureText(segment.text).width
+    }, 0)
+    context.restore()
+    return width
+  }
+
+  function draw_formula_segments(
+    context: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    segments: FormulaLabelSegment[],
+    center_x: number,
+    top_y: number,
+    text_width: number,
+  ): void {
+    const subscript_offset = hull_label_font_size * 0.28
+    let text_x = center_x - text_width / 2
+
+    context.save()
+    context.textAlign = `left`
+    context.textBaseline = `top`
+    for (const segment of segments) {
+      context.font = segment.subscript ? hull_label_subscript_font : hull_label_font
+      context.fillText(
+        segment.text,
+        text_x,
+        top_y + (segment.subscript ? subscript_offset : 0),
+      )
+      text_x += context.measureText(segment.text).width
+    }
+    context.restore()
+  }
+
+  function draw_hull_labels(): void {
+    if (!ctx || !merged_config.show_labels) return
+
+    ctx.fillStyle = text_color
+    ctx.font = hull_label_font
+    ctx.textAlign = `center`
+    ctx.textBaseline = `top`
+    const label_height = hull_label_font_size + 2
+
+    const label_entries = helpers.get_composition_label_entries(
+      visible_entries.filter((entry) => {
+        if (entry.is_element) return false
+        const is_stable_point = helpers.entry_is_stable(entry)
+        return (is_stable_point && show_stable_labels) ||
+          (!is_stable_point && show_unstable_labels &&
+            (entry.e_above_hull ?? 0) <= max_hull_dist_show_labels)
+      }),
+    )
+      .sort((entry_1, entry_2) => {
+        const energy_diff = label_priority_energy(entry_1) -
+          label_priority_energy(entry_2)
+        if (energy_diff !== 0) return energy_diff
+        return (entry_1.e_above_hull ?? 0) - (entry_2.e_above_hull ?? 0)
+      })
+
+    const occupied_rects: Rect[] = []
+    const canvas_rect: Rect = {
+      x: 0,
+      y: 0,
+      width: canvas_dims.width,
+      height: canvas_dims.height,
+    }
+    for (const entry of label_entries) {
+      const projected = project_3d_point(entry.x, entry.y, entry.z)
+      const formula_segments = get_formula_label_segments(
+        helpers.get_entry_label(entry, elements),
+      )
+      const is_stable_point = helpers.entry_is_stable(entry)
+      const point_size = (entry.size || (is_stable_point ? 6 : 4)) * canvas_dims.scale
+      const text_width = measure_formula_segments(ctx, formula_segments)
+      const placements = get_label_placements(
+        projected,
+        point_size,
+        text_width,
+        label_height,
+      )
+      const placement = placements.find((candidate) =>
+        rect_within_rect(candidate.rect, canvas_rect) &&
+        !occupied_rects.some((occupied_rect) =>
+          rects_overlap(candidate.rect, occupied_rect)
+        )
+      )
+      if (!placement) continue
+
+      occupied_rects.push(placement.rect)
+      draw_formula_segments(ctx, formula_segments, placement.x, placement.y, text_width)
+    }
+  }
+
+  function render_frame(): void {
+    if (!ctx || !canvas) return
+
+    // Use CSS dimensions for rendering
+    const display_width = canvas.clientWidth || 600
+    const display_height = canvas.clientHeight || 600
+
+    // Clear canvas
+    ctx.clearRect(0, 0, display_width, display_height)
+
+    // Set background - use transparent to inherit from container
+    ctx.fillStyle = `transparent`
+    ctx.fillRect(0, 0, display_width, display_height)
+
+    if (elements.length !== 3) {
+      if (elements.length > 0) {
+        ctx.fillStyle = text_color
+        ctx.font = `16px Arial`
+        ctx.textAlign = `center`
+        ctx.textBaseline = `middle`
+        ctx.fillText(
+          `Ternary convex hull requires exactly 3 elements (got ${elements.length})`,
+          display_width / 2,
+          display_height / 2,
+        )
+      }
+      return
+    }
+
+    draw_structure_outline()
+    draw_convex_hull_faces() // behind points
+    draw_z_axis_ticks() // after faces for visibility at high opacity
+    draw_data_points()
+    draw_hull_labels()
+    draw_element_labels()
+  }
+
+  function handle_mouse_down(event: MouseEvent) {
+    is_dragging = true
+    drag_started = false
+    hover_data = null
+    on_point_hover?.(null)
+    last_mouse = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY }
+  }
+
+  const handle_mouse_move = (event: MouseEvent) => {
+    if (!is_dragging) return
+    const [dx, dy] = [event.clientX - last_mouse.x, event.clientY - last_mouse.y]
+
+    // Mark as drag if any movement occurred
+    if (dx !== 0 || dy !== 0) drag_started = true
+
+    // With Cmd/Ctrl held: pan the view instead of rotating
+    if (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey) {
+      camera.center_x += dx
+      camera.center_y += dy
+    } else {
+      // Horizontal drag -> azimuth rotation around z-axis
+      camera.azimuth += dx * 0.3 // Positive dx (drag right) rotates clockwise
+
+      // Vertical drag -> elevation angle (full range)
+      camera.elevation -= dy * 0.3 // Positive dy (drag down) tilts view down
+    }
+
+    last_mouse = { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY }
+  }
+
+  const handle_wheel = (event: WheelEvent) => {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    camera.zoom = Math.max(
+      0.5,
+      Math.min(10, camera.zoom * (event.deltaY > 0 ? 0.98 : 1.02)),
+    )
+  }
+
+  const handle_hover = (event: MouseEvent) => {
+    if (is_dragging) return
+    const entry = find_entry_at_mouse(event)
+    hover_data = entry
+      ? { entry, position: { x: event.clientX, y: event.clientY } }
+      : null
+    on_point_hover?.(hover_data)
+  }
+
+  const find_entry_at_mouse = (event: MouseEvent): ConvexHullEntry | null =>
+    helpers.find_hull_entry_at_mouse(
+      canvas,
+      event,
+      visible_entries,
+      (x: number, y: number, z: number) => {
+        const pt = project_3d_point(x, y, z)
+        return { x: pt.x, y: pt.y }
+      },
+    )
+
+  const handle_click = (event: MouseEvent) => {
+    event.stopPropagation()
+    // Check if this was a drag operation (any mouse movement during drag)
+    const was_drag = drag_started
+    drag_started = false // Reset for next interaction
+    if (was_drag) return // Don't trigger click if this was a drag
+
+    const entry = find_entry_at_mouse(event)
+    if (!entry) {
+      if (modal_open) close_structure_popup()
+      return
+    }
+
+    on_point_click?.(entry)
+
+    if (enable_click_selection) {
+      selected_entry = entry
+      if (enable_structure_preview) {
+        const structure = extract_structure_from_entry(entry)
+        if (structure) {
+          selected_structure = structure
+          modal_place_right = helpers.calculate_modal_side(wrapper)
+          modal_open = true
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function close_structure_popup() {
+    modal_open = false
+    selected_structure = null
+    selected_entry = null
+  }
+
+  const handle_double_click = (event: MouseEvent) => {
+    const entry = find_entry_at_mouse(event)
+    if (entry) {
+      copy_entry_data(entry, {
+        x: event.clientX,
+        y: event.clientY,
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  function render_once() {
+    if (!frame_id) {
+      frame_id = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        render_frame()
+        frame_id = 0
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  function update_canvas_size() {
+    if (!canvas) return
+    const dpr = globalThis.devicePixelRatio || 1
+    const container = canvas.parentElement
+    const rect = container?.getBoundingClientRect()
+    const [w, h] = rect ? [rect.width, rect.height] : [400, 400]
+
+    // Only update canvas dimensions if they actually changed
+    // (assigning canvas.width/height clears the canvas even if values are the same)
+    const new_width = Math.max(0, Math.round(w * dpr))
+    const new_height = Math.max(0, Math.round(h * dpr))
+    if (!ctx || canvas.width !== new_width || canvas.height !== new_height) {
+      canvas.width = new_width
+      canvas.height = new_height
+      ctx = canvas.getContext(`2d`)
+      if (ctx) {
+        ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0)
+        ctx.imageSmoothingEnabled = true
+        ctx.imageSmoothingQuality = `high`
+      }
+    }
+    canvas_dims = { width: w, height: h, scale: Math.min(w, h) / 600 }
+    render_once()
+  }
+
+  // Reactive dark mode detection for canvas text color
+  let dark_mode = $state(is_dark_mode())
+  $effect(() => watch_dark_mode((dark) => dark_mode = dark))
+  const text_color = $derived(helpers.get_canvas_text_color(dark_mode))
+
+  $effect(() => {
+    if (!canvas) return
+
+    // Initial setup
+    update_canvas_size()
+
+    // Watch for resize events - only update canvas, don't reset camera
+    const resize_observer = new ResizeObserver(update_canvas_size)
+
+    const container = canvas.parentElement
+    if (container) {
+      resize_observer.observe(container)
+    }
+
+    return () => { // Cleanup on unmount
+      if (frame_id) cancelAnimationFrame(frame_id)
+      resize_observer.disconnect()
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Fullscreen handling with camera reset
+  let was_fullscreen = $state(fullscreen)
+  $effect(() => {
+    setup_fullscreen_effect(fullscreen, wrapper, (entering_fullscreen) => {
+      if (entering_fullscreen !== was_fullscreen) {
+        camera.center_x = 0
+        camera.center_y = -50
+        was_fullscreen = entering_fullscreen
+      }
+    })
+    set_fullscreen_bg(wrapper, fullscreen, `--hull-3d-bg-fullscreen`)
+  })
+
+  // Performance: Cache canvas dimensions and formation energy range
+  let canvas_dims = $state({ width: 600, height: 600, scale: 1 })
+  const energy_range = $derived.by(() => {
+    let min = 0
+    let max = 0
+    for (const entry of all_enriched_entries) {
+      const energy = entry.e_form_per_atom ?? 0
+      min = Math.min(min, energy)
+      max = Math.max(max, energy)
+    }
+    const z_scale = 0.75 / Math.max(max - min, 0.001)
+    return { min, max, center: (min + max) / 2, z_scale }
+  })
+
+  // Performance: Pre-compute and cache all point projections + depth sorting
+  const sorted_points_cache = $derived.by(() => {
+    if (!canvas || visible_entries.length === 0) return []
+    return visible_entries
+      .map((entry) => ({
+        entry,
+        projected: project_3d_point(entry.x, entry.y, entry.z),
+      }))
+      .sort((left, right) => left.projected.depth - right.projected.depth)
+  })
+
+  let style = $derived(
+    `--hull-stable-color:${merged_config.colors?.stable || `#0072B2`};
+    --hull-unstable-color:${merged_config.colors?.unstable || `#E69F00`};
+    --hull-edge-color:${merged_config.colors?.edge || `var(--text-color, #212121)`};
+     --hull-text-color:${
+      merged_config.colors?.annotation || `var(--text-color, #212121)`
+    }`,
+  )
+</script>
+
+<svelte:document
+  onfullscreenchange={() => {
+    fullscreen = Boolean(document.fullscreenElement)
+  }}
+  onmousemove={handle_mouse_move}
+  onmouseup={() => ([is_dragging, drag_started] = [false, false])}
+/>
+
+<div
+  {...rest}
+  class="convex-hull-3d {rest.class ?? ``}"
+  class:dragover={drag_over}
+  style={`${style}; ${rest.style ?? ``}`}
+  data-has-selection={selected_entry !== null}
+  data-has-hover={hover_data !== null}
+  data-is-dragging={is_dragging}
+  bind:this={wrapper}
+  role="application"
+  tabindex="-1"
+  onkeydown={handle_keydown}
+  ondrop={handle_file_drop}
+  ondragover={(event) => {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    drag_over = true
+  }}
+  ondragleave={(event) => {
+    event.preventDefault()
+    drag_over = false
+  }}
+  aria-label="Ternary convex hull visualization"
+>
+  {@render children?.({
+      stable_entries,
+      unstable_entries,
+      highlighted_entries,
+      selected_entry,
+    })}
+  <h3 style="position: absolute; left: 1em; top: 1ex; margin: 0; font-weight: 500">
+    {@html sanitize_html(merged_controls.title || phase_stats?.chemical_system || ``)}
+  </h3>
+  <canvas
+    bind:this={canvas}
+    tabindex="0"
+    aria-label={merged_controls.title || phase_stats?.chemical_system || `3D Convex Hull`}
+    onmousedown={handle_mouse_down}
+    onmousemove={handle_hover}
+    onclick={handle_click}
+    onkeydown={handle_keydown}
+    ondblclick={handle_double_click}
+    onwheel={handle_wheel}
+  ></canvas>
+
+  {#if entries.length === 0}
+    <Spinner
+      text="Loading data..."
+      style="position: absolute; inset: 0; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center"
+    />
+  {/if}
+
+  <!-- Formation Energy Color Bar (bottom-left corner) -->
+  {#if color_mode === `energy` && plot_entries.length > 0}
+    {@const hull_distances = plot_entries
+      .map((entry) => entry.e_above_hull)
+      .filter((value): value is number => typeof value === `number`)}
+    {@const min_energy = hull_distances.length > 0 ? Math.min(...hull_distances) : 0}
+    {@const max_energy = hull_distances.length > 0 ? Math.max(...hull_distances, 0.1) : 0.1}
+    <ColorBar
+      title="Energy above hull (eV/atom)"
+      range={[min_energy, max_energy]}
+      {color_scale}
+      wrapper_style="position: absolute; bottom: 16px; left: 1em; width: 200px;"
+      bar_style="height: 12px;"
+      title_style="margin-bottom: 4px;"
+    />
+  {/if}
+
+  <!-- Formation Energy Faces Color Bar (bottom-right corner) -->
+  <!-- Only show for uniform/formation_energy modes where face color relates to E_form -->
+  {#if plot_entries.length > 0 && show_hull_faces &&
+      (hull_face_color_mode === `uniform` ||
+        hull_face_color_mode === `formation_energy`)}
+    <ColorBar
+      title="Formation energy (eV/atom)"
+      color_scale_fn={e_form_color_scale_fn}
+      color_scale_domain={e_form_range}
+      range={e_form_range}
+      wrapper_style="position: absolute; bottom: 16px; right: 1em; width: 200px;"
+      bar_style="height: 12px;"
+      title_style="margin-bottom: 4px;"
+    />
+  {/if}
+
+  <!-- Control buttons (top-right corner) -->
+  {#if controls_config.mode !== `never`}
+    <section class="control-buttons {controls_config.class}">
+      {#if controls_config.visible(`reset`)}
+        <button
+          type="button"
+          onclick={reset_all}
+          title="Reset view and settings"
+          class="reset-camera-btn"
+        >
+          <Icon icon="Reset" />
+        </button>
+      {/if}
+
+      {#if enable_info_pane && phase_stats && controls_config.visible(`info-pane`)}
+        <ConvexHullInfoPane
+          bind:pane_open={info_pane_open}
+          {phase_stats}
+          {stable_entries}
+          {unstable_entries}
+          {show_stable}
+          {show_unstable}
+          {max_hull_dist_show_phases}
+          {max_hull_dist_show_labels}
+          {label_threshold}
+          toggle_props={{ class: `info-btn` }}
+        />
+      {/if}
+
+      {#if enable_fullscreen && controls_config.visible(`fullscreen`)}
+        <button
+          type="button"
+          onclick={() => toggle_fullscreen(wrapper)}
+          title="{fullscreen ? `Exit` : `Enter`} fullscreen"
+          class="fullscreen-btn"
+        >
+          <Icon icon="{fullscreen ? `Exit` : ``}Fullscreen" />
+        </button>
+      {/if}
+
+      <!-- Legend controls pane -->
+      {#if controls_config.visible(`controls`)}
+        <ConvexHullControls
+          bind:controls_open={legend_pane_open}
+          bind:color_mode
+          bind:color_scale
+          bind:show_stable
+          bind:show_unstable
+          bind:show_stable_labels
+          bind:show_unstable_labels
+          bind:max_hull_dist_show_phases
+          bind:max_hull_dist_show_labels
+          {max_hull_dist_in_data}
+          {stable_entries}
+          {unstable_entries}
+          {camera}
+          {merged_controls}
+          toggle_props={{ class: `legend-controls-btn` }}
+          {show_hull_faces}
+          on_hull_faces_change={(value: boolean) => show_hull_faces = value}
+          {hull_face_color}
+          on_hull_face_color_change={(value: string) => hull_face_color = value}
+          {hull_face_opacity}
+          on_hull_face_opacity_change={(value: number) => hull_face_opacity = value}
+          {hull_face_color_mode}
+          on_hull_face_color_mode_change={(value: HullFaceColorMode) =>
+            hull_face_color_mode = value}
+          bind:energy_source_mode
+          {has_precomputed_e_form}
+          {can_compute_e_form}
+          {has_precomputed_hull}
+          {can_compute_hull}
+        />
+      {/if}
+    </section>
+  {/if}
+
+  <!-- Orientation gizmo (configurable placement, default top-right) -->
+  {#if gizmo && typeof WebGLRenderingContext !== `undefined`}
+    <div class="gizmo-wrapper {controls_config.class}" data-placement={gizmo_placement}>
+      <Canvas
+        createRenderer={(cvs: HTMLCanvasElement) =>
+        new WebGLRenderer({ canvas: cvs, alpha: true, antialias: true })}
+      >
+        <T.PerspectiveCamera
+          makeDefault
+          bind:ref={gizmo_cam_ref}
+          position={gizmo_cam_state.position}
+          up={gizmo_cam_state.up}
+          fov={50}
+        >
+          <extras.OrbitControls
+            bind:ref={gizmo_orbit_ref}
+            enableRotate={false}
+            enableZoom={false}
+            enablePan={false}
+          >
+            <extras.Gizmo
+              {...gizmo_props}
+              onstart={() => (gizmo_active = true)}
+              onchange={sync_gizmo_to_camera}
+              onend={() => {
+                sync_gizmo_to_camera()
+                gizmo_active = false
+              }}
+            />
+          </extras.OrbitControls>
+        </T.PerspectiveCamera>
+      </Canvas>
+    </div>
+  {/if}
+
+  {#if (has_temp_data && temperature !== undefined) ||
+      (gas_analysis.has_gas_dependent_elements && merged_gas_config)}
+    <div class="right-controls">
+      {#if has_temp_data && temperature !== undefined}
+        <TemperatureSlider {available_temperatures} bind:temperature />
+      {/if}
+      {#if gas_analysis.has_gas_dependent_elements && merged_gas_config}
+        <GasPressureControls
+          config={merged_gas_config}
+          bind:pressures={gas_pressures}
+          temperature={temperature ?? 300}
+        />
+      {/if}
+    </div>
+  {/if}
+
+  <!-- Hover tooltip -->
+  {#if hover_data}
+    {@const { entry, position } = hover_data}
+    {@const entry_highlight = is_highlighted(entry) ? merged_highlight_style : undefined}
+    {@const tooltip_style =
+      `z-index: ${CONVEX_HULL_STYLE.z_index.tooltip}; backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
+      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);`}
+    <PlotTooltip
+      x={position.x}
+      y={position.y}
+      offset={{ x: 10, y: -10 }}
+      bg_color={get_point_color(entry)}
+      fixed
+      style={tooltip_style}
+    >
+      <ConvexHullTooltip
+        {entry}
+        {polymorph_stats_map}
+        highlight_style={entry_highlight}
+        {tooltip}
+      />
+    </PlotTooltip>
+  {/if}
+
+  <ClickFeedback bind:visible={copy_feedback.visible} position={copy_feedback.position} />
+  <DragOverlay visible={drag_over} />
+
+  {#if modal_open && selected_structure}
+    <StructurePopup
+      structure={selected_structure}
+      place_right={modal_place_right}
+      stats={{
+        id: selected_entry?.entry_id,
+        e_above_hull: selected_entry?.e_above_hull,
+        e_form: selected_entry?.e_form_per_atom,
+      }}
+      onclose={close_structure_popup}
+    />
+  {/if}
+</div>
+
+<style>
+  .convex-hull-3d {
+    position: relative;
+    container-type: size; /* enable cqh/cqw for responsive sizing */
+    width: 100%;
+    height: var(--hull-height, 500px);
+    background: var(--hull-3d-bg, var(--hull-bg));
+    border-radius: var(--hull-border-radius, var(--border-radius, 3pt));
+  }
+  .convex-hull-3d:fullscreen {
+    border-radius: 0;
+    background: var(--hull-3d-bg-fullscreen, var(--hull-3d-bg, var(--hull-bg)));
+    overflow: hidden;
+  }
+  .convex-hull-3d.dragover {
+    border: 2px dashed var(--accent-color, #1976d2);
+  }
+  canvas {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    cursor: grab;
+  }
+  canvas:active {
+    cursor: grabbing;
+  }
+  .right-controls {
+    position: absolute;
+    top: calc(1ex + 50px);
+    right: 1ex;
+    z-index: 2;
+    pointer-events: auto;
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    align-items: flex-end;
+    gap: 6px;
+  }
+  .right-controls :global(.temperature-slider),
+  .right-controls :global(.pressure-controls) {
+    position: static;
+  }
+  /* align both vertical range inputs at the same x position */
+  .right-controls :global(.slider-wrapper) {
+    justify-content: flex-end;
+  }
+  .gizmo-wrapper {
+    position: absolute;
+    width: clamp(80px, 18cqmin, 110px);
+    height: clamp(80px, 18cqmin, 110px);
+    pointer-events: auto;
+    isolation: isolate; /* contain z-index: 1000 from three-viewport-gizmo overlay */
+    transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out;
+  }
+  .gizmo-wrapper[data-placement='top-right'] {
+    top: 1.8em;
+    right: 1ex;
+  }
+  .gizmo-wrapper[data-placement='top-left'] {
+    top: 1.8em;
+    left: 1ex;
+  }
+  .gizmo-wrapper[data-placement='bottom-right'] {
+    bottom: 2.5em;
+    right: 1ex;
+  }
+  .gizmo-wrapper[data-placement='bottom-left'] {
+    bottom: 2.5em;
+    left: 1ex;
+  }
+  .gizmo-wrapper.hover-visible {
+    opacity: 0;
+    pointer-events: none;
+  }
+  .convex-hull-3d:hover .gizmo-wrapper.hover-visible,
+  .convex-hull-3d:focus-within .gizmo-wrapper.hover-visible {
+    opacity: 1;
+    pointer-events: auto;
+  }
+  .control-buttons {
+    position: absolute;
+    top: 1ex;
+    right: 1ex;
+    display: flex;
+    gap: 8px;
+    transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out;
+  }
+  .control-buttons.hover-visible {
+    opacity: 0;
+    pointer-events: none;
+  }
+  .convex-hull-3d:hover .control-buttons.hover-visible,
+  .convex-hull-3d:focus-within .control-buttons.hover-visible {
+    opacity: 1;
+    pointer-events: auto;
+  }
+  .control-buttons.always-visible {
+    opacity: 1;
+    pointer-events: auto;
+  }
+  .control-buttons :global(button) {
+    background: transparent;
+    border: none;
+    padding: 4px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+    border-radius: 3px;
+    color: var(--text-color, currentColor);
+    transition: background-color 0.2s;
+    display: flex;
+    font-size: clamp(0.85em, 2cqmin, 1.3em);
+  }
+  .control-buttons :global(button):hover {
+    background-color: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 8%, transparent);
+  }
+</style>