math-skill 1.0.0 → 2.1.0

package/knowledge-base/overview.en.md

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# Mathematical Knowledge System Overview
+
+## Overview
+
+The mathematical knowledge system is the structured framework of the discipline of mathematics, spanning from foundational concepts to cutting-edge subfields. It describes not only the hierarchical relationships among sub-disciplines, but also how mathematical methods complement and synergize across different problem domains.
+
+This overview is designed to help you:
+
+- Quickly locate the discipline and method area to which a mathematical problem belongs;
+- Understand the correspondence between the 16 thinking weapons in this project (15 weapons + math-research-activator) and mathematical sub-disciplines;
+- Build a holistic understanding from problem to tool, from concept to application.
+
+The development of mathematics has been jointly driven by logical reasoning, scientific needs, and cross-disciplinary applications.
+
+## 1. The Three Foundational Pillars of Mathematics
+
+The edifice of modern mathematics is built on **set theory** and **mathematical logic**. The three foundational disciplines are:
+
+### Algebra
+
+The study of numbers, structures, relationships, and symbolic operations.
+
+| Level | Content | Core Concepts |
+|-------|---------|--------------|
+| Elementary Algebra | Equations, inequalities, polynomial operations | Variables, identities, operation laws |
+| Advanced Algebra (Linear Algebra) | Vector spaces, linear transformations, matrices | Linear spaces, bases, dimension, eigenvalues |
+| Abstract Algebra | Groups, rings, fields | Algebraic structures, homomorphisms, isomorphisms |
+| Category Theory | Abstract theory of objects and morphisms | Functors, natural transformations, universal properties |
+
+### Geometry
+
+The study of space, shape, structure, and their relationships.
+
+| Level | Content | Core Concepts |
+|-------|---------|--------------|
+| Euclidean Geometry | Plane and solid geometry | Points, lines, planes, angles, distances |
+| Analytic Geometry | Studying geometry via algebraic methods | Coordinate systems, equations, curves |
+| Non-Euclidean Geometry | Geometries with modified parallel postulates | Hyperbolic geometry, elliptic geometry |
+| Differential Geometry | Studying geometry via calculus | Curvature, geodesics, manifolds |
+| Fractal Geometry | Self-similar geometric structures | Fractal dimension, iterated function systems |
+
+### Analysis
+
+The study of functions, limits, continuity, differentiation, and integration.
+
+| Level | Content | Core Concepts |
+|-------|---------|--------------|
+| Calculus | Limits, derivatives, integrals | Continuity, differentiability, integrability |
+| Mathematical Analysis | Rigorous limit theory | $\varepsilon$-$\delta$ language, uniform convergence |
+| Real Analysis | Measure theory, Lebesgue integration | Measure spaces, $L^p$ spaces |
+| Complex Analysis | Theory of complex functions | Analytic functions, residues, conformal mappings |
+| Functional Analysis | Analysis on infinite-dimensional spaces | Banach spaces, Hilbert spaces, operators |
+| Differential Equations | ODEs and PDEs | Existence, uniqueness, stability, numerical methods |
+
+## 2. Major Branches
+
+### 1. Number Theory
+
+The study of integer properties, such as prime distribution, congruences, and Diophantine equations.
+
+- **Elementary Number Theory**: Divisibility, congruences, primes
+- **Analytic Number Theory**: Using analytical methods for number-theoretic problems (e.g., the Prime Number Theorem)
+- **Algebraic Number Theory**: Using algebraic methods for number-theoretic problems (e.g., algebraic number fields)
+- **Geometric Number Theory**: Using geometric methods for number-theoretic problems
+
+### 2. Probability & Statistics
+
+The study of random phenomena and data analysis, widely applied in finance, biology, and social sciences. Corresponding thinking weapons: **Probability & Statistics**, **Information Theory**, **Causal Inference**.
+
+- **Probability Theory**: Random variables, distributions, limit theorems → See **Probability & Statistics** (Kolmogorov axioms)
+- **Mathematical Statistics**: Parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, regression analysis → See **Probability & Statistics** (regression modeling, experimental design)
+- **Stochastic Processes**: Markov chains, Brownian motion, martingale theory
+- **Bayesian Statistics**: Priors, posteriors, MCMC → See **Information Theory** (maximum entropy principle)
+
+### 3. Topology
+
+The study of invariant properties of spaces under continuous deformation. Corresponding thinking weapon: **Topological Thinking**.
+
+- **Point-Set Topology**: Open sets, closed sets, connectedness, compactness → See **Symmetry & Invariance** (invariant perspective)
+- **Algebraic Topology**: Homotopy, homology, cohomology → See **Topological Thinking** (fundamental group, Betti numbers)
+- **Differential Topology**: Manifolds, tangent spaces, differential forms
+
+### 4. Discrete Mathematics
+
+Set theory, graph theory, mathematical logic, etc. — the mathematical foundation of computer science. Corresponding thinking weapons: **Algorithmic & Computational Thinking**, **Discrete & Combinatorial Thinking**.
+
+- **Set Theory**: Sets, relations, functions, cardinality, ordinals
+- **Graph Theory**: Graphs, paths, connectivity, coloring, network flows
+- **Mathematical Logic**: Propositional logic, predicate logic, computability → See **Axiomatic Thinking**, **Logical Deduction**
+- **Combinatorics**: Counting, permutations and combinations, generating functions → See **Discrete & Combinatorial Thinking**
+- **Algorithms & Complexity**: Sorting, searching, P/NP, decidability → See **Algorithmic & Computational Thinking**
+
+### 5. Applied Mathematics Branches
+
+Applying mathematical methods to real-world problems. Corresponding thinking weapons: **Optimization**, **Information Theory**, **Game Theory**, **Algorithmic & Computational Thinking**, **Causal Inference**.
+
+- **Operations Research**: Linear programming, integer programming, dynamic programming, queueing theory → See **Optimization** (LP/IP/DP taxonomy), **Algorithmic & Computational Thinking** (solution algorithms)
+- **Control Theory**: System control, optimal control, robust control → See **Optimization** (optimal control as variational optimization)
+- **Information Theory**: Entropy, channel capacity, data compression, coding theory → See **Information Theory** (Shannon entropy, coding theorems)
+- **Game Theory**: Strategic interaction, equilibrium analysis, mechanism design → See **Game Theory** (Nash equilibrium, minimax)
+- **Causal Inference**: Causal graph models, intervention analysis, counterfactual reasoning → See **Causal Inference** (DAGs, do-calculus)
+- **Financial Mathematics**: Option pricing, risk management, stochastic calculus → See **Modeling** (Black-Scholes), **Probability & Statistics**
+- **Computational Mathematics**: Numerical analysis, finite elements, Monte Carlo methods → See **Algorithmic & Computational Thinking** (numerical algorithms)
+- **Mathematical Foundations of Machine Learning**: Optimization, statistical learning theory, kernel methods → See **Optimization**, **Probability & Statistics**, **Information Theory** (MDL/AIC)
+
+## 3. Hierarchical Structure of the Knowledge System
+
+From a learning-path perspective, mathematical knowledge can be organized into levels:
+
+### Foundation Level
+
+Number sense, logic and classification, arithmetic, and basic geometry.
+
+- Concepts and operations of numbers
+- Basic logical reasoning
+- Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
+- Basic geometric shapes and properties
+
+### Algebra Level
+
+Variables, equations, functions, geometric proofs.
+
+- Algebraic expressions and equations
+- Function concepts and basic function families
+- Plane geometry proofs
+- Vectors and coordinates
+
+### Synthesis Level
+
+Functions and derivatives, calculus, sequences, solid geometry, advanced probability and statistics.
+
+- Limits and continuity
+- Differentiation and integration
+- Sequences and series
+- Solid geometry
+- Probability distributions and statistical inference
+
+### Frontier Level
+
+Mathematical analysis, advanced algebra, analytic/differential geometry, number theory, topology, etc.
+
+- Rigorous analytical theory ($\varepsilon$-$\delta$)
+- Abstract algebraic structures (groups, rings, fields)
+- Manifolds and differential geometry
+- Algebraic/analytic number theory
+- Point-set/algebraic topology
+- Functional analysis and operator theory
+
+## 4. Levels of Mathematical Thinking Methods
+
+| Level | Thinking Method | Description |
+|-------|----------------|-------------|
+| Foundation | Logical deduction, inductive analogy | The basis of all mathematical thinking |
+| Method | Axiomatization, abstraction, modeling | Methods for constructing mathematical theories |
+| Tool | Optimization, transformation, probability & statistics | Tools for solving concrete problems |
+| Extension | Algorithms & computation, information theory, game theory, causal inference | Tools applied to computation, information, interaction, and causation |
+| Philosophy | Symmetry & invariance, topological thinking, discrete & combinatorial thinking | Philosophical perspectives for understanding structure and essence |
+
+## 5. Connections Between Mathematics and Other Disciplines
+
+| Discipline | Mathematical Tools Used | Typical Applications |
+|-----------|------------------------|---------------------|
+| Physics | Calculus, linear algebra, group theory | Mechanics, quantum mechanics, relativity |
+| Computer Science | Discrete mathematics, graph theory, probability | Algorithm analysis, cryptography, AI |
+| Economics | Optimization, game theory, differential equations | Market equilibrium, pricing models |
+| Biology | Differential equations, statistics, graph theory | Population dynamics, systems biology |
+| Engineering | Differential equations, Fourier analysis, numerical methods | Control systems, signal processing |
+| Social Sciences | Statistics, game theory, network analysis | Social networks, decision analysis |
+
+## 6. Mapping Thinking Weapons to Mathematical Branches
+
+The 16 thinking weapons in this project (15 specialized weapons + 1 math-research-activator auto-trigger entry point) do not exist in isolation; they form a complementary toolkit with mathematical branches. Below is a simplified mapping to help you find suitable mathematical methods directly from problem types. v2 also includes `references/books/*.md` × 7 volumes covering algebraic geometry / differential geometry / Lie theory / abstract algebra / matrix analysis / optimization / manifolds and other modern mathematical structures, activated on demand into algorithm design (see README "Three-Layer Progressive Disclosure").
+
+| Thinking Weapon | Corresponding Mathematical Branch | Typical Methods / Concepts |
+|----------------|----------------------------------|---------------------------|
+| 🧭 Math Research Activator | Meta-cognition, problem classification, modern math mapping | Diagnosis → Mapping → Routing → GPU Filtering, dual acceptance gates |
+| 📐 Axiomatic Thinking | Mathematical logic, set theory | Axiomatic systems, formal languages, consistency, independence |
+| 🧩 Abstraction | Algebra, category theory, topology | Abstract structures, isomorphisms, universal properties |
+| 🧠 Logical Deduction | Mathematical logic, proof theory | Propositional logic, predicate logic, inference rules |
+| 🌉 Modeling | Applied mathematics, statistics | Equation-based modeling, dimensional analysis, validation |
+| ⚖️ Optimization | Optimization theory, operations research | Convex optimization, KKT conditions, dynamic programming |
+| 🎲 Probability & Statistics | Probability theory, mathematical statistics | Random variables, hypothesis testing, regression analysis |
+| 🔄 Transformation | Analysis, generating functions | Fourier, Laplace, algebraic transformations |
+| ⚛️ Symmetry & Invariance | Group theory, geometry | Group actions, invariants, quotient spaces |
+| 📈 Induction & Analogy | Elementary mathematics, number theory | Inductive proofs, analogical reasoning, pattern recognition |
+| 🖥️ Algorithmic & Computational Thinking | Computation theory, discrete mathematics | Complexity, computability, algorithm paradigms |
+| 📡 Information Theory | Information theory, statistical learning | Entropy, mutual information, coding limits |
+| 🎯 Game Theory | Mathematical economics, mechanism design | Nash equilibrium, incentive compatibility, optimal strategy |
+| 🔗 Causal Inference | Causal inference, statistics | DAGs, do-calculus, intervention analysis |
+| 🌀 Topological Thinking | Topology, algebraic topology | Homotopy, homology, topological invariants |
+| 🧮 Discrete & Combinatorial Thinking | Combinatorics, graph theory | Pigeonhole principle, generating functions, enumeration |
+
+## 7. How to Choose a Thinking Weapon
+
+When facing a problem, the most important first step is not "analyze hard," but "choose the right tool." Here is a selection guide:
+
+### Quick Selection Guide
+
+| Core Problem Characteristic | Most Likely Suitable Thinking Weapon |
+|----------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+| Multi-party interaction; my optimum depends on others | 🎯 Game Theory |
+| Uncertainty / randomness | 🎲 Probability & Statistics |
+| Optimal choice under constraints | ⚖️ Optimization |
+| Difficult to handle from current perspective | 🔄 Transformation |
+| Need to extract essential structure | 🧩 Abstraction |
+| Need rigorous reasoning and verification | 🧠 Logical Deduction |
+| Need to discover patterns from experience | 📈 Induction & Analogy |
+| Need to build a predictive model | 🌉 Modeling |
+| Invariance amid change | ⚛️ Symmetry & Invariance |
+| Need executable steps | 🖥️ Algorithmic & Computational Thinking |
+| Counting / structure over finite objects | 🧮 Discrete & Combinatorial Thinking |
+
+### Using the Activator
+
+If you are unsure which tool to use, simply invoke the math-research-activator via the `/ask` command. It will diagnose the problem, map to modern mathematical structures, recommend the 1–3 most suitable thinking weapons, and perform GPU feasibility filtering. When algorithm / kernel / model code appears in the workspace, the activator will also intervene automatically.
+
+### Path
+
+v2 has removed the "research / life dual-path" and unified into a single research / algorithm path: preserving complete mathematical notation and derivations, and enforcing the GPU 8-dimension gate when used for algorithm / operator design.
+
+## 8. How to Use This Overview
+
+- Start from the problem characteristics: determine whether it is "structural," "dynamic," "stochastic," "interactive," or "countable."
+- Consult the Quick Selection Guide or use the `/ask` command to find the closest thinking weapon.
+- Combined with the "Hierarchical Structure of the Knowledge System," judge whether the current problem is better suited to foundational approaches or frontier methods.
+- If the problem spans multiple categories, invoke multiple thinking weapons simultaneously — e.g., "Modeling + Optimization," "Probability + Causation," "Abstraction + Algorithms."
+- For algorithm / operator design problems, let the activator transfer modern mathematical structures (algebraic geometry / Lie theory / topology, etc.) into the design and pass them through the GPU 8-dimension gate.
+- When studying or reading literature, use this overview as an organizing framework to place scattered concepts into a unified knowledge map.