littlejsengine 1.18.28 → 1.19.3

package/src/engineWebGL.js

@@ -1,942 +1,1006 @@
-/**
- * LittleJS WebGL Interface
- * - WebGL2 rendering engine for high-performance graphics
- * - Batched sprite rendering for drawing thousands of sprites efficiently
- * - Instanced rendering using vertex array objects (VAOs)
- * - Polygon rendering with triangle strip support
- * - Shader system with custom vertex and fragment shaders
- * - Texture management with automatic atlas support
- * - Post-processing effects via framebuffer and shader plugins
- * - Automatic fallback to Canvas2D if WebGL is unavailable
- * - Context loss and restoration handling
- * - Can be disabled with glEnable setting
- * - Advanced users can create custom shaders and render targets
- * @namespace WebGL
- */
-
-'use strict';
-
-/** The WebGL canvas which appears below the main canvas
- *  @type {HTMLCanvasElement}
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-let glCanvas;
-
-/** WebGL2 context for `glCanvas`
- *  @type {WebGL2RenderingContext}
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-let glContext;
-
-/** Should WebGL be setup with anti-aliasing? must be set before calling engineInit
- *  @type {boolean}
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-let glAntialias = true;
-
-// WebGL internal variables not exposed to documentation
-let glShader, glPolyShader, glPolyMode, glAdditive, glBatchAdditive, glActiveTexture, glArrayBuffer, glGeometryBuffer, glPositionData, glColorData, glBatchCount, glTextureInfos, glInstancedVAO, glPolyVAO, glFramebuffer, glRenderTarget, glCanBeEnabled = true;
-
-// WebGL internal constants
-const gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE = 5e5;
-const gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE = 11;
-const gl_INSTANCE_BYTE_STRIDE = gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE * 4;
-const gl_MAX_INSTANCES = gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE / gl_INSTANCE_BYTE_STRIDE | 0;
-const gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX = 3;
-const gl_POLY_VERTEX_BYTE_STRIDE = gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX * 4;
-const gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES = gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE / gl_POLY_VERTEX_BYTE_STRIDE | 0;
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-// Initialize WebGL, called automatically by the engine
-function glInit(rootElement)
-{
-    // keep set of texture infos so they can be restored if context is lost
-    glTextureInfos = new Set;
-
-    if (!glEnable || headlessMode)
-    {
-        glCanBeEnabled = false;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // create the canvas and textures
-    glCanvas = document.createElement('canvas');
-    glContext = glCanvas.getContext('webgl2', {antialias:glAntialias});
-
-    if (!glContext)
-    {
-        console.warn('WebGL2 not supported, falling back to 2D canvas rendering!');
-        glCanvas = glContext = undefined;
-        glEnable = false;
-        glCanBeEnabled = false;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // attach the WebGL canvas;
-    rootElement.appendChild(glCanvas);
-    
-    // startup webgl
-    initWebGL();
-
-    // setup context lost and restore handlers
-    glCanvas.addEventListener('webglcontextlost', (e)=>
-    {
-        glEnable = false; // disable WebGL rendering
-        glCanvas.style.display = 'none'; // hide the gl canvas
-        e.preventDefault(); // prevent default to allow restoration
-        LOG('WebGL context lost! Switching to Canvas2d rendering.');
-
-        // remove WebGL textures
-        for (const info of glTextureInfos)
-            info.glTexture = undefined;
-        glActiveTexture = undefined;
-        // drop any partially-filled batch so the next glFlush doesn't
-        // upload stale glBatchCount against fresh empty buffers on restore
-        glBatchCount = 0;
-        glPolyMode = false;
-        pluginList.forEach(plugin=>plugin.glContextLost?.());
-    });
-    glCanvas.addEventListener('webglcontextrestored', ()=>
-    {
-        glEnable = true; // re-enable WebGL rendering
-        glCanvas.style.display = ''; // show the gl canvas
-        LOG('WebGL context restored, reinitializing...');
-
-        // reinit WebGL and restore textures
-        initWebGL();
-        for (const info of glTextureInfos)
-            info.glTexture = glCreateTexture(info.image, info.wrap);
-        pluginList.forEach(plugin=>plugin.glContextRestored?.());
-    });
-
-    function initWebGL()
-    {
-        // setup instanced rendering shader program
-        glShader = glCreateProgram(
-            '#version 300 es\n' +     // specify GLSL ES version
-            'precision highp float;'+ // use highp for accuracy
-            'uniform mat4 m;'+        // transform matrix
-            'in vec2 g;'+             // in: geometry
-            'in vec4 p,u,c,a;'+       // in: position/size, uvs, color, additiveColor
-            'in float r;'+            // in: rotation
-            'out vec2 v;'+            // out: uv
-            'out vec4 d,e;'+          // out: color, additiveColor
-            'void main(){'+           // shader entry point
-            'vec2 s=(g-.5)*p.zw;'+    // get size offset
-            'gl_Position=m*vec4(p.xy+s*cos(r)-vec2(-s.y,s)*sin(r),1,1);'+ // transform position
-            'v=mix(u.xw,u.zy,g);'+    // pass uv to fragment shader
-            'd=c;e=a;'+               // pass colors to fragment shader
-            '}'                       // end of shader
-            ,
-            '#version 300 es\n' +     // specify GLSL ES version
-            'precision highp float;'+ // use highp for accuracy
-            'uniform sampler2D s;'+   // texture
-            'in vec2 v;'+             // in: uv
-            'in vec4 d,e;'+           // in: color, additiveColor
-            'out vec4 c;'+            // out: color
-            'void main(){'+           // shader entry point
-            'c=texture(s,v)*d+e;'+    // modulate texture by color plus additive
-            '}'                       // end of shader
-        );
-
-        // setup poly rendering shaders
-        glPolyShader = glCreateProgram(
-            '#version 300 es\n' +     // specify GLSL ES version
-            'precision highp float;'+ // use highp for better accuracy
-            'uniform mat4 m;'+        // transform matrix
-            'in vec2 p;'+             // in: position
-            'in vec4 c;'+             // in: color
-            'out vec4 d;'+            // out: color
-            'void main(){'+           // shader entry point
-            'gl_Position=m*vec4(p,1,1);'+ // transform position
-            'd=c;'+                   // pass color to fragment shader
-            '}'                       // end of shader
-            ,
-            '#version 300 es\n' +     // specify GLSL ES version
-            'precision highp float;'+ // use highp for better accuracy
-            'in vec4 d;'+             // in: color
-            'out vec4 c;'+            // out: color
-            'void main(){'+           // shader entry point
-            'c=d;'+                   // set color
-            '}'                       // end of shader
-        );
-
-        // init buffers
-        const glInstanceData = new ArrayBuffer(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE);
-        glPositionData = new Float32Array(glInstanceData);
-        glColorData = new Uint32Array(glInstanceData);
-        glArrayBuffer = glContext.createBuffer();
-        glGeometryBuffer = glContext.createBuffer();
-        glFramebuffer = glContext.createFramebuffer();
-        glBatchCount = 0;
-
-        // create the geometry buffer, triangle strip square
-        const geometry = new Float32Array([0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1]);
-        glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glGeometryBuffer);
-        glContext.bufferData(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, geometry, glContext.STATIC_DRAW);
-        
-        let offset, shader, stride;
-        const initVertexAttrib = (name, type, typeSize, size, divisor=0)=>
-        {
-            const location = glContext.getAttribLocation(shader, name);
-            const normalize = typeSize === 1;
-            const fixedStride = typeSize && stride;
-            glContext.enableVertexAttribArray(location);
-            glContext.vertexAttribPointer(location, size, type, normalize, fixedStride, offset);
-            glContext.vertexAttribDivisor(location, divisor);
-            offset += size*typeSize;
-        }
-
-        // setup VAO for instanced rendering
-        glInstancedVAO = glContext.createVertexArray();
-        glContext.bindVertexArray(glInstancedVAO);
-        
-        // configure instanced vertex attributes
-        offset = 0, shader = glShader, stride = gl_INSTANCE_BYTE_STRIDE;
-        glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glGeometryBuffer);
-        initVertexAttrib('g', glContext.FLOAT, 0, 2); // geometry
-        glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glArrayBuffer);
-        glContext.bufferData(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE, glContext.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
-        initVertexAttrib('p', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 4, 1); // position & size
-        initVertexAttrib('u', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 4, 1); // texture coords
-        initVertexAttrib('c', glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1, 4, 1); // color
-        initVertexAttrib('a', glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1, 4, 1); // additiveColor
-        initVertexAttrib('r', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 1, 1); // rotation
-
-        // setup VAO for poly rendering
-        glPolyVAO = glContext.createVertexArray();
-        glContext.bindVertexArray(glPolyVAO);
-        
-        // configure poly vertex attributes
-        offset = 0, shader = glPolyShader, stride = gl_POLY_VERTEX_BYTE_STRIDE;
-        initVertexAttrib('p', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 2);         // position
-        initVertexAttrib('c', glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1, 4); // color
-    }
-}
-
-function glSetInstancedMode(force=false)
-{
-    if (!force && !glPolyMode) return;
-    
-    // setup instanced mode
-    glFlush();
-    glPolyMode = false;
-    glContext.useProgram(glShader);
-    glContext.bindVertexArray(glInstancedVAO);
-}
-
-function glSetPolyMode()
-{
-    if (glPolyMode) return;
-    
-    // setup poly mode
-    glFlush();
-    glPolyMode = true;
-    glContext.useProgram(glPolyShader);
-    glContext.bindVertexArray(glPolyVAO);
-}
-
-// Setup WebGL render each frame, called automatically by engine
-// Also used by tile layer rendering when redrawing tiles
-function glPreRender(clear=true)
-{
-    if (!glEnable || !glContext) return;
-
-    ASSERT(!glBatchCount, 'glPreRender called with unflushed batch.');
-
-    if (!glRenderTarget)
-    {
-        // set to same size as main canvas
-        glCanvas.width = mainCanvasSize.x;
-        glCanvas.height = mainCanvasSize.y;
-    }
-    glContext.viewport(0, 0, mainCanvasSize.x, mainCanvasSize.y);
-    clear && glClearCanvas();
-
-    // build the transform matrix
-    const s = vec2(2*cameraScale).divide(mainCanvasSize);
-    if (glRenderTarget)
-        s.y = -s.y; // invert y when using render target
-    const rotatedCam = cameraPos.rotate(-cameraAngle);
-    const p = vec2(-1).subtract(rotatedCam.multiply(s));
-    const ca = cos(cameraAngle);
-    const sa = sin(cameraAngle);
-    const transform = [
-        s.x  * ca,  s.y * sa, 0, 0,
-        -s.x * sa,  s.y * ca, 0, 0,
-        1,          1,        1, 0,
-        p.x,        p.y,      0, 1];
-
-    // set the same transform matrix for both shaders
-    const initUniform = (program, uniform, value)=>
-    {
-        glContext.useProgram(program);
-        const location = glContext.getUniformLocation(program, uniform);
-        glContext.uniformMatrix4fv(location, false, value);
-    }
-    initUniform(glPolyShader, 'm', transform);
-    initUniform(glShader, 'm', transform);
-
-    // set the active texture
-    glContext.activeTexture(glContext.TEXTURE0);
-    if (textureInfos[0])
-    {
-        glActiveTexture = textureInfos[0].glTexture;
-        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
-    }
-
-    // rebind the array buffer
-    glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glArrayBuffer);
-
-    // start with additive blending off
-    glAdditive = glBatchAdditive = false;
-
-    // force it to set instanced mode
-    glSetInstancedMode(true);
-}
-
-/** Clear the canvas and setup the viewport
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glClearCanvas()
-{
-    if (!glContext) return;
-
-    // clear using the canvasClearColor
-    const color = canvasClearColor;
-    glContext.clearColor(color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
-    glContext.clear(glContext.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
-}
-
-/** Set the WebGL texture, called automatically if using multiple textures
- *  - This may also flush the gl buffer resulting in more draw calls and worse performance
- *  @param {WebGLTexture} texture
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glSetTexture(texture)
-{
-    // must flush cache with the old texture to set a new one
-    if (!glContext || texture === glActiveTexture) return;
-
-    glFlush();
-    glActiveTexture = texture;
-    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
-}
-
-/** Set the wrap mode (REPEAT or CLAMP_TO_EDGE) on an existing WebGL texture
- *  Flushes the current batch only if the texture is the active one
- *  @param {WebGLTexture} texture
- *  @param {boolean} [wrap] - true for REPEAT, false for CLAMP_TO_EDGE
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glSetTextureWrap(texture, wrap=true)
-{
-    if (!glContext || !texture) return;
-
-    // flush only if changing wrap on the currently bound texture
-    const isCurrent = texture === glActiveTexture;
-    if (isCurrent)
-        glFlush();
-    else
-        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-
-    const wrapMode = wrap ? glContext.REPEAT : glContext.CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, wrapMode);
-    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, wrapMode);
-
-    if (!isCurrent && glActiveTexture)
-        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
-}
-
-/** Compile WebGL shader of the given type, will throw errors if in debug mode
- *  @param {string} source
- *  @param {number} type
- *  @return {WebGLShader}
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glCompileShader(source, type)
-{
-    if (!glContext) return;
-
-    // build the shader
-    const shader = glContext.createShader(type);
-    glContext.shaderSource(shader, source);
-    glContext.compileShader(shader);
-
-    // check for errors
-    if (debug && !glContext.getShaderParameter(shader, glContext.COMPILE_STATUS))
-        throw glContext.getShaderInfoLog(shader);
-    return shader;
-}
-
-/** Create WebGL program with given shaders
- *  @param {string} vsSource
- *  @param {string} fsSource
- *  @return {WebGLProgram}
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glCreateProgram(vsSource, fsSource)
-{
-    if (!glContext) return;
-
-    // build the program
-    const program = glContext.createProgram();
-    glContext.attachShader(program, glCompileShader(vsSource, glContext.VERTEX_SHADER));
-    glContext.attachShader(program, glCompileShader(fsSource, glContext.FRAGMENT_SHADER));
-    glContext.linkProgram(program);
-
-    // check for errors
-    if (debug && !glContext.getProgramParameter(program, glContext.LINK_STATUS))
-        throw glContext.getProgramInfoLog(program);
-    return program;
-}
-
-/** Create WebGL texture from an image and init the texture settings
- *  Restores the active texture when done
- *  @param {HTMLImageElement|HTMLCanvasElement|OffscreenCanvas} [image]
- *  @param {boolean} [wrap] - true for REPEAT, false for CLAMP_TO_EDGE
- *  @return {WebGLTexture}
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glCreateTexture(image, wrap=false)
-{
-    if (!glContext) return;
-
-    // build the texture
-    const texture = glContext.createTexture();
-    let mipMap = false;
-    if (image?.width)
-    {
-        glSetTextureData(texture, image);
-        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-        mipMap = !tilesPixelated && isPowerOfTwo(image.width) && isPowerOfTwo(image.height);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        // create a white texture
-        const whitePixel = new Uint8Array([255, 255, 255, 255]);
-        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-        glContext.texImage2D(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, 0, glContext.RGBA, 1, 1, 0, glContext.RGBA, glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, whitePixel);
-    }
-
-    // set texture filtering
-    const magFilter = tilesPixelated ? glContext.NEAREST : glContext.LINEAR;
-    const minFilter = mipMap ? glContext.LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR : magFilter;
-    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, magFilter);
-    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, minFilter);
-    const wrapMode = wrap ? glContext.REPEAT : glContext.CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, wrapMode);
-    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, wrapMode);
-    if (mipMap)
-        glContext.generateMipmap(glContext.TEXTURE_2D);
-
-    // rebind active texture
-    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
-    return texture;
-}
-
-/** Deletes a WebGL texture
- *  @param {WebGLTexture} [texture]
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glDeleteTexture(texture)
-{
-    if (!glContext) return;
-    
-    glContext.deleteTexture(texture);
-}
-
-/** Set WebGL texture data from an image, restores the active texture when done
- *  @param {WebGLTexture} texture
- *  @param {HTMLImageElement|HTMLCanvasElement|OffscreenCanvas} image
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glSetTextureData(texture, image)
-{
-    if (!glContext) return;
-
-    // build the texture
-    ASSERT(image?.width > 0, 'Invalid image data.');
-    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-    glContext.texImage2D(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, 0, glContext.RGBA, glContext.RGBA, glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
-
-    // keep mipmaps in sync with new level 0 data (same condition as glCreateTexture)
-    if (!tilesPixelated && isPowerOfTwo(image.width) && isPowerOfTwo(image.height))
-        glContext.generateMipmap(glContext.TEXTURE_2D);
-
-    // rebind active texture
-    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
-}
-
-/** Tells WebGL to create or update the glTexture and start tracking it
- *  @param {TextureInfo} textureInfo
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glRegisterTextureInfo(textureInfo)
-{
-    if (headlessMode) return;
-
-    // add texture info to tracking list even if gl is not enabled
-    glTextureInfos.add(textureInfo);
-
-    if (!glContext) return;
-
-    // create or set the texture data
-    if (textureInfo.glTexture)
-        glSetTextureData(textureInfo.glTexture, textureInfo.image);
-    else
-        textureInfo.glTexture = glCreateTexture(textureInfo.image, textureInfo.wrap);
-}
-
-/** Tells WebGL to destroy the glTexture and stop tracking it
- *  @param {TextureInfo} textureInfo
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glUnregisterTextureInfo(textureInfo)
-{
-    if (headlessMode) return;
-
-    // delete texture info from tracking list even if gl is not enabled
-    glTextureInfos.delete(textureInfo);
-
-    // unset and destroy the texture
-    const glTexture = textureInfo.glTexture;
-    textureInfo.glTexture = undefined;
-    glDeleteTexture(glTexture);
-}
-
-/** Draw all sprites and clear out the buffer, called automatically by the system whenever necessary
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glFlush()
-{
-    if (glEnable && glContext && glBatchCount)
-    {
-        // set blend mode
-        const destBlend = glBatchAdditive ? glContext.ONE : glContext.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
-        glContext.blendFuncSeparate(glContext.SRC_ALPHA, destBlend, glContext.ONE, destBlend);
-        glContext.enable(glContext.BLEND);
-        
-        const byteLength = glBatchCount * 
-            (glPolyMode ? gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX : gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE);
-        glContext.bufferSubData(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, glPositionData, 0, byteLength);
-        
-        // draw the batch
-        if (glPolyMode)
-            glContext.drawArrays(glContext.TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, glBatchCount);
-        else
-            glContext.drawArraysInstanced(glContext.TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4, glBatchCount);
-        ++drawCount;
-        primitiveCount += glBatchCount;
-        glBatchCount = 0;
-    }
-    glBatchAdditive = glAdditive;
-}
-
-/** Flush any sprites still in the buffer and copy to main canvas
- *  @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D|OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D} context
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glCopyToContext(context)
-{
-    if (!glEnable || !glContext) return;
-
-    glFlush();
-    context.drawImage(glCanvas, 0, 0);
-}
-
-/** Set anti-aliasing for WebGL canvas
- *  Must be called before engineInit
- *  @param {boolean} [antialias]
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glSetAntialias(antialias=true)
-{
-    ASSERT(!glCanvas, 'must be called before engineInit');
-    glAntialias = antialias;
-}
-
-/** Add a sprite to the gl draw list, used by all gl draw functions
- *  @param {number} x
- *  @param {number} y
- *  @param {number} sizeX
- *  @param {number} sizeY
- *  @param {number} [angle]
- *  @param {number} [uv0X]
- *  @param {number} [uv0Y]
- *  @param {number} [uv1X]
- *  @param {number} [uv1Y]
- *  @param {number} [rgba=-1] - white is -1
- *  @param {number} [rgbaAdditive=0] - black is 0
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glDraw(x, y, sizeX, sizeY, angle=0, uv0X=0, uv0Y=0, uv1X=1, uv1Y=1, rgba=-1, rgbaAdditive=0)
-{
-    // flush if there is not enough room or if different blend mode
-    if (glBatchCount >= gl_MAX_INSTANCES || glBatchAdditive !== glAdditive)
-        glFlush();
-    glSetInstancedMode();
-
-    let offset = glBatchCount++ * gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = x;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = y;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = sizeX;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = sizeY;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = uv0X;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = uv0Y;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = uv1X;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = uv1Y;
-    glColorData[offset++] = rgba;
-    glColorData[offset++] = rgbaAdditive;
-    glPositionData[offset++] = angle;
-}
-
-/** Add an untextured rect to the gl draw list
- *  Zeroes the uvs and rgba so the texture contribution multiplies to 0,
- *  then carries the real color in the additive slot. Works regardless of
- *  which texture is currently bound.
- *  @param {number} x
- *  @param {number} y
- *  @param {number} sizeX
- *  @param {number} sizeY
- *  @param {number} angle
- *  @param {number} rgba - color as 32-bit integer
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glDrawUntextured(x, y, sizeX, sizeY, angle, rgba)
-{
-    glDraw(x, y, sizeX, sizeY, angle, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, rgba);
-}
-
-/** Transform and add a polygon to the gl draw list
- *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points
- *  @param {number} rgba - Color of the polygon as a 32-bit integer
- *  @param {number} x
- *  @param {number} y
- *  @param {number} sx
- *  @param {number} sy
- *  @param {number} angle
- *  @param {boolean} [tristrip] - should tristrip algorithm be used
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glDrawPointsTransform(points, rgba, x, y, sx, sy, angle, tristrip=true)
-{
-    const pointsOut = [];
-    const sa = sin(-angle);
-    const ca = cos(-angle);
-    for (const p of points)
-    {
-        // transform the point
-        const px = p.x*sx;
-        const py = p.y*sy;
-        pointsOut.push(vec2(x + ca*px - sa*py, y + sa*px + ca*py));
-    }
-    const drawPoints = tristrip ? glPolyStrip(pointsOut) : pointsOut;
-    glDrawPoints(drawPoints, rgba);
-}
-
-/** Transform and add a polygon to the gl draw list
- *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points
- *  @param {number} rgba - Color of the polygon as a 32-bit integer
- *  @param {number} lineWidth - Width of the outline
- *  @param {number} x
- *  @param {number} y
- *  @param {number} sx
- *  @param {number} sy
- *  @param {number} angle
- *  @param {boolean} [wrap] - Should the outline connect the first and last points
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glDrawOutlineTransform(points, rgba, lineWidth, x, y, sx, sy, angle, wrap=true)
-{
-    const outlinePoints = glMakeOutline(points, lineWidth, wrap);
-    glDrawPointsTransform(outlinePoints, rgba, x, y, sx, sy, angle, false);
-}
-
-/** Add a list of points to the gl draw list
- *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points in tri strip order
- *  @param {number} rgba - Color as a 32-bit integer
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glDrawPoints(points, rgba)
-{
-    if (!glEnable || points.length < 3)
-        return; // needs at least 3 points to have area
-
-    // flush if there is not enough room or if different blend mode
-    const vertCount = points.length + 2;
-    if (glBatchCount+vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES || glBatchAdditive !== glAdditive)
-        glFlush();
-    ASSERT(vertCount < gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES, 'poly exceeds max batch size');
-    if (vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES) return; // release-build safety net
-    glSetPolyMode();
-  
-    // setup triangle strip with degenerate verts at start and end
-    let offset = glBatchCount * gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX;
-    for (let i = vertCount; i--;)
-    {
-        const j = clamp(i-1, 0, vertCount-3);
-        const point = points[j];
-        glPositionData[offset++] = point.x;
-        glPositionData[offset++] = point.y;
-        glColorData[offset++] = rgba;
-    }
-    glBatchCount += vertCount;
-}
-
-/** Add a list of colored points to the gl draw list
- *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points in tri strip order
- *  @param {Array<number>} pointColors - Array of 32-bit integer colors
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glDrawColoredPoints(points, pointColors)
-{
-    if (!glEnable || points.length < 3)
-        return; // needs at least 3 points to have area
-
-    // flush if there is not enough room or if different blend mode
-    const vertCount = points.length + 2;
-    if (glBatchCount+vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES || glBatchAdditive !== glAdditive)
-        glFlush();
-    ASSERT(vertCount < gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES, 'poly exceeds max batch size');
-    if (vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES) return; // release-build safety net
-    glSetPolyMode();
-  
-    // setup triangle strip with degenerate verts at start and end
-    let offset = glBatchCount * gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX;
-    for (let i = vertCount; i--;)
-    {
-        const j = clamp(i-1, 0, vertCount-3);
-        const point = points[j];
-        const color = pointColors[j];
-        glPositionData[offset++] = point.x;
-        glPositionData[offset++] = point.y;
-        glColorData[offset++] = color;
-    }
-    glBatchCount += vertCount;
-}
-
-/** Set the WebGL render target to the given texture or back to the canvas
- *  @param {WebGLTexture} [texture] - a texture or undefined to use normal glCanvas
- *  @param {boolean} [clear] - should the render target be cleared
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glSetRenderTarget(texture, clear=false)
-{
-    if (texture)
-    {
-        glRenderTarget = texture;
-        glContext.bindFramebuffer(glContext.FRAMEBUFFER, glFramebuffer);
-        glContext.framebufferTexture2D(glContext.FRAMEBUFFER, 
-            glContext.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
-        glPreRender(clear);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        glFlush();
-        glRenderTarget = undefined;
-        glContext.bindFramebuffer(glContext.FRAMEBUFFER, null);
-        glContext.viewport(0, 0, mainCanvasSize.x, mainCanvasSize.y);
-    }
-}
-
-/** Clear out a rectangle area of the WebGL canvas or render target
- *  @param {number} x
- *  @param {number} y
- *  @param {number} width
- *  @param {number} height
- *  @memberof WebGL */
-function glClearRect(x, y, width, height)
-{
-    if (!glEnable) return;
-
-    // Enable scissor test to clear only the specified area
-    glContext.enable(glContext.SCISSOR_TEST);
-    glContext.scissor(x, y, width, height);
-    glContext.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
-    glContext.clear(glContext.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
-    glContext.disable(glContext.SCISSOR_TEST);
-}
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-// WebGL internal function to convert polygon to outline triangle strip
-function glMakeOutline(points, width, wrap=true)
-{
-    if (points.length < 2)
-        return [];
-    
-    const halfWidth = width / 2;
-    const strip = [];
-    const n = points.length;
-    const e = 1e-6;
-    // miter ratio cap (dimensionless, matches SVG/Canvas2D convention)
-    const miterLimit = 10;
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
-    {
-        // for each vertex, calculate normal based on adjacent edges
-        const prev = points[wrap ? (i - 1 + n) % n : max(i - 1, 0)];
-        const curr = points[i];
-        const next = points[wrap ? (i + 1) % n : min(i + 1, n - 1)];
-        
-        // direction from previous to current
-        const dx1 = curr.x - prev.x;
-        const dy1 = curr.y - prev.y;
-        const len1 = (dx1*dx1 + dy1*dy1)**.5;
-        
-        // direction from current to next
-        const dx2 = next.x - curr.x;
-        const dy2 = next.y - curr.y;
-        const len2 = (dx2*dx2 + dy2*dy2)**.5;
-        
-        if (len1 < e && len2 < e)
-            continue; // skip degenerate point
-        
-        // calculate perpendicular normals for each edge
-        const nx1 = len1 > e ? -dy1 / len1 : 0;
-        const ny1 = len1 > e ?  dx1 / len1 : 0;
-        const nx2 = len2 > e ? -dy2 / len2 : 0;
-        const ny2 = len2 > e ?  dx2 / len2 : 0;
-        
-        // average the normals for miter
-        let nx = nx1 + nx2;
-        let ny = ny1 + ny2;
-        const nlen = (nx*nx + ny*ny)**.5;
-        if (nlen < e)
-        {
-            // 180 degree turn - use perpendicular
-            nx = nx1;
-            ny = ny1;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // calculate miter length
-            nx /= nlen;
-            ny /= nlen;
-            const dot = nx1 * nx + ny1 * ny;
-            if (dot > e)
-            {
-                // scale normal by miter length, clamped to miterLimit
-                const miterLength = min(1 / dot, miterLimit);
-                nx *= miterLength;
-                ny *= miterLength;
-            }
-        }
-        
-        // create inner and outer points along the normal
-        const inner = vec2(curr.x - nx * halfWidth, curr.y - ny * halfWidth);
-        const outer = vec2(curr.x + nx * halfWidth, curr.y + ny * halfWidth);
-        strip.push(inner);
-        strip.push(outer);
-    }
-    if (strip.length > 1 && wrap)
-    {
-        // close the loop
-        strip.push(strip[0]);
-        strip.push(strip[1]);
-    }
-    return strip;
-}
-
-// WebGL internal function to convert polys to tri strips
-function glPolyStrip(points)
-{
-    // validate input
-    if (points.length < 3)
-        return [];
-    
-    // cross product helper: (b-a) x (c-a)
-    const cross = (a,b,c)=> (b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y) - (b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x);
-
-    // calculate signed area of polygon
-    const signedArea = (poly)=>
-    {
-        let area = 0;
-        for (let i = poly.length; i--;)
-        {
-            const j = (i+1) % poly.length;
-            area += poly[i].cross(poly[j]);
-        }
-        return area;
-    }
-
-    // ensure counter-clockwise winding (slice first so we don't mutate caller's array)
-    if (signedArea(points) < 0)
-        points = points.slice().reverse();
-
-    // check if point is inside triangle
-    const e = 1e-9;
-    const pointInTriangle = (p, a, b, c)=>
-    {
-        const c1 = cross(a, b, p);
-        const c2 = cross(b, c, p);
-        const c3 = cross(c, a, p);
-        const negative = (c1<-e?1:0) + (c2<-e?1:0) + (c3<-e?1:0);
-        const positive = (c1> e?1:0) + (c2> e?1:0) + (c3> e?1:0);
-        return !(negative && positive);
-    };
-
-    // ear clipping triangulation
-    const indices = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < points.length; ++i)
-        indices[i] = i;
-    const triangles = [];
-    let attempts = 0;
-    const maxAttempts = points.length ** 2 + 100;
-    while (indices.length > 3 && attempts++ < maxAttempts)
-    {
-        let foundEar = false;
-        for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++)
-        {
-            const i0 = indices[(i + indices.length - 1) % indices.length];
-            const i1 = indices[i];
-            const i2 = indices[(i + 1) % indices.length];
-            const a = points[i0], b = points[i1], c = points[i2];
-
-            // check if convex
-            if (cross(a, b, c) < e) continue;
-                
-            // check if any other point is inside
-            let hasInside = false;
-            for (let j = 0; j < indices.length; j++)
-            {
-                const k = indices[j];
-                if (k === i0 || k === i1 || k === i2) continue;
-
-                const p = points[k];
-                hasInside = pointInTriangle(p, a, b, c);
-                if (hasInside) break;
-            }
-            if (hasInside) continue;
-
-            // found valid ear
-            triangles.push([i0, i1, i2]);
-            indices.splice(i, 1);
-            foundEar = true;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        // fallback for degenerate cases
-        if (!foundEar)
-        {
-            let worstIndex = -1, worstValue = Infinity;
-            for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++)
-            {
-                const i0 = indices[(i + indices.length - 1) % indices.length];
-                const i1 = indices[i];
-                const i2 = indices[(i + 1) % indices.length];
-                const value = abs(cross(points[i0], points[i1], points[i2]));
-                if (value < worstValue)
-                {
-                    worstValue = value;
-                    worstIndex = i;
-                }
-            }
-            if (worstIndex < 0) break;
-            
-            const i0 = indices[(worstIndex + indices.length - 1) % indices.length];
-            const i1 = indices[worstIndex];
-            const i2 = indices[(worstIndex + 1) % indices.length];
-            triangles.push([i0, i1, i2]);
-            indices.splice(worstIndex, 1);
-        }
-    }
-    
-    // add final triangle
-    if (indices.length === 3)
-        triangles.push([indices[0], indices[1], indices[2]]);
-    if (!triangles.length)
-        return [];
-
-    // convert triangles to triangle strip with degenerate connectors
-    const strip = [];
-    let [a0, b0, c0] = triangles[0];
-    strip.push(points[a0], points[b0], points[c0]);
-    for (let i = 1; i < triangles.length; i++)
-    {
-        // add degenerate bridge from last vertex to first of new triangle
-        const [a, b, c] = triangles[i];
-        strip.push(points[c0], points[a]);
-        strip.push(points[a], points[b], points[c]);
-        c0 = c;
-    }
-    return strip;
+/**
+ * LittleJS WebGL Interface
+ * - WebGL2 rendering engine for high-performance graphics
+ * - Batched sprite rendering for drawing thousands of sprites efficiently
+ * - Instanced rendering using vertex array objects (VAOs)
+ * - Polygon rendering with triangle strip support
+ * - Shader system with custom vertex and fragment shaders
+ * - Texture management with automatic atlas support
+ * - Post-processing effects via framebuffer and shader plugins
+ * - Automatic fallback to Canvas2D if WebGL is unavailable
+ * - Context loss and restoration handling
+ * - Can be disabled with glEnable setting
+ * - Advanced users can create custom shaders and render targets
+ * @namespace WebGL
+ */
+
+'use strict';
+
+/** The WebGL canvas which appears below the main canvas
+ *  @type {HTMLCanvasElement}
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+let glCanvas;
+
+/** WebGL2 context for `glCanvas`
+ *  @type {WebGL2RenderingContext}
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+let glContext;
+
+/** Should WebGL be setup with anti-aliasing? must be set before calling engineInit
+ *  @type {boolean}
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+let glAntialias = true;
+
+// WebGL internal variables not exposed to documentation
+let glShader, glPolyShader, glPolyMode, glAdditive, glBatchAdditive, glActiveTexture, glArrayBuffer, glGeometryBuffer, glPositionData, glColorData, glBatchCount, glTextureInfos, glInstancedVAO, glPolyVAO, glFramebuffer, glRenderTarget, glShaderObjects = [], glCustomShader, glBatchShader, glProgramCustom, glTransform, glUniformLocations = new Map, glCanBeEnabled = true;
+
+// WebGL internal constants
+const gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE = 5e5;
+const gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE = 11;
+const gl_INSTANCE_BYTE_STRIDE = gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE * 4;
+const gl_MAX_INSTANCES = gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE / gl_INSTANCE_BYTE_STRIDE | 0;
+const gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX = 3;
+const gl_POLY_VERTEX_BYTE_STRIDE = gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX * 4;
+const gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES = gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE / gl_POLY_VERTEX_BYTE_STRIDE | 0;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// Initialize WebGL, called automatically by the engine
+// the sprite vertex shader, shared by the engine's program and every Shader so one vertex layout fits all
+const gl_VERTEX_SOURCE =
+    '#version 300 es\n' +            // specify GLSL ES version
+    'precision highp float;'+        // use highp for accuracy
+    'uniform mat4 m;'+               // transform matrix
+    'layout(location=0) in vec2 g;'+ // in: geometry
+    'layout(location=1) in vec4 p;'+ // in: position/size
+    'layout(location=2) in vec4 u;'+ // in: uvs
+    'layout(location=3) in vec4 c;'+ // in: color
+    'layout(location=4) in vec4 a;'+ // in: additiveColor
+    'layout(location=5) in float r;'+// in: rotation
+    'out vec2 v,l;'+                 // out: uv, and 0 to 1 across the sprite for a Shader's localUV
+    'out vec4 d,e;'+                 // out: color, additiveColor
+    'void main(){'+                  // shader entry point
+    'vec2 s=(g-.5)*p.zw;'+           // get size offset
+    'gl_Position=m*vec4(p.xy+s*cos(r)-vec2(-s.y,s)*sin(r),1,1);'+ // transform position
+    'v=mix(u.xw,u.zy,g);'+           // pass uv to fragment shader
+    'l=g;d=c;e=a;'+                  // pass local uv and colors to fragment shader
+    '}';                             // end of shader
+
+function glInit(rootElement)
+{
+    // keep set of texture infos so they can be restored if context is lost
+    glTextureInfos = new Set;
+
+    if (!glEnable || headlessMode)
+    {
+        glCanBeEnabled = false;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // create the canvas and textures
+    glCanvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+    glContext = glCanvas.getContext('webgl2', {antialias:glAntialias});
+
+    if (!glContext)
+    {
+        console.warn('WebGL2 not supported, falling back to 2D canvas rendering!');
+        glCanvas = glContext = undefined;
+        glEnable = false;
+        glCanBeEnabled = false;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // attach the WebGL canvas;
+    rootElement.appendChild(glCanvas);
+    
+    // startup webgl
+    initWebGL();
+
+    // setup context lost and restore handlers
+    glCanvas.addEventListener('webglcontextlost', (e)=>
+    {
+        glEnable = false; // disable WebGL rendering
+        glCanvas.style.display = 'none'; // hide the gl canvas
+        e.preventDefault(); // prevent default to allow restoration
+        LOG('WebGL context lost! Switching to Canvas2d rendering.');
+
+        // remove WebGL textures
+        for (const info of glTextureInfos)
+            info.glTexture = undefined;
+        glActiveTexture = undefined;
+        // every Shader compiles again on its next draw, and the first flush after restore picks its program again
+        for (const shader of glShaderObjects)
+            shader.program = undefined;
+        glBatchShader = undefined;
+        glProgramCustom = true;
+        glUniformLocations = new Map; // the programs those belonged to are gone
+        // drop any partially-filled batch so the next glFlush doesn't
+        // upload stale glBatchCount against fresh empty buffers on restore
+        glBatchCount = 0;
+        glPolyMode = false;
+        pluginList.forEach(plugin=>plugin.glContextLost?.());
+    });
+    glCanvas.addEventListener('webglcontextrestored', ()=>
+    {
+        glEnable = true; // re-enable WebGL rendering
+        glCanvas.style.display = ''; // show the gl canvas
+        LOG('WebGL context restored, reinitializing...');
+
+        // reinit WebGL and restore textures
+        initWebGL();
+        for (const info of glTextureInfos)
+            info.glTexture = glCreateTexture(info.image, info.wrap);
+        pluginList.forEach(plugin=>plugin.glContextRestored?.());
+    });
+
+    function initWebGL()
+    {
+        // setup instanced rendering shader program
+        glShader = glCreateProgram(gl_VERTEX_SOURCE,
+            '#version 300 es\n' +     // specify GLSL ES version
+            'precision highp float;'+ // use highp for accuracy
+            'uniform sampler2D s;'+   // texture
+            'in vec2 v;'+             // in: uv
+            'in vec4 d,e;'+           // in: color, additiveColor
+            'out vec4 c;'+            // out: color
+            'void main(){'+           // shader entry point
+            'c=texture(s,v)*d+e;'+    // modulate texture by color plus additive
+            '}'                       // end of shader
+        );
+
+        // setup poly rendering shaders
+        glPolyShader = glCreateProgram(
+            '#version 300 es\n' +     // specify GLSL ES version
+            'precision highp float;'+ // use highp for better accuracy
+            'uniform mat4 m;'+        // transform matrix
+            'in vec2 p;'+             // in: position
+            'in vec4 c;'+             // in: color
+            'out vec4 d;'+            // out: color
+            'void main(){'+           // shader entry point
+            'gl_Position=m*vec4(p,1,1);'+ // transform position
+            'd=c;'+                   // pass color to fragment shader
+            '}'                       // end of shader
+            ,
+            '#version 300 es\n' +     // specify GLSL ES version
+            'precision highp float;'+ // use highp for better accuracy
+            'in vec4 d;'+             // in: color
+            'out vec4 c;'+            // out: color
+            'void main(){'+           // shader entry point
+            'c=d;'+                   // set color
+            '}'                       // end of shader
+        );
+
+        // init buffers
+        const glInstanceData = new ArrayBuffer(gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE);
+        glPositionData = new Float32Array(glInstanceData);
+        glColorData = new Uint32Array(glInstanceData);
+        glArrayBuffer = glContext.createBuffer();
+        glGeometryBuffer = glContext.createBuffer();
+        glFramebuffer = glContext.createFramebuffer();
+        glBatchCount = 0;
+
+        // create the geometry buffer, triangle strip square
+        const geometry = new Float32Array([0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1]);
+        glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glGeometryBuffer);
+        glContext.bufferData(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, geometry, glContext.STATIC_DRAW);
+        
+        let offset, shader, stride;
+        const initVertexAttrib = (name, type, typeSize, size, divisor=0)=>
+        {
+            const location = glContext.getAttribLocation(shader, name);
+            const normalize = typeSize === 1;
+            const fixedStride = typeSize && stride;
+            glContext.enableVertexAttribArray(location);
+            glContext.vertexAttribPointer(location, size, type, normalize, fixedStride, offset);
+            glContext.vertexAttribDivisor(location, divisor);
+            offset += size*typeSize;
+        }
+
+        // setup VAO for instanced rendering
+        glInstancedVAO = glContext.createVertexArray();
+        glContext.bindVertexArray(glInstancedVAO);
+        
+        // configure instanced vertex attributes
+        offset = 0, shader = glShader, stride = gl_INSTANCE_BYTE_STRIDE;
+        glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glGeometryBuffer);
+        initVertexAttrib('g', glContext.FLOAT, 0, 2); // geometry
+        glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glArrayBuffer);
+        glContext.bufferData(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, gl_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE, glContext.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+        initVertexAttrib('p', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 4, 1); // position & size
+        initVertexAttrib('u', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 4, 1); // texture coords
+        initVertexAttrib('c', glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1, 4, 1); // color
+        initVertexAttrib('a', glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1, 4, 1); // additiveColor
+        initVertexAttrib('r', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 1, 1); // rotation
+
+        // setup VAO for poly rendering
+        glPolyVAO = glContext.createVertexArray();
+        glContext.bindVertexArray(glPolyVAO);
+        
+        // configure poly vertex attributes
+        offset = 0, shader = glPolyShader, stride = gl_POLY_VERTEX_BYTE_STRIDE;
+        initVertexAttrib('p', glContext.FLOAT, 4, 2);         // position
+        initVertexAttrib('c', glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1, 4); // color
+    }
+}
+
+function glSetInstancedMode(force=false)
+{
+    if (!force && !glPolyMode) return;
+    
+    // setup instanced mode
+    glFlush();
+    glPolyMode = false;
+    glContext.useProgram(glShader);
+    glContext.bindVertexArray(glInstancedVAO);
+}
+
+function glSetPolyMode()
+{
+    if (glPolyMode) return;
+    
+    // setup poly mode
+    glFlush();
+    glPolyMode = true;
+    glContext.useProgram(glPolyShader);
+    glContext.bindVertexArray(glPolyVAO);
+}
+
+// Setup WebGL render each frame, called automatically by engine
+// Also used by tile layer rendering when redrawing tiles
+function glPreRender(clear=true)
+{
+    if (!glEnable || !glContext) return;
+
+    ASSERT(!glBatchCount, 'glPreRender called with unflushed batch.');
+
+    // mainCanvasSize is css pixels, the backing store is scaled by the pixel
+    // ratio, render targets are offscreen so they are never scaled
+    const dpr = glRenderTarget ? 1 : getCanvasPixelRatio();
+    const bufferSizeX = mainCanvasSize.x * dpr | 0;
+    const bufferSizeY = mainCanvasSize.y * dpr | 0;
+    if (!glRenderTarget)
+    {
+        // set to same size as main canvas, only when it changes because
+        // setting it reallocates the drawing buffer and invalidates the frame
+        if (glCanvas.width !== bufferSizeX || glCanvas.height !== bufferSizeY)
+        {
+            glCanvas.width = bufferSizeX;
+            glCanvas.height = bufferSizeY;
+        }
+    }
+    glContext.viewport(0, 0, bufferSizeX, bufferSizeY);
+    clear && glClearCanvas();
+
+    // build the transform matrix
+    const s = vec2(2*cameraScale).divide(mainCanvasSize);
+    if (glRenderTarget)
+        s.y = -s.y; // invert y when using render target
+    const rotatedCam = cameraPos.rotate(-cameraAngle);
+    const p = vec2(-1).subtract(rotatedCam.multiply(s));
+    const ca = cos(cameraAngle);
+    const sa = sin(cameraAngle);
+    const transform = [
+        s.x  * ca,  s.y * sa, 0, 0,
+        -s.x * sa,  s.y * ca, 0, 0,
+        1,          1,        1, 0,
+        p.x,        p.y,      0, 1];
+    glTransform = transform;
+
+    // set the same transform matrix for both shaders
+    const initUniform = (program, uniform, value)=>
+    {
+        glContext.useProgram(program);
+        const location = glContext.getUniformLocation(program, uniform);
+        glContext.uniformMatrix4fv(location, false, value);
+    }
+    initUniform(glPolyShader, 'm', transform);
+    initUniform(glShader, 'm', transform);
+
+    // set the active texture
+    glContext.activeTexture(glContext.TEXTURE0);
+    if (textureInfos[0])
+    {
+        glActiveTexture = textureInfos[0].glTexture;
+        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
+    }
+
+    // rebind the array buffer
+    glContext.bindBuffer(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, glArrayBuffer);
+
+    // start with additive blending off
+    glAdditive = glBatchAdditive = false;
+
+    // force it to set instanced mode
+    glSetInstancedMode(true);
+}
+
+/** Clear the canvas and setup the viewport
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glClearCanvas()
+{
+    if (!glContext) return;
+
+    // clear using the canvasClearColor
+    const color = canvasClearColor;
+    glContext.clearColor(color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
+    glContext.clear(glContext.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+}
+
+/** Set the WebGL texture, called automatically if using multiple textures
+ *  - This may also flush the gl buffer resulting in more draw calls and worse performance
+ *  @param {WebGLTexture} texture
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glSetTexture(texture)
+{
+    // must flush cache with the old texture to set a new one
+    if (!glContext || texture === glActiveTexture) return;
+
+    glFlush();
+    glActiveTexture = texture;
+    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
+}
+
+/** Set the wrap mode (REPEAT or CLAMP_TO_EDGE) on an existing WebGL texture
+ *  Flushes the current batch only if the texture is the active one
+ *  @param {WebGLTexture} texture
+ *  @param {boolean} [wrap] - true for REPEAT, false for CLAMP_TO_EDGE
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glSetTextureWrap(texture, wrap=true)
+{
+    if (!glContext || !texture) return;
+
+    // flush only if changing wrap on the currently bound texture
+    const isCurrent = texture === glActiveTexture;
+    if (isCurrent)
+        glFlush();
+    else
+        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+
+    const wrapMode = wrap ? glContext.REPEAT : glContext.CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, wrapMode);
+    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, wrapMode);
+
+    if (!isCurrent && glActiveTexture)
+        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
+}
+
+/** Compile WebGL shader of the given type, will throw errors if in debug mode
+ *  @param {string} source
+ *  @param {number} type
+ *  @return {WebGLShader}
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glCompileShader(source, type)
+{
+    if (!glContext) return;
+
+    // build the shader
+    const shader = glContext.createShader(type);
+    glContext.shaderSource(shader, source);
+    glContext.compileShader(shader);
+
+    // check for errors
+    if (debug && !glContext.getShaderParameter(shader, glContext.COMPILE_STATUS))
+        throw glContext.getShaderInfoLog(shader);
+    return shader;
+}
+
+/** Create WebGL program with given shaders
+ *  @param {string} vsSource
+ *  @param {string} fsSource
+ *  @return {WebGLProgram}
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glCreateProgram(vsSource, fsSource)
+{
+    if (!glContext) return;
+
+    // build the program
+    const program = glContext.createProgram();
+    glContext.attachShader(program, glCompileShader(vsSource, glContext.VERTEX_SHADER));
+    glContext.attachShader(program, glCompileShader(fsSource, glContext.FRAGMENT_SHADER));
+    glContext.linkProgram(program);
+
+    // check for errors
+    if (debug && !glContext.getProgramParameter(program, glContext.LINK_STATUS))
+        throw glContext.getProgramInfoLog(program);
+    return program;
+}
+
+// a uniform location, looked up once per program
+function glUniformLocation(program, name)
+{
+    let cache = glUniformLocations.get(program);
+    cache || glUniformLocations.set(program, cache = {});
+    return cache[name] ??= glContext.getUniformLocation(program, name);
+}
+
+// a Shader's 2D program, compiled the first time a batch needs it: the snippet's mainImage gives the surface
+// color, then the sprite's color and additive color apply as the engine's own fragment shader does
+function glShaderProgram(shader)
+{
+    return shader.program ||= glCreateProgram(gl_VERTEX_SOURCE,
+        '#version 300 es\n' +
+        'precision highp float;' +
+        'uniform sampler2D iChannel0;' + // the texture
+        'uniform vec3 iResolution;' +    // canvas size in pixels
+        'uniform float iTime;' +         // engine time
+        'in vec2 v,l;in vec4 d,e;out vec4 c;\n' + // a define needs its own line
+        '#define localUV l\n' +
+        shader.fragmentCode + '\n' +
+        'void main(){vec4 t;mainImage(t,v);c=t*d+e;}');
+}
+
+/** Create WebGL texture from an image and init the texture settings
+ *  Restores the active texture when done
+ *  @param {HTMLImageElement|HTMLCanvasElement|OffscreenCanvas} [image]
+ *  @param {boolean} [wrap] - true for REPEAT, false for CLAMP_TO_EDGE
+ *  @return {WebGLTexture}
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glCreateTexture(image, wrap=false)
+{
+    if (!glContext) return;
+
+    // build the texture
+    const texture = glContext.createTexture();
+    let mipMap = false;
+    if (image?.width)
+    {
+        glSetTextureData(texture, image);
+        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+        mipMap = !tilesPixelated && isPowerOfTwo(image.width) && isPowerOfTwo(image.height);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // create a white texture
+        const whitePixel = new Uint8Array([255, 255, 255, 255]);
+        glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+        glContext.texImage2D(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, 0, glContext.RGBA, 1, 1, 0, glContext.RGBA, glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, whitePixel);
+    }
+
+    // set texture filtering
+    const magFilter = tilesPixelated ? glContext.NEAREST : glContext.LINEAR;
+    const minFilter = mipMap ? glContext.LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR : magFilter;
+    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, magFilter);
+    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, minFilter);
+    const wrapMode = wrap ? glContext.REPEAT : glContext.CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, wrapMode);
+    glContext.texParameteri(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glContext.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, wrapMode);
+    if (mipMap)
+        glContext.generateMipmap(glContext.TEXTURE_2D);
+
+    // rebind active texture
+    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
+    return texture;
+}
+
+/** Deletes a WebGL texture
+ *  @param {WebGLTexture} [texture]
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glDeleteTexture(texture)
+{
+    if (!glContext) return;
+    
+    glContext.deleteTexture(texture);
+}
+
+/** Set WebGL texture data from an image, restores the active texture when done
+ *  @param {WebGLTexture} texture
+ *  @param {HTMLImageElement|HTMLCanvasElement|OffscreenCanvas} image
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glSetTextureData(texture, image)
+{
+    if (!glContext) return;
+
+    // build the texture
+    ASSERT(image?.width > 0, 'Invalid image data.');
+    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+    glContext.texImage2D(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, 0, glContext.RGBA, glContext.RGBA, glContext.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
+
+    // keep mipmaps in sync with new level 0 data (same condition as glCreateTexture)
+    if (!tilesPixelated && isPowerOfTwo(image.width) && isPowerOfTwo(image.height))
+        glContext.generateMipmap(glContext.TEXTURE_2D);
+
+    // rebind active texture
+    glContext.bindTexture(glContext.TEXTURE_2D, glActiveTexture);
+}
+
+/** Tells WebGL to create or update the glTexture and start tracking it
+ *  @param {TextureInfo} textureInfo
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glRegisterTextureInfo(textureInfo)
+{
+    if (headlessMode) return;
+
+    // add texture info to tracking list even if gl is not enabled
+    glTextureInfos.add(textureInfo);
+
+    if (!glContext) return;
+
+    // create or set the texture data
+    if (textureInfo.glTexture)
+        glSetTextureData(textureInfo.glTexture, textureInfo.image);
+    else
+        textureInfo.glTexture = glCreateTexture(textureInfo.image, textureInfo.wrap);
+}
+
+/** Tells WebGL to destroy the glTexture and stop tracking it
+ *  @param {TextureInfo} textureInfo
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glUnregisterTextureInfo(textureInfo)
+{
+    if (headlessMode) return;
+
+    // delete texture info from tracking list even if gl is not enabled
+    glTextureInfos.delete(textureInfo);
+
+    // unset and destroy the texture
+    const glTexture = textureInfo.glTexture;
+    textureInfo.glTexture = undefined;
+    glDeleteTexture(glTexture);
+}
+
+/** Draw all sprites and clear out the buffer, called automatically by the system whenever necessary
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glFlush()
+{
+    if (glEnable && glContext && glBatchCount)
+    {
+        // set blend mode
+        const destBlend = glBatchAdditive ? glContext.ONE : glContext.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+        glContext.blendFuncSeparate(glContext.SRC_ALPHA, destBlend, glContext.ONE, destBlend);
+        glContext.enable(glContext.BLEND);
+
+        // a Shader's program for this batch, or the engine's own again after one
+        if (!glPolyMode && (glBatchShader || glProgramCustom))
+        {
+            const program = glBatchShader ? glShaderProgram(glBatchShader) : glShader;
+            glContext.useProgram(program);
+            glProgramCustom = !!glBatchShader;
+            if (glBatchShader)
+            {
+                const uniform = (name)=> glUniformLocation(program, name);
+                glContext.uniformMatrix4fv(uniform('m'), false, glTransform);
+                glContext.uniform1f(uniform('iTime'), time);
+                glContext.uniform3f(uniform('iResolution'), glCanvas.width, glCanvas.height, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        const byteLength = glBatchCount * 
+            (glPolyMode ? gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX : gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE);
+        glContext.bufferSubData(glContext.ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, glPositionData, 0, byteLength);
+        
+        // draw the batch
+        if (glPolyMode)
+            glContext.drawArrays(glContext.TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, glBatchCount);
+        else
+            glContext.drawArraysInstanced(glContext.TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4, glBatchCount);
+        ++drawCount;
+        primitiveCount += glBatchCount;
+        glBatchCount = 0;
+    }
+    glBatchAdditive = glAdditive;
+    glBatchShader = glCustomShader;
+}
+
+/** Flush any sprites still in the buffer and copy to main canvas
+ *  @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D|OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D} context
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glCopyToContext(context)
+{
+    if (!glEnable || !glContext) return;
+
+    glFlush();
+    context.drawImage(glCanvas, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/** Set anti-aliasing for WebGL canvas
+ *  Must be called before engineInit
+ *  @param {boolean} [antialias]
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glSetAntialias(antialias=true)
+{
+    ASSERT(!glCanvas, 'must be called before engineInit');
+    glAntialias = antialias;
+}
+
+/** Add a sprite to the gl draw list, used by all gl draw functions
+ *  @param {number} x
+ *  @param {number} y
+ *  @param {number} sizeX
+ *  @param {number} sizeY
+ *  @param {number} [angle]
+ *  @param {number} [uv0X]
+ *  @param {number} [uv0Y]
+ *  @param {number} [uv1X]
+ *  @param {number} [uv1Y]
+ *  @param {number} [rgba=-1] - white is -1
+ *  @param {number} [rgbaAdditive=0] - black is 0
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glDraw(x, y, sizeX, sizeY, angle=0, uv0X=0, uv0Y=0, uv1X=1, uv1Y=1, rgba=-1, rgbaAdditive=0)
+{
+    // flush if there is not enough room or if different blend mode
+    if (glBatchCount >= gl_MAX_INSTANCES || glBatchAdditive !== glAdditive || glBatchShader !== glCustomShader)
+        glFlush();
+    glSetInstancedMode();
+
+    let offset = glBatchCount++ * gl_INDICES_PER_INSTANCE;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = x;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = y;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = sizeX;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = sizeY;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = uv0X;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = uv0Y;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = uv1X;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = uv1Y;
+    glColorData[offset++] = rgba;
+    glColorData[offset++] = rgbaAdditive;
+    glPositionData[offset++] = angle;
+}
+
+/** Add an untextured rect to the gl draw list
+ *  Zeroes the uvs and rgba so the texture contribution multiplies to 0,
+ *  then carries the real color in the additive slot. Works regardless of
+ *  which texture is currently bound.
+ *  @param {number} x
+ *  @param {number} y
+ *  @param {number} sizeX
+ *  @param {number} sizeY
+ *  @param {number} angle
+ *  @param {number} rgba - color as 32-bit integer
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glDrawUntextured(x, y, sizeX, sizeY, angle, rgba)
+{
+    glDraw(x, y, sizeX, sizeY, angle, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, rgba);
+}
+
+/** Transform and add a polygon to the gl draw list
+ *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points
+ *  @param {number} rgba - Color of the polygon as a 32-bit integer
+ *  @param {number} x
+ *  @param {number} y
+ *  @param {number} sx
+ *  @param {number} sy
+ *  @param {number} angle
+ *  @param {boolean} [tristrip] - should tristrip algorithm be used
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glDrawPointsTransform(points, rgba, x, y, sx, sy, angle, tristrip=true)
+{
+    const pointsOut = [];
+    const sa = sin(-angle);
+    const ca = cos(-angle);
+    for (const p of points)
+    {
+        // transform the point
+        const px = p.x*sx;
+        const py = p.y*sy;
+        pointsOut.push(vec2(x + ca*px - sa*py, y + sa*px + ca*py));
+    }
+    const drawPoints = tristrip ? glPolyStrip(pointsOut) : pointsOut;
+    glDrawPoints(drawPoints, rgba);
+}
+
+/** Transform and add a polygon to the gl draw list
+ *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points
+ *  @param {number} rgba - Color of the polygon as a 32-bit integer
+ *  @param {number} lineWidth - Width of the outline
+ *  @param {number} x
+ *  @param {number} y
+ *  @param {number} sx
+ *  @param {number} sy
+ *  @param {number} angle
+ *  @param {boolean} [wrap] - Should the outline connect the first and last points
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glDrawOutlineTransform(points, rgba, lineWidth, x, y, sx, sy, angle, wrap=true)
+{
+    const outlinePoints = glMakeOutline(points, lineWidth, wrap);
+    glDrawPointsTransform(outlinePoints, rgba, x, y, sx, sy, angle, false);
+}
+
+/** Add a list of points to the gl draw list
+ *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points in tri strip order
+ *  @param {number} rgba - Color as a 32-bit integer
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glDrawPoints(points, rgba)
+{
+    if (!glEnable || points.length < 3)
+        return; // needs at least 3 points to have area
+
+    // flush if there is not enough room or if different blend mode
+    const vertCount = points.length + 2;
+    if (glBatchCount+vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES || glBatchAdditive !== glAdditive)
+        glFlush();
+    ASSERT(vertCount < gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES, 'poly exceeds max batch size');
+    if (vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES) return; // release-build safety net
+    glSetPolyMode();
+  
+    // setup triangle strip with degenerate verts at start and end
+    let offset = glBatchCount * gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX;
+    for (let i = vertCount; i--;)
+    {
+        const j = clamp(i-1, 0, vertCount-3);
+        const point = points[j];
+        glPositionData[offset++] = point.x;
+        glPositionData[offset++] = point.y;
+        glColorData[offset++] = rgba;
+    }
+    glBatchCount += vertCount;
+}
+
+/** Add a list of colored points to the gl draw list
+ *  @param {Array<Vector2>} points - Array of Vector2 points in tri strip order
+ *  @param {Array<number>} pointColors - Array of 32-bit integer colors
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glDrawColoredPoints(points, pointColors)
+{
+    if (!glEnable || points.length < 3)
+        return; // needs at least 3 points to have area
+
+    // flush if there is not enough room or if different blend mode
+    const vertCount = points.length + 2;
+    if (glBatchCount+vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES || glBatchAdditive !== glAdditive)
+        glFlush();
+    ASSERT(vertCount < gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES, 'poly exceeds max batch size');
+    if (vertCount >= gl_MAX_POLY_VERTEXES) return; // release-build safety net
+    glSetPolyMode();
+  
+    // setup triangle strip with degenerate verts at start and end
+    let offset = glBatchCount * gl_INDICES_PER_POLY_VERTEX;
+    for (let i = vertCount; i--;)
+    {
+        const j = clamp(i-1, 0, vertCount-3);
+        const point = points[j];
+        const color = pointColors[j];
+        glPositionData[offset++] = point.x;
+        glPositionData[offset++] = point.y;
+        glColorData[offset++] = color;
+    }
+    glBatchCount += vertCount;
+}
+
+/** Set the WebGL render target to the given texture or back to the canvas
+ *  @param {WebGLTexture} [texture] - a texture or undefined to use normal glCanvas
+ *  @param {boolean} [clear] - should the render target be cleared
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glSetRenderTarget(texture, clear=false)
+{
+    if (texture)
+    {
+        glRenderTarget = texture;
+        glContext.bindFramebuffer(glContext.FRAMEBUFFER, glFramebuffer);
+        glContext.framebufferTexture2D(glContext.FRAMEBUFFER, 
+            glContext.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, glContext.TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
+        glPreRender(clear);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        glFlush();
+        glRenderTarget = undefined;
+        glContext.bindFramebuffer(glContext.FRAMEBUFFER, null);
+
+        // use the backing store size, mainCanvasSize is css pixels and may
+        // still be the render target's size when unwinding a layer redraw
+        glContext.viewport(0, 0, glCanvas.width, glCanvas.height);
+    }
+}
+
+/** Clear out a rectangle area of the WebGL canvas or render target
+ *  @param {number} x
+ *  @param {number} y
+ *  @param {number} width
+ *  @param {number} height
+ *  @memberof WebGL */
+function glClearRect(x, y, width, height)
+{
+    if (!glEnable) return;
+
+    // Enable scissor test to clear only the specified area
+    glContext.enable(glContext.SCISSOR_TEST);
+    glContext.scissor(x, y, width, height);
+    glContext.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    glContext.clear(glContext.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+    glContext.disable(glContext.SCISSOR_TEST);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// WebGL internal function to convert polygon to outline triangle strip
+function glMakeOutline(points, width, wrap=true)
+{
+    if (points.length < 2)
+        return [];
+    
+    const halfWidth = width / 2;
+    const strip = [];
+    const n = points.length;
+    const e = 1e-6;
+    // miter ratio cap (dimensionless, matches SVG/Canvas2D convention)
+    const miterLimit = 10;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        // for each vertex, calculate normal based on adjacent edges
+        const prev = points[wrap ? (i - 1 + n) % n : max(i - 1, 0)];
+        const curr = points[i];
+        const next = points[wrap ? (i + 1) % n : min(i + 1, n - 1)];
+        
+        // direction from previous to current
+        const dx1 = curr.x - prev.x;
+        const dy1 = curr.y - prev.y;
+        const len1 = (dx1*dx1 + dy1*dy1)**.5;
+        
+        // direction from current to next
+        const dx2 = next.x - curr.x;
+        const dy2 = next.y - curr.y;
+        const len2 = (dx2*dx2 + dy2*dy2)**.5;
+        
+        if (len1 < e && len2 < e)
+            continue; // skip degenerate point
+        
+        // calculate perpendicular normals for each edge
+        const nx1 = len1 > e ? -dy1 / len1 : 0;
+        const ny1 = len1 > e ?  dx1 / len1 : 0;
+        const nx2 = len2 > e ? -dy2 / len2 : 0;
+        const ny2 = len2 > e ?  dx2 / len2 : 0;
+        
+        // average the normals for miter
+        let nx = nx1 + nx2;
+        let ny = ny1 + ny2;
+        const nlen = (nx*nx + ny*ny)**.5;
+        if (nlen < e)
+        {
+            // 180 degree turn - use perpendicular
+            nx = nx1;
+            ny = ny1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // calculate miter length
+            nx /= nlen;
+            ny /= nlen;
+            const dot = nx1 * nx + ny1 * ny;
+            if (dot > e)
+            {
+                // scale normal by miter length, clamped to miterLimit
+                const miterLength = min(1 / dot, miterLimit);
+                nx *= miterLength;
+                ny *= miterLength;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // create inner and outer points along the normal
+        const inner = vec2(curr.x - nx * halfWidth, curr.y - ny * halfWidth);
+        const outer = vec2(curr.x + nx * halfWidth, curr.y + ny * halfWidth);
+        strip.push(inner);
+        strip.push(outer);
+    }
+    if (strip.length > 1 && wrap)
+    {
+        // close the loop
+        strip.push(strip[0]);
+        strip.push(strip[1]);
+    }
+    return strip;
+}
+
+// WebGL internal function to convert polys to tri strips
+function glPolyStrip(points)
+{
+    // validate input
+    if (points.length < 3)
+        return [];
+    
+    // cross product helper: (b-a) x (c-a)
+    const cross = (a,b,c)=> (b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y) - (b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x);
+
+    // calculate signed area of polygon
+    const signedArea = (poly)=>
+    {
+        let area = 0;
+        for (let i = poly.length; i--;)
+        {
+            const j = (i+1) % poly.length;
+            area += poly[i].cross(poly[j]);
+        }
+        return area;
+    }
+
+    // ensure counter-clockwise winding (slice first so we don't mutate caller's array)
+    if (signedArea(points) < 0)
+        points = points.slice().reverse();
+
+    // check if point is inside triangle
+    const e = 1e-9;
+    const pointInTriangle = (p, a, b, c)=>
+    {
+        const c1 = cross(a, b, p);
+        const c2 = cross(b, c, p);
+        const c3 = cross(c, a, p);
+        const negative = (c1<-e?1:0) + (c2<-e?1:0) + (c3<-e?1:0);
+        const positive = (c1> e?1:0) + (c2> e?1:0) + (c3> e?1:0);
+        return !(negative && positive);
+    };
+
+    // ear clipping triangulation
+    const indices = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < points.length; ++i)
+        indices[i] = i;
+    const triangles = [];
+    let attempts = 0;
+    const maxAttempts = points.length ** 2 + 100;
+    while (indices.length > 3 && attempts++ < maxAttempts)
+    {
+        let foundEar = false;
+        for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++)
+        {
+            const i0 = indices[(i + indices.length - 1) % indices.length];
+            const i1 = indices[i];
+            const i2 = indices[(i + 1) % indices.length];
+            const a = points[i0], b = points[i1], c = points[i2];
+
+            // check if convex
+            if (cross(a, b, c) < e) continue;
+                
+            // check if any other point is inside
+            let hasInside = false;
+            for (let j = 0; j < indices.length; j++)
+            {
+                const k = indices[j];
+                if (k === i0 || k === i1 || k === i2) continue;
+
+                const p = points[k];
+                hasInside = pointInTriangle(p, a, b, c);
+                if (hasInside) break;
+            }
+            if (hasInside) continue;
+
+            // found valid ear
+            triangles.push([i0, i1, i2]);
+            indices.splice(i, 1);
+            foundEar = true;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // fallback for degenerate cases
+        if (!foundEar)
+        {
+            let worstIndex = -1, worstValue = Infinity;
+            for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++)
+            {
+                const i0 = indices[(i + indices.length - 1) % indices.length];
+                const i1 = indices[i];
+                const i2 = indices[(i + 1) % indices.length];
+                const value = abs(cross(points[i0], points[i1], points[i2]));
+                if (value < worstValue)
+                {
+                    worstValue = value;
+                    worstIndex = i;
+                }
+            }
+            if (worstIndex < 0) break;
+            
+            const i0 = indices[(worstIndex + indices.length - 1) % indices.length];
+            const i1 = indices[worstIndex];
+            const i2 = indices[(worstIndex + 1) % indices.length];
+            triangles.push([i0, i1, i2]);
+            indices.splice(worstIndex, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // add final triangle
+    if (indices.length === 3)
+        triangles.push([indices[0], indices[1], indices[2]]);
+    if (!triangles.length)
+        return [];
+
+    // convert triangles to triangle strip with degenerate connectors
+    const strip = [];
+    let [a0, b0, c0] = triangles[0];
+    strip.push(points[a0], points[b0], points[c0]);
+    for (let i = 1; i < triangles.length; i++)
+    {
+        // add degenerate bridge from last vertex to first of new triangle
+        const [a, b, c] = triangles[i];
+        strip.push(points[c0], points[a]);
+        strip.push(points[a], points[b], points[c]);
+        c0 = c;
+    }
+    return strip;
 }