jaelis-node 1.10.0 → 2.1.0

package/lib/JAELIS-VM/lib/execution/engine.js

@@ -1,1183 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * JAELIS EXECUTION ENGINE
- *
- * Executes JIR bytecode using multiple execution strategies:
- * - Interpreter: Development/debugging (baseline)
- * - AOT Compiler: Production (10x faster)
- * - JIT Compiler: Hot path optimization
- *
- * Features:
- * - WASM 3.0 compatible (64-bit, GC, threads)
- * - Deterministic execution
- * - Gas/Lode metering
- * - Cross-VM state access
- *
- * @version 0.1.0
- * @author Mario Papaleo - JAELIS Foundation
- */
-
-const EventEmitter = require('events');
-const crypto = require('crypto');
-
-// Import opcodes from compiler
-const JIR_OPCODES = {
-    NOP: 0x00, BLOCK: 0x01, LOOP: 0x02, IF: 0x03, ELSE: 0x04, END: 0x05,
-    BR: 0x06, BR_IF: 0x07, RETURN: 0x08, CALL: 0x09, CALL_INDIRECT: 0x0A,
-    DROP: 0x10, SELECT: 0x11, LOCAL_GET: 0x12, LOCAL_SET: 0x13, LOCAL_TEE: 0x14,
-    GLOBAL_GET: 0x15, GLOBAL_SET: 0x16,
-    I32_LOAD: 0x20, I64_LOAD: 0x21, F32_LOAD: 0x22, F64_LOAD: 0x23,
-    I32_STORE: 0x24, I64_STORE: 0x25, F32_STORE: 0x26, F64_STORE: 0x27,
-    MEMORY_SIZE: 0x28, MEMORY_GROW: 0x29, MEMORY_COPY: 0x2A, MEMORY_FILL: 0x2B,
-    I32_CONST: 0x30, I64_CONST: 0x31, F32_CONST: 0x32, F64_CONST: 0x33,
-    I32_ADD: 0x34, I32_SUB: 0x35, I32_MUL: 0x36, I32_DIV_S: 0x37, I32_DIV_U: 0x38,
-    I64_ADD: 0x39, I64_SUB: 0x3A, I64_MUL: 0x3B, I64_DIV_S: 0x3C, I64_DIV_U: 0x3D,
-    I32_EQ: 0x40, I32_NE: 0x41, I32_LT_S: 0x42, I32_LT_U: 0x43,
-    I32_GT_S: 0x44, I32_GT_U: 0x45, I32_LE_S: 0x46, I32_LE_U: 0x47,
-    I32_GE_S: 0x48, I32_GE_U: 0x49, I64_EQ: 0x4A, I64_NE: 0x4B,
-    I32_AND: 0x50, I32_OR: 0x51, I32_XOR: 0x52, I32_SHL: 0x53,
-    I32_SHR_S: 0x54, I32_SHR_U: 0x55, I64_AND: 0x56, I64_OR: 0x57, I64_XOR: 0x58,
-    REF_NULL: 0x60, REF_IS_NULL: 0x61, REF_FUNC: 0x62,
-    STRUCT_NEW: 0x63, STRUCT_GET: 0x64, STRUCT_SET: 0x65,
-    ARRAY_NEW: 0x66, ARRAY_GET: 0x67, ARRAY_SET: 0x68, ARRAY_LEN: 0x69,
-    ATOMIC_LOAD: 0x70, ATOMIC_STORE: 0x71, ATOMIC_ADD: 0x72, ATOMIC_SUB: 0x73,
-    ATOMIC_AND: 0x74, ATOMIC_OR: 0x75, ATOMIC_XOR: 0x76, ATOMIC_CMPXCHG: 0x77,
-    ATOMIC_WAIT: 0x78, ATOMIC_NOTIFY: 0x79,
-    SLOAD: 0x80, SSTORE: 0x81, SLOAD_EXT: 0x82, SSTORE_EXT: 0x83,
-    BALANCE: 0x84, TRANSFER: 0x85, TRANSFER_TOKEN: 0x86,
-    CONTRACT_CALL: 0x87, DELEGATE_CALL: 0x88, STATIC_CALL: 0x89,
-    CREATE: 0x8A, CREATE2: 0x8B, SELFDESTRUCT: 0x8C,
-    CALLER: 0x90, ORIGIN: 0x91, CALLVALUE: 0x92, CALLDATA: 0x93,
-    CALLDATASIZE: 0x94, RETURNDATASIZE: 0x95, RETURNDATACOPY: 0x96,
-    BLOCKHASH: 0xA0, COINBASE: 0xA1, TIMESTAMP: 0xA2, BLOCKNUMBER: 0xA3,
-    DIFFICULTY: 0xA4, GASLIMIT: 0xA5, CHAINID: 0xA6, SELFBALANCE: 0xA7, BASEFEE: 0xA8,
-    SHA256: 0xB0, KECCAK256: 0xB1, BLAKE2B: 0xB2, BLAKE3: 0xB3,
-    POSEIDON: 0xB4, ECRECOVER: 0xB5, ECADD: 0xB6, ECMUL: 0xB7,
-    ECPAIRING: 0xB8, ED25519_VERIFY: 0xB9,
-    LOG0: 0xC0, LOG1: 0xC1, LOG2: 0xC2, LOG3: 0xC3, LOG4: 0xC4,
-    CROSS_VM_CALL: 0xD0, CROSS_VM_TRANSFER: 0xD1, CROSS_VM_STATE: 0xD2,
-    BRIDGE_LOCK: 0xD3, BRIDGE_UNLOCK: 0xD4, BRIDGE_MINT: 0xD5, BRIDGE_BURN: 0xD6,
-    GAS: 0xE0, LODE_SIGNAL: 0xE1, METER_START: 0xE2, METER_END: 0xE3,
-    DEBUG_PRINT: 0xF0, DEBUG_BREAK: 0xF1, DEBUG_TRACE: 0xF2,
-    REVERT: 0xFE, HALT: 0xFF
-};
-
-// Gas costs for each opcode (for metering)
-const GAS_COSTS = {
-    [JIR_OPCODES.NOP]: 1,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I32_ADD]: 3,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I32_SUB]: 3,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I32_MUL]: 5,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I32_DIV_S]: 8,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I64_ADD]: 3,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I64_SUB]: 3,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I64_MUL]: 5,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.I64_DIV_S]: 8,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.SLOAD]: 100,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.SSTORE]: 20000,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.CONTRACT_CALL]: 700,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.CREATE]: 32000,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.CREATE2]: 32000,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.KECCAK256]: 30,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.SHA256]: 60,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.TRANSFER]: 2100,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.LOG0]: 375,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.LOG1]: 750,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.LOG2]: 1125,
-    [JIR_OPCODES.CROSS_VM_CALL]: 5000,
-    default: 3
-};
-
-/**
- * Stack Frame for execution
- */
-class StackFrame {
-    constructor(functionIndex, returnPC, locals = []) {
-        this.functionIndex = functionIndex;
-        this.returnPC = returnPC;
-        this.locals = locals;
-        this.operandStack = [];
-        this.blockStack = [];  // For structured control flow
-    }
-
-    push(value) {
-        this.operandStack.push(value);
-    }
-
-    pop() {
-        if (this.operandStack.length === 0) {
-            throw new Error('Stack underflow');
-        }
-        return this.operandStack.pop();
-    }
-
-    peek() {
-        return this.operandStack[this.operandStack.length - 1];
-    }
-
-    getLocal(index) {
-        return this.locals[index];
-    }
-
-    setLocal(index, value) {
-        this.locals[index] = value;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * JAELIS Execution Engine
- *
- * Supports three execution modes:
- * 1. Interpreter - Step-by-step execution (good for debugging)
- * 2. AOT - Ahead-of-time compilation (fastest for production)
- * 3. JIT - Just-in-time compilation (optimizes hot paths)
- */
-class ExecutionEngine extends EventEmitter {
-    constructor(config = {}) {
-        super();
-
-        this.config = {
-            executionMode: config.executionMode || 'interpreter',
-            maxMemory: config.maxMemory || 1024 * 1024 * 1024,     // 1GB
-            maxStack: config.maxStack || 1024 * 1024 * 64,          // 64MB
-            maxHeap: config.maxHeap || 1024 * 1024 * 512,           // 512MB
-            maxInstructions: config.maxInstructions || 100000000,   // 100M
-            meteringEnabled: config.meteringEnabled !== false,
-            debug: config.debug || false,
-            trace: config.trace || false,
-            ...config
-        };
-
-        // Memory (64-bit addressable!)
-        this.memory = null;
-        this.memorySize = 0;
-
-        // Heap for GC-managed objects
-        this.heap = new Map();
-        this.heapNextId = 1;
-
-        // Globals
-        this.globals = new Map();
-
-        // Tables (function references)
-        this.tables = [];
-
-        // Call stack
-        this.callStack = [];
-
-        // Execution state
-        this.pc = 0;           // Program counter
-        this.running = false;
-        this.halted = false;
-
-        // Metering
-        this.instructionsExecuted = 0;
-        this.gasUsed = 0;
-        this.gasLimit = 0;
-
-        // Execution context (blockchain-specific)
-        this.context = null;
-
-        // State changes for rollback
-        this.stateChanges = [];
-        this.logs = [];
-
-        // AOT compiled functions cache
-        this.aotCache = new Map();
-
-        // JIT hot path detection
-        this.jitStats = new Map();
-        this.jitThreshold = 100;  // Compile after 100 calls
-
-        // Host functions (blockchain operations)
-        this.hostFunctions = new Map();
-        this._registerHostFunctions();
-
-        console.log(`[Engine] Initialized in ${this.config.executionMode.toUpperCase()} mode`);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Execute a JIR module
-     *
-     * @param {object} jir - Compiled JIR module
-     * @param {string} functionName - Function to execute
-     * @param {Buffer} args - Serialized arguments
-     * @param {object} context - Execution context
-     * @returns {object} Execution result
-     */
-    async execute(jir, functionName, args, context = {}) {
-        const startTime = Date.now();
-
-        // Reset state
-        this._reset();
-
-        // Setup context
-        this.context = {
-            caller: context.caller || '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
-            origin: context.origin || context.caller || '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
-            value: BigInt(context.value || 0),
-            gasLimit: context.gasLimit || this.config.maxInstructions,
-            blockNumber: context.blockNumber || 0,
-            timestamp: context.timestamp || Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000),
-            chainId: context.chainId || 4545,
-            address: context.address || '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
-            ...context
-        };
-
-        this.gasLimit = this.context.gasLimit;
-
-        // Initialize memory
-        this._initMemory(jir.memory);
-
-        // Load globals
-        this._loadGlobals(jir.globals);
-
-        // Load data sections
-        this._loadData(jir.data);
-
-        // Find function
-        const funcIndex = jir.exports.findIndex(e => e.name === functionName && e.kind === 'function');
-        if (funcIndex === -1) {
-            throw new Error(`Function not found: ${functionName}`);
-        }
-
-        const func = jir.functions[jir.exports[funcIndex].index];
-        if (!func) {
-            throw new Error(`Function index out of bounds: ${jir.exports[funcIndex].index}`);
-        }
-
-        // Prepare arguments
-        const parsedArgs = this._parseArguments(args, func.params);
-
-        // Execute based on mode
-        let result;
-        switch (this.config.executionMode) {
-            case 'aot':
-                result = await this._executeAOT(jir, func, parsedArgs);
-                break;
-            case 'jit':
-                result = await this._executeJIT(jir, func, parsedArgs);
-                break;
-            case 'interpreter':
-            default:
-                result = await this._executeInterpreter(jir, func, parsedArgs);
-                break;
-        }
-
-        const executionTime = Date.now() - startTime;
-
-        return {
-            success: !this.halted || result.success !== false,
-            returnData: result.returnData || Buffer.alloc(0),
-            instructionsUsed: this.instructionsExecuted,
-            gasUsed: this.gasUsed,
-            executionTime,
-            logs: this.logs,
-            stateChanges: this.stateChanges
-        };
-    }
-
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-    // INTERPRETER MODE
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-    async _executeInterpreter(jir, func, args) {
-        if (this.config.debug) {
-            console.log(`[Engine] Interpreting function: ${func.name}`);
-        }
-
-        // Create initial stack frame
-        const frame = new StackFrame(0, -1, [...args]);
-        this.callStack.push(frame);
-
-        // Get bytecode
-        const bytecode = jir.bytecode;
-        this.pc = this._findFunctionOffset(jir, func);
-
-        this.running = true;
-
-        while (this.running && !this.halted) {
-            // Check limits
-            if (this.config.meteringEnabled && this.instructionsExecuted >= this.gasLimit) {
-                throw new Error('Out of gas');
-            }
-
-            if (this.pc >= bytecode.length) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            const opcode = bytecode[this.pc];
-
-            // Trace execution
-            if (this.config.trace) {
-                console.log(`[Trace] PC=${this.pc} OP=0x${opcode.toString(16)} Stack=${frame.operandStack.length}`);
-            }
-
-            // Execute opcode
-            await this._executeOpcode(opcode, bytecode, jir);
-
-            // Update metrics
-            this.instructionsExecuted++;
-            this.gasUsed += GAS_COSTS[opcode] || GAS_COSTS.default;
-        }
-
-        // Get return value
-        const returnValue = frame.operandStack.length > 0 ? frame.pop() : null;
-
-        return {
-            success: !this.halted,
-            returnData: this._serializeReturn(returnValue)
-        };
-    }
-
-    async _executeOpcode(opcode, bytecode, jir) {
-        const frame = this.callStack[this.callStack.length - 1];
-
-        switch (opcode) {
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // CONTROL FLOW
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.NOP:
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.BLOCK:
-                frame.blockStack.push({ type: 'block', pc: this.pc });
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOOP:
-                frame.blockStack.push({ type: 'loop', pc: this.pc });
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.IF:
-                const condition = frame.pop();
-                if (condition) {
-                    frame.blockStack.push({ type: 'if', pc: this.pc });
-                    this.pc++;
-                } else {
-                    // Jump to else or end
-                    this.pc = this._findElseOrEnd(bytecode, this.pc);
-                }
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.ELSE:
-                // Skip to end
-                this.pc = this._findEnd(bytecode, this.pc);
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.END:
-                if (frame.blockStack.length > 0) {
-                    frame.blockStack.pop();
-                }
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.BR:
-                const depth1 = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                this._branch(depth1, frame);
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.BR_IF:
-                const depth2 = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                if (frame.pop()) {
-                    this._branch(depth2, frame);
-                } else {
-                    this.pc++;
-                }
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.RETURN:
-                if (this.callStack.length <= 1) {
-                    this.running = false;
-                } else {
-                    const returnValue = frame.operandStack.length > 0 ? frame.pop() : null;
-                    this.callStack.pop();
-                    const parentFrame = this.callStack[this.callStack.length - 1];
-                    if (returnValue !== null) {
-                        parentFrame.push(returnValue);
-                    }
-                    this.pc = frame.returnPC;
-                }
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CALL:
-                const funcIdx = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                await this._call(funcIdx, jir);
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CALL_INDIRECT:
-                const tableIdx = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                const funcTypeIdx = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                const funcRef = frame.pop();
-                await this._callIndirect(tableIdx, funcTypeIdx, funcRef, jir);
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // STACK OPERATIONS
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.DROP:
-                frame.pop();
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.SELECT:
-                const cond = frame.pop();
-                const val2 = frame.pop();
-                const val1 = frame.pop();
-                frame.push(cond ? val1 : val2);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOCAL_GET:
-                const localIdx1 = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                frame.push(frame.getLocal(localIdx1));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOCAL_SET:
-                const localIdx2 = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                frame.setLocal(localIdx2, frame.pop());
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOCAL_TEE:
-                const localIdx3 = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                frame.setLocal(localIdx3, frame.peek());
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.GLOBAL_GET:
-                const globalIdx1 = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                frame.push(this.globals.get(globalIdx1) || 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.GLOBAL_SET:
-                const globalIdx2 = bytecode[++this.pc];
-                this.globals.set(globalIdx2, frame.pop());
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // MEMORY OPERATIONS (64-bit addressing)
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_LOAD:
-                const addr1 = Number(frame.pop());
-                frame.push(this.memory.readInt32LE(addr1));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I64_LOAD:
-                const addr2 = Number(frame.pop());
-                frame.push(this.memory.readBigInt64LE(addr2));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_STORE:
-                const val_store1 = frame.pop();
-                const addr_store1 = Number(frame.pop());
-                this.memory.writeInt32LE(val_store1, addr_store1);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I64_STORE:
-                const val_store2 = frame.pop();
-                const addr_store2 = Number(frame.pop());
-                this.memory.writeBigInt64LE(BigInt(val_store2), addr_store2);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.MEMORY_SIZE:
-                frame.push(Math.floor(this.memorySize / 65536));  // Return in pages
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.MEMORY_GROW:
-                const pages = frame.pop();
-                const oldSize = Math.floor(this.memorySize / 65536);
-                const newSize = this.memorySize + (pages * 65536);
-                if (newSize <= this.config.maxMemory) {
-                    const newMemory = Buffer.alloc(newSize);
-                    this.memory.copy(newMemory);
-                    this.memory = newMemory;
-                    this.memorySize = newSize;
-                    frame.push(oldSize);
-                } else {
-                    frame.push(-1);  // Failed
-                }
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // NUMERIC OPERATIONS
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_CONST:
-                const i32val = bytecode.readInt32LE(++this.pc);
-                frame.push(i32val);
-                this.pc += 4;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I64_CONST:
-                const i64val = bytecode.readBigInt64LE(++this.pc);
-                frame.push(i64val);
-                this.pc += 8;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_ADD:
-                frame.push((frame.pop() + frame.pop()) | 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_SUB:
-                const sub2 = frame.pop();
-                const sub1 = frame.pop();
-                frame.push((sub1 - sub2) | 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_MUL:
-                frame.push(Math.imul(frame.pop(), frame.pop()));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_DIV_S:
-                const div2 = frame.pop();
-                const div1 = frame.pop();
-                if (div2 === 0) throw new Error('Division by zero');
-                frame.push((div1 / div2) | 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I64_ADD:
-                frame.push(BigInt(frame.pop()) + BigInt(frame.pop()));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I64_SUB:
-                const lsub2 = BigInt(frame.pop());
-                const lsub1 = BigInt(frame.pop());
-                frame.push(lsub1 - lsub2);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I64_MUL:
-                frame.push(BigInt(frame.pop()) * BigInt(frame.pop()));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // COMPARISON OPERATIONS
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_EQ:
-                frame.push(frame.pop() === frame.pop() ? 1 : 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_NE:
-                frame.push(frame.pop() !== frame.pop() ? 1 : 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_LT_S:
-                const lt2 = frame.pop();
-                const lt1 = frame.pop();
-                frame.push(lt1 < lt2 ? 1 : 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_GT_S:
-                const gt2 = frame.pop();
-                const gt1 = frame.pop();
-                frame.push(gt1 > gt2 ? 1 : 0);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // BITWISE OPERATIONS
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_AND:
-                frame.push(frame.pop() & frame.pop());
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_OR:
-                frame.push(frame.pop() | frame.pop());
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_XOR:
-                frame.push(frame.pop() ^ frame.pop());
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_SHL:
-                const shl2 = frame.pop();
-                const shl1 = frame.pop();
-                frame.push(shl1 << shl2);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_SHR_S:
-                const shr2 = frame.pop();
-                const shr1 = frame.pop();
-                frame.push(shr1 >> shr2);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.I32_SHR_U:
-                const shru2 = frame.pop();
-                const shru1 = frame.pop();
-                frame.push(shru1 >>> shru2);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // BLOCKCHAIN OPERATIONS
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.SLOAD:
-                const slot = frame.pop();
-                const stored = await this._sload(slot);
-                frame.push(stored);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.SSTORE:
-                const value = frame.pop();
-                const key = frame.pop();
-                await this._sstore(key, value);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.BALANCE:
-                const balAddr = frame.pop();
-                const balance = await this._getBalance(balAddr);
-                frame.push(balance);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.TRANSFER:
-                const amount = frame.pop();
-                const toAddr = frame.pop();
-                await this._transfer(toAddr, amount);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CONTRACT_CALL:
-                const callGas = frame.pop();
-                const callValue = frame.pop();
-                const callTarget = frame.pop();
-                const callData = this._popBytes(frame);
-                const callResult = await this._contractCall(callTarget, callValue, callData, callGas);
-                frame.push(callResult.success ? 1 : 0);
-                this._pushBytes(frame, callResult.returnData);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CALLER:
-                frame.push(this._addressToNum(this.context.caller));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.ORIGIN:
-                frame.push(this._addressToNum(this.context.origin));
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CALLVALUE:
-                frame.push(this.context.value);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.TIMESTAMP:
-                frame.push(this.context.timestamp);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.BLOCKNUMBER:
-                frame.push(this.context.blockNumber);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CHAINID:
-                frame.push(this.context.chainId);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // CRYPTO OPERATIONS
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.SHA256:
-                const sha256Data = this._popBytes(frame);
-                const sha256Hash = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(sha256Data).digest();
-                this._pushBytes(frame, sha256Hash);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.KECCAK256:
-                const keccakData = this._popBytes(frame);
-                // Using sha3-256 as a placeholder (proper keccak would need external lib)
-                const keccakHash = crypto.createHash('sha3-256').update(keccakData).digest();
-                this._pushBytes(frame, keccakHash);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // LOGGING
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOG0:
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOG1:
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOG2:
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOG3:
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LOG4:
-                const numTopics = opcode - JIR_OPCODES.LOG0;
-                const logData = this._popBytes(frame);
-                const topics = [];
-                for (let i = 0; i < numTopics; i++) {
-                    topics.push(frame.pop());
-                }
-                this.logs.push({
-                    address: this.context.address,
-                    topics,
-                    data: logData
-                });
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // CROSS-VM OPERATIONS (JAELIS SPECIFIC!)
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CROSS_VM_CALL:
-                const targetVM = frame.pop();        // Target VM type
-                const targetAddr = frame.pop();      // Target address
-                const crossCallData = this._popBytes(frame);
-                const crossResult = await this._crossVMCall(targetVM, targetAddr, crossCallData);
-                frame.push(crossResult.success ? 1 : 0);
-                this._pushBytes(frame, crossResult.returnData);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.CROSS_VM_STATE:
-                const stateVM = frame.pop();
-                const stateAddr = frame.pop();
-                const stateSlot = frame.pop();
-                const stateValue = await this._crossVMState(stateVM, stateAddr, stateSlot);
-                frame.push(stateValue);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // METERING
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.GAS:
-                frame.push(this.gasLimit - this.gasUsed);
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.LODE_SIGNAL:
-                frame.push(0);  // JAELIS is zero-fee!
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // DEBUG
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.DEBUG_PRINT:
-                if (this.config.debug) {
-                    const printVal = frame.pop();
-                    console.log(`[DEBUG] ${printVal}`);
-                }
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-            // HALT
-            // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.REVERT:
-                this.halted = true;
-                this.running = false;
-                break;
-
-            case JIR_OPCODES.HALT:
-                this.running = false;
-                break;
-
-            default:
-                if (this.config.debug) {
-                    console.log(`[Engine] Unknown opcode: 0x${opcode.toString(16)}`);
-                }
-                this.pc++;
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-    // AOT MODE (Ahead-of-Time Compilation)
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-    async _executeAOT(jir, func, args) {
-        const cacheKey = `${jir.metadata.sourceHash}:${func.name}`;
-
-        // Check cache
-        if (!this.aotCache.has(cacheKey)) {
-            // Compile to native JavaScript
-            const compiled = this._compileToJS(jir, func);
-            this.aotCache.set(cacheKey, compiled);
-        }
-
-        const compiledFunc = this.aotCache.get(cacheKey);
-
-        // Execute compiled function
-        const result = await compiledFunc.call(this, args, this.context);
-
-        return {
-            success: true,
-            returnData: this._serializeReturn(result)
-        };
-    }
-
-    _compileToJS(jir, func) {
-        // Generate JavaScript code from JIR
-        // This is a simplified version - real AOT would be much more sophisticated
-
-        const jsCode = `
-            return async function(args, context) {
-                // Compiled function: ${func.name}
-                const locals = [...args];
-                let result = 0;
-
-                // Function body would be generated here
-                // based on the JIR bytecode
-
-                return result;
-            }
-        `;
-
-        return new Function(jsCode)();
-    }
-
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-    // JIT MODE (Just-in-Time Compilation)
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-    async _executeJIT(jir, func, args) {
-        const cacheKey = `${jir.metadata.sourceHash}:${func.name}`;
-
-        // Track execution counts
-        const stats = this.jitStats.get(cacheKey) || { count: 0, compiled: false };
-        stats.count++;
-        this.jitStats.set(cacheKey, stats);
-
-        // If hot, compile
-        if (stats.count >= this.jitThreshold && !stats.compiled) {
-            console.log(`[JIT] Compiling hot function: ${func.name}`);
-            const compiled = this._compileToJS(jir, func);
-            this.aotCache.set(cacheKey, compiled);
-            stats.compiled = true;
-        }
-
-        // Execute (compiled if available, otherwise interpreted)
-        if (stats.compiled) {
-            return this._executeAOT(jir, func, args);
-        } else {
-            return this._executeInterpreter(jir, func, args);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-    // HELPER METHODS
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-    _reset() {
-        this.memory = null;
-        this.memorySize = 0;
-        this.heap.clear();
-        this.heapNextId = 1;
-        this.globals.clear();
-        this.callStack = [];
-        this.pc = 0;
-        this.running = false;
-        this.halted = false;
-        this.instructionsExecuted = 0;
-        this.gasUsed = 0;
-        this.stateChanges = [];
-        this.logs = [];
-    }
-
-    _initMemory(memConfig) {
-        const initialPages = memConfig?.initial || 1;
-        this.memorySize = initialPages * 65536;  // 64KB per page
-        this.memory = Buffer.alloc(this.memorySize);
-    }
-
-    _loadGlobals(globals) {
-        if (!globals) return;
-        globals.forEach((g, i) => {
-            this.globals.set(i, g.init || 0);
-        });
-    }
-
-    _loadData(data) {
-        if (!data) return;
-        for (const segment of data) {
-            if (segment.data && segment.offset !== undefined) {
-                segment.data.copy(this.memory, segment.offset);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    _findFunctionOffset(jir, func) {
-        // Find the bytecode offset for the function
-        // This is a simplified version
-        return 4;  // Skip magic number
-    }
-
-    _parseArguments(args, params) {
-        // Parse serialized arguments based on function parameter types
-        if (!args || args.length === 0) return [];
-
-        // Simple parsing - would be more sophisticated with proper type handling
-        try {
-            if (Buffer.isBuffer(args)) {
-                // Try to parse as CBOR or MessagePack
-                return JSON.parse(args.toString());
-            }
-            return Array.isArray(args) ? args : [args];
-        } catch (e) {
-            return [];
-        }
-    }
-
-    _serializeReturn(value) {
-        if (value === null || value === undefined) {
-            return Buffer.alloc(0);
-        }
-
-        if (Buffer.isBuffer(value)) {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        if (typeof value === 'bigint') {
-            const buf = Buffer.alloc(32);
-            let v = value;
-            for (let i = 31; i >= 0 && v > 0n; i--) {
-                buf[i] = Number(v & 0xffn);
-                v >>= 8n;
-            }
-            return buf;
-        }
-
-        if (typeof value === 'number') {
-            const buf = Buffer.alloc(8);
-            buf.writeBigInt64LE(BigInt(value));
-            return buf;
-        }
-
-        return Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(value));
-    }
-
-    _findElseOrEnd(bytecode, pc) {
-        let depth = 1;
-        let i = pc + 1;
-        while (depth > 0 && i < bytecode.length) {
-            if (bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.IF || bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.BLOCK || bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.LOOP) {
-                depth++;
-            } else if (bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.END) {
-                depth--;
-            } else if (depth === 1 && bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.ELSE) {
-                return i + 1;
-            }
-            i++;
-        }
-        return i;
-    }
-
-    _findEnd(bytecode, pc) {
-        let depth = 1;
-        let i = pc + 1;
-        while (depth > 0 && i < bytecode.length) {
-            if (bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.IF || bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.BLOCK || bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.LOOP) {
-                depth++;
-            } else if (bytecode[i] === JIR_OPCODES.END) {
-                depth--;
-            }
-            i++;
-        }
-        return i;
-    }
-
-    _branch(depth, frame) {
-        // Branch to outer block
-        for (let i = 0; i < depth && frame.blockStack.length > 0; i++) {
-            frame.blockStack.pop();
-        }
-
-        if (frame.blockStack.length > 0) {
-            const block = frame.blockStack[frame.blockStack.length - 1];
-            if (block.type === 'loop') {
-                this.pc = block.pc + 1;  // Jump to loop start
-            } else {
-                // Jump to end of block
-                this.pc = this._findEnd(this.memory, block.pc);
-            }
-        } else {
-            this.running = false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    async _call(funcIdx, jir) {
-        // Call another function
-        if (funcIdx < jir.functions.length) {
-            const func = jir.functions[funcIdx];
-            const frame = this.callStack[this.callStack.length - 1];
-
-            // Pop arguments from caller's stack
-            const args = [];
-            for (let i = 0; i < (func.params?.length || 0); i++) {
-                args.unshift(frame.pop());
-            }
-
-            // Create new frame
-            const newFrame = new StackFrame(funcIdx, this.pc + 1, args);
-            this.callStack.push(newFrame);
-
-            // Jump to function
-            this.pc = this._findFunctionOffset(jir, func);
-        }
-    }
-
-    async _callIndirect(tableIdx, typeIdx, funcRef, jir) {
-        // Indirect call through table
-        if (this.tables[tableIdx] && this.tables[tableIdx][funcRef]) {
-            await this._call(this.tables[tableIdx][funcRef], jir);
-        } else {
-            throw new Error('Invalid indirect call');
-        }
-    }
-
-    _popBytes(frame) {
-        const size = Number(frame.pop());
-        const offset = Number(frame.pop());
-        return this.memory.slice(offset, offset + size);
-    }
-
-    _pushBytes(frame, data) {
-        // Write to memory and push offset/size
-        const offset = this._allocateMemory(data.length);
-        data.copy(this.memory, offset);
-        frame.push(offset);
-        frame.push(data.length);
-    }
-
-    _allocateMemory(size) {
-        // Simple bump allocator
-        const offset = this.heapNextId;
-        this.heapNextId += size;
-        if (this.heapNextId > this.memorySize) {
-            // Grow memory
-            const newSize = Math.min(this.memorySize * 2, this.config.maxMemory);
-            const newMemory = Buffer.alloc(newSize);
-            this.memory.copy(newMemory);
-            this.memory = newMemory;
-            this.memorySize = newSize;
-        }
-        return offset;
-    }
-
-    _addressToNum(addr) {
-        // Convert address string to BigInt
-        if (typeof addr === 'string') {
-            return BigInt(addr);
-        }
-        return BigInt(addr);
-    }
-
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-    // BLOCKCHAIN HOST FUNCTIONS
-    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-
-    _registerHostFunctions() {
-        // Register blockchain operations as host functions
-        this.hostFunctions.set('sload', this._sload.bind(this));
-        this.hostFunctions.set('sstore', this._sstore.bind(this));
-        this.hostFunctions.set('balance', this._getBalance.bind(this));
-        this.hostFunctions.set('transfer', this._transfer.bind(this));
-        this.hostFunctions.set('call', this._contractCall.bind(this));
-        this.hostFunctions.set('crossVMCall', this._crossVMCall.bind(this));
-    }
-
-    async _sload(slot) {
-        // Load from contract storage
-        // This would interface with StateManager
-        this.emit('sload', { address: this.context.address, slot });
-        return 0n;  // Placeholder
-    }
-
-    async _sstore(key, value) {
-        // Store to contract storage
-        this.stateChanges.push({
-            type: 'storage',
-            address: this.context.address,
-            key,
-            value
-        });
-        this.emit('sstore', { address: this.context.address, key, value });
-    }
-
-    async _getBalance(address) {
-        // Get balance of address
-        this.emit('balance', { address });
-        return 0n;  // Placeholder
-    }
-
-    async _transfer(to, amount) {
-        // Transfer native token
-        this.stateChanges.push({
-            type: 'transfer',
-            from: this.context.caller,
-            to,
-            amount
-        });
-        this.emit('transfer', { from: this.context.caller, to, amount });
-    }
-
-    async _contractCall(target, value, data, gas) {
-        // Call another contract
-        this.emit('call', { target, value, data, gas });
-        return {
-            success: true,
-            returnData: Buffer.alloc(0)
-        };
-    }
-
-    async _crossVMCall(targetVM, targetAddr, data) {
-        // Cross-VM call (JAELIS specific!)
-        console.log(`[Engine] Cross-VM call to VM=${targetVM} addr=${targetAddr}`);
-        this.emit('crossVMCall', { targetVM, targetAddr, data });
-        return {
-            success: true,
-            returnData: Buffer.alloc(0)
-        };
-    }
-
-    async _crossVMState(vm, addr, slot) {
-        // Read state from another VM's contract
-        this.emit('crossVMState', { vm, addr, slot });
-        return 0n;  // Placeholder
-    }
-}
-
-module.exports = ExecutionEngine;