iapws-if97 2.2.0 → 2.8.0

package/dist/core/region3-pt.d.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import type { BasicProperties } from '../types.js';
  * @param rho0 - Initial density guess [kg/m³]
  * @returns Basic thermodynamic properties at the converged density
  */
-export declare function solveRegion3StateAtPressure(p: number, T: number, rho0: number): BasicProperties;
+export declare function solveRegion3StateAtPressure(p: number, T: number, rho0: number, pressureLow?: number): BasicProperties;
 /**
  * Compute Region 3 basic properties from pressure and temperature.
  *

package/dist/core/region3-pt.js

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import * as C from '../constants.js';
-import { IF97Error } from '../types.js';
-import { region3ByRhoT } from '../regions/region3.js';
+import { ConvergenceError, IF97Error } from '../types.js';
+import { region3ByRhoT, region3PressureResidual } from '../regions/region3.js';
 import { region3Volume } from '../regions/region3-subregions.js';
+import { saturationPressure, saturationPressurePair } from '../regions/region4.js';
 import { newtonRaphson } from '../solvers/newton-raphson.js';
+import { bracketedNewton } from '../solvers/bracketed-newton.js';
 /**
  * Solve for the Region 3 state at a target pressure and temperature.
  *
@@ -14,9 +16,8 @@ import { newtonRaphson } from '../solvers/newton-raphson.js';
  * @param rho0 - Initial density guess [kg/m³]
  * @returns Basic thermodynamic properties at the converged density
  */
-export function solveRegion3StateAtPressure(p, T, rho0) {
-    // Keyed by ρ, so the residual and its derivative at the same point share one
-    // equation evaluation regardless of the order the solver calls them in.
+export function solveRegion3StateAtPressure(p, T, rho0, pressureLow = 0) {
+    // Cache full EOS properties for the density derivative and final state.
     let cachedRho = Number.NaN;
     let cachedState = null;
     const stateAt = (rho) => {
@@ -26,18 +27,33 @@ export function solveRegion3StateAtPressure(p, T, rho0) {
         }
         return cachedState;
     };
-    const rho = newtonRaphson((rhoGuess) => {
-        if (!Number.isFinite(rhoGuess) || rhoGuess <= 0) {
+    const residual = (rhoGuess) => {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(rhoGuess) || rhoGuess <= 0)
             return Number.NaN;
-        }
-        return stateAt(rhoGuess).pressure - p;
-    }, rho0, (rhoGuess) => {
-        if (!Number.isFinite(rhoGuess) || rhoGuess <= 0) {
+        return region3PressureResidual(rhoGuess, T, p, pressureLow);
+    };
+    const derivative = (rhoGuess) => {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(rhoGuess) || rhoGuess <= 0)
             return Number.NaN;
-        }
         const kappa = stateAt(rhoGuess).isothermalCompressibility;
         return kappa === null ? Number.NaN : 1 / (rhoGuess * kappa);
-    });
+    };
+    let rho;
+    try {
+        rho = newtonRaphson(residual, rho0, derivative, { tolerance: 1e-12 });
+    }
+    catch (error) {
+        // Subcritical brackets can cross a spinodal and change the requested phase.
+        if (!(error instanceof ConvergenceError) || T < C.Tc)
+            throw error;
+        const lower = rho0 / 2;
+        const upper = rho0 * 2;
+        if (!(derivative(lower) > 0 && derivative(upper) > 0 && residual(lower) * residual(upper) <= 0))
+            throw error;
+        rho = bracketedNewton(residual, lower, upper, rho0, {
+            derivative, tolerance: 1e-12, residualTolerance: 0,
+        });
+    }
     return stateAt(rho);
 }
 /**
@@ -55,10 +71,20 @@ export function solveRegion3PTBasic(p, T) {
     if (p === C.Pc && T === C.Tc) {
         return region3ByRhoT(C.RHOc, T);
     }
-    const state = solveRegion3StateAtPressure(p, T, 1 / region3Volume(p, T));
+    const saturation = T < C.Tc ? saturationPressure(T) : null;
+    const pressurePair = p === saturation ? saturationPressurePair(T) : null;
+    const pressureLow = pressurePair?.[0] === p ? pressurePair[1] : 0;
+    const state = solveRegion3StateAtPressure(p, T, 1 / region3Volume(p, T), pressureLow);
     const relErr = Math.abs(state.pressure - p) / p;
-    if (relErr > 1e-6) {
+    if (relErr > 1e-12) {
         throw new IF97Error(`solveRegion3PTBasic: density solve did not converge — target P=${p} MPa, got P=${state.pressure.toFixed(6)} MPa (relErr=${relErr.toExponential(2)})`);
     }
-    return state;
+    const rho = 1 / state.specificVolume;
+    const liquid = saturation !== null && p >= saturation;
+    if ((T < C.Tc && (liquid ? rho <= C.RHOc : rho >= C.RHOc)) ||
+        ![state.cp, state.cv, state.isothermalCompressibility, state.speedOfSound]
+            .every((value) => value !== null && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0)) {
+        throw new IF97Error(`Region 3 numerical inconsistency at p=${p} MPa, T=${T} K: cannot construct the requested stable ${T < C.Tc ? liquid ? 'liquid' : 'vapor' : 'single-phase'} EOS branch`);
+    }
+    return { ...state, pressure: p };
 }

package/dist/core/solve-input-normalization.js

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ function pickNumericAlias(input, shortKey, longKey, label) {
     }
     if (shortValue !== undefined &&
         longValue !== undefined &&
-        !Object.is(shortValue, longValue)) {
+        shortValue !== longValue) {
         throw new IF97Error(`solve input received conflicting values for '${shortKey}' and '${longKey}'`);
     }
     const value = shortValue ?? longValue;
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ function pickNumericAlias(input, shortKey, longKey, label) {
 }
 // Normalize public solve() aliases to the canonical short-key form used internally.
 export function normalizeSolveInput(input) {
+    if (typeof input !== 'object' || input === null) {
+        throw new IF97Error('solve input must be a non-null object');
+    }
     const raw = input;
     switch (input.mode) {
         case 'PT':

package/dist/core/solver.d.ts

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 /**
  * Main IF97 solve dispatcher.
- * Computes full thermodynamic state including transport properties.
+ * Computes basic or full thermodynamic states.
  */
-import type { SteamState, SolveInput } from '../types.js';
+import type { BasicProperties, SteamState, SolveInput } from '../types.js';
 /**
- * Solve for full thermodynamic state given pressure and temperature.
- *
- * @param p - Pressure [MPa]
- * @param T - Temperature [K]
- * @returns Complete steam state with transport properties
+ * Solve for full thermodynamic state given pressure [MPa] and temperature [K].
  */
 export declare function solvePT(p: number, T: number): SteamState;
 /**
- * Unified solver: compute full thermodynamic state from any supported input pair.
- * Routes to the correct solver based on input mode, enriches with transport properties,
- * and accepts either shorthand or long-form input field names.
+ * Compute basic thermodynamic properties from any supported input pair.
+ * Accepts either shorthand or long-form input field names, without transport enrichment.
  */
+export declare function solveBasic(input: SolveInput): BasicProperties;
+/** Compute the full thermodynamic state, including transport properties. */
 export declare function solve(input: SolveInput): SteamState;

package/dist/core/solver.js

@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ function enrichState(basic) {
     };
 }
 /**
- * Solve for full thermodynamic state given pressure and temperature.
+ * Solve for basic thermodynamic state given pressure and temperature.
  *
  * @param p - Pressure [MPa]
  * @param T - Temperature [K]
- * @returns Complete steam state with transport properties
+ * @returns Basic thermodynamic properties without transport
  */
-export function solvePT(p, T) {
+function solvePTBasic(p, T) {
     assertFiniteNumber('Pressure', p);
     assertFiniteNumber('Temperature', T);
     if (p < C.P_MIN || p > C.P_MAX) {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export function solvePT(p, T) {
     if (T > C.R5_T_MIN && p > C.R5_P_MAX) {
         throw new OutOfRangeError('Pressure', p, C.P_MIN, C.R5_P_MAX);
     }
-    if (Math.abs(T - C.Tc) < C.CRITICAL_T_EXCLUSION_BAND && Math.abs(p - C.Pc) < 1e-9) {
+    if (T === C.Tc && p === C.Pc) {
         throw new IF97Error(`solvePT does not support the exact critical point P=${C.Pc} MPa, T=${C.Tc} K because derivative properties become singular`);
     }
     const region = detectRegionPT(p, T);
@@ -83,25 +83,34 @@ export function solvePT(p, T) {
         default:
             throw new IF97Error(`Cannot determine region for P=${p} MPa, T=${T} K`);
     }
-    return enrichState(basic);
+    return basic;
 }
 /**
- * Unified solver: compute full thermodynamic state from any supported input pair.
- * Routes to the correct solver based on input mode, enriches with transport properties,
- * and accepts either shorthand or long-form input field names.
+ * Solve for full thermodynamic state given pressure [MPa] and temperature [K].
  */
-export function solve(input) {
+export function solvePT(p, T) {
+    return enrichState(solvePTBasic(p, T));
+}
+/**
+ * Compute basic thermodynamic properties from any supported input pair.
+ * Accepts either shorthand or long-form input field names, without transport enrichment.
+ */
+export function solveBasic(input) {
     const normalized = normalizeSolveInput(input);
     switch (normalized.mode) {
-        case 'PT': return solvePT(normalized.p, normalized.T);
-        case 'PH': return enrichState(solvePH(normalized.p, normalized.h));
-        case 'PS': return enrichState(solvePS(normalized.p, normalized.s));
-        case 'HS': return enrichState(solveHS(normalized.h, normalized.s));
-        case 'Px': return enrichState(solvePx(normalized.p, normalized.x));
-        case 'Tx': return enrichState(solveTx(normalized.T, normalized.x));
-        case 'TH': return enrichState(solveTH(normalized.T, normalized.h));
-        case 'TS': return enrichState(solveTS(normalized.T, normalized.s));
+        case 'PT': return solvePTBasic(normalized.p, normalized.T);
+        case 'PH': return solvePH(normalized.p, normalized.h);
+        case 'PS': return solvePS(normalized.p, normalized.s);
+        case 'HS': return solveHS(normalized.h, normalized.s);
+        case 'Px': return solvePx(normalized.p, normalized.x);
+        case 'Tx': return solveTx(normalized.T, normalized.x);
+        case 'TH': return solveTH(normalized.T, normalized.h);
+        case 'TS': return solveTS(normalized.T, normalized.s);
         default:
             throw new IF97Error(`Unsupported solve mode: ${input.mode ?? 'undefined'}`);
     }
 }
+/** Compute the full thermodynamic state, including transport properties. */
+export function solve(input) {
+    return enrichState(solveBasic(input));
+}

package/dist/detect.d.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,18 @@
+import type { Region } from './types.js';
+export { detectRegionPT } from './core/region-detector.js';
+export { detectRegionPH, detectRegionPS } from './backward/pressure-property-region.js';
+export { detectRegionHS } from './backward/hs-region.js';
 /**
- * Public region-detection helper exports.
+ * Detect the region only when T and h identify a unique physical state.
+ * @returns Region number (1–5) or -1 if no valid state exists
+ * @throws {AmbiguousStateError} if multiple physical states match, even in one region
+ * @throws {IF97Error} if numerical state construction fails, including near-critical saturation endpoints
  */
-export { detectRegionPT, detectRegionPH, detectRegionPS, detectRegionHS, detectRegionTH, detectRegionTS, } from './core/region-detector.js';
+export declare function detectRegionTH(T: number, h: number): Region | -1;
+/**
+ * Detect the region only when T and s identify a unique physical state.
+ * @returns Region number (1–5) or -1 if no valid state exists
+ * @throws {AmbiguousStateError} if multiple physical states match, even in one region
+ * @throws {IF97Error} if numerical state construction fails, including near-critical saturation endpoints
+ */
+export declare function detectRegionTS(T: number, s: number): Region | -1;

package/dist/detect.js

@@ -1,4 +1,38 @@
+/** Public region-detection helper exports. */
+import { uniqueFixedTemperatureState } from './backward/fixed-temperature-candidates.js';
+import { OutOfRangeError } from './types.js';
+export { detectRegionPT } from './core/region-detector.js';
+export { detectRegionPH, detectRegionPS } from './backward/pressure-property-region.js';
+export { detectRegionHS } from './backward/hs-region.js';
 /**
- * Public region-detection helper exports.
+ * Detect the region only when T and h identify a unique physical state.
+ * @returns Region number (1–5) or -1 if no valid state exists
+ * @throws {AmbiguousStateError} if multiple physical states match, even in one region
+ * @throws {IF97Error} if numerical state construction fails, including near-critical saturation endpoints
  */
-export { detectRegionPT, detectRegionPH, detectRegionPS, detectRegionHS, detectRegionTH, detectRegionTS, } from './core/region-detector.js';
+export function detectRegionTH(T, h) {
+    try {
+        return uniqueFixedTemperatureState(T, h, 'enthalpy')?.region ?? -1;
+    }
+    catch (error) {
+        if (error instanceof OutOfRangeError)
+            return -1;
+        throw error;
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Detect the region only when T and s identify a unique physical state.
+ * @returns Region number (1–5) or -1 if no valid state exists
+ * @throws {AmbiguousStateError} if multiple physical states match, even in one region
+ * @throws {IF97Error} if numerical state construction fails, including near-critical saturation endpoints
+ */
+export function detectRegionTS(T, s) {
+    try {
+        return uniqueFixedTemperatureState(T, s, 'entropy')?.region ?? -1;
+    }
+    catch (error) {
+        if (error instanceof OutOfRangeError)
+            return -1;
+        throw error;
+    }
+}

package/dist/errors.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { IF97Error, type Region } from './types.js';
+export declare class SaturationEndpointError extends IF97Error {
+}
+export declare class NumericalStateError extends IF97Error {
+}
+export declare class RegionMismatchError extends IF97Error {
+    readonly solverName: string;
+    readonly actualRegion: Region | -1;
+    readonly expectedRegion: Region;
+    constructor(solverName: string, actualRegion: Region | -1, expectedRegion: Region);
+}

package/dist/errors.js

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { IF97Error } from './types.js';
+export class SaturationEndpointError extends IF97Error {
+}
+export class NumericalStateError extends IF97Error {
+}
+export class RegionMismatchError extends IF97Error {
+    solverName;
+    actualRegion;
+    expectedRegion;
+    constructor(solverName, actualRegion, expectedRegion) {
+        super(`${solverName} produced a PT state in Region ${actualRegion}, not Region ${expectedRegion}`);
+        this.solverName = solverName;
+        this.actualRegion = actualRegion;
+        this.expectedRegion = expectedRegion;
+    }
+}

package/dist/gas-constant.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/** Specific gas constant for water [kJ/(kg·K)].
+ *  IAPWS-IF97, §2 (Table 1). Fixed value for IF97 internal consistency.
+ *  Do not replace transport correlations with this value; thermal conductivity
+ *  critical enhancement intentionally uses `R_IAPWS_2011_THERMAL`. */
+export declare const R = 0.461526;

package/dist/gas-constant.js

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/** Specific gas constant for water [kJ/(kg·K)].
+ *  IAPWS-IF97, §2 (Table 1). Fixed value for IF97 internal consistency.
+ *  Do not replace transport correlations with this value; thermal conductivity
+ *  critical enhancement intentionally uses `R_IAPWS_2011_THERMAL`. */
+export const R = 0.461526;

package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@
  *
  * Public API exports.
  */
-import type { SteamState, SolveInput } from './types.js';
-export declare function solvePT(p: number, T: number): SteamState;
-export declare function solve(input: SolveInput): SteamState;
+import type { SteamState } from './types.js';
+export { solve, solveBasic, solvePT } from './core/solver.js';
 export declare function solvePH(p: number, h: number): SteamState;
 export declare function solvePS(p: number, s: number): SteamState;
 export declare function solveHS(h: number, s: number): SteamState;
@@ -13,5 +12,5 @@ export declare function solveTH(T: number, h: number): SteamState;
 export declare function solveTS(T: number, s: number): SteamState;
 export declare function solvePx(p: number, x: number): SteamState;
 export declare function solveTx(T: number, x: number): SteamState;
-export type { SteamState, SolveInput } from './types.js';
-export { Region, IF97Error, OutOfRangeError, ConvergenceError } from './types.js';
+export type { BasicProperties, SaturationEndpoints, SteamState, SolveInput } from './types.js';
+export { Region, IF97Error, AmbiguousStateError, OutOfRangeError, ConvergenceError } from './types.js';

package/dist/index.js

@@ -1,36 +1,25 @@
-import { solve as solveAny, solvePT as solvePTInternal } from './core/solver.js';
-import { normalizePublicState } from './core/public-normalization.js';
-function normalizeSteamState(state) {
-    return normalizePublicState(state);
-}
+import { solve as solveAny } from './core/solver.js';
 // Core solvers
-// Normalize only at the public package boundary so internal solver math
-// keeps full raw precision during iteration and region transitions.
-export function solvePT(p, T) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solvePTInternal(p, T));
-}
-export function solve(input) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny(input));
-}
+export { solve, solveBasic, solvePT } from './core/solver.js';
 export function solvePH(p, h) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny({ mode: 'PH', p, h }));
+    return solveAny({ mode: 'PH', p, h });
 }
 export function solvePS(p, s) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny({ mode: 'PS', p, s }));
+    return solveAny({ mode: 'PS', p, s });
 }
 export function solveHS(h, s) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny({ mode: 'HS', h, s }));
+    return solveAny({ mode: 'HS', h, s });
 }
 export function solveTH(T, h) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny({ mode: 'TH', T, h }));
+    return solveAny({ mode: 'TH', T, h });
 }
 export function solveTS(T, s) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny({ mode: 'TS', T, s }));
+    return solveAny({ mode: 'TS', T, s });
 }
 export function solvePx(p, x) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny({ mode: 'Px', p, x }));
+    return solveAny({ mode: 'Px', p, x });
 }
 export function solveTx(T, x) {
-    return normalizeSteamState(solveAny({ mode: 'Tx', T, x }));
+    return solveAny({ mode: 'Tx', T, x });
 }
-export { Region, IF97Error, OutOfRangeError, ConvergenceError } from './types.js';
+export { Region, IF97Error, AmbiguousStateError, OutOfRangeError, ConvergenceError } from './types.js';

package/dist/regions/region1.d.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
  *
  * Reference: IAPWS-IF97, Section 5 (Equations for Region 1)
  */
-import type { BasicProperties } from '../types.js';
+import type { BasicProperties, CoefficientTable } from '../types.js';
+export declare const COEFFICIENTS: CoefficientTable;
 /**
  * Compute Region 1 thermodynamic properties from pressure and temperature.
  *

package/dist/regions/region1.js

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import { R } from '../constants.js';
 import { Region } from '../types.js';
 // ─── Coefficient Table (Table 2, IAPWS-IF97) ───────────────────────────────
-const COEFFICIENTS = [
+export const COEFFICIENTS = [
     [0, -2, 0.14632971213167],
     [0, -1, -0.84548187169114],
     [0, 0, -3.756360367204],

package/dist/regions/region2.d.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
  *
  * Reference: IAPWS-IF97, Section 6 (Equations for Region 2)
  */
-import type { BasicProperties } from '../types.js';
+import type { BasicProperties, CoefficientTable } from '../types.js';
+export declare const RESIDUAL_COEFFICIENTS: CoefficientTable;
 /**
  * Compute Region 2 thermodynamic properties from pressure and temperature.
  *

package/dist/regions/region2.js

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const IDEAL_COEFFICIENTS = [
     [3, 0.021268463753307],
 ];
 // ─── Residual Part Coefficients (Table 11) ──────────────────────────────────
-const RESIDUAL_COEFFICIENTS = [
+export const RESIDUAL_COEFFICIENTS = [
     [1, 0, -1.7731742473213e-3],
     [1, 1, -0.017834862292358],
     [1, 2, -0.045996013696365],

package/dist/regions/region3-data.js

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export const R3L = {
 };
 export const R3M = {
     pStar: 23, tStar: 650, vStar: 0.0028, piShift: 1, sigShift: 0.997, sigExp: 0.25,
-    IJN: [[0, 0, 0.811384363481847], [3, 0, -0.568199310990094e4], [8, 0, -0.178657198172556e11], [20, 2, 0.795537657613427e32], [1, 5, -0.814568209346872e5], [3, 5, -0.659774567602874e8], [4, 5, -0.152861148659302e11], [5, 5, -0.560165667510446e12], [1, 6, 0.458384828593949e6], [6, 6, -0.385754000383848e14], [2, 7, 0.453735800004273e8], [4, 8, 0.939454935735563e12], [14, 8, 0.266572856432938e28], [2, 10, -0.547578313899097e10], [5, 10, 0.200725701112386e15], [3, 12, 0.185007245563239e13], [0, 14, 0.185135446828337e9], [1, 14, -0.170451090076385e12], [1, 18, 0.157890366037614e15], [1, 20, -0.202530509748774e16], [28, 20, 0.368193926183570e60], [2, 22, 0.170215539458936e18], [16, 22, 0.639234909918741e42], [0, 24, -0.821698160721956e15], [5, 24, -0.795260241872306e24], [0, 28, 0.233415869478510e18], [3, 28, -0.600079934586803e23], [4, 28, 0.594584382273384e25], [12, 28, 0.189461279349492e40], [16, 28, -0.810093428842645e46], [1, 32, 0.188813911076809e22], [8, 32, 0.111052244098768e36], [14, 32, 0.291133958602503e46], [0, 36, -0.329421923951460e22], [2, 36, -0.137570282536696e26], [3, 36, 0.181508996303902e28], [4, 36, -0.346865122768353e30], [8, 36, -0.211961141774260e38], [14, 36, -0.128617899887675e49], [24, 36, 0.479817895699239e65]]
+    IJN: [[0, 0, 0.811384363481847], [3, 0, -0.568199310990094e4], [8, 0, -0.178657198172556e11], [20, 2, 0.795537657613427e32], [1, 5, -0.814568209346872e5], [3, 5, -0.659774567602874e8], [4, 5, -0.152861148659302e11], [5, 5, -0.560165667510446e12], [1, 6, 0.458384828593949e6], [6, 6, -0.385754000383848e14], [2, 7, 0.453735800004273e8], [4, 8, 0.939454935735563e12], [14, 8, 0.266572856432938e28], [2, 10, -0.547578313899097e10], [5, 10, 0.200725701112386e15], [3, 12, 0.185007245563239e13], [0, 14, 0.185135446828337e9], [1, 14, -0.170451090076385e12], [1, 18, 0.157890366037614e15], [1, 20, -0.202530509748774e16], [28, 20, 0.368193926183570e60], [2, 22, 0.170215539458936e18], [16, 22, 0.639234909918741e42], [0, 24, -0.821698160721956e15], [5, 24, -0.795260241872306e24], [0, 28, 0.233415869478510e18], [3, 28, -0.600079934586803e23], [4, 28, 0.594584382273384e25], [12, 28, 0.189461279349492e40], [16, 28, -0.810093428842645e46], [1, 32, 0.188813911076809e22], [8, 32, 0.111052244098768e36], [14, 32, 0.291133958602503e46], [0, 36, -0.329421923951460e22], [2, 36, -0.137570282536696e26], [3, 36, 0.181508996303902e28], [4, 36, -0.346865122768353e30], [8, 36, -0.211961148774260e38], [14, 36, -0.128617899887675e49], [24, 36, 0.479817895699239e65]]
 };
 export const R3N = {
     pStar: 23, tStar: 650, vStar: 0.0031, piShift: 0.976, sigShift: 0.997, transform: 'exp',
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export const R3N = {
 };
 export const R3O = {
     pStar: 23, tStar: 650, vStar: 0.0034, piShift: 0.974, sigShift: 0.996, piExp: 0.5,
-    IJN: [[0, -12, 0.128746023979718e-34], [0, -4, -0.735234770382342e-11], [0, -1, 0.289078692149150e-2], [2, -1, 0.244482731907223], [3, -10, 0.141733492030985e-23], [4, -12, -0.354533853059476e-28], [4, -8, -0.594539202901431e-17], [4, -5, -0.585188401782779e-8], [4, -4, 0.201377325411803e-5], [4, -1, 0.138647388209306e1], [5, -4, -0.173959365084772e-4], [5, -3, 0.137680878349369e-2], [6, -8, 0.814897605805513e-14], [7, -12, 0.425596631351839e-25], [8, -10, -0.387449113787755e-17], [8, -8, 0.139814730240000e-12], [8, -4, -0.171849638951521e-2], [10, -12, 0.641890529513296e-21], [10, -8, 0.118960578072018e-10], [14, -12, -0.155282762571611e-17], [14, -8, 0.233907907347507e-7], [20, -12, -0.174093247766213e-12], [20, -10, 0.377682649089149e-8], [24, -12, -0.516720236575302e-10]]
+    IJN: [[0, -12, 0.128746023979718e-34], [0, -4, -0.735234770382342e-11], [0, -1, 0.289078692149150e-2], [2, -1, 0.244482731907223], [3, -10, 0.141733492030985e-23], [4, -12, -0.354533853059476e-28], [4, -8, -0.594539202901431e-17], [4, -5, -0.585188401782779e-8], [4, -4, 0.201377325411803e-5], [4, -1, 0.138647388209306e1], [5, -4, -0.173959365084772e-4], [5, -3, 0.137680878349369e-2], [6, -8, 0.814897605805513e-14], [7, -12, 0.425596631351839e-25], [8, -10, -0.387449113787755e-17], [8, -8, 0.139814747930240e-12], [8, -4, -0.171849638951521e-2], [10, -12, 0.641890529513296e-21], [10, -8, 0.118960578072018e-10], [14, -12, -0.155282762571611e-17], [14, -8, 0.233907907347507e-7], [20, -12, -0.174093247766213e-12], [20, -10, 0.377682649089149e-8], [24, -12, -0.516720236575302e-10]]
 };
 export const R3P = {
     pStar: 23, tStar: 650, vStar: 0.0041, piShift: 0.972, sigShift: 0.997, piExp: 0.5,
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ export const R3V = {
 };
 export const R3W = {
     pStar: 23, tStar: 650, vStar: 0.0039, piShift: 0.959, sigShift: 0.995, transform: 'pow4',
-    IJN: [[-12, 8, -0.586219133817016e-7], [-12, 14, -0.894460355005526e11], [-10, -1, 0.531168037519774e-30], [-10, 8, 0.109892402329239], [-8, 6, -0.575368389425212e-1], [-8, 8, 0.228276853990249e5], [-8, 14, -0.158548609655002e19], [-6, -4, 0.329865748576503e-27], [-6, -3, -0.634987981190669e-24], [-6, 2, 0.615762068640611e-8], [-6, 8, -0.961109240985747e8], [-5, -10, -0.406274286652625e-44], [-4, -1, -0.471103725498077e-12], [-4, 3, 0.725937724828145], [-3, -10, 0.187768525763682e-38], [-3, 3, -0.103308436323771e4], [-2, 1, -0.662552816342168e-1], [-2, 2, 0.579514041765710e3], [-1, -8, 0.237416732616644e-26], [-1, -4, 0.271700235739893e-14], [-1, 1, -0.907886213498360e2], [0, -12, -0.171242509570207e-36], [0, 1, 0.156792067854621e3], [1, -1, 0.923261357901470], [2, -1, -0.597865988422577e1], [2, 2, 0.321988767636389e7], [3, -12, -0.399441390042203e-29], [3, -5, 0.493429086046981e-7], [5, -10, 0.812036983370565e-19], [5, -8, -0.207610284654137e-11], [5, -6, -0.340821291419719e-6], [8, -12, 0.542000573372233e-17], [8, -10, -0.856711586510214e-12], [10, -12, 0.266170454405981e-13], [10, -8, 0.858133791857099e-5]]
+    IJN: [[-12, 8, -0.586219133817016e-7], [-12, 14, -0.894460355005526e11], [-10, -1, 0.531168037519774e-30], [-10, 8, 0.109892402329239], [-8, 6, -0.575368389425212e-1], [-8, 8, 0.228276853990249e5], [-8, 14, -0.158548609655002e19], [-6, -4, 0.329865748576503e-27], [-6, -3, -0.634987981190669e-24], [-6, 2, 0.615762068640611e-8], [-6, 8, -0.961109240985747e8], [-5, -10, -0.406274286652625e-44], [-4, -1, -0.471103725498077e-12], [-4, 3, 0.725937724828145], [-3, -10, 0.187768525763682e-38], [-3, 3, -0.103308436323771e4], [-2, 1, -0.662552816342168e-1], [-2, 2, 0.579514041765710e3], [-1, -8, 0.237416732616644e-26], [-1, -4, 0.271700235739893e-14], [-1, 1, -0.907886213483600e2], [0, -12, -0.171242509570207e-36], [0, 1, 0.156792067854621e3], [1, -1, 0.923261357901470], [2, -1, -0.597865988422577e1], [2, 2, 0.321988767636389e7], [3, -12, -0.399441390042203e-29], [3, -5, 0.493429086046981e-7], [5, -10, 0.812036983370565e-19], [5, -8, -0.207610284654137e-11], [5, -6, -0.340821291419719e-6], [8, -12, 0.542000573372233e-17], [8, -10, -0.856711586510214e-12], [10, -12, 0.266170454405981e-13], [10, -8, 0.858133791857099e-5]]
 };
 export const R3X = {
     pStar: 23, tStar: 650, vStar: 0.0049, piShift: 0.910, sigShift: 0.988,

package/dist/regions/region3-subregions.js

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { evalSubregion } from './region3-eval.js';
 import { REGION3_SUBREGIONS as R3 } from './region3-data.js';
 import { b3ab, b3cd, b3ef, b3gh, b3ij, b3jk, b3mn, b3op, b3qu, b3rx, b3uv, b3wx } from './boundaries.js';
 import { saturationPressure, saturationTemperature } from './region4.js';
-import { Pc } from '../constants.js';
+import { Pc, P_MAX, Tc } from '../constants.js';
 import { IF97Error } from '../types.js';
 // Shared liquid-side C/S saturation threshold from the Region 3 supplementary release.
 const R3_C_S_LIQUID_BOUNDARY_PRESSURE = 19.00881189173929;
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ const R3_C_S_LIQUID_BOUNDARY_PRESSURE = 19.00881189173929;
  *  Pressure thresholds from IAPWS Supplementary Release on Backward
  *  Equations v(P,T) for Region 3, Table 1 (saturation subregion limits). */
 export function region3SatVolume(p, T, x) {
+    if (x !== 0 && x !== 1) {
+        throw new IF97Error('Region 3 saturation volume requires x = 0 (liquid) or x = 1 (vapor)');
+    }
     if (x === 0) {
         if (p < R3_C_S_LIQUID_BOUNDARY_PRESSURE)
             return evalSubregion(R3.C, p, T);
@@ -35,6 +38,9 @@ export function region3SatVolume(p, T, x) {
  *  Pressure thresholds from IAPWS Supplementary Release on Backward
  *  Equations v(P,T) for Region 3, Figures 2–5. */
 export function region3Volume(p, T) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(p) || !Number.isFinite(T) || p > P_MAX) {
+        throw new IF97Error(`Region 3 v(P,T) requires finite p <= ${P_MAX} MPa and finite T`);
+    }
     if (p > 40) { // Suppl. Release Fig. 2: subregions A/B
         return T <= b3ab(p) ? evalSubregion(R3.A, p, T) : evalSubregion(R3.B, p, T);
     }
@@ -97,6 +103,7 @@ export function region3Volume(p, T) {
     }
     const Tsat643 = 643.15;
     const Psat643 = saturationPressure(Tsat643);
+    const liquid = T <= Tc && p >= saturationPressure(T);
     if (p > Psat643 && p <= 22.5) {
         const tcd = b3cd(p), tqu = b3qu(p), trx = b3rx(p), tjk = b3jk(p);
         if (T <= tcd)
@@ -123,8 +130,7 @@ export function region3Volume(p, T) {
                     return evalSubregion(R3.Z, p, T);
                 return evalSubregion(R3.X, p, T);
             }
-            const Tsat = saturationTemperature(p);
-            if (T > Tsat) {
+            if (!liquid) {
                 if (p <= 21.90096265)
                     return evalSubregion(R3.X, p, T);
                 if (T <= twx)
@@ -142,27 +148,26 @@ export function region3Volume(p, T) {
         return evalSubregion(R3.K, p, T);
     }
     if (p > 20.5 && p <= Psat643) {
-        const tcd = b3cd(p), Ts = saturationTemperature(p), tjk = b3jk(p);
+        const tcd = b3cd(p), tjk = b3jk(p);
         if (T <= tcd)
             return evalSubregion(R3.C, p, T);
-        if (T <= Ts)
+        if (liquid)
             return evalSubregion(R3.S, p, T);
         if (T <= tjk)
             return evalSubregion(R3.R, p, T);
         return evalSubregion(R3.K, p, T);
     }
     if (p >= R3_C_S_LIQUID_BOUNDARY_PRESSURE && p <= 20.5) {
-        const tcd = b3cd(p), Ts = saturationTemperature(p);
-        if (T <= Ts) {
-            if (T < tcd && T < Ts)
+        const tcd = b3cd(p);
+        if (liquid) {
+            if (T < tcd && T < saturationTemperature(p))
                 return evalSubregion(R3.C, p, T);
             return evalSubregion(R3.S, p, T);
         }
         return evalSubregion(R3.T, p, T);
     }
     if (p > 16.5291642526) {
-        const Ts = saturationTemperature(p);
-        if (T <= Ts)
+        if (liquid)
             return evalSubregion(R3.C, p, T);
         return evalSubregion(R3.T, p, T);
     }

package/dist/regions/region3.d.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
  *
  * Reference: IAPWS-IF97, Section 7 (Equations for Region 3)
  */
-import type { BasicProperties } from '../types.js';
+import type { BasicProperties, CoefficientTable } from '../types.js';
+export declare const COEFFICIENTS: CoefficientTable;
+/** Internal pressure residual: near criticality, rounding pressure before subtraction hides real density error. */
+export declare function region3PressureResidual(rho: number, T: number, pressure: number, pressureLow?: number): number;
 /**
  * Compute Region 3 thermodynamic properties from density and temperature.
  *

package/dist/regions/region3.js

@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@
  */
 import { R } from '../constants.js';
 import { IF97Error, Region } from '../types.js';
+import { addExtended, divideExtended, multiplyExtended, } from '../solvers/extended-arithmetic.js';
 // ─── Coefficient Table (Table 30, IAPWS-IF97) ──────────────────────────────
-const COEFFICIENTS = [
+export const COEFFICIENTS = [
     // Entry 0 is the coefficient n₁ for the logarithmic term n₁·ln(δ).
     // It shares the [I=0, J=0] shape with entry 1 but is handled separately
     // in the evaluation loop (index 0 = ln term, indices 1+ = polynomial).
@@ -57,6 +58,35 @@ const COEFFICIENTS = [
 // Reduction constants for Region 3
 const RHO_STAR = 322; // ρ* [kg/m³] (critical density)
 const T_STAR = 647.096; // T* [K] (critical temperature)
+function extendedPowers(value, degree) {
+    const powers = [[1, 0]];
+    for (let i = 1; i <= degree; i += 1) {
+        powers.push(multiplyExtended(powers[i - 1], value));
+    }
+    return powers;
+}
+/** Evaluate rho*R*T*(n1 + sum(n*I*delta^I*tau^J))/1000 without losing its small residual. */
+function pressureExtended(rho, T) {
+    const delta = extendedPowers(divideExtended([rho, 0], [RHO_STAR, 0]), 11);
+    const tau = extendedPowers(divideExtended([T_STAR, 0], [T, 0]), 26);
+    let polynomial = [COEFFICIENTS[0][2], 0];
+    for (let idx = 1; idx < COEFFICIENTS.length; idx += 1) {
+        const [I, J, N] = COEFFICIENTS[idx];
+        if (I === 0)
+            continue;
+        const coefficient = multiplyExtended([N, 0], [I, 0]);
+        const term = multiplyExtended(multiplyExtended(coefficient, delta[I]), tau[J]);
+        polynomial = addExtended(polynomial, term);
+    }
+    const scale = multiplyExtended(multiplyExtended([rho, 0], [R, 0]), [T, 0]);
+    return divideExtended(multiplyExtended(scale, polynomial), [1000, 0]);
+}
+/** Internal pressure residual: near criticality, rounding pressure before subtraction hides real density error. */
+export function region3PressureResidual(rho, T, pressure, pressureLow = 0) {
+    const evaluated = pressureExtended(rho, T);
+    const residual = addExtended(evaluated, [-pressure, -pressureLow]);
+    return residual[0] + residual[1];
+}
 /**
  * Compute Region 3 thermodynamic properties from density and temperature.
  *
@@ -97,7 +127,7 @@ export function region3ByRhoT(rho, T) {
     }
     return {
         region: Region.Region3,
-        pressure: rho * R * T * delta * phi_delta / 1000,
+        pressure: pressureExtended(rho, T)[0],
         temperature: T,
         specificVolume: v,
         internalEnergy: R * T * tau * phi_tau,

package/dist/regions/region4.d.ts

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  * @throws {OutOfRangeError} if T is outside valid range
  */
 export declare function saturationPressure(T: number): number;
+/** Internal unrounded target: near criticality, one pressure ULP changes endpoint density. */
+export declare function saturationPressurePair(T: number): readonly [number, number];
 /**
  * Saturation temperature for a given pressure.
  * Equation 31 (pp. 34) of IAPWS-IF97.