etherwallets-latest 6.16.0

package/src.ts/providers/abstract-provider.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1761 @@
+/**
+ *  The available providers should suffice for most developers purposes,
+ *  but the [[AbstractProvider]] class has many features which enable
+ *  sub-classing it for specific purposes.
+ *
+ *  @_section: api/providers/abstract-provider: Subclassing Provider  [abstract-provider]
+ */
+
+// @TODO
+// Event coalescence
+//   When we register an event with an async value (e.g. address is a Signer
+//   or ENS name), we need to add it immeidately for the Event API, but also
+//   need time to resolve the address. Upon resolving the address, we need to
+//   migrate the listener to the static event. We also need to maintain a map
+//   of Signer/ENS name to address so we can sync respond to listenerCount.
+
+import { getAddress, resolveAddress } from "../address/index.js";
+import { ZeroAddress } from "../constants/index.js";
+import { Contract } from "../contract/index.js";
+import { namehash } from "../hash/index.js";
+import { Transaction } from "../transaction/index.js";
+import {
+    concat, dataLength, dataSlice, hexlify, isHexString,
+    getBigInt, getBytes, getNumber,
+    isCallException, isError, makeError, assert, assertArgument,
+    FetchRequest,
+    toBeArray, toQuantity,
+    defineProperties, EventPayload, resolveProperties,
+    toUtf8String
+} from "../utils/index.js";
+
+import { EnsResolver } from "./ens-resolver.js";
+import {
+    formatBlock, formatLog, formatTransactionReceipt, formatTransactionResponse
+} from "./format.js";
+import { Network } from "./network.js";
+import { copyRequest, Block, FeeData, Log, TransactionReceipt, TransactionResponse } from "./provider.js";
+import {
+    PollingBlockSubscriber, PollingBlockTagSubscriber, PollingEventSubscriber,
+    PollingOrphanSubscriber, PollingTransactionSubscriber
+} from "./subscriber-polling.js";
+
+import type { Addressable, AddressLike } from "../address/index.js";
+import type { BigNumberish, BytesLike } from "../utils/index.js";
+import type { FetchResponse, Listener } from "../utils/index.js";
+
+import type { Networkish } from "./network.js";
+import type { FetchUrlFeeDataNetworkPlugin } from "./plugins-network.js";
+//import type { MaxPriorityFeePlugin } from "./plugins-network.js";
+import type {
+    BlockParams, LogParams, TransactionReceiptParams,
+    TransactionResponseParams
+} from "./formatting.js";
+
+import type {
+    BlockTag, EventFilter, Filter, FilterByBlockHash, OrphanFilter,
+    PreparedTransactionRequest, Provider, ProviderEvent,
+    TransactionRequest
+} from "./provider.js";
+
+type Timer = ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
+
+
+// Constants
+const BN_2 = BigInt(2);
+
+const MAX_CCIP_REDIRECTS = 10;
+
+function isPromise<T = any>(value: any): value is Promise<T> {
+    return (value && typeof(value.then) === "function");
+}
+
+function getTag(prefix: string, value: any): string {
+    return prefix + ":" + JSON.stringify(value, (k, v) => {
+        if (v == null) { return "null"; }
+        if (typeof(v) === "bigint") { return `bigint:${ v.toString() }`}
+        if (typeof(v) === "string") { return v.toLowerCase(); }
+
+        // Sort object keys
+        if (typeof(v) === "object" && !Array.isArray(v)) {
+            const keys = Object.keys(v);
+            keys.sort();
+            return keys.reduce((accum, key) => {
+                accum[key] = v[key];
+                return accum;
+            }, <any>{ });
+        }
+
+        return v;
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ *  The types of additional event values that can be emitted for the
+ *  ``"debug"`` event.
+ */
+export type DebugEventAbstractProvider = {
+    action: "sendCcipReadFetchRequest",
+    request: FetchRequest
+    index: number
+    urls: Array<string>
+} | {
+    action: "receiveCcipReadFetchResult",
+    request: FetchRequest,
+    result: any
+} | {
+    action: "receiveCcipReadFetchError",
+    request: FetchRequest,
+    result: any
+} | {
+    action: "sendCcipReadCall",
+    transaction: { to: string, data: string }
+} | {
+    action: "receiveCcipReadCallResult",
+    transaction: { to: string, data: string }
+    result: string
+} | {
+    action: "receiveCcipReadCallError",
+    transaction: { to: string, data: string }
+    error: Error
+};
+
+
+/**
+ *  The value passed to the [[AbstractProvider-_getSubscriber]] method.
+ *
+ *  Only developers sub-classing [[AbstractProvider[[ will care about this,
+ *  if they are modifying a low-level feature of how subscriptions operate.
+ */
+export type Subscription = {
+    type: "block" | "close" | "debug" | "error" | "finalized" | "network" | "pending" | "safe",
+    tag: string
+} | {
+    type: "transaction",
+    tag: string,
+    hash: string
+} | {
+    type: "event",
+    tag: string,
+    filter: EventFilter
+} | {
+    type: "orphan",
+    tag: string,
+    filter: OrphanFilter
+};
+
+/**
+ *  A **Subscriber** manages a subscription.
+ *
+ *  Only developers sub-classing [[AbstractProvider[[ will care about this,
+ *  if they are modifying a low-level feature of how subscriptions operate.
+ */
+export interface Subscriber {
+    /**
+     *  Called initially when a subscriber is added the first time.
+     */
+    start(): void;
+
+    /**
+     *  Called when there are no more subscribers to the event.
+     */
+    stop(): void;
+
+    /**
+     *  Called when the subscription should pause.
+     *
+     *  If %%dropWhilePaused%%, events that occur while paused should not
+     *  be emitted [[resume]].
+     */
+    pause(dropWhilePaused?: boolean): void;
+
+    /**
+     *  Resume a paused subscriber.
+     */
+    resume(): void;
+
+    /**
+     *  The frequency (in ms) to poll for events, if polling is used by
+     *  the subscriber.
+     *
+     *  For non-polling subscribers, this must return ``undefined``.
+     */
+    pollingInterval?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ *  An **UnmanagedSubscriber** is useful for events which do not require
+ *  any additional management, such as ``"debug"`` which only requires
+ *  emit in synchronous event loop triggered calls.
+ */
+export class UnmanagedSubscriber implements Subscriber {
+    /**
+     *  The name fof the event.
+     */
+    name!: string;
+
+    /**
+     *  Create a new UnmanagedSubscriber with %%name%%.
+     */
+    constructor(name: string) { defineProperties<UnmanagedSubscriber>(this, { name }); }
+
+    start(): void { }
+    stop(): void { }
+
+    pause(dropWhilePaused?: boolean): void { }
+    resume(): void { }
+}
+
+type Sub = {
+    tag: string;
+    nameMap: Map<string, string>
+    addressableMap: WeakMap<Addressable, string>;
+    listeners: Array<{ listener: Listener, once: boolean }>;
+    // @TODO: get rid of this, as it is (and has to be)
+    // tracked in subscriber
+    started: boolean;
+    subscriber: Subscriber;
+};
+
+function copy<T = any>(value: T): T {
+    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(value));
+}
+
+function concisify(items: Array<string>): Array<string> {
+    items = Array.from((new Set(items)).values())
+    items.sort();
+    return items;
+}
+
+
+async function getSubscription(_event: ProviderEvent, provider: AbstractProvider): Promise<Subscription> {
+    if (_event == null) { throw new Error("invalid event"); }
+
+    // Normalize topic array info an EventFilter
+    if (Array.isArray(_event)) { _event = { topics: _event }; }
+
+    if (typeof(_event) === "string") {
+        switch (_event) {
+            case "block":
+            case "debug":
+            case "error":
+            case "finalized":
+            case "network":
+            case "pending":
+            case "safe": {
+                return { type: _event, tag: _event };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (isHexString(_event, 32)) {
+        const hash = _event.toLowerCase();
+        return { type: "transaction", tag: getTag("tx", { hash }), hash };
+    }
+
+    if ((<any>_event).orphan) {
+        const event = <OrphanFilter>_event;
+        // @TODO: Should lowercase and whatnot things here instead of copy...
+        return { type: "orphan", tag: getTag("orphan", event), filter: copy(event) };
+    }
+
+    if (((<any>_event).address || (<any>_event).topics)) {
+        const event = <EventFilter>_event;
+
+        const filter: any = {
+            topics: ((event.topics || []).map((t) => {
+                if (t == null) { return null; }
+                if (Array.isArray(t)) {
+                    return concisify(t.map((t) => t.toLowerCase()));
+                }
+                return t.toLowerCase();
+            }))
+        };
+
+        if (event.address) {
+            const addresses: Array<string> = [ ];
+            const promises: Array<Promise<void>> = [ ];
+
+            const addAddress = (addr: AddressLike) => {
+                if (isHexString(addr)) {
+                    addresses.push(addr);
+                } else {
+                    promises.push((async () => {
+                        addresses.push(await resolveAddress(addr, provider));
+                    })());
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (Array.isArray(event.address)) {
+                event.address.forEach(addAddress);
+            } else {
+                addAddress(event.address);
+            }
+            if (promises.length) { await Promise.all(promises); }
+            filter.address = concisify(addresses.map((a) => a.toLowerCase()));
+        }
+
+        return { filter, tag: getTag("event", filter), type: "event" };
+    }
+
+    assertArgument(false, "unknown ProviderEvent", "event", _event);
+}
+
+function getTime(): number { return (new Date()).getTime(); }
+
+/**
+ *  An **AbstractPlugin** is used to provide additional internal services
+ *  to an [[AbstractProvider]] without adding backwards-incompatible changes
+ *  to method signatures or other internal and complex logic.
+ */
+export interface AbstractProviderPlugin {
+    /**
+     *  The reverse domain notation of the plugin.
+     */
+    readonly name: string;
+
+    /**
+     *  Creates a new instance of the plugin, connected to %%provider%%.
+     */
+    connect(provider: AbstractProvider): AbstractProviderPlugin;
+}
+
+/**
+ *  A normalized filter used for [[PerformActionRequest]] objects.
+ */
+export type PerformActionFilter = {
+    address?: string | Array<string>;
+    topics?: Array<null | string | Array<string>>;
+    fromBlock?: BlockTag;
+    toBlock?: BlockTag;
+} | {
+    address?: string | Array<string>;
+    topics?: Array<null | string | Array<string>>;
+    blockHash?: string;
+};
+
+/**
+ *  A normalized transactions used for [[PerformActionRequest]] objects.
+ */
+export interface PerformActionTransaction extends PreparedTransactionRequest {
+    /**
+     *  The ``to`` address of the transaction.
+     */
+    to?: string;
+
+    /**
+     *  The sender of the transaction.
+     */
+    from?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ *  The [[AbstractProvider]] methods will normalize all values and pass this
+ *  type to [[AbstractProvider-_perform]].
+ */
+export type PerformActionRequest = {
+    method: "broadcastTransaction",
+    signedTransaction: string
+} | {
+    method: "call",
+    transaction: PerformActionTransaction, blockTag: BlockTag
+} | {
+    method: "chainId"
+} | {
+    method: "estimateGas",
+    transaction: PerformActionTransaction
+} | {
+    method: "getBalance",
+    address: string, blockTag: BlockTag
+} | {
+    method: "getBlock",
+    blockTag: BlockTag, includeTransactions: boolean
+} | {
+    method: "getBlock",
+    blockHash: string, includeTransactions: boolean
+} | {
+    method: "getBlockNumber"
+} | {
+    method: "getCode",
+    address: string, blockTag: BlockTag
+} | {
+    method: "getGasPrice"
+} | {
+    method: "getLogs",
+    filter: PerformActionFilter
+} | {
+    method: "getPriorityFee"
+} | {
+    method: "getStorage",
+    address: string, position: bigint, blockTag: BlockTag
+} | {
+    method: "getTransaction",
+    hash: string
+} | {
+    method: "getTransactionCount",
+    address: string, blockTag: BlockTag
+} | {
+    method: "getTransactionReceipt",
+    hash: string
+} | {
+    method: "getTransactionResult",
+    hash: string
+};
+
+type _PerformAccountRequest = {
+    method: "getBalance" | "getTransactionCount" | "getCode"
+} | {
+    method: "getStorage", position: bigint
+}
+
+/**
+ *  Options for configuring some internal aspects of an [[AbstractProvider]].
+ *
+ *  **``cacheTimeout``** - how long to cache a low-level ``_perform``
+ *  for, based on input parameters. This reduces the number of calls
+ *  to getChainId and getBlockNumber, but may break test chains which
+ *  can perform operations (internally) synchronously. Use ``-1`` to
+ *  disable, ``0`` will only buffer within the same event loop and
+ *  any other value is in ms. (default: ``250``)
+ */
+export type AbstractProviderOptions = {
+    cacheTimeout?: number;
+    pollingInterval?: number;
+};
+
+const defaultOptions = {
+    cacheTimeout: 250,
+    pollingInterval: 4000
+};
+
+type CcipArgs = {
+    sender: string;
+    urls: Array<string>;
+    calldata: string;
+    selector: string;
+    extraData: string;
+    errorArgs: Array<any>
+};
+
+/**
+ *  An **AbstractProvider** provides a base class for other sub-classes to
+ *  implement the [[Provider]] API by normalizing input arguments and
+ *  formatting output results as well as tracking events for consistent
+ *  behaviour on an eventually-consistent network.
+ */
+export class AbstractProvider implements Provider {
+
+    #subs: Map<string, Sub>;
+    #plugins: Map<string, AbstractProviderPlugin>;
+
+    // null=unpaused, true=paused+dropWhilePaused, false=paused
+    #pausedState: null | boolean;
+
+    #destroyed: boolean;
+
+    #networkPromise: null | Promise<Network>;
+    readonly #anyNetwork: boolean;
+
+    #performCache: Map<string, Promise<any>>;
+
+    // The most recent block number if running an event or -1 if no "block" event
+    #lastBlockNumber: number;
+
+    #nextTimer: number;
+    #timers: Map<number, { timer: null | Timer, func: () => void, time: number }>;
+
+    #disableCcipRead: boolean;
+
+    #options: Required<AbstractProviderOptions>;
+
+    /**
+     *  Create a new **AbstractProvider** connected to %%network%%, or
+     *  use the various network detection capabilities to discover the
+     *  [[Network]] if necessary.
+     */
+    constructor(_network?: "any" | Networkish, options?: AbstractProviderOptions) {
+        this.#options = Object.assign({ }, defaultOptions, options || { });
+
+        if (_network === "any") {
+            this.#anyNetwork = true;
+            this.#networkPromise = null;
+        } else if (_network) {
+            const network = Network.from(_network);
+            this.#anyNetwork = false;
+            this.#networkPromise = Promise.resolve(network);
+            setTimeout(() => { this.emit("network", network, null); }, 0);
+        } else {
+            this.#anyNetwork = false;
+            this.#networkPromise = null;
+        }
+
+        this.#lastBlockNumber = -1;
+
+        this.#performCache = new Map();
+
+        this.#subs = new Map();
+        this.#plugins = new Map();
+        this.#pausedState = null;
+
+        this.#destroyed = false;
+
+        this.#nextTimer = 1;
+        this.#timers = new Map();
+
+        this.#disableCcipRead = false;
+    }
+
+    get pollingInterval(): number { return this.#options.pollingInterval; }
+
+    /**
+     *  Returns ``this``, to allow an **AbstractProvider** to implement
+     *  the [[ContractRunner]] interface.
+     */
+    get provider(): this { return this; }
+
+    /**
+     *  Returns all the registered plug-ins.
+     */
+    get plugins(): Array<AbstractProviderPlugin> {
+        return Array.from(this.#plugins.values());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Attach a new plug-in.
+     */
+    attachPlugin(plugin: AbstractProviderPlugin): this {
+        if (this.#plugins.get(plugin.name)) {
+            throw new Error(`cannot replace existing plugin: ${ plugin.name } `);
+        }
+        this.#plugins.set(plugin.name,  plugin.connect(this));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Get a plugin by name.
+     */
+    getPlugin<T extends AbstractProviderPlugin = AbstractProviderPlugin>(name: string): null | T {
+        return <T>(this.#plugins.get(name)) || null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Prevent any CCIP-read operation, regardless of whether requested
+     *  in a [[call]] using ``enableCcipRead``.
+     */
+    get disableCcipRead(): boolean { return this.#disableCcipRead; }
+    set disableCcipRead(value: boolean) { this.#disableCcipRead = !!value; }
+
+    // Shares multiple identical requests made during the same 250ms
+    async #perform<T = any>(req: PerformActionRequest): Promise<T> {
+        const timeout = this.#options.cacheTimeout;
+
+        // Caching disabled
+        if (timeout < 0) { return await this._perform(req); }
+
+        // Create a tag
+        const tag = getTag(req.method, req);
+
+        let perform = this.#performCache.get(tag);
+        if (!perform) {
+            perform = this._perform(req);
+
+            this.#performCache.set(tag, perform);
+
+            setTimeout(() => {
+                if (this.#performCache.get(tag) === perform) {
+                    this.#performCache.delete(tag);
+                }
+            }, timeout);
+        }
+
+        return await perform;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Resolves to the data for executing the CCIP-read operations.
+     */
+    async ccipReadFetch(tx: PerformActionTransaction, calldata: string, urls: Array<string>): Promise<null | string> {
+        if (this.disableCcipRead || urls.length === 0 || tx.to == null) { return null; }
+
+        const sender = tx.to.toLowerCase();
+        const data = calldata.toLowerCase();
+
+        const errorMessages: Array<string> = [ ];
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
+            const url = urls[i];
+
+            // URL expansion
+            const href = url.replace("{sender}", sender).replace("{data}", data);
+
+            // If no {data} is present, use POST; otherwise GET
+            //const json: string | null = (url.indexOf("{data}") >= 0) ? null: JSON.stringify({ data, sender });
+
+            //const result = await fetchJson({ url: href, errorPassThrough: true }, json, (value, response) => {
+            //    value.status = response.statusCode;
+            //    return value;
+            //});
+            const request = new FetchRequest(href);
+            if (url.indexOf("{data}") === -1) {
+                request.body = { data, sender };
+            }
+
+            this.emit("debug", { action: "sendCcipReadFetchRequest", request, index: i, urls });
+
+            let errorMessage = "unknown error";
+
+            // Fetch the resource...
+            let resp: FetchResponse;
+            try {
+                resp = await request.send();
+            } catch (error: any) {
+                // ...low-level fetch error (missing host, bad SSL, etc.),
+                // so try next URL
+                errorMessages.push(error.message);
+                this.emit("debug", { action: "receiveCcipReadFetchError", request, result: { error } });
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                const result = resp.bodyJson;
+                if (result.data) {
+                    this.emit("debug", { action: "receiveCcipReadFetchResult", request, result });
+                    return result.data;
+                }
+                if (result.message) { errorMessage = result.message; }
+                this.emit("debug", { action: "receiveCcipReadFetchError", request, result });
+            } catch (error) { }
+
+            // 4xx indicates the result is not present; stop
+            assert(resp.statusCode < 400 || resp.statusCode >= 500, `response not found during CCIP fetch: ${ errorMessage }`,
+                "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", { reason: "404_MISSING_RESOURCE", transaction: tx, info: { url, errorMessage } });
+
+            // 5xx indicates server issue; try the next url
+            errorMessages.push(errorMessage);
+        }
+
+        assert(false, `error encountered during CCIP fetch: ${ errorMessages.map((m) => JSON.stringify(m)).join(", ") }`, "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+            reason: "500_SERVER_ERROR",
+            transaction: tx, info: { urls, errorMessages }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Provides the opportunity for a sub-class to wrap a block before
+     *  returning it, to add additional properties or an alternate
+     *  sub-class of [[Block]].
+     */
+    _wrapBlock(value: BlockParams, network: Network): Block {
+        return new Block(formatBlock(value), this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Provides the opportunity for a sub-class to wrap a log before
+     *  returning it, to add additional properties or an alternate
+     *  sub-class of [[Log]].
+     */
+    _wrapLog(value: LogParams, network: Network): Log {
+        return new Log(formatLog(value), this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Provides the opportunity for a sub-class to wrap a transaction
+     *  receipt before returning it, to add additional properties or an
+     *  alternate sub-class of [[TransactionReceipt]].
+     */
+    _wrapTransactionReceipt(value: TransactionReceiptParams, network: Network): TransactionReceipt {
+        return new TransactionReceipt(formatTransactionReceipt(value), this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Provides the opportunity for a sub-class to wrap a transaction
+     *  response before returning it, to add additional properties or an
+     *  alternate sub-class of [[TransactionResponse]].
+     */
+    _wrapTransactionResponse(tx: TransactionResponseParams, network: Network): TransactionResponse {
+        return new TransactionResponse(formatTransactionResponse(tx), this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Resolves to the Network, forcing a network detection using whatever
+     *  technique the sub-class requires.
+     *
+     *  Sub-classes **must** override this.
+     */
+    _detectNetwork(): Promise<Network> {
+        assert(false, "sub-classes must implement this", "UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION", {
+            operation: "_detectNetwork"
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Sub-classes should use this to perform all built-in operations. All
+     *  methods sanitizes and normalizes the values passed into this.
+     *
+     *  Sub-classes **must** override this.
+     */
+    async _perform<T = any>(req: PerformActionRequest): Promise<T> {
+        assert(false, `unsupported method: ${ req.method }`, "UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION", {
+            operation: req.method,
+            info: req
+        });
+    }
+
+    // State
+
+    async getBlockNumber(): Promise<number> {
+        const blockNumber = getNumber(await this.#perform({ method: "getBlockNumber" }), "%response");
+        if (this.#lastBlockNumber >= 0) { this.#lastBlockNumber = blockNumber; }
+        return blockNumber;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Returns or resolves to the address for %%address%%, resolving ENS
+     *  names and [[Addressable]] objects and returning if already an
+     *  address.
+     */
+    _getAddress(address: AddressLike): string | Promise<string> {
+        return resolveAddress(address, this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Returns or resolves to a valid block tag for %%blockTag%%, resolving
+     *  negative values and returning if already a valid block tag.
+     */
+    _getBlockTag(blockTag?: BlockTag): string | Promise<string> {
+        if (blockTag == null) { return "latest"; }
+
+        switch (blockTag) {
+            case "earliest":
+                return "0x0";
+            case "finalized":
+            case "latest":
+            case "pending":
+            case "safe":
+                return blockTag;
+        }
+
+
+        if (isHexString(blockTag)) {
+            if (isHexString(blockTag, 32)) { return blockTag; }
+            return toQuantity(blockTag);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof(blockTag) === "bigint") {
+            blockTag = getNumber(blockTag, "blockTag");
+        }
+
+        if (typeof(blockTag) === "number") {
+            if (blockTag >= 0) { return toQuantity(blockTag); }
+            if (this.#lastBlockNumber >= 0) { return toQuantity(this.#lastBlockNumber + blockTag); }
+            return this.getBlockNumber().then((b) => toQuantity(b + <number>blockTag));
+        }
+
+        assertArgument(false, "invalid blockTag", "blockTag", blockTag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Returns or resolves to a filter for %%filter%%, resolving any ENS
+     *  names or [[Addressable]] object and returning if already a valid
+     *  filter.
+     */
+    _getFilter(filter: Filter | FilterByBlockHash): PerformActionFilter | Promise<PerformActionFilter> {
+
+        // Create a canonical representation of the topics
+        const topics = (filter.topics || [ ]).map((t) => {
+            if (t == null) { return null; }
+            if (Array.isArray(t)) {
+                return concisify(t.map((t) => t.toLowerCase()));
+            }
+            return t.toLowerCase();
+        });
+
+        const blockHash = ("blockHash" in filter) ? filter.blockHash: undefined;
+
+        const resolve = (_address: Array<string>, fromBlock?: string, toBlock?: string) => {
+            let address: undefined | string | Array<string> = undefined;
+            switch (_address.length) {
+                case 0: break;
+                case 1:
+                    address = _address[0];
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    _address.sort();
+                    address = _address;
+            }
+
+            if (blockHash) {
+                if (fromBlock != null || toBlock != null) {
+                    throw new Error("invalid filter");
+                }
+            }
+
+            const filter = <any>{ };
+            if (address) { filter.address = address; }
+            if (topics.length) { filter.topics = topics; }
+            if (fromBlock) { filter.fromBlock = fromBlock; }
+            if (toBlock) { filter.toBlock = toBlock; }
+            if (blockHash) { filter.blockHash = blockHash; }
+
+            return filter;
+        };
+
+        // Addresses could be async (ENS names or Addressables)
+        let address: Array<string | Promise<string>> = [ ];
+        if (filter.address) {
+            if (Array.isArray(filter.address)) {
+                for (const addr of filter.address) { address.push(this._getAddress(addr)); }
+            } else {
+                address.push(this._getAddress(filter.address));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let fromBlock: undefined | string | Promise<string> = undefined;
+        if ("fromBlock" in filter) { fromBlock = this._getBlockTag(filter.fromBlock); }
+
+        let toBlock: undefined | string | Promise<string> = undefined;
+        if ("toBlock" in filter) { toBlock = this._getBlockTag(filter.toBlock); }
+
+        if (address.filter((a) => (typeof(a) !== "string")).length ||
+            (fromBlock != null && typeof(fromBlock) !== "string") ||
+            (toBlock != null && typeof(toBlock) !== "string")) {
+
+            return Promise.all([ Promise.all(address), fromBlock, toBlock ]).then((result) => {
+                return resolve(result[0], result[1], result[2]);
+            });
+        }
+
+        return resolve(<Array<string>>address, fromBlock, toBlock);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Returns or resolves to a transaction for %%request%%, resolving
+     *  any ENS names or [[Addressable]] and returning if already a valid
+     *  transaction.
+     */
+    _getTransactionRequest(_request: TransactionRequest): PerformActionTransaction | Promise<PerformActionTransaction> {
+        const request = <PerformActionTransaction>copyRequest(_request);
+
+        const promises: Array<Promise<void>> = [ ];
+        [ "to", "from" ].forEach((key) => {
+            if ((<any>request)[key] == null) { return; }
+
+            const addr = resolveAddress((<any>request)[key], this);
+            if (isPromise(addr)) {
+                promises.push((async function() { (<any>request)[key] = await addr; })());
+            } else {
+                (<any>request)[key] = addr;
+            }
+        });
+
+        if (request.blockTag != null) {
+            const blockTag = this._getBlockTag(request.blockTag);
+            if (isPromise(blockTag)) {
+                promises.push((async function() { request.blockTag = await blockTag; })());
+            } else {
+                request.blockTag = blockTag;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (promises.length) {
+            return (async function() {
+                await Promise.all(promises);
+                return request;
+            })();
+        }
+
+        return request;
+    }
+
+    async getNetwork(): Promise<Network> {
+
+        // No explicit network was set and this is our first time
+        if (this.#networkPromise == null) {
+
+            // Detect the current network (shared with all calls)
+            const detectNetwork = (async () => {
+                try {
+                    const network = await this._detectNetwork();
+                    this.emit("network", network, null);
+                    return network;
+                } catch (error) {
+                    if (this.#networkPromise === detectNetwork!) {
+                        this.#networkPromise = null;
+                    }
+                    throw error;
+                }
+            })();
+
+            this.#networkPromise = detectNetwork;
+            return (await detectNetwork).clone();
+        }
+
+        const networkPromise = this.#networkPromise;
+
+        const [ expected, actual ] = await Promise.all([
+            networkPromise,          // Possibly an explicit Network
+            this._detectNetwork()    // The actual connected network
+        ]);
+
+        if (expected.chainId !== actual.chainId) {
+            if (this.#anyNetwork) {
+                // The "any" network can change, so notify listeners
+                this.emit("network", actual, expected);
+
+                // Update the network if something else hasn't already changed it
+                if (this.#networkPromise === networkPromise) {
+                    this.#networkPromise = Promise.resolve(actual);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Otherwise, we do not allow changes to the underlying network
+                assert(false, `network changed: ${ expected.chainId } => ${ actual.chainId } `, "NETWORK_ERROR", {
+                    event: "changed"
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        return expected.clone();
+    }
+
+    async getFeeData(): Promise<FeeData> {
+        const network = await this.getNetwork();
+
+        const getFeeDataFunc = async () => {
+            const { _block, gasPrice, priorityFee } = await resolveProperties({
+                _block: this.#getBlock("latest", false),
+                gasPrice: ((async () => {
+                    try {
+                        const value = await this.#perform({ method: "getGasPrice" });
+                        return getBigInt(value, "%response");
+                    } catch (error) { }
+                    return null
+                })()),
+                priorityFee: ((async () => {
+                    try {
+                        const value = await this.#perform({ method: "getPriorityFee" });
+                        return getBigInt(value, "%response");
+                    } catch (error) { }
+                    return null;
+                })())
+            });
+
+            let maxFeePerGas: null | bigint = null;
+            let maxPriorityFeePerGas: null | bigint = null;
+
+            // These are the recommended EIP-1559 heuristics for fee data
+            const block = this._wrapBlock(_block, network);
+            if (block && block.baseFeePerGas) {
+                maxPriorityFeePerGas = (priorityFee != null) ? priorityFee: BigInt("1000000000");
+                maxFeePerGas = (block.baseFeePerGas * BN_2) + maxPriorityFeePerGas;
+            }
+
+            return new FeeData(gasPrice, maxFeePerGas, maxPriorityFeePerGas);
+        };
+
+        // Check for a FeeDataNetWorkPlugin
+        const plugin = <FetchUrlFeeDataNetworkPlugin>network.getPlugin("org.ethers.plugins.network.FetchUrlFeeDataPlugin");
+        if (plugin) {
+            const req = new FetchRequest(plugin.url);
+            const feeData = await plugin.processFunc(getFeeDataFunc, this, req);
+            return new FeeData(feeData.gasPrice, feeData.maxFeePerGas, feeData.maxPriorityFeePerGas);
+        }
+
+        return await getFeeDataFunc();
+    }
+
+
+    async estimateGas(_tx: TransactionRequest): Promise<bigint> {
+        let tx = this._getTransactionRequest(_tx);
+        if (isPromise(tx)) { tx = await tx; }
+        return getBigInt(await this.#perform({
+            method: "estimateGas", transaction: tx
+        }), "%response");
+    }
+
+    async #call(tx: PerformActionTransaction, blockTag: string, attempt: number): Promise<string> {
+        assert (attempt < MAX_CCIP_REDIRECTS, "CCIP read exceeded maximum redirections", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+             reason: "TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS",
+             transaction: Object.assign({ }, tx, { blockTag, enableCcipRead: true })
+         });
+
+         // This came in as a PerformActionTransaction, so to/from are safe; we can cast
+         const transaction = <PerformActionTransaction>copyRequest(tx);
+
+         try {
+             return hexlify(await this._perform({ method: "call", transaction, blockTag }));
+
+         } catch (error: any) {
+             // CCIP Read OffchainLookup
+             if (!this.disableCcipRead && isCallException(error) && error.data && attempt >= 0 && blockTag === "latest" && transaction.to != null && dataSlice(error.data, 0, 4) === "0x556f1830") {
+                 const data = error.data;
+
+                 const txSender = await resolveAddress(transaction.to, this);
+
+                 // Parse the CCIP Read Arguments
+                 let ccipArgs: CcipArgs;
+                 try {
+                     ccipArgs = parseOffchainLookup(dataSlice(error.data, 4));
+                 } catch (error: any) {
+                     assert(false, error.message, "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+                         reason: "BAD_DATA", transaction, info: { data } });
+                 }
+
+                 // Check the sender of the OffchainLookup matches the transaction
+                 assert(ccipArgs.sender.toLowerCase() === txSender.toLowerCase(),
+                     "CCIP Read sender mismatch", "CALL_EXCEPTION", {
+                         action: "call",
+                         data,
+                         reason: "OffchainLookup",
+                         transaction: <any>transaction, // @TODO: populate data?
+                         invocation: null,
+                         revert: {
+                             signature: "OffchainLookup(address,string[],bytes,bytes4,bytes)",
+                             name: "OffchainLookup",
+                             args: ccipArgs.errorArgs
+                         }
+                     });
+
+                 const ccipResult = await this.ccipReadFetch(transaction, ccipArgs.calldata, ccipArgs.urls);
+                 assert(ccipResult != null, "CCIP Read failed to fetch data", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+                     reason: "FETCH_FAILED", transaction, info: { data: error.data, errorArgs: ccipArgs.errorArgs } });
+
+                 const tx = {
+                     to: txSender,
+                     data: concat([ ccipArgs.selector, encodeBytes([ ccipResult, ccipArgs.extraData ]) ])
+                 };
+
+                 this.emit("debug", { action: "sendCcipReadCall", transaction: tx });
+                 try {
+                     const result = await this.#call(tx, blockTag, attempt + 1);
+                     this.emit("debug", { action: "receiveCcipReadCallResult", transaction: Object.assign({ }, tx), result });
+                     return result;
+                 } catch (error) {
+                     this.emit("debug", { action: "receiveCcipReadCallError", transaction: Object.assign({ }, tx), error });
+                     throw error;
+                 }
+             }
+
+             throw error;
+         }
+    }
+
+    async #checkNetwork<T>(promise: Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+        const { value } = await resolveProperties({
+            network: this.getNetwork(),
+            value: promise
+        });
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    async call(_tx: TransactionRequest): Promise<string> {
+        const { tx, blockTag } = await resolveProperties({
+            tx: this._getTransactionRequest(_tx),
+            blockTag: this._getBlockTag(_tx.blockTag)
+        });
+
+        return await this.#checkNetwork(this.#call(tx, blockTag, _tx.enableCcipRead ? 0: -1));
+    }
+
+    // Account
+    async #getAccountValue(request: _PerformAccountRequest, _address: AddressLike, _blockTag?: BlockTag): Promise<any> {
+        let address: string | Promise<string> = this._getAddress(_address);
+        let blockTag: string | Promise<string> = this._getBlockTag(_blockTag);
+
+        if (typeof(address) !== "string" || typeof(blockTag) !== "string") {
+            [ address, blockTag ] = await Promise.all([ address, blockTag ]);
+        }
+
+        return await this.#checkNetwork(this.#perform(Object.assign(request, { address, blockTag })));
+    }
+
+    async getBalance(address: AddressLike, blockTag?: BlockTag): Promise<bigint> {
+        return getBigInt(await this.#getAccountValue({ method: "getBalance" }, address, blockTag), "%response");
+    }
+
+    async getTransactionCount(address: AddressLike, blockTag?: BlockTag): Promise<number> {
+        return getNumber(await this.#getAccountValue({ method: "getTransactionCount" }, address, blockTag), "%response");
+    }
+
+    async getCode(address: AddressLike, blockTag?: BlockTag): Promise<string> {
+        return hexlify(await this.#getAccountValue({ method: "getCode" }, address, blockTag));
+    }
+
+    async getStorage(address: AddressLike, _position: BigNumberish, blockTag?: BlockTag): Promise<string> {
+        const position = getBigInt(_position, "position");
+        return hexlify(await this.#getAccountValue({ method: "getStorage", position }, address, blockTag));
+    }
+
+    // Write
+    async broadcastTransaction(signedTx: string): Promise<TransactionResponse> {
+        const { blockNumber, hash, network } = await resolveProperties({
+             blockNumber: this.getBlockNumber(),
+             hash: this._perform({
+                 method: "broadcastTransaction",
+                 signedTransaction: signedTx
+             }),
+             network: this.getNetwork()
+        });
+
+        const tx = Transaction.from(signedTx);
+        if (tx.hash !== hash) {
+            throw new Error("@TODO: the returned hash did not match");
+        }
+
+        return this._wrapTransactionResponse(<any>tx, network).replaceableTransaction(blockNumber);
+    }
+
+    async #getBlock(block: BlockTag | string, includeTransactions: boolean): Promise<any> {
+        // @TODO: Add CustomBlockPlugin check
+
+        if (isHexString(block, 32)) {
+            return await this.#perform({
+                method: "getBlock", blockHash: block, includeTransactions
+            });
+        }
+
+        let blockTag = this._getBlockTag(block);
+        if (typeof(blockTag) !== "string") { blockTag = await blockTag; }
+
+        return await this.#perform({
+            method: "getBlock", blockTag, includeTransactions
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Queries
+    async getBlock(block: BlockTag | string, prefetchTxs?: boolean): Promise<null | Block> {
+        const { network, params } = await resolveProperties({
+            network: this.getNetwork(),
+            params: this.#getBlock(block, !!prefetchTxs)
+        });
+        if (params == null) { return null; }
+
+        return this._wrapBlock(params, network);
+    }
+
+    async getTransaction(hash: string): Promise<null | TransactionResponse> {
+        const { network, params } = await resolveProperties({
+            network: this.getNetwork(),
+            params: this.#perform({ method: "getTransaction", hash })
+        });
+        if (params == null) { return null; }
+
+        return this._wrapTransactionResponse(params, network);
+    }
+
+    async getTransactionReceipt(hash: string): Promise<null | TransactionReceipt> {
+        const { network, params } = await resolveProperties({
+            network: this.getNetwork(),
+            params: this.#perform({ method: "getTransactionReceipt", hash })
+        });
+        if (params == null) { return null; }
+
+        // Some backends did not backfill the effectiveGasPrice into old transactions
+        // in the receipt, so we look it up manually and inject it.
+        if (params.gasPrice == null && params.effectiveGasPrice == null) {
+            const tx = await this.#perform({ method: "getTransaction", hash });
+            if (tx == null) { throw new Error("report this; could not find tx or effectiveGasPrice"); }
+            params.effectiveGasPrice = tx.gasPrice;
+        }
+
+        return this._wrapTransactionReceipt(params, network);
+    }
+
+    async getTransactionResult(hash: string): Promise<null | string> {
+        const { result } = await resolveProperties({
+            network: this.getNetwork(),
+            result: this.#perform({ method: "getTransactionResult", hash })
+        });
+        if (result == null) { return null; }
+        return hexlify(result);
+    }
+
+    // Bloom-filter Queries
+    async getLogs(_filter: Filter | FilterByBlockHash): Promise<Array<Log>> {
+        let filter = this._getFilter(_filter);
+        if (isPromise(filter)) { filter = await filter; }
+
+        const { network, params } = await resolveProperties({
+            network: this.getNetwork(),
+            params: this.#perform<Array<LogParams>>({ method: "getLogs", filter })
+        });
+
+        return params.map((p) => this._wrapLog(p, network));
+    }
+
+    // ENS
+    _getProvider(chainId: number): AbstractProvider {
+        assert(false, "provider cannot connect to target network", "UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION", {
+            operation: "_getProvider()"
+        });
+    }
+
+    async getResolver(name: string): Promise<null | EnsResolver> {
+        return await EnsResolver.fromName(this, name);
+    }
+
+    async getAvatar(name: string): Promise<null | string> {
+        const resolver = await this.getResolver(name);
+        if (resolver) { return await resolver.getAvatar(); }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    async resolveName(name: string): Promise<null | string>{
+        const resolver = await this.getResolver(name);
+        if (resolver) { return await resolver.getAddress(); }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    async lookupAddress(address: string): Promise<null | string> {
+        address = getAddress(address);
+        const node = namehash(address.substring(2).toLowerCase() + ".addr.reverse");
+
+        try {
+
+            const ensAddr = await EnsResolver.getEnsAddress(this);
+            const ensContract = new Contract(ensAddr, [
+                "function resolver(bytes32) view returns (address)"
+            ], this);
+
+            const resolver = await ensContract.resolver(node);
+            if (resolver == null || resolver === ZeroAddress) { return null; }
+
+            const resolverContract = new Contract(resolver, [
+                "function name(bytes32) view returns (string)"
+            ], this);
+            const name = await resolverContract.name(node);
+
+            // Failed forward resolution
+            const check = await this.resolveName(name);
+            if (check !== address) { return null; }
+
+            return name;
+
+        } catch (error) {
+            // No data was returned from the resolver
+            if (isError(error, "BAD_DATA") && error.value === "0x") {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // Something reerted
+            if (isError(error, "CALL_EXCEPTION")) { return null; }
+
+            throw error;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    async waitForTransaction(hash: string, _confirms?: null | number, timeout?: null | number): Promise<null | TransactionReceipt> {
+        const confirms = (_confirms != null) ? _confirms: 1;
+        if (confirms === 0) { return this.getTransactionReceipt(hash); }
+
+        return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {
+            let timer: null | Timer = null;
+
+            const listener = (async (blockNumber: number) => {
+                try {
+                    const receipt = await this.getTransactionReceipt(hash);
+                    if (receipt != null) {
+                        if (blockNumber - receipt.blockNumber + 1 >= confirms) {
+                            resolve(receipt);
+                            //this.off("block", listener);
+                            if (timer) {
+                                clearTimeout(timer);
+                                timer = null;
+                            }
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (error) {
+                    console.log("EEE", error);
+                }
+                this.once("block", listener);
+            });
+
+            if (timeout != null) {
+                timer = setTimeout(() => {
+                    if (timer == null) { return; }
+                    timer = null;
+                    this.off("block", listener);
+                    reject(makeError("timeout", "TIMEOUT", { reason: "timeout" }));
+                }, timeout);
+            }
+
+            listener(await this.getBlockNumber());
+        });
+    }
+
+    async waitForBlock(blockTag?: BlockTag): Promise<Block> {
+        assert(false, "not implemented yet", "NOT_IMPLEMENTED", {
+            operation: "waitForBlock"
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Clear a timer created using the [[_setTimeout]] method.
+     */
+    _clearTimeout(timerId: number): void {
+        const timer = this.#timers.get(timerId);
+        if (!timer) { return; }
+        if (timer.timer) { clearTimeout(timer.timer); }
+        this.#timers.delete(timerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Create a timer that will execute %%func%% after at least %%timeout%%
+     *  (in ms). If %%timeout%% is unspecified, then %%func%% will execute
+     *  in the next event loop.
+     *
+     *  [Pausing](AbstractProvider-paused) the provider will pause any
+     *  associated timers.
+     */
+    _setTimeout(_func: () => void, timeout?: number): number {
+        if (timeout == null) { timeout = 0; }
+        const timerId = this.#nextTimer++;
+        const func = () => {
+            this.#timers.delete(timerId);
+            _func();
+        };
+
+        if (this.paused) {
+            this.#timers.set(timerId, { timer: null, func, time: timeout });
+        } else {
+            const timer = setTimeout(func, timeout);
+            this.#timers.set(timerId, { timer, func, time: getTime() });
+        }
+
+        return timerId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Perform %%func%% on each subscriber.
+     */
+    _forEachSubscriber(func: (s: Subscriber) => void): void {
+        for (const sub of this.#subs.values()) {
+            func(sub.subscriber);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Sub-classes may override this to customize subscription
+     *  implementations.
+     */
+    _getSubscriber(sub: Subscription): Subscriber {
+        switch (sub.type) {
+            case "debug":
+            case "error":
+            case "network":
+                return new UnmanagedSubscriber(sub.type);
+            case "block": {
+                const subscriber = new PollingBlockSubscriber(this);
+                subscriber.pollingInterval = this.pollingInterval;
+                return subscriber;
+            }
+            case "safe": case "finalized":
+                return new PollingBlockTagSubscriber(this, sub.type);
+            case "event":
+                return new PollingEventSubscriber(this, sub.filter);
+            case "transaction":
+                return new PollingTransactionSubscriber(this, sub.hash);
+            case "orphan":
+                return new PollingOrphanSubscriber(this, sub.filter);
+        }
+
+        throw new Error(`unsupported event: ${ sub.type }`);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  If a [[Subscriber]] fails and needs to replace itself, this
+     *  method may be used.
+     *
+     *  For example, this is used for providers when using the
+     *  ``eth_getFilterChanges`` method, which can return null if state
+     *  filters are not supported by the backend, allowing the Subscriber
+     *  to swap in a [[PollingEventSubscriber]].
+     */
+    _recoverSubscriber(oldSub: Subscriber, newSub: Subscriber): void {
+        for (const sub of this.#subs.values()) {
+            if (sub.subscriber === oldSub) {
+                if (sub.started) { sub.subscriber.stop(); }
+                sub.subscriber = newSub;
+                if (sub.started) { newSub.start(); }
+                if (this.#pausedState != null) { newSub.pause(this.#pausedState); }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async #hasSub(event: ProviderEvent, emitArgs?: Array<any>): Promise<null | Sub> {
+        let sub = await getSubscription(event, this);
+        // This is a log that is removing an existing log; we actually want
+        // to emit an orphan event for the removed log
+        if (sub.type === "event" && emitArgs && emitArgs.length > 0 && emitArgs[0].removed === true) {
+            sub = await getSubscription({ orphan: "drop-log", log: emitArgs[0] }, this);
+        }
+        return this.#subs.get(sub.tag) || null;
+    }
+
+    async #getSub(event: ProviderEvent): Promise<Sub> {
+        const subscription = await getSubscription(event, this);
+
+        // Prevent tampering with our tag in any subclass' _getSubscriber
+        const tag = subscription.tag;
+
+        let sub = this.#subs.get(tag);
+        if (!sub) {
+            const subscriber = this._getSubscriber(subscription);
+
+            const addressableMap = new WeakMap();
+            const nameMap = new Map();
+            sub = { subscriber, tag, addressableMap, nameMap, started: false, listeners: [ ] };
+            this.#subs.set(tag, sub);
+        }
+
+        return sub;
+    }
+
+    async on(event: ProviderEvent, listener: Listener): Promise<this> {
+        const sub = await this.#getSub(event);
+        sub.listeners.push({ listener, once: false });
+        if (!sub.started) {
+            sub.subscriber.start();
+            sub.started = true;
+            if (this.#pausedState != null) { sub.subscriber.pause(this.#pausedState); }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    async once(event: ProviderEvent, listener: Listener): Promise<this> {
+        const sub = await this.#getSub(event);
+        sub.listeners.push({ listener, once: true });
+        if (!sub.started) {
+            sub.subscriber.start();
+            sub.started = true;
+            if (this.#pausedState != null) { sub.subscriber.pause(this.#pausedState); }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    async emit(event: ProviderEvent, ...args: Array<any>): Promise<boolean> {
+        const sub = await this.#hasSub(event, args);
+        // If there is not subscription or if a recent emit removed
+        // the last of them (which also deleted the sub) do nothing
+        if (!sub || sub.listeners.length === 0) { return false; };
+
+        const count = sub.listeners.length;
+        sub.listeners = sub.listeners.filter(({ listener, once }) => {
+            const payload = new EventPayload(this, (once ? null: listener), event);
+            try {
+                listener.call(this, ...args, payload);
+            } catch(error) { }
+            return !once;
+        });
+
+        if (sub.listeners.length === 0) {
+            if (sub.started) { sub.subscriber.stop(); }
+            this.#subs.delete(sub.tag);
+        }
+
+        return (count > 0);
+    }
+
+    async listenerCount(event?: ProviderEvent): Promise<number> {
+        if (event) {
+            const sub = await this.#hasSub(event);
+            if (!sub) { return 0; }
+            return sub.listeners.length;
+        }
+
+        let total = 0;
+        for (const { listeners } of this.#subs.values()) {
+            total += listeners.length;
+        }
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    async listeners(event?: ProviderEvent): Promise<Array<Listener>> {
+        if (event) {
+            const sub = await this.#hasSub(event);
+            if (!sub) { return  [ ]; }
+            return sub.listeners.map(({ listener }) => listener);
+        }
+        let result: Array<Listener> = [ ];
+        for (const { listeners } of this.#subs.values()) {
+            result = result.concat(listeners.map(({ listener }) => listener));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    async off(event: ProviderEvent, listener?: Listener): Promise<this> {
+        const sub = await this.#hasSub(event);
+        if (!sub) { return this; }
+
+        if (listener) {
+            const index = sub.listeners.map(({ listener }) => listener).indexOf(listener);
+            if (index >= 0) { sub.listeners.splice(index, 1); }
+        }
+
+        if (!listener || sub.listeners.length === 0) {
+            if (sub.started) { sub.subscriber.stop(); }
+            this.#subs.delete(sub.tag);
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    async removeAllListeners(event?: ProviderEvent): Promise<this> {
+        if (event) {
+            const { tag, started, subscriber } = await this.#getSub(event);
+            if (started) { subscriber.stop(); }
+            this.#subs.delete(tag);
+        } else {
+            for (const [ tag, { started, subscriber } ] of this.#subs) {
+                if (started) { subscriber.stop(); }
+                this.#subs.delete(tag);
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    // Alias for "on"
+    async addListener(event: ProviderEvent, listener: Listener): Promise<this> {
+       return await this.on(event, listener);
+    }
+
+    // Alias for "off"
+    async removeListener(event: ProviderEvent, listener: Listener): Promise<this> {
+       return this.off(event, listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  If this provider has been destroyed using the [[destroy]] method.
+     *
+     *  Once destroyed, all resources are reclaimed, internal event loops
+     *  and timers are cleaned up and no further requests may be sent to
+     *  the provider.
+     */
+    get destroyed(): boolean {
+        return this.#destroyed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Sub-classes may use this to shutdown any sockets or release their
+     *  resources and reject any pending requests.
+     *
+     *  Sub-classes **must** call ``super.destroy()``.
+     */
+    destroy(): void {
+        // Stop all listeners
+        this.removeAllListeners();
+
+        // Shut down all tiemrs
+        for (const timerId of this.#timers.keys()) {
+            this._clearTimeout(timerId);
+        }
+
+        this.#destroyed = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Whether the provider is currently paused.
+     *
+     *  A paused provider will not emit any events, and generally should
+     *  not make any requests to the network, but that is up to sub-classes
+     *  to manage.
+     *
+     *  Setting ``paused = true`` is identical to calling ``.pause(false)``,
+     *  which will buffer any events that occur while paused until the
+     *  provider is unpaused.
+     */
+    get paused(): boolean { return (this.#pausedState != null); }
+    set paused(pause: boolean) {
+        if (!!pause === this.paused) { return; }
+
+        if (this.paused) {
+            this.resume();
+        } else {
+            this.pause(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Pause the provider. If %%dropWhilePaused%%, any events that occur
+     *  while paused are dropped, otherwise all events will be emitted once
+     *  the provider is unpaused.
+     */
+    pause(dropWhilePaused?: boolean): void {
+        this.#lastBlockNumber = -1;
+
+        if (this.#pausedState != null) {
+            if (this.#pausedState == !!dropWhilePaused) { return; }
+            assert(false, "cannot change pause type; resume first", "UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION", {
+                operation: "pause"
+            });
+        }
+
+        this._forEachSubscriber((s) => s.pause(dropWhilePaused));
+        this.#pausedState = !!dropWhilePaused;
+
+        for (const timer of this.#timers.values()) {
+            // Clear the timer
+            if (timer.timer) { clearTimeout(timer.timer); }
+
+            // Remaining time needed for when we become unpaused
+            timer.time = getTime() - timer.time;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Resume the provider.
+     */
+    resume(): void {
+        if (this.#pausedState == null) { return; }
+
+        this._forEachSubscriber((s) => s.resume());
+        this.#pausedState = null;
+        for (const timer of this.#timers.values()) {
+            // Remaining time when we were paused
+            let timeout = timer.time;
+            if (timeout < 0) { timeout = 0; }
+
+            // Start time (in cause paused, so we con compute remaininf time)
+            timer.time = getTime();
+
+            // Start the timer
+            setTimeout(timer.func, timeout);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+function _parseString(result: string, start: number): null | string {
+    try {
+        const bytes = _parseBytes(result, start);
+        if (bytes) { return toUtf8String(bytes); }
+    } catch(error) { }
+    return null;
+}
+
+function _parseBytes(result: string, start: number): null | string {
+    if (result === "0x") { return null; }
+    try {
+        const offset = getNumber(dataSlice(result, start, start + 32));
+        const length = getNumber(dataSlice(result, offset, offset + 32));
+
+        return dataSlice(result, offset + 32, offset + 32 + length);
+    } catch (error) { }
+    return null;
+}
+
+function numPad(value: number): Uint8Array {
+    const result = toBeArray(value);
+    if (result.length > 32) { throw new Error("internal; should not happen"); }
+
+    const padded = new Uint8Array(32);
+    padded.set(result, 32 - result.length);
+    return padded;
+}
+
+function bytesPad(value: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+    if ((value.length % 32) === 0) { return value; }
+
+    const result = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(value.length / 32) * 32);
+    result.set(value);
+    return result;
+}
+
+const empty: Uint8Array = new Uint8Array([ ]);
+
+// ABI Encodes a series of (bytes, bytes, ...)
+function encodeBytes(datas: Array<BytesLike>): string {
+    const result: Array<Uint8Array> = [ ];
+
+    let byteCount = 0;
+
+    // Add place-holders for pointers as we add items
+    for (let i = 0; i < datas.length; i++) {
+        result.push(empty);
+        byteCount += 32;
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < datas.length; i++) {
+        const data = getBytes(datas[i]);
+
+        // Update the bytes offset
+        result[i] = numPad(byteCount);
+
+        // The length and padded value of data
+        result.push(numPad(data.length));
+        result.push(bytesPad(data));
+        byteCount += 32 + Math.ceil(data.length / 32) * 32;
+    }
+
+    return concat(result);
+}
+
+const zeros = "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+function parseOffchainLookup(data: string): CcipArgs {
+    const result: CcipArgs = {
+        sender: "", urls: [ ], calldata: "", selector: "", extraData: "", errorArgs: [ ]
+    };
+
+    assert(dataLength(data) >= 5 * 32, "insufficient OffchainLookup data", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+        reason: "insufficient OffchainLookup data"
+    });
+
+    const sender = dataSlice(data, 0, 32);
+    assert(dataSlice(sender, 0, 12) === dataSlice(zeros, 0, 12), "corrupt OffchainLookup sender", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+        reason: "corrupt OffchainLookup sender"
+    });
+    result.sender = dataSlice(sender, 12);
+
+    // Read the URLs from the response
+    try {
+        const urls: Array<string> = [];
+        const urlsOffset = getNumber(dataSlice(data, 32, 64));
+        const urlsLength = getNumber(dataSlice(data, urlsOffset, urlsOffset + 32));
+        const urlsData = dataSlice(data, urlsOffset + 32);
+        for (let u = 0; u < urlsLength; u++) {
+            const url = _parseString(urlsData, u * 32);
+            if (url == null) { throw new Error("abort"); }
+            urls.push(url);
+        }
+        result.urls = urls;
+    } catch (error) {
+        assert(false, "corrupt OffchainLookup urls", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+            reason: "corrupt OffchainLookup urls"
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Get the CCIP calldata to forward
+    try {
+        const calldata = _parseBytes(data, 64);
+        if (calldata == null) { throw new Error("abort"); }
+        result.calldata = calldata;
+    } catch (error) {
+        assert(false, "corrupt OffchainLookup calldata", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+            reason: "corrupt OffchainLookup calldata"
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Get the callbackSelector (bytes4)
+    assert(dataSlice(data, 100, 128) === dataSlice(zeros, 0, 28), "corrupt OffchainLookup callbaackSelector", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+        reason: "corrupt OffchainLookup callbaackSelector"
+    });
+    result.selector = dataSlice(data, 96, 100);
+
+    // Get the extra data to send back to the contract as context
+    try {
+        const extraData = _parseBytes(data, 128);
+        if (extraData == null) { throw new Error("abort"); }
+        result.extraData = extraData;
+    } catch (error) {
+        assert(false, "corrupt OffchainLookup extraData", "OFFCHAIN_FAULT", {
+            reason: "corrupt OffchainLookup extraData"
+        });
+    }
+
+    result.errorArgs = "sender,urls,calldata,selector,extraData".split(/,/).map((k) => (<any>result)[k])
+
+    return result;
+}