effect 4.0.0-beta.99 → 4.0.0-rc.108

package/AGENTS.md

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+# Effect library documentation
+
+This documentation covers the Effect library and its related packages.
+
+When you need to find information about Effect, use this documentation and the
+Effect source code available in your environment. Avoid unrelated copies of
+Effect or external documentation, as they may be outdated or incorrect.
+
+**Note**: The examples in this documentation contain comments for illustration
+purposes. In practice, you would not include these comments in your code.
+
+## Writing `Effect` code
+
+Prefer writing Effect code with `Effect.gen` & `Effect.fn("name")`. Then attach
+additional behaviour with combinators. This style is more readable and easier to
+maintain than using combinators alone.
+
+### Using Effect.gen
+
+Use `Effect.gen` to write code in an imperative style similar to async await.
+You can use `yield*` to access the result of an effect.
+
+```ts
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+
+Effect.gen(function*() {
+  yield* Effect.log("Starting the file processing...")
+  yield* Effect.log("Reading file...")
+
+  // Always return when raising an error, to ensure typescript understands that
+  // the function will not continue executing.
+  return yield* new FileProcessingError({ message: "Failed to read the file" })
+}).pipe(
+  // Add additional functionality with .pipe
+  Effect.catch((error) => Effect.logError(`An error occurred: ${error}`)),
+  Effect.withSpan("fileProcessing", {
+    attributes: {
+      method: "Effect.gen"
+    }
+  })
+)
+
+// Use Schema.TaggedError to define a custom error
+export class FileProcessingError extends Schema.TaggedError<FileProcessingError>()("FileProcessingError", {
+  message: Schema.String
+}) {}
+```
+
+### Using Effect.fn
+
+When writing functions that return an Effect, use `Effect.fn` to use the
+generator syntax.
+
+**Avoid creating functions that return an Effect.gen**, use `Effect.fn`
+instead.
+
+```ts
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+
+// Pass a string to Effect.fn, which will improve stack traces and also
+// attach a tracing span (using Effect.withSpan behind the scenes).
+//
+// The name string should match the function name.
+//
+export const effectFunction = Effect.fn("effectFunction")(
+  // You can use `Effect.fn.Return` to specify the return type of the function.
+  // It accepts the same type parameters as `Effect.Effect`.
+  function*(n: number): Effect.fn.Return<string, SomeError> {
+    yield* Effect.logInfo("Received number:", n)
+
+    // Always return when raising an error, to ensure typescript understands that
+    // the function will not continue executing.
+    return yield* new SomeError({ message: "Failed to read the file" })
+  },
+  // Add additional functionality by passing in additional arguments.
+  // **Do not** use .pipe with Effect.fn
+  Effect.catch((error) => Effect.logError(`An error occurred: ${error}`)),
+  Effect.annotateLogs({
+    method: "effectFunction"
+  })
+)
+
+// Use Schema.TaggedError to define a custom error
+export class SomeError extends Schema.TaggedError<SomeError>()("SomeError", {
+  message: Schema.String
+}) {}
+```
+
+### More examples
+
+- **[Creating effects from common sources](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/01_basics/10_creating-effects.ts)**:
+  Learn how to create effects from various sources, including plain values,
+  synchronous code, Promise APIs, optional values, and callback-based APIs.
+
+## Defining schemas and domain models
+
+All validation and domain modeling in Effect is done with `Schema`.
+
+**AVOID using predicates or manual parsing**, instead use `Schema` to parse untrusted data and validate it.
+
+For a comprehensive guide, see [SCHEMA.md](https://github.com/Effect-TS/effect/blob/main/packages/effect/SCHEMA.md). Make sure to read the guide in chunks, as it is a large document.
+
+- **[Schema basics](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/02_schema/10_schema-basics.ts)**:
+  Define `Schema.Class`s, decode unknown input into typed values, and
+  encode typed values back into their external representation.
+
+## Writing Effect services
+
+Effect services are the most common way to structure Effect code. Prefer using
+services to encapsulate behaviour over other approaches, as it ensures that your
+code is modular, testable, and maintainable.
+
+### Context.Service
+
+The default way to define a service is to extend `Context.Service`,
+passing in the service interface as a type parameter.
+
+```ts
+// file: src/db/Database.ts
+import { Context, Effect, Layer, Schema } from "effect"
+
+// Pass in the service class name as the first type parameter, and the service
+// interface as the second type parameter.
+export class Database extends Context.Service<Database, {
+  query(sql: string): Effect.Effect<Array<unknown>, DatabaseError>
+}>()(
+  // The string identifier for the service, which should include the package
+  // name and the subdirectory path to the service file.
+  "myapp/db/Database"
+) {
+  // Attach a static layer to the service, which will be used to provide an
+  // implementation of the service.
+  static readonly layer = Layer.effect(
+    Database,
+    Effect.gen(function*() {
+      // Define the service methods using Effect.fn
+      const query = Effect.fn("Database.query")(function*(sql: string) {
+        yield* Effect.log("Executing SQL query:", sql)
+        return [{ id: 1, name: "Alice" }, { id: 2, name: "Bob" }]
+      })
+
+      // Return an instance of the service using Database.of, passing in an
+      // object that implements the service interface.
+      return Database.of({
+        query
+      })
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+export class DatabaseError extends Schema.TaggedError<DatabaseError>()("DatabaseError", {
+  cause: Schema.Defect()
+}) {}
+
+// If you ever need to access the service type, use `Database["Service"]`
+export type DatabaseService = Database["Service"]
+```
+
+### More examples
+
+- **[Context.Reference](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/03_services/10_reference.ts)**: For defining configuration values, feature flags, or any other service that has a default value.
+- **[Composing services with the Layer module](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/03_services/20_layer-composition.ts)**:
+  Build focused service layers, then compose them with `Layer.provide` and
+  `Layer.provideMerge` based on what services you want to expose.
+- **[Creating Layers from configuration and/or Effects](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/03_services/20_layer-unwrap.ts)**: Build a layer dynamically from an Effect / Config with `Layer.unwrap`.
+
+## Error handling
+
+### Error handling basics
+
+Defining custom errors and handling them with Effect.catch and Effect.catchTag.
+
+```ts
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+
+// Define custom errors using Schema.TaggedError
+export class ParseError extends Schema.TaggedError<ParseError>()("ParseError", {
+  input: Schema.String,
+  message: Schema.String
+}) {}
+
+export class ReservedPortError extends Schema.TaggedError<ReservedPortError>()("ReservedPortError", {
+  port: Schema.Int
+}) {}
+
+declare const loadPort: (input: string) => Effect.Effect<number, ParseError | ReservedPortError>
+
+export const recovered = loadPort("80").pipe(
+  // Catch multiple errors with Effect.catchTag, and return a default port number.
+  Effect.catchTag(["ParseError", "ReservedPortError"], (_) => Effect.succeed(3000))
+)
+
+export const withFinalFallback = loadPort("invalid").pipe(
+  // Catch a specific error with Effect.catchTag
+  Effect.catchTag("ReservedPortError", (_) => Effect.succeed(3000)),
+  // Catch all errors with Effect.catch
+  Effect.catch((_) => Effect.succeed(3000))
+)
+```
+
+### More examples
+
+- **[Catch multiple errors with Effect.catchTags](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/04_errors/10_catch-tags.ts)**: Use `Effect.catchTags` to handle several tagged errors in one place.
+- **[Creating and handling errors with reasons](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/04_errors/20_reason-errors.ts)**:
+  Define a tagged error with a tagged `reason` field, then recover with
+  `Effect.catchReason`, `Effect.catchReasons`, or by unwrapping the reason into
+  the error channel with `Effect.unwrapReason`.
+
+## Managing resources and `Scope`s
+
+Learn how to safely manage resources in Effect using `Scope`s and finalizers.
+
+- **[Acquiring resources with Effect.acquireRelease](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/05_resources/10_acquire-release.ts)**:
+  Define a service that uses `Effect.acquireRelease` to manage the lifecycle of
+  a resource, ensuring that it is properly cleaned up when the service is no
+  longer needed.
+- **[Creating Layers that run background tasks](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/05_resources/20_layer-side-effects.ts)**: Use Layer.effectDiscard to encapsulate background tasks without a service interface.
+- **[Dynamic resources with LayerMap](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/05_resources/30_layer-map.ts)**:
+  Use `LayerMap.Service` to dynamically build and manage resources that are
+  keyed by some identifier, such as a tenant ID.
+
+## Running Effect programs
+
+- **[Running effects with NodeRuntime and BunRuntime](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/06_running/10_run-main.ts)**: Use `NodeRuntime.runMain` to run an Effect program as your process entrypoint.
+- **[Using Layer.launch as the application entry point](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/06_running/20_layer-launch.ts)**: Use `Layer.launch` to run a long-running Effect program as your process entrypoint.
+
+## Broadcasting messages with PubSub
+
+Use `PubSub` when you need one producer to fan out messages to many consumers.
+
+- **[Broadcasting domain events with PubSub](./ai-docs/src/01_effect/07_pubsub/10_pubsub.ts)**: Build an in-process event bus with `PubSub` and expose it as a service.
+
+## Working with Streams
+
+Effect Streams represent effectful, pull-based sequences of values over time.
+They let you model finite or infinite data sources.
+
+- **[Creating streams from common data sources](./ai-docs/src/03_stream/10_creating-streams.ts)**:
+  Learn how to create streams from various data sources. Includes:
+  
+  - `Stream.fromIterable` for arrays and other iterables
+  - `Stream.fromEffectSchedule` for polling effects
+  - `Stream.paginate` for paginated APIs
+  - `Stream.fromAsyncIterable` for async iterables
+  - `Stream.fromEventListener` for DOM events
+  - `Stream.callback` for any callback-based API
+  - `NodeStream.fromReadable` for Node.js readable streams
+- **[Consuming and transforming streams](./ai-docs/src/03_stream/20_consuming-streams.ts)**: How to transform and consume streams using operators like `map`, `flatMap`, `filter`, `mapEffect`, and various `run*` methods.
+- **[Decoding and encoding streams](./ai-docs/src/03_stream/30_encoding.ts)**:
+  Use `Stream.pipeThroughChannel` with the `Ndjson` & `Msgpack` modules to
+  decode and encode streams of structured data.
+
+## Integrating Effect into existing applications
+
+`ManagedRuntime` bridges Effect programs with non-Effect code. Build one runtime
+from your application Layer, then use it anywhere you need imperative execution,
+like web handlers, framework hooks, worker queues, or legacy callback APIs.
+
+- **[Using ManagedRuntime with Hono](./ai-docs/src/04_integration/10_managed-runtime.ts)**: Use `ManagedRuntime` to run Effect programs from external frameworks while keeping your domain logic in services and Layers.
+
+## Batching external requests
+
+Learn how to batch multiple requests into fewer external calls.
+
+- **[Batching requests with RequestResolver](./ai-docs/src/05_batching/10_request-resolver.ts)**: Define request types with `Request.Class`, resolve them in batches with `RequestResolver`.
+
+## Working with Schedules
+
+Schedules define recurring patterns for retries, repeats and polling.
+
+- **[Working with the Schedule module](./ai-docs/src/06_schedule/10_schedules.ts)**: Build schedules, compose them, and use them with `Effect.retry` and `Effect.repeat`.
+
+## Working with DateTime
+
+When working with dates and time, use the `DateTime` module instead of `Date` and `Date.now`.
+
+Use it when your Effect programs need testable current time, safe parsing, stable ISO formatting, time-zone conversion, or calendar arithmetic.
+
+- **[Creating and formatting DateTime values](./ai-docs/src/07_datetime/10_creating-and-formatting.ts)**:
+  Parse incoming date values safely, use Clock-powered current time, and format
+  instants for API payloads or user-facing labels.
+- **[Working with time zones](./ai-docs/src/07_datetime/20_time-zones.ts)**:
+  Attach IANA zones to instants, render zoned ISO strings, and provide a
+  CurrentTimeZone service for code that should use the workspace/user zone.
+
+## Observability
+
+Effect has built-in support for structured logging, distributed tracing, and
+metrics. For exporting telemetry, use the lightweight Otlp modules from
+`effect/unstable/observability` in new projects, or use
+`@effect/opentelemetry` NodeSdk when integrating with an existing OpenTelemetry
+setup.
+
+- **[Customizing logging](./ai-docs/src/08_observability/10_logging.ts)**: Configure loggers & log-level filtering for production applications.
+- **[Setting up tracing with Otlp modules](./ai-docs/src/08_observability/20_otlp-tracing.ts)**: Configure Otlp tracing + log export with a reusable observability layer.
+
+## Testing Effect programs
+
+- **[Writing Effect tests with @effect/vitest](./ai-docs/src/09_testing/10_effect-tests.ts)**: Using `it.effect` for Effect-based tests.
+- **[Testing services with shared layers](./ai-docs/src/09_testing/20_layer-tests.ts)**: How to test Effect services that depend on other services.
+
+## Runtime type guards
+
+The `Predicate` module contains small, reusable runtime checks.
+
+**NEVER** write your own helper functions like `isRecord` or `isString`, instead
+use the helpers from the `Predicate` module.
+
+Predicates can be composed with apis such as `Predicate.and`,
+`Predicate.or`, `Predicate.not`, and `Predicate.compose`.
+
+### Using the Predicate module
+
+
+
+```ts
+import { Predicate } from "effect"
+
+const thing: unknown = {
+  a: 1
+}
+
+if (Predicate.isObject(thing)) {
+  if (Predicate.isNumber(thing.a)) {
+    console.log("number", thing.a)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Effect HttpClient
+
+Build http clients with the `HttpClient` module.
+
+- **[Getting started with HttpClient](./ai-docs/src/50_http-client/10_basics.ts)**: Define a service that uses the HttpClient module to fetch data from an external API
+
+## Building HttpApi servers
+
+`HttpApi` gives you schema-first, type-safe HTTP APIs with runtime validation, typed clients, and OpenAPI docs from one definition.
+
+- **[Getting started with HttpApi](./ai-docs/src/51_http-server/10_basics.ts)**:
+  Define a schema-first API, implement handlers, secure endpoints with
+  middleware, serve it over HTTP, and call it using a generated typed client.
+
+## Working with child processes
+
+Use the `effect/unstable/process` modules to define child processes and run them with `ChildProcessSpawner`.
+
+- **[Working with child processes](./ai-docs/src/60_child-process/10_working-with-child-processes.ts)**: This example shows how to collect process output, compose pipelines, and stream long-running command output.
+
+## Building CLI applications
+
+Use the "effect/unstable/cli" modules to build CLI applications. These modules
+provide utilities for parsing command-line arguments, handling user input, and
+managing the flow of a CLI application.
+
+- **[Getting started with Effect CLI modules](./ai-docs/src/70_cli/10_basics.ts)**:
+  Build a command-line app with typed arguments and flags, then wire subcommand
+  handlers into a single executable command.
+
+## Working with AI modules
+
+Effect's AI modules provide a provider-agnostic interface for language models.
+You can generate text, decode structured objects with `Schema` and stream partial
+responses.
+
+- **[Using LanguageModel for text, objects, and streams](./ai-docs/src/71_ai/10_language-model.ts)**:
+  Configure a provider once, then use `LanguageModel` for plain text
+  generation, schema-validated object generation, and streaming responses.
+- **[Defining and using AI tools](./ai-docs/src/71_ai/20_tools.ts)**:
+  Define tools with schemas, group them into toolkits, implement handlers,
+  and pass them to `LanguageModel.generateText`.
+- **[Stateful chat sessions](./ai-docs/src/71_ai/30_chat.ts)**:
+  The AI `Chat` module maintains conversation history automatically. Build
+  AI agents or chat assistants.
+
+## Building distributed applications with cluster
+
+The cluster modules let you model stateful services as entities and distribute
+them across multiple machines.
+
+- **[Defining cluster entities](./ai-docs/src/80_cluster/10_entities.ts)**: Define distributed entity RPCs and run them in a cluster.