duckdb 0.8.2-dev33.0 → 0.8.2-dev3300.0

package/src/duckdb/src/optimizer/join_order/join_order_optimizer.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #include "duckdb/optimizer/join_order/join_order_optimizer.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/optimizer/join_order/cost_model.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/optimizer/join_order/plan_enumerator.hpp"
 
 #include "duckdb/common/limits.hpp"
 #include "duckdb/common/pair.hpp"
@@ -9,1077 +11,76 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 
-namespace std {
-
-//! A JoinNode is defined by the relations it joins.
-template <>
-struct hash<duckdb::JoinNode> {
-	inline string operator()(const duckdb::JoinNode &join_node) const {
-		return join_node.set.ToString();
-	}
-};
-} // namespace std
-
 namespace duckdb {
 
-//! Returns true if A and B are disjoint, false otherwise
-template <class T>
-static bool Disjoint(const unordered_set<T> &a, const unordered_set<T> &b) {
-	return std::all_of(a.begin(), a.end(), [&b](typename std::unordered_set<T>::const_reference entry) {
-		return b.find(entry) == b.end();
-	});
-}
-
-//! Extract the set of relations referred to inside an expression
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::ExtractBindings(Expression &expression, unordered_set<idx_t> &bindings) {
-	if (expression.type == ExpressionType::BOUND_COLUMN_REF) {
-		auto &colref = expression.Cast<BoundColumnRefExpression>();
-		D_ASSERT(colref.depth == 0);
-		D_ASSERT(colref.binding.table_index != DConstants::INVALID_INDEX);
-		// map the base table index to the relation index used by the JoinOrderOptimizer
-		D_ASSERT(relation_mapping.find(colref.binding.table_index) != relation_mapping.end());
-		auto catalog_table = relation_mapping[colref.binding.table_index];
-		auto column_index = colref.binding.column_index;
-		cardinality_estimator.AddColumnToRelationMap(catalog_table, column_index);
-		bindings.insert(relation_mapping[colref.binding.table_index]);
-	}
-	if (expression.type == ExpressionType::BOUND_REF) {
-		// bound expression
-		bindings.clear();
-		return false;
-	}
-	D_ASSERT(expression.type != ExpressionType::SUBQUERY);
-	bool can_reorder = true;
-	ExpressionIterator::EnumerateChildren(expression, [&](Expression &expr) {
-		if (!ExtractBindings(expr, bindings)) {
-			can_reorder = false;
-			return;
-		}
-	});
-	return can_reorder;
-}
-
-void JoinOrderOptimizer::GetColumnBinding(Expression &expression, ColumnBinding &binding) {
-	if (expression.type == ExpressionType::BOUND_COLUMN_REF) {
-		// Here you have a filter on a single column in a table. Return a binding for the column
-		// being filtered on so the filter estimator knows what HLL count to pull
-		auto &colref = expression.Cast<BoundColumnRefExpression>();
-		D_ASSERT(colref.depth == 0);
-		D_ASSERT(colref.binding.table_index != DConstants::INVALID_INDEX);
-		// map the base table index to the relation index used by the JoinOrderOptimizer
-		D_ASSERT(relation_mapping.find(colref.binding.table_index) != relation_mapping.end());
-		binding = ColumnBinding(relation_mapping[colref.binding.table_index], colref.binding.column_index);
-	}
-	// TODO: handle inequality filters with functions.
-	ExpressionIterator::EnumerateChildren(expression, [&](Expression &expr) { GetColumnBinding(expr, binding); });
-}
-
-static unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> PushFilter(unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> node, unique_ptr<Expression> expr) {
-	// push an expression into a filter
-	// first check if we have any filter to push it into
-	if (node->type != LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_FILTER) {
-		// we don't, we need to create one
-		auto filter = make_uniq<LogicalFilter>();
-		filter->children.push_back(std::move(node));
-		node = std::move(filter);
-	}
-	// push the filter into the LogicalFilter
-	D_ASSERT(node->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_FILTER);
-	auto &filter = node->Cast<LogicalFilter>();
-	filter.expressions.push_back(std::move(expr));
-	return node;
-}
-
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::ExtractJoinRelations(LogicalOperator &input_op,
-                                              vector<reference<LogicalOperator>> &filter_operators,
-                                              optional_ptr<LogicalOperator> parent) {
-	LogicalOperator *op = &input_op;
-	while (op->children.size() == 1 &&
-	       (op->type != LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_PROJECTION &&
-	        op->type != LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_EXPRESSION_GET && op->type != LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_GET)) {
-		if (op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_FILTER) {
-			// extract join conditions from filter
-			filter_operators.push_back(*op);
-		}
-		if (op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_AGGREGATE_AND_GROUP_BY ||
-		    op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_WINDOW) {
-			// don't push filters through projection or aggregate and group by
-			JoinOrderOptimizer optimizer(context);
-			op->children[0] = optimizer.Optimize(std::move(op->children[0]));
-			return false;
-		}
-		op = op->children[0].get();
-	}
-	bool non_reorderable_operation = false;
-	if (op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_UNION || op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_EXCEPT ||
-	    op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_INTERSECT || op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_DELIM_JOIN ||
-	    op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_ANY_JOIN || op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_ASOF_JOIN) {
-		// set operation, optimize separately in children
-		non_reorderable_operation = true;
-	}
-
-	if (op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_COMPARISON_JOIN) {
-		auto &join = op->Cast<LogicalComparisonJoin>();
-		if (join.join_type == JoinType::INNER) {
-			// extract join conditions from inner join
-			filter_operators.push_back(*op);
-		} else {
-			// non-inner join, not reorderable yet
-			non_reorderable_operation = true;
-			if (join.join_type == JoinType::LEFT && join.right_projection_map.empty()) {
-				// for left joins; if the RHS cardinality is significantly larger than the LHS (2x)
-				// we convert to doing a RIGHT OUTER JOIN
-				// FIXME: for now we don't swap if the right_projection_map is not empty
-				// this can be fixed once we implement the left_projection_map properly...
-				auto lhs_cardinality = join.children[0]->EstimateCardinality(context);
-				auto rhs_cardinality = join.children[1]->EstimateCardinality(context);
-				if (rhs_cardinality > lhs_cardinality * 2) {
-					join.join_type = JoinType::RIGHT;
-					std::swap(join.children[0], join.children[1]);
-					for (auto &cond : join.conditions) {
-						std::swap(cond.left, cond.right);
-						cond.comparison = FlipComparisonExpression(cond.comparison);
-					}
-				}
-			}
+static bool HasJoin(LogicalOperator *op) {
+	while (!op->children.empty()) {
+		if (op->children.size() == 1) {
+			op = op->children[0].get();
 		}
-	}
-	if (op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_ANY_JOIN && non_reorderable_operation) {
-		auto &join = op->Cast<LogicalAnyJoin>();
-		if (join.join_type == JoinType::LEFT && join.right_projection_map.empty()) {
-			auto lhs_cardinality = join.children[0]->EstimateCardinality(context);
-			auto rhs_cardinality = join.children[1]->EstimateCardinality(context);
-			if (rhs_cardinality > lhs_cardinality * 2) {
-				join.join_type = JoinType::RIGHT;
-				std::swap(join.children[0], join.children[1]);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (non_reorderable_operation) {
-		// we encountered a non-reordable operation (setop or non-inner join)
-		// we do not reorder non-inner joins yet, however we do want to expand the potential join graph around them
-		// non-inner joins are also tricky because we can't freely make conditions through them
-		// e.g. suppose we have (left LEFT OUTER JOIN right WHERE right IS NOT NULL), the join can generate
-		// new NULL values in the right side, so pushing this condition through the join leads to incorrect results
-		// for this reason, we just start a new JoinOptimizer pass in each of the children of the join
-
-		// Keep track of all filter bindings the new join order optimizer makes
-		vector<column_binding_map_t<ColumnBinding>> child_binding_maps;
-		idx_t child_bindings_it = 0;
-		for (auto &child : op->children) {
-			child_binding_maps.emplace_back();
-			JoinOrderOptimizer optimizer(context);
-			child = optimizer.Optimize(std::move(child));
-			// save the relation bindings from the optimized child. These later all get added to the
-			// parent cardinality_estimator relation column binding map.
-			optimizer.cardinality_estimator.CopyRelationMap(child_binding_maps.at(child_bindings_it));
-			child_bindings_it += 1;
-		}
-		// after this we want to treat this node as one  "end node" (like e.g. a base relation)
-		// however the join refers to multiple base relations
-		// enumerate all base relations obtained from this join and add them to the relation mapping
-		// also, we have to resolve the join conditions for the joins here
-		// get the left and right bindings
-		unordered_set<idx_t> bindings;
-		LogicalJoin::GetTableReferences(*op, bindings);
-		// now create the relation that refers to all these bindings
-		auto relation = make_uniq<SingleJoinRelation>(input_op, parent);
-		auto relation_id = relations.size();
-		// Add binding information from the nonreorderable join to this relation.
-		for (idx_t it : bindings) {
-			cardinality_estimator.MergeBindings(it, relation_id, child_binding_maps);
-			relation_mapping[it] = relation_id;
-		}
-		relations.push_back(std::move(relation));
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	switch (op->type) {
-	case LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_ASOF_JOIN:
-	case LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_COMPARISON_JOIN:
-	case LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_CROSS_PRODUCT: {
-		// inner join or cross product
-		bool can_reorder_left = ExtractJoinRelations(*op->children[0], filter_operators, op);
-		bool can_reorder_right = ExtractJoinRelations(*op->children[1], filter_operators, op);
-		return can_reorder_left && can_reorder_right;
-	}
-	case LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_EXPRESSION_GET: {
-		// base table scan, add to set of relations
-		auto &get = op->Cast<LogicalExpressionGet>();
-		auto relation = make_uniq<SingleJoinRelation>(input_op, parent);
-		//! make sure the optimizer has knowledge of the exact column bindings as well.
-		relation_mapping[get.table_index] = relations.size();
-		relations.push_back(std::move(relation));
-		return true;
-	}
-	case LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_DUMMY_SCAN: {
-		// table function call, add to set of relations
-		auto &dummy_scan = op->Cast<LogicalDummyScan>();
-		auto relation = make_uniq<SingleJoinRelation>(input_op, parent);
-		relation_mapping[dummy_scan.table_index] = relations.size();
-		relations.push_back(std::move(relation));
-		return true;
-	}
-	case LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_GET:
-	case LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_PROJECTION: {
-		auto table_index = op->GetTableIndex()[0];
-		auto relation = make_uniq<SingleJoinRelation>(input_op, parent);
-		auto relation_id = relations.size();
-
-		// If the children are empty, operator can't ge a logical get.
-		if (op->children.empty() && op->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_GET) {
-			auto &get = op->Cast<LogicalGet>();
-			cardinality_estimator.AddRelationColumnMapping(get, relation_id);
-			relation_mapping[table_index] = relation_id;
-			relations.push_back(std::move(relation));
+		if (op->children.size() == 2) {
 			return true;
 		}
-
-		// we run the join order optimizer within the subquery as well
-		JoinOrderOptimizer optimizer(context);
-		op->children[0] = optimizer.Optimize(std::move(op->children[0]));
-		// push one child column binding map back.
-		vector<column_binding_map_t<ColumnBinding>> child_binding_maps;
-		child_binding_maps.emplace_back();
-		optimizer.cardinality_estimator.CopyRelationMap(child_binding_maps.at(0));
-		// This logical projection/get may sit on top of a logical comparison join that has been pushed down
-		// we want to copy the binding info of both tables
-		relation_mapping[table_index] = relation_id;
-		for (auto &binding_info : child_binding_maps.at(0)) {
-			cardinality_estimator.AddRelationToColumnMapping(
-			    ColumnBinding(table_index, binding_info.first.column_index), binding_info.second);
-			cardinality_estimator.AddColumnToRelationMap(binding_info.second.table_index,
-			                                             binding_info.second.column_index);
-		}
-		relations.push_back(std::move(relation));
-		return true;
-	}
-	default:
-		return false;
-	}
-}
-
-//! Update the exclusion set with all entries in the subgraph
-static void UpdateExclusionSet(JoinRelationSet &node, unordered_set<idx_t> &exclusion_set) {
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < node.count; i++) {
-		exclusion_set.insert(node.relations[i]);
-	}
-}
-
-//! Create a new JoinTree node by joining together two previous JoinTree nodes
-unique_ptr<JoinNode> JoinOrderOptimizer::CreateJoinTree(JoinRelationSet &set,
-                                                        const vector<reference<NeighborInfo>> &possible_connections,
-                                                        JoinNode &left, JoinNode &right) {
-	// for the hash join we want the right side (build side) to have the smallest cardinality
-	// also just a heuristic but for now...
-	// FIXME: we should probably actually benchmark that as well
-	// FIXME: should consider different join algorithms, should we pick a join algorithm here as well? (probably)
-	double expected_cardinality;
-	optional_ptr<NeighborInfo> best_connection;
-	auto plan = plans.find(&set);
-	// if we have already calculated an expected cardinality for this set,
-	// just re-use that cardinality
-	if (left.GetCardinality<double>() < right.GetCardinality<double>()) {
-		return CreateJoinTree(set, possible_connections, right, left);
-	}
-	if (plan != plans.end()) {
-		if (!plan->second) {
-			throw InternalException("No plan: internal error in join order optimizer");
-		}
-		expected_cardinality = plan->second->GetCardinality<double>();
-		best_connection = &possible_connections.back().get();
-	} else if (possible_connections.empty()) {
-		// cross product
-		expected_cardinality = cardinality_estimator.EstimateCrossProduct(left, right);
-	} else {
-		// normal join, expect foreign key join
-		expected_cardinality = cardinality_estimator.EstimateCardinalityWithSet(set);
-		best_connection = &possible_connections.back().get();
-	}
-
-	auto cost = CardinalityEstimator::ComputeCost(left, right, expected_cardinality);
-	auto result = make_uniq<JoinNode>(set, best_connection, left, right, expected_cardinality, cost);
-	D_ASSERT(cost >= expected_cardinality);
-	return result;
-}
-
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::NodeInFullPlan(JoinNode &node) {
-	return join_nodes_in_full_plan.find(node.set.ToString()) != join_nodes_in_full_plan.end();
-}
-
-void JoinOrderOptimizer::UpdateJoinNodesInFullPlan(JoinNode &node) {
-	if (node.set.count == relations.size()) {
-		join_nodes_in_full_plan.clear();
-	}
-	if (node.set.count < relations.size()) {
-		join_nodes_in_full_plan.insert(node.set.ToString());
-	}
-	if (node.left) {
-		UpdateJoinNodesInFullPlan(*node.left);
-	}
-	if (node.right) {
-		UpdateJoinNodesInFullPlan(*node.right);
-	}
-}
-
-JoinNode &JoinOrderOptimizer::EmitPair(JoinRelationSet &left, JoinRelationSet &right,
-                                       const vector<reference<NeighborInfo>> &info) {
-	// get the left and right join plans
-	auto &left_plan = plans[&left];
-	auto &right_plan = plans[&right];
-	if (!left_plan || !right_plan) {
-		throw InternalException("No left or right plan: internal error in join order optimizer");
-	}
-	auto &new_set = set_manager.Union(left, right);
-	// create the join tree based on combining the two plans
-	auto new_plan = CreateJoinTree(new_set, info, *left_plan, *right_plan);
-	// check if this plan is the optimal plan we found for this set of relations
-	auto entry = plans.find(&new_set);
-	if (entry == plans.end() || new_plan->GetCost() < entry->second->GetCost()) {
-		// the plan is the optimal plan, move it into the dynamic programming tree
-		auto &result = *new_plan;
-
-		//! make sure plans are symmetric for cardinality estimation
-		if (entry != plans.end()) {
-			cardinality_estimator.VerifySymmetry(result, *entry->second);
-		}
-		if (full_plan_found &&
-		    join_nodes_in_full_plan.find(new_plan->set.ToString()) != join_nodes_in_full_plan.end()) {
-			must_update_full_plan = true;
-		}
-		if (new_set.count == relations.size()) {
-			full_plan_found = true;
-			// If we find a full plan, we need to keep track of which nodes are in the full plan.
-			// It's possible the DP algorithm updates one of these nodes, then goes on to solve
-			// the order approximately. In the approximate algorithm, it's not guaranteed that the
-			// node references are updated. If the original full plan is determined to still have
-			// the lowest cost, it's possible to get use-after-free errors.
-			// If we know a node in the full plan is updated, we can prevent ourselves from exiting the
-			// DP algorithm until the last plan updated is a full plan
-			UpdateJoinNodesInFullPlan(result);
-			if (must_update_full_plan) {
-				must_update_full_plan = false;
-			}
-		}
-
-		D_ASSERT(new_plan);
-		plans[&new_set] = std::move(new_plan);
-		return result;
-	}
-	return *entry->second;
-}
-
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::TryEmitPair(JoinRelationSet &left, JoinRelationSet &right,
-                                     const vector<reference<NeighborInfo>> &info) {
-	pairs++;
-	// If a full plan is created, it's possible a node in the plan gets updated. When this happens, make sure you keep
-	// emitting pairs until you emit another final plan. Another final plan is guaranteed to be produced because of
-	// our symmetry guarantees.
-	if (pairs >= 10000 && !must_update_full_plan) {
-		// when the amount of pairs gets too large we exit the dynamic programming and resort to a greedy algorithm
-		// FIXME: simple heuristic currently
-		// at 10K pairs stop searching exactly and switch to heuristic
-		return false;
-	}
-	EmitPair(left, right, info);
-	return true;
-}
-
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::EmitCSG(JoinRelationSet &node) {
-	if (node.count == relations.size()) {
-		return true;
-	}
-	// create the exclusion set as everything inside the subgraph AND anything with members BELOW it
-	unordered_set<idx_t> exclusion_set;
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < node.relations[0]; i++) {
-		exclusion_set.insert(i);
-	}
-	UpdateExclusionSet(node, exclusion_set);
-	// find the neighbors given this exclusion set
-	auto neighbors = query_graph.GetNeighbors(node, exclusion_set);
-	if (neighbors.empty()) {
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	//! Neighbors should be reversed when iterating over them.
-	std::sort(neighbors.begin(), neighbors.end(), std::greater_equal<idx_t>());
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < neighbors.size() - 1; i++) {
-		D_ASSERT(neighbors[i] >= neighbors[i + 1]);
-	}
-	for (auto neighbor : neighbors) {
-		// since the GetNeighbors only returns the smallest element in a list, the entry might not be connected to
-		// (only!) this neighbor,  hence we have to do a connectedness check before we can emit it
-		auto &neighbor_relation = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(neighbor);
-		auto connections = query_graph.GetConnections(node, neighbor_relation);
-		if (!connections.empty()) {
-			if (!TryEmitPair(node, neighbor_relation, connections)) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-		if (!EnumerateCmpRecursive(node, neighbor_relation, exclusion_set)) {
-			return false;
-		}
-	}
-	return true;
-}
-
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::EnumerateCmpRecursive(JoinRelationSet &left, JoinRelationSet &right,
-                                               unordered_set<idx_t> exclusion_set) {
-	// get the neighbors of the second relation under the exclusion set
-	auto neighbors = query_graph.GetNeighbors(right, exclusion_set);
-	if (neighbors.empty()) {
-		return true;
-	}
-	vector<reference<JoinRelationSet>> union_sets;
-	union_sets.reserve(neighbors.size());
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < neighbors.size(); i++) {
-		auto &neighbor = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(neighbors[i]);
-		// emit the combinations of this node and its neighbors
-		auto &combined_set = set_manager.Union(right, neighbor);
-		if (combined_set.count > right.count && plans.find(&combined_set) != plans.end()) {
-			auto connections = query_graph.GetConnections(left, combined_set);
-			if (!connections.empty()) {
-				if (!TryEmitPair(left, combined_set, connections)) {
-					return false;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		union_sets.push_back(combined_set);
-	}
-	// recursively enumerate the sets
-	unordered_set<idx_t> new_exclusion_set = exclusion_set;
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < neighbors.size(); i++) {
-		// updated the set of excluded entries with this neighbor
-		new_exclusion_set.insert(neighbors[i]);
-		if (!EnumerateCmpRecursive(left, union_sets[i], new_exclusion_set)) {
-			return false;
-		}
 	}
-	return true;
+	return false;
 }
 
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::EnumerateCSGRecursive(JoinRelationSet &node, unordered_set<idx_t> &exclusion_set) {
-	// find neighbors of S under the exclusion set
-	auto neighbors = query_graph.GetNeighbors(node, exclusion_set);
-	if (neighbors.empty()) {
-		return true;
-	}
-	vector<reference<JoinRelationSet>> union_sets;
-	union_sets.reserve(neighbors.size());
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < neighbors.size(); i++) {
-		auto &neighbor = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(neighbors[i]);
-		// emit the combinations of this node and its neighbors
-		auto &new_set = set_manager.Union(node, neighbor);
-		if (new_set.count > node.count && plans.find(&new_set) != plans.end()) {
-			if (!EmitCSG(new_set)) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-		union_sets.push_back(new_set);
-	}
-	// recursively enumerate the sets
-	unordered_set<idx_t> new_exclusion_set = exclusion_set;
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < neighbors.size(); i++) {
-		// Reset the exclusion set so that the algorithm considers all combinations
-		// of the exclusion_set with a subset of neighbors.
-		new_exclusion_set = exclusion_set;
-		new_exclusion_set.insert(neighbors[i]);
-		// updated the set of excluded entries with this neighbor
-		if (!EnumerateCSGRecursive(union_sets[i], new_exclusion_set)) {
-			return false;
-		}
-	}
-	return true;
-}
-
-bool JoinOrderOptimizer::SolveJoinOrderExactly() {
-	// now we perform the actual dynamic programming to compute the final result
-	// we enumerate over all the possible pairs in the neighborhood
-	for (idx_t i = relations.size(); i > 0; i--) {
-		// for every node in the set, we consider it as the start node once
-		auto &start_node = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(i - 1);
-		// emit the start node
-		if (!EmitCSG(start_node)) {
-			return false;
-		}
-		// initialize the set of exclusion_set as all the nodes with a number below this
-		unordered_set<idx_t> exclusion_set;
-		for (idx_t j = 0; j < i - 1; j++) {
-			exclusion_set.insert(j);
-		}
-		// then we recursively search for neighbors that do not belong to the banned entries
-		if (!EnumerateCSGRecursive(start_node, exclusion_set)) {
-			return false;
-		}
-	}
-	return true;
-}
-
-static vector<unordered_set<idx_t>> AddSuperSets(vector<unordered_set<idx_t>> current,
-                                                 const vector<idx_t> &all_neighbors) {
-	vector<unordered_set<idx_t>> ret;
-	for (auto &neighbor : all_neighbors) {
-		for (auto &neighbor_set : current) {
-			auto max_val = std::max_element(neighbor_set.begin(), neighbor_set.end());
-			if (*max_val >= neighbor) {
-				continue;
-			}
-			if (neighbor_set.count(neighbor) == 0) {
-				unordered_set<idx_t> new_set;
-				for (auto &n : neighbor_set) {
-					new_set.insert(n);
-				}
-				new_set.insert(neighbor);
-				ret.push_back(new_set);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return ret;
-}
-
-// works by first creating all sets with cardinality 1
-// then iterates over each previously created group of subsets and will only add a neighbor if the neighbor
-// is greater than all relations in the set.
-static vector<unordered_set<idx_t>> GetAllNeighborSets(unordered_set<idx_t> &exclusion_set, vector<idx_t> neighbors) {
-	vector<unordered_set<idx_t>> ret;
-	sort(neighbors.begin(), neighbors.end());
-	vector<unordered_set<idx_t>> added;
-	for (auto &neighbor : neighbors) {
-		added.push_back(unordered_set<idx_t>({neighbor}));
-		ret.push_back(unordered_set<idx_t>({neighbor}));
-	}
-	do {
-		added = AddSuperSets(added, neighbors);
-		for (auto &d : added) {
-			ret.push_back(d);
-		}
-	} while (!added.empty());
-#if DEBUG
-	// drive by test to make sure we have an accurate amount of
-	// subsets, and that each neighbor is in a correct amount
-	// of those subsets.
-	D_ASSERT(ret.size() == pow(2, neighbors.size()) - 1);
-	for (auto &n : neighbors) {
-		idx_t count = 0;
-		for (auto &set : ret) {
-			if (set.count(n) >= 1) {
-				count += 1;
-			}
-		}
-		D_ASSERT(count == pow(2, neighbors.size() - 1));
-	}
-#endif
-	return ret;
-}
-
-void JoinOrderOptimizer::UpdateDPTree(JoinNode &new_plan) {
-	if (!NodeInFullPlan(new_plan)) {
-		// if the new node is not in the full plan, feel free to return
-		// because you won't be updating the full plan.
-		return;
-	}
-	auto &new_set = new_plan.set;
-	// now update every plan that uses this plan
-	unordered_set<idx_t> exclusion_set;
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < new_set.count; i++) {
-		exclusion_set.insert(new_set.relations[i]);
-	}
-	auto neighbors = query_graph.GetNeighbors(new_set, exclusion_set);
-	auto all_neighbors = GetAllNeighborSets(exclusion_set, neighbors);
-	for (auto neighbor : all_neighbors) {
-		auto &neighbor_relation = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(neighbor);
-		auto &combined_set = set_manager.Union(new_set, neighbor_relation);
-
-		auto combined_set_plan = plans.find(&combined_set);
-		if (combined_set_plan == plans.end()) {
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		double combined_set_plan_cost = combined_set_plan->second->GetCost();
-		auto connections = query_graph.GetConnections(new_set, neighbor_relation);
-		// recurse and update up the tree if the combined set produces a plan with a lower cost
-		// only recurse on neighbor relations that have plans.
-		auto right_plan = plans.find(&neighbor_relation);
-		if (right_plan == plans.end()) {
-			continue;
-		}
-		auto &updated_plan = EmitPair(new_set, neighbor_relation, connections);
-		// <= because the child node has already been replaced. You need to
-		// replace the parent node as well in this case
-		if (updated_plan.GetCost() < combined_set_plan_cost) {
-			UpdateDPTree(updated_plan);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-void JoinOrderOptimizer::SolveJoinOrderApproximately() {
-	// at this point, we exited the dynamic programming but did not compute the final join order because it took too
-	// long instead, we use a greedy heuristic to obtain a join ordering now we use Greedy Operator Ordering to
-	// construct the result tree first we start out with all the base relations (the to-be-joined relations)
-	vector<reference<JoinRelationSet>> join_relations; // T in the paper
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < relations.size(); i++) {
-		join_relations.push_back(set_manager.GetJoinRelation(i));
-	}
-	while (join_relations.size() > 1) {
-		// now in every step of the algorithm, we greedily pick the join between the to-be-joined relations that has the
-		// smallest cost. This is O(r^2) per step, and every step will reduce the total amount of relations to-be-joined
-		// by 1, so the total cost is O(r^3) in the amount of relations
-		idx_t best_left = 0, best_right = 0;
-		optional_ptr<JoinNode> best_connection;
-		for (idx_t i = 0; i < join_relations.size(); i++) {
-			auto left = join_relations[i];
-			for (idx_t j = i + 1; j < join_relations.size(); j++) {
-				auto right = join_relations[j];
-				// check if we can connect these two relations
-				auto connection = query_graph.GetConnections(left, right);
-				if (!connection.empty()) {
-					// we can check the cost of this connection
-					auto &node = EmitPair(left, right, connection);
-
-					// update the DP tree in case a plan created by the DP algorithm uses the node
-					// that was potentially just updated by EmitPair. You will get a use-after-free
-					// error if future plans rely on the old node that was just replaced.
-					// if node in FullPath, then updateDP tree.
-					UpdateDPTree(node);
-
-					if (!best_connection || node.GetCost() < best_connection->GetCost()) {
-						// best pair found so far
-						best_connection = &node;
-						best_left = i;
-						best_right = j;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		if (!best_connection) {
-			// could not find a connection, but we were not done with finding a completed plan
-			// we have to add a cross product; we add it between the two smallest relations
-			optional_ptr<JoinNode> smallest_plans[2];
-			idx_t smallest_index[2];
-			D_ASSERT(join_relations.size() >= 2);
-
-			// first just add the first two join relations. It doesn't matter the cost as the JOO
-			// will swap them on estimated cardinality anyway.
-			for (idx_t i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-				auto current_plan = plans[&join_relations[i].get()].get();
-				smallest_plans[i] = current_plan;
-				smallest_index[i] = i;
-			}
+unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> JoinOrderOptimizer::Optimize(unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> plan,
+                                                         optional_ptr<RelationStats> stats) {
 
-			// if there are any other join relations that don't have connections
-			// add them if they have lower estimated cardinality.
-			for (idx_t i = 2; i < join_relations.size(); i++) {
-				// get the plan for this relation
-				auto current_plan = plans[&join_relations[i].get()].get();
-				// check if the cardinality is smaller than the smallest two found so far
-				for (idx_t j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
-					if (!smallest_plans[j] ||
-					    smallest_plans[j]->GetCardinality<double>() > current_plan->GetCardinality<double>()) {
-						smallest_plans[j] = current_plan;
-						smallest_index[j] = i;
-						break;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			if (!smallest_plans[0] || !smallest_plans[1]) {
-				throw InternalException("Internal error in join order optimizer");
-			}
-			D_ASSERT(smallest_plans[0] && smallest_plans[1]);
-			D_ASSERT(smallest_index[0] != smallest_index[1]);
-			auto &left = smallest_plans[0]->set;
-			auto &right = smallest_plans[1]->set;
-			// create a cross product edge (i.e. edge with empty filter) between these two sets in the query graph
-			query_graph.CreateEdge(left, right, nullptr);
-			// now emit the pair and continue with the algorithm
-			auto connections = query_graph.GetConnections(left, right);
-			D_ASSERT(!connections.empty());
-
-			best_connection = &EmitPair(left, right, connections);
-			best_left = smallest_index[0];
-			best_right = smallest_index[1];
-
-			UpdateDPTree(*best_connection);
-			// the code below assumes best_right > best_left
-			if (best_left > best_right) {
-				std::swap(best_left, best_right);
-			}
-		}
-		// now update the to-be-checked pairs
-		// remove left and right, and add the combination
+	// make sure query graph manager has not extracted a relation graph already
+	LogicalOperator *op = plan.get();
 
-		// important to erase the biggest element first
-		// if we erase the smallest element first the index of the biggest element changes
-		D_ASSERT(best_right > best_left);
-		join_relations.erase(join_relations.begin() + best_right);
-		join_relations.erase(join_relations.begin() + best_left);
-		join_relations.push_back(best_connection->set);
-	}
-}
+	// extract the relations that go into the hyper graph.
+	// We optimize the children of any non-reorderable operations we come across.
+	bool reorderable = query_graph_manager.Build(*op);
 
-void JoinOrderOptimizer::SolveJoinOrder() {
-	// first try to solve the join order exactly
-	if (!SolveJoinOrderExactly()) {
-		// otherwise, if that times out we resort to a greedy algorithm
-		SolveJoinOrderApproximately();
-	}
-}
+	// get relation_stats here since the reconstruction process will move all of the relations.
+	auto relation_stats = query_graph_manager.relation_manager.GetRelationStats();
+	unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> new_logical_plan = nullptr;
 
-void JoinOrderOptimizer::GenerateCrossProducts() {
-	// generate a set of cross products to combine the currently available plans into a full join plan
-	// we create edges between every relation with a high cost
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < relations.size(); i++) {
-		auto &left = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(i);
-		for (idx_t j = 0; j < relations.size(); j++) {
-			if (i != j) {
-				auto &right = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(j);
-				query_graph.CreateEdge(left, right, nullptr);
-				query_graph.CreateEdge(right, left, nullptr);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+	if (reorderable) {
+		// query graph now has filters and relations
+		auto cost_model = CostModel(query_graph_manager);
 
-static unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> ExtractJoinRelation(SingleJoinRelation &rel) {
-	auto &children = rel.parent->children;
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
-		if (children[i].get() == &rel.op) {
-			// found it! take ownership of it from the parent
-			auto result = std::move(children[i]);
-			children.erase(children.begin() + i);
-			return result;
-		}
-	}
-	throw Exception("Could not find relation in parent node (?)");
-}
+		// Initialize a plan enumerator.
+		auto plan_enumerator =
+		    PlanEnumerator(query_graph_manager, cost_model, query_graph_manager.GetQueryGraphEdges());
 
-GenerateJoinRelation JoinOrderOptimizer::GenerateJoins(vector<unique_ptr<LogicalOperator>> &extracted_relations,
-                                                       JoinNode &node) {
-	optional_ptr<JoinRelationSet> left_node;
-	optional_ptr<JoinRelationSet> right_node;
-	optional_ptr<JoinRelationSet> result_relation;
-	unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> result_operator;
-	if (node.left && node.right && node.info) {
-		// generate the left and right children
-		auto left = GenerateJoins(extracted_relations, *node.left);
-		auto right = GenerateJoins(extracted_relations, *node.right);
+		// Initialize the leaf/single node plans
+		plan_enumerator.InitLeafPlans();
 
-		if (node.info->filters.empty()) {
-			// no filters, create a cross product
-			result_operator = LogicalCrossProduct::Create(std::move(left.op), std::move(right.op));
-		} else {
-			// we have filters, create a join node
-			auto join = make_uniq<LogicalComparisonJoin>(JoinType::INNER);
-			join->children.push_back(std::move(left.op));
-			join->children.push_back(std::move(right.op));
-			// set the join conditions from the join node
-			for (auto &filter_ref : node.info->filters) {
-				auto &f = filter_ref.get();
-				// extract the filter from the operator it originally belonged to
-				D_ASSERT(filters[f.filter_index]);
-				auto condition = std::move(filters[f.filter_index]);
-				// now create the actual join condition
-				D_ASSERT((JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(left.set, *f.left_set) &&
-				          JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(right.set, *f.right_set)) ||
-				         (JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(left.set, *f.right_set) &&
-				          JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(right.set, *f.left_set)));
-				JoinCondition cond;
-				D_ASSERT(condition->GetExpressionClass() == ExpressionClass::BOUND_COMPARISON);
-				auto &comparison = condition->Cast<BoundComparisonExpression>();
-				// we need to figure out which side is which by looking at the relations available to us
-				bool invert = !JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(left.set, *f.left_set);
-				cond.left = !invert ? std::move(comparison.left) : std::move(comparison.right);
-				cond.right = !invert ? std::move(comparison.right) : std::move(comparison.left);
-				cond.comparison = condition->type;
+		// Ask the plan enumerator to enumerate a number of join orders
+		auto final_plan = plan_enumerator.SolveJoinOrder();
+		// TODO: add in the check that if no plan exists, you have to add a cross product.
 
-				if (invert) {
-					// reverse comparison expression if we reverse the order of the children
-					cond.comparison = FlipComparisonExpression(cond.comparison);
-				}
-				join->conditions.push_back(std::move(cond));
-			}
-			D_ASSERT(!join->conditions.empty());
-			result_operator = std::move(join);
-		}
-		left_node = &left.set;
-		right_node = &right.set;
-		right_node = &right.set;
-		result_relation = &set_manager.Union(*left_node, *right_node);
+		// now reconstruct a logical plan from the query graph plan
+		new_logical_plan = query_graph_manager.Reconstruct(std::move(plan), *final_plan);
 	} else {
-		// base node, get the entry from the list of extracted relations
-		D_ASSERT(node.set.count == 1);
-		D_ASSERT(extracted_relations[node.set.relations[0]]);
-		result_relation = &node.set;
-		result_operator = std::move(extracted_relations[node.set.relations[0]]);
-	}
-	result_operator->estimated_props = node.estimated_props->Copy();
-	result_operator->estimated_cardinality = result_operator->estimated_props->GetCardinality<idx_t>();
-	result_operator->has_estimated_cardinality = true;
-	if (result_operator->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_FILTER &&
-	    result_operator->children[0]->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_GET) {
-		// FILTER on top of GET, add estimated properties to both
-		auto &filter_props = *result_operator->estimated_props;
-		auto &child_operator = *result_operator->children[0];
-		child_operator.estimated_props = make_uniq<EstimatedProperties>(
-		    filter_props.GetCardinality<double>() / CardinalityEstimator::DEFAULT_SELECTIVITY, filter_props.GetCost());
-		child_operator.estimated_cardinality = child_operator.estimated_props->GetCardinality<idx_t>();
-		child_operator.has_estimated_cardinality = true;
-	}
-	// check if we should do a pushdown on this node
-	// basically, any remaining filter that is a subset of the current relation will no longer be used in joins
-	// hence we should push it here
-	for (auto &filter_info : filter_infos) {
-		// check if the filter has already been extracted
-		auto &info = *filter_info;
-		if (filters[info.filter_index]) {
-			// now check if the filter is a subset of the current relation
-			// note that infos with an empty relation set are a special case and we do not push them down
-			if (info.set.count > 0 && JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(*result_relation, info.set)) {
-				auto filter = std::move(filters[info.filter_index]);
-				// if it is, we can push the filter
-				// we can push it either into a join or as a filter
-				// check if we are in a join or in a base table
-				if (!left_node || !info.left_set) {
-					// base table or non-comparison expression, push it as a filter
-					result_operator = PushFilter(std::move(result_operator), std::move(filter));
-					continue;
-				}
-				// the node below us is a join or cross product and the expression is a comparison
-				// check if the nodes can be split up into left/right
-				bool found_subset = false;
-				bool invert = false;
-				if (JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(*left_node, *info.left_set) &&
-				    JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(*right_node, *info.right_set)) {
-					found_subset = true;
-				} else if (JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(*right_node, *info.left_set) &&
-				           JoinRelationSet::IsSubset(*left_node, *info.right_set)) {
-					invert = true;
-					found_subset = true;
-				}
-				if (!found_subset) {
-					// could not be split up into left/right
-					result_operator = PushFilter(std::move(result_operator), std::move(filter));
-					continue;
-				}
-				// create the join condition
-				JoinCondition cond;
-				D_ASSERT(filter->GetExpressionClass() == ExpressionClass::BOUND_COMPARISON);
-				auto &comparison = filter->Cast<BoundComparisonExpression>();
-				// we need to figure out which side is which by looking at the relations available to us
-				cond.left = !invert ? std::move(comparison.left) : std::move(comparison.right);
-				cond.right = !invert ? std::move(comparison.right) : std::move(comparison.left);
-				cond.comparison = comparison.type;
-				if (invert) {
-					// reverse comparison expression if we reverse the order of the children
-					cond.comparison = FlipComparisonExpression(comparison.type);
-				}
-				// now find the join to push it into
-				auto node = result_operator.get();
-				if (node->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_FILTER) {
-					node = node->children[0].get();
-				}
-				if (node->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_CROSS_PRODUCT) {
-					// turn into comparison join
-					auto comp_join = make_uniq<LogicalComparisonJoin>(JoinType::INNER);
-					comp_join->children.push_back(std::move(node->children[0]));
-					comp_join->children.push_back(std::move(node->children[1]));
-					comp_join->conditions.push_back(std::move(cond));
-					if (node == result_operator.get()) {
-						result_operator = std::move(comp_join);
-					} else {
-						D_ASSERT(result_operator->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_FILTER);
-						result_operator->children[0] = std::move(comp_join);
-					}
-				} else {
-					D_ASSERT(node->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_COMPARISON_JOIN ||
-					         node->type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_ASOF_JOIN);
-					auto &comp_join = node->Cast<LogicalComparisonJoin>();
-					comp_join.conditions.push_back(std::move(cond));
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return GenerateJoinRelation(*result_relation, std::move(result_operator));
-}
-
-unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> JoinOrderOptimizer::RewritePlan(unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> plan, JoinNode &node) {
-	// now we have to rewrite the plan
-	bool root_is_join = plan->children.size() > 1;
-
-	// first we will extract all relations from the main plan
-	vector<unique_ptr<LogicalOperator>> extracted_relations;
-	extracted_relations.reserve(relations.size());
-	for (auto &relation : relations) {
-		extracted_relations.push_back(ExtractJoinRelation(*relation));
-	}
-
-	// now we generate the actual joins
-	auto join_tree = GenerateJoins(extracted_relations, node);
-	// perform the final pushdown of remaining filters
-	for (auto &filter : filters) {
-		// check if the filter has already been extracted
-		if (filter) {
-			// if not we need to push it
-			join_tree.op = PushFilter(std::move(join_tree.op), std::move(filter));
+		new_logical_plan = std::move(plan);
+		if (relation_stats.size() == 1) {
+			new_logical_plan->estimated_cardinality = relation_stats.at(0).cardinality;
 		}
 	}
 
-	// find the first join in the relation to know where to place this node
-	if (root_is_join) {
-		// first node is the join, return it immediately
-		return std::move(join_tree.op);
-	}
-	D_ASSERT(plan->children.size() == 1);
-	// have to move up through the relations
-	auto op = plan.get();
-	auto parent = plan.get();
-	while (op->type != LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_CROSS_PRODUCT &&
-	       op->type != LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_COMPARISON_JOIN &&
-	       op->type != LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_ASOF_JOIN) {
-		D_ASSERT(op->children.size() == 1);
-		parent = op;
-		op = op->children[0].get();
-	}
-	// have to replace at this node
-	parent->children[0] = std::move(join_tree.op);
-	return plan;
-}
-
-// the join ordering is pretty much a straight implementation of the paper "Dynamic Programming Strikes Back" by Guido
-// Moerkotte and Thomas Neumannn, see that paper for additional info/documentation bonus slides:
-// https://db.in.tum.de/teaching/ws1415/queryopt/chapter3.pdf?lang=de
-// FIXME: incorporate cardinality estimation into the plans, possibly by pushing samples?
-unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> JoinOrderOptimizer::Optimize(unique_ptr<LogicalOperator> plan) {
-	D_ASSERT(filters.empty() && relations.empty()); // assert that the JoinOrderOptimizer has not been used before
-	LogicalOperator *op = plan.get();
-	// now we optimize the current plan
-	// we skip past until we find the first projection, we do this because the HAVING clause inserts a Filter AFTER the
-	// group by and this filter cannot be reordered
-	// extract a list of all relations that have to be joined together
-	// and a list of all conditions that is applied to them
-	vector<reference<LogicalOperator>> filter_operators;
-	if (!ExtractJoinRelations(*op, filter_operators)) {
-		// do not support reordering this type of plan
-		return plan;
-	}
-	if (relations.size() <= 1) {
-		// at most one relation, nothing to reorder
-		return plan;
+	// only perform left right optimizations when stats is null (means we have the top level optimize call)
+	// Don't check reorderability because non-reorderable joins will result in 1 relation, but we can
+	// still switch the children.
+	// TODO: put this in a different optimizer maybe?
+	if (stats == nullptr && HasJoin(new_logical_plan.get())) {
+		new_logical_plan = query_graph_manager.LeftRightOptimizations(std::move(new_logical_plan));
 	}
-	// now that we know we are going to perform join ordering we actually extract the filters, eliminating duplicate
-	// filters in the process
-	expression_set_t filter_set;
-	for (auto &filter_op : filter_operators) {
-		auto &f_op = filter_op.get();
-		if (f_op.type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_COMPARISON_JOIN ||
-		    f_op.type == LogicalOperatorType::LOGICAL_ASOF_JOIN) {
-			auto &join = f_op.Cast<LogicalComparisonJoin>();
-			D_ASSERT(join.join_type == JoinType::INNER);
-			D_ASSERT(join.expressions.empty());
-			for (auto &cond : join.conditions) {
-				auto comparison =
-				    make_uniq<BoundComparisonExpression>(cond.comparison, std::move(cond.left), std::move(cond.right));
-				if (filter_set.find(*comparison) == filter_set.end()) {
-					filter_set.insert(*comparison);
-					filters.push_back(std::move(comparison));
-				}
-			}
-			join.conditions.clear();
-		} else {
-			for (auto &expression : f_op.expressions) {
-				if (filter_set.find(*expression) == filter_set.end()) {
-					filter_set.insert(*expression);
-					filters.push_back(std::move(expression));
-				}
-			}
-			f_op.expressions.clear();
-		}
-	}
-	// create potential edges from the comparisons
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < filters.size(); i++) {
-		auto &filter = filters[i];
-		// first extract the relation set for the entire filter
-		unordered_set<idx_t> bindings;
-		ExtractBindings(*filter, bindings);
-		auto &set = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(bindings);
-
-		auto info = make_uniq<FilterInfo>(set, i);
-		auto filter_info = info.get();
-		filter_infos.push_back(std::move(info));
 
-		// now check if it can be used as a join predicate
-		if (filter->GetExpressionClass() == ExpressionClass::BOUND_COMPARISON) {
-			auto &comparison = filter->Cast<BoundComparisonExpression>();
-			// extract the bindings that are required for the left and right side of the comparison
-			unordered_set<idx_t> left_bindings, right_bindings;
-			ExtractBindings(*comparison.left, left_bindings);
-			ExtractBindings(*comparison.right, right_bindings);
-			GetColumnBinding(*comparison.left, filter_info->left_binding);
-			GetColumnBinding(*comparison.right, filter_info->right_binding);
-			if (!left_bindings.empty() && !right_bindings.empty()) {
-				// both the left and the right side have bindings
-				// first create the relation sets, if they do not exist
-				filter_info->left_set = &set_manager.GetJoinRelation(left_bindings);
-				filter_info->right_set = &set_manager.GetJoinRelation(right_bindings);
-				// we can only create a meaningful edge if the sets are not exactly the same
-				if (filter_info->left_set != filter_info->right_set) {
-					// check if the sets are disjoint
-					if (Disjoint(left_bindings, right_bindings)) {
-						// they are disjoint, we only need to create one set of edges in the join graph
-						query_graph.CreateEdge(*filter_info->left_set, *filter_info->right_set, filter_info);
-						query_graph.CreateEdge(*filter_info->right_set, *filter_info->left_set, filter_info);
-					} else {
-						continue;
-					}
-					continue;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// now use dynamic programming to figure out the optimal join order
-	// First we initialize each of the single-node plans with themselves and with their cardinalities these are the leaf
-	// nodes of the join tree NOTE: we can just use pointers to JoinRelationSet* here because the GetJoinRelation
-	// function ensures that a unique combination of relations will have a unique JoinRelationSet object.
-	vector<NodeOp> nodes_ops;
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < relations.size(); i++) {
-		auto &rel = *relations[i];
-		auto &node = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(i);
-		nodes_ops.emplace_back(make_uniq<JoinNode>(node, 0), rel.op);
+	// Propagate up a stats object from the top of the new_logical_plan if stats exist.
+	if (stats) {
+		auto cardinality = new_logical_plan->EstimateCardinality(context);
+		auto bindings = new_logical_plan->GetColumnBindings();
+		auto new_stats = RelationStatisticsHelper::CombineStatsOfReorderableOperator(bindings, relation_stats);
+		new_stats.cardinality = MaxValue(cardinality, new_stats.cardinality);
+		RelationStatisticsHelper::CopyRelationStats(*stats, new_stats);
 	}
 
-	cardinality_estimator.InitCardinalityEstimatorProps(nodes_ops, filter_infos);
-
-	for (auto &node_op : nodes_ops) {
-		D_ASSERT(node_op.node);
-		plans[&node_op.node->set] = std::move(node_op.node);
-	}
-	// now we perform the actual dynamic programming to compute the final result
-	SolveJoinOrder();
-	// now the optimal join path should have been found
-	// get it from the node
-	unordered_set<idx_t> bindings;
-	for (idx_t i = 0; i < relations.size(); i++) {
-		bindings.insert(i);
-	}
-	auto &total_relation = set_manager.GetJoinRelation(bindings);
-	auto final_plan = plans.find(&total_relation);
-	if (final_plan == plans.end()) {
-		// could not find the final plan
-		// this should only happen in case the sets are actually disjunct
-		// in this case we need to generate cross product to connect the disjoint sets
-		if (context.config.force_no_cross_product) {
-			throw InvalidInputException(
-			    "Query requires a cross-product, but 'force_no_cross_product' PRAGMA is enabled");
-		}
-		GenerateCrossProducts();
-		//! solve the join order again
-		SolveJoinOrder();
-		// now we can obtain the final plan!
-		final_plan = plans.find(&total_relation);
-		D_ASSERT(final_plan != plans.end());
-	}
-	// now perform the actual reordering
-	return RewritePlan(std::move(plan), *final_plan->second);
+	return new_logical_plan;
 }
 
 } // namespace duckdb