devflow-kit 1.8.3 → 2.0.0

package/shared/skills/typescript/references/patterns.md

@@ -1,1105 +0,0 @@
-# TypeScript Correct Patterns
-
-Extended correct patterns for TypeScript development. Reference from main SKILL.md.
-
-## Type Safety Patterns
-
-### Using Unknown with Type Guards
-
-```typescript
-// CORRECT: unknown requires type checking
-function parse(json: string): unknown {
-  return JSON.parse(json);
-}
-
-// Usage requires narrowing
-const data = parse(input);
-if (isUser(data)) {
-  console.log(data.name);  // Now type-safe
-}
-
-// CORRECT: Typed catch clause
-try {
-  riskyOperation();
-} catch (e) {
-  if (e instanceof Error) {
-    console.log(e.message);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Exhaustive Pattern Matching
-
-```typescript
-// CORRECT: Exhaustive switch with never check
-type Status = 'pending' | 'active' | 'completed' | 'failed';
-
-function handleStatus(status: Status): string {
-  switch (status) {
-    case 'pending':
-      return 'Waiting';
-    case 'active':
-      return 'Running';
-    case 'completed':
-      return 'Done';
-    case 'failed':
-      return 'Error';
-    default:
-      // Compile error if case missing
-      const _exhaustive: never = status;
-      throw new Error(`Unhandled status: ${_exhaustive}`);
-  }
-}
-
-// CORRECT: Exhaustive discriminated union helper
-function assertNever(value: never, message?: string): never {
-  throw new Error(message ?? `Unexpected value: ${value}`);
-}
-```
-
-### Safe Property Access
-
-```typescript
-// CORRECT: Typed property access
-function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
-  return obj[key];
-}
-
-// CORRECT: Optional chaining with nullish coalescing
-function getName(user: User | null): string {
-  return user?.name ?? 'Anonymous';
-}
-
-// CORRECT: Optional property with default
-interface Config {
-  timeout?: number;
-}
-
-function getTimeout(config: Config): number {
-  return (config.timeout ?? 5000) * 1000;
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Type Guard Patterns
-
-### Assertion Functions
-
-```typescript
-// Assert value is defined (not undefined)
-function assertDefined<T>(value: T | undefined, message: string): asserts value is T {
-  if (value === undefined) {
-    throw new Error(message);
-  }
-}
-
-// Assert value is non-null
-function assertNonNull<T>(value: T | null, message: string): asserts value is T {
-  if (value === null) {
-    throw new Error(message);
-  }
-}
-
-// Assert value exists (not null or undefined)
-function assertExists<T>(value: T | null | undefined, message: string): asserts value is T {
-  if (value === null || value === undefined) {
-    throw new Error(message);
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage
-function processUser(user: User | undefined): void {
-  assertDefined(user, 'User is required');
-  console.log(user.name);  // user is definitely defined here
-}
-```
-
-### Primitive Type Guards
-
-```typescript
-// Reusable primitive guards
-const isString = (value: unknown): value is string =>
-  typeof value === 'string';
-
-const isNumber = (value: unknown): value is number =>
-  typeof value === 'number' && !Number.isNaN(value);
-
-const isBoolean = (value: unknown): value is boolean =>
-  typeof value === 'boolean';
-
-const isNull = (value: unknown): value is null =>
-  value === null;
-
-const isUndefined = (value: unknown): value is undefined =>
-  value === undefined;
-
-const isNullish = (value: unknown): value is null | undefined =>
-  value === null || value === undefined;
-
-const isFunction = (value: unknown): value is (...args: unknown[]) => unknown =>
-  typeof value === 'function';
-
-const isObject = (value: unknown): value is object =>
-  typeof value === 'object' && value !== null;
-
-const isArray = (value: unknown): value is unknown[] =>
-  Array.isArray(value);
-```
-
-### Array Type Guards
-
-```typescript
-// Check if array is non-empty
-function isNonEmpty<T>(arr: T[]): arr is [T, ...T[]] {
-  return arr.length > 0;
-}
-
-// Check if all elements match predicate
-function allMatch<T, S extends T>(
-  arr: T[],
-  guard: (item: T) => item is S
-): arr is S[] {
-  return arr.every(guard);
-}
-
-// Usage
-const items: (string | number)[] = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
-
-if (allMatch(items, (x): x is string => typeof x === 'string')) {
-  // items is string[] here
-  items.forEach(s => console.log(s.toUpperCase()));
-}
-```
-
-### Object Shape Guards
-
-```typescript
-// Check if object has specific property
-function hasProperty<K extends string>(
-  obj: unknown,
-  key: K
-): obj is { [P in K]: unknown } {
-  return typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null && key in obj;
-}
-
-// Check if object has property of specific type
-function hasTypedProperty<K extends string, V>(
-  obj: unknown,
-  key: K,
-  guard: (value: unknown) => value is V
-): obj is { [P in K]: V } {
-  return hasProperty(obj, key) && guard(obj[key]);
-}
-
-// Check multiple properties
-function hasProperties<K extends string>(
-  obj: unknown,
-  ...keys: K[]
-): obj is { [P in K]: unknown } {
-  return typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null && keys.every(k => k in obj);
-}
-
-// Usage
-function processData(data: unknown): void {
-  if (hasProperty(data, 'id') && hasProperty(data, 'name')) {
-    console.log(data.id, data.name);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Discriminated Union Guards
-
-```typescript
-// Generic discriminant checker
-function isVariant<T extends { type: string }, K extends T['type']>(
-  obj: T,
-  type: K
-): obj is Extract<T, { type: K }> {
-  return obj.type === type;
-}
-
-// Usage
-type Event =
-  | { type: 'click'; x: number; y: number }
-  | { type: 'keypress'; key: string }
-  | { type: 'scroll'; offset: number };
-
-function handleEvent(event: Event): void {
-  if (isVariant(event, 'click')) {
-    console.log(`Clicked at ${event.x}, ${event.y}`);
-  } else if (isVariant(event, 'keypress')) {
-    console.log(`Pressed ${event.key}`);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Error Type Guards
-
-```typescript
-// Check if error has specific shape
-function isErrorWithMessage(error: unknown): error is { message: string } {
-  return (
-    typeof error === 'object' &&
-    error !== null &&
-    'message' in error &&
-    typeof (error as { message: unknown }).message === 'string'
-  );
-}
-
-// Check if error has code
-function isErrorWithCode(error: unknown): error is { code: string | number } {
-  return (
-    typeof error === 'object' &&
-    error !== null &&
-    'code' in error &&
-    (typeof (error as { code: unknown }).code === 'string' ||
-     typeof (error as { code: unknown }).code === 'number')
-  );
-}
-
-// Usage
-try {
-  riskyOperation();
-} catch (error) {
-  if (isErrorWithMessage(error)) {
-    console.error(error.message);
-  }
-  if (isErrorWithCode(error) && error.code === 'ENOENT') {
-    console.error('File not found');
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Composable Guards
-
-```typescript
-// Combine guards with AND
-function and<A, B extends A>(
-  guardA: (v: unknown) => v is A,
-  guardB: (v: A) => v is B
-): (v: unknown) => v is B {
-  return (v: unknown): v is B => guardA(v) && guardB(v);
-}
-
-// Combine guards with OR
-function or<A, B>(
-  guardA: (v: unknown) => v is A,
-  guardB: (v: unknown) => v is B
-): (v: unknown) => v is A | B {
-  return (v: unknown): v is A | B => guardA(v) || guardB(v);
-}
-
-// Usage
-const isStringOrNumber = or(isString, isNumber);
-const isNonNullObject = and(isObject, (v): v is object => v !== null);
-```
-
-### API Response Guards
-
-```typescript
-interface SuccessResponse<T> {
-  status: 'success';
-  data: T;
-}
-
-interface ErrorResponse {
-  status: 'error';
-  error: {
-    code: string;
-    message: string;
-  };
-}
-
-type ApiResponse<T> = SuccessResponse<T> | ErrorResponse;
-
-function isSuccess<T>(
-  response: ApiResponse<T>
-): response is SuccessResponse<T> {
-  return response.status === 'success';
-}
-
-function isError<T>(
-  response: ApiResponse<T>
-): response is ErrorResponse {
-  return response.status === 'error';
-}
-
-// Usage
-async function fetchData<T>(url: string): Promise<T> {
-  const response: ApiResponse<T> = await fetch(url).then(r => r.json());
-
-  if (isError(response)) {
-    throw new Error(response.error.message);
-  }
-
-  return response.data;
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Utility Type Patterns
-
-### Property Manipulation
-
-```typescript
-// Make specific properties required
-type RequiredProps<T, K extends keyof T> = T & Required<Pick<T, K>>;
-type UserWithEmail = RequiredProps<Partial<User>, 'email'>;
-
-// Make specific properties optional
-type OptionalProps<T, K extends keyof T> = Omit<T, K> & Partial<Pick<T, K>>;
-type UserWithOptionalRole = OptionalProps<User, 'role'>;
-
-// Make specific properties mutable (remove readonly)
-type Mutable<T> = { -readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P] };
-type MutableUser = Mutable<Readonly<User>>;
-
-// Make specific properties readonly
-type ReadonlyProps<T, K extends keyof T> = Omit<T, K> & Readonly<Pick<T, K>>;
-type UserWithReadonlyId = ReadonlyProps<User, 'id'>;
-```
-
-### Deep Transformations
-
-```typescript
-// Deep partial - all nested properties optional
-type DeepPartial<T> = {
-  [P in keyof T]?: T[P] extends object ? DeepPartial<T[P]> : T[P];
-};
-
-// Deep readonly - prevents mutation at any depth
-type DeepReadonly<T> = {
-  readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P] extends object ? DeepReadonly<T[P]> : T[P];
-};
-
-// Deep required - all nested properties required
-type DeepRequired<T> = {
-  [P in keyof T]-?: T[P] extends object ? DeepRequired<T[P]> : T[P];
-};
-
-// Usage
-interface Config {
-  database: {
-    host: string;
-    port: number;
-    credentials: {
-      username: string;
-      password: string;
-    };
-  };
-}
-
-type PartialConfig = DeepPartial<Config>;
-const config: DeepReadonly<Config> = { ... };
-```
-
-### Nullable Helpers
-
-```typescript
-// Nullable type
-type Nullable<T> = T | null;
-
-// Maybe type (nullable and optional)
-type Maybe<T> = T | null | undefined;
-
-// NonNullableProps - remove null/undefined from specific properties
-type NonNullableProps<T, K extends keyof T> = {
-  [P in keyof T]: P extends K ? NonNullable<T[P]> : T[P];
-};
-
-// Example
-interface ApiResponse {
-  data: User | null;
-  error: string | null;
-  timestamp: number;
-}
-
-type SuccessResponse = NonNullableProps<ApiResponse, 'data'>;
-// { data: User; error: string | null; timestamp: number }
-```
-
-### Key Manipulation
-
-```typescript
-// Get keys where value is of specific type
-type KeysOfType<T, V> = {
-  [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends V ? K : never;
-}[keyof T];
-
-interface User {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  age: number;
-  active: boolean;
-}
-
-type StringKeys = KeysOfType<User, string>;   // 'id' | 'name'
-type NumberKeys = KeysOfType<User, number>;   // 'age'
-
-// Pick properties by value type
-type PickByType<T, V> = {
-  [K in keyof T as T[K] extends V ? K : never]: T[K];
-};
-
-type StringProps = PickByType<User, string>;
-// { id: string; name: string }
-
-// Omit properties by value type
-type OmitByType<T, V> = {
-  [K in keyof T as T[K] extends V ? never : K]: T[K];
-};
-
-type NonStringProps = OmitByType<User, string>;
-// { age: number; active: boolean }
-```
-
-### Function Utilities
-
-```typescript
-// Get return type of async function (unwraps Promise)
-type AsyncReturnType<T extends (...args: any[]) => Promise<any>> =
-  T extends (...args: any[]) => Promise<infer R> ? R : never;
-
-async function fetchUser(id: string): Promise<User> { ... }
-type UserType = AsyncReturnType<typeof fetchUser>;  // User
-
-// Get first argument type
-type FirstArgument<T extends (...args: any[]) => any> =
-  T extends (first: infer F, ...rest: any[]) => any ? F : never;
-
-// Get last argument type
-type LastArgument<T extends (...args: any[]) => any> =
-  T extends (...args: [...any[], infer L]) => any ? L : never;
-```
-
-### Tuple Utilities
-
-```typescript
-// Head - first element
-type Head<T extends any[]> = T extends [infer H, ...any[]] ? H : never;
-
-// Tail - all but first
-type Tail<T extends any[]> = T extends [any, ...infer R] ? R : never;
-
-// Last - last element
-type Last<T extends any[]> = T extends [...any[], infer L] ? L : never;
-
-// Init - all but last
-type Init<T extends any[]> = T extends [...infer I, any] ? I : never;
-
-// Concat
-type Concat<A extends any[], B extends any[]> = [...A, ...B];
-
-// Usage
-type Tuple = [string, number, boolean];
-type First = Head<Tuple>;   // string
-type Rest = Tail<Tuple>;    // [number, boolean]
-type End = Last<Tuple>;     // boolean
-```
-
-### String Utilities
-
-```typescript
-// Split string
-type Split<S extends string, D extends string> =
-  S extends `${infer T}${D}${infer U}` ? [T, ...Split<U, D>] : [S];
-
-// Join array to string
-type Join<T extends string[], D extends string> =
-  T extends [] ? '' :
-  T extends [infer F extends string] ? F :
-  T extends [infer F extends string, ...infer R extends string[]] ? `${F}${D}${Join<R, D>}` :
-  never;
-
-// Usage
-type Parts = Split<'a.b.c', '.'>;     // ['a', 'b', 'c']
-type Joined = Join<['a', 'b', 'c'], '-'>;  // 'a-b-c'
-```
-
-### Branded Types
-
-```typescript
-// Create nominal types that are structurally different
-declare const brand: unique symbol;
-
-type Brand<T, B> = T & { [brand]: B };
-
-// Usage
-type UserId = Brand<string, 'UserId'>;
-type OrderId = Brand<string, 'OrderId'>;
-
-function getUser(id: UserId): User { ... }
-function getOrder(id: OrderId): Order { ... }
-
-const userId = 'abc' as UserId;
-const orderId = 'xyz' as OrderId;
-
-getUser(userId);   // OK
-getUser(orderId);  // Error: OrderId not assignable to UserId
-```
-
----
-
-## Async Patterns
-
-### Async Function Types
-
-```typescript
-// Async function type
-type AsyncFn<T, R> = (arg: T) => Promise<R>;
-
-// Async with multiple args
-type AsyncFn2<T1, T2, R> = (arg1: T1, arg2: T2) => Promise<R>;
-
-// Async with result
-type AsyncResult<T, E = Error> = Promise<Result<T, E>>;
-
-// Async void function
-type AsyncVoidFn<T> = (arg: T) => Promise<void>;
-```
-
-### Result-Based Async
-
-```typescript
-// Basic async result pattern
-async function fetchUser(id: string): AsyncResult<User> {
-  try {
-    const user = await db.users.findById(id);
-    if (!user) {
-      return { ok: false, error: new Error('User not found') };
-    }
-    return { ok: true, value: user };
-  } catch (error) {
-    return { ok: false, error: error as Error };
-  }
-}
-
-// Wrapping async operations
-async function tryCatch<T>(
-  fn: () => Promise<T>
-): Promise<Result<T, Error>> {
-  try {
-    const value = await fn();
-    return { ok: true, value };
-  } catch (error) {
-    return { ok: false, error: error as Error };
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage
-const result = await tryCatch(() => fetchUserFromApi(id));
-if (!result.ok) {
-  console.error('Failed:', result.error.message);
-}
-```
-
-### Promise Utilities
-
-```typescript
-// Wait for all, but handle errors individually
-async function settleAll<T>(
-  promises: Promise<T>[]
-): Promise<Array<Result<T, Error>>> {
-  const results = await Promise.allSettled(promises);
-  return results.map((result) =>
-    result.status === 'fulfilled'
-      ? { ok: true as const, value: result.value }
-      : { ok: false as const, error: result.reason }
-  );
-}
-
-// Timeout wrapper
-function withTimeout<T>(
-  promise: Promise<T>,
-  timeoutMs: number,
-  message = 'Operation timed out'
-): Promise<T> {
-  return Promise.race([
-    promise,
-    new Promise<never>((_, reject) =>
-      setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(message)), timeoutMs)
-    ),
-  ]);
-}
-
-// Retry with exponential backoff
-interface RetryOptions {
-  attempts: number;
-  delayMs: number;
-  backoff?: 'linear' | 'exponential';
-  onRetry?: (error: Error, attempt: number) => void;
-}
-
-async function retry<T>(
-  fn: () => Promise<T>,
-  options: RetryOptions
-): Promise<T> {
-  const { attempts, delayMs, backoff = 'linear', onRetry } = options;
-  let lastError: Error;
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
-    try {
-      return await fn();
-    } catch (error) {
-      lastError = error as Error;
-      onRetry?.(lastError, i + 1);
-
-      if (i < attempts - 1) {
-        const delay = backoff === 'exponential'
-          ? delayMs * Math.pow(2, i)
-          : delayMs;
-        await sleep(delay);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  throw lastError!;
-}
-
-function sleep(ms: number): Promise<void> {
-  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
-}
-```
-
-### Concurrent Execution
-
-```typescript
-// Controlled concurrency
-async function pMap<T, R>(
-  items: T[],
-  fn: (item: T, index: number) => Promise<R>,
-  concurrency: number
-): Promise<R[]> {
-  const results: R[] = [];
-  const executing: Promise<void>[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
-    const promise = fn(items[i], i).then(result => {
-      results[i] = result;
-    });
-
-    executing.push(promise);
-
-    if (executing.length >= concurrency) {
-      await Promise.race(executing);
-      executing.splice(
-        executing.findIndex(p => p === promise),
-        1
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  await Promise.all(executing);
-  return results;
-}
-
-// Batch processing
-async function batch<T, R>(
-  items: T[],
-  batchSize: number,
-  fn: (batch: T[]) => Promise<R[]>
-): Promise<R[]> {
-  const results: R[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i += batchSize) {
-    const batch = items.slice(i, i + batchSize);
-    const batchResults = await fn(batch);
-    results.push(...batchResults);
-  }
-
-  return results;
-}
-```
-
-### Cancellation
-
-```typescript
-interface Cancellable<T> {
-  promise: Promise<T>;
-  cancel: () => void;
-}
-
-function cancellable<T>(
-  fn: (signal: AbortSignal) => Promise<T>
-): Cancellable<T> {
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-
-  const promise = fn(controller.signal);
-
-  return {
-    promise,
-    cancel: () => controller.abort()
-  };
-}
-
-// Usage
-const { promise, cancel } = cancellable(async (signal) => {
-  const response = await fetch(url, { signal });
-  return response.json();
-});
-
-// Cancel if takes too long
-setTimeout(cancel, 5000);
-
-try {
-  const data = await promise;
-} catch (error) {
-  if (error.name === 'AbortError') {
-    console.log('Request cancelled');
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Debounce / Throttle
-
-```typescript
-// Debounce
-function debounce<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
-  fn: T,
-  delayMs: number
-): (...args: Parameters<T>) => void {
-  let timeoutId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
-
-  return (...args: Parameters<T>) => {
-    if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-    timeoutId = setTimeout(() => fn(...args), delayMs);
-  };
-}
-
-// Throttle
-function throttle<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
-  fn: T,
-  limitMs: number
-): (...args: Parameters<T>) => void {
-  let lastRun = 0;
-  let timeoutId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
-
-  return (...args: Parameters<T>) => {
-    const now = Date.now();
-
-    if (now - lastRun >= limitMs) {
-      lastRun = now;
-      fn(...args);
-    } else if (!timeoutId) {
-      timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
-        lastRun = Date.now();
-        timeoutId = null;
-        fn(...args);
-      }, limitMs - (now - lastRun));
-    }
-  };
-}
-```
-
-### Lazy Async
-
-```typescript
-class LazyAsync<T> {
-  private promise: Promise<T> | null = null;
-  private value: T | null = null;
-  private resolved = false;
-
-  constructor(private factory: () => Promise<T>) {}
-
-  async get(): Promise<T> {
-    if (this.resolved) return this.value!;
-
-    if (!this.promise) {
-      this.promise = this.factory().then(v => {
-        this.value = v;
-        this.resolved = true;
-        return v;
-      });
-    }
-
-    return this.promise;
-  }
-
-  isResolved(): boolean {
-    return this.resolved;
-  }
-
-  reset(): void {
-    this.promise = null;
-    this.value = null;
-    this.resolved = false;
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage
-const config = new LazyAsync(async () => {
-  const response = await fetch('/config');
-  return response.json();
-});
-
-// First call fetches
-const cfg1 = await config.get();
-
-// Subsequent calls return cached
-const cfg2 = await config.get();
-```
-
----
-
-## Module Patterns
-
-### Barrel Exports
-
-```typescript
-// src/models/index.ts
-export { User } from './user';
-export { Order } from './order';
-export { Product } from './product';
-export type { UserDTO, CreateUserInput } from './user';
-
-// Usage
-import { User, Order, type UserDTO } from './models';
-```
-
-### Type-Only Exports
-
-```typescript
-// Separate type exports for clarity
-export type { User, UserDTO, CreateUserInput };
-export { createUser, updateUser, deleteUser };
-
-// Type-only imports (won't be in JS output)
-import type { User } from './user';
-import { createUser } from './user';
-```
-
-### Dependency Injection Pattern
-
-```typescript
-// Define interface
-interface Logger {
-  info(message: string, context?: object): void;
-  error(message: string, context?: object): void;
-}
-
-// Implementation
-class ConsoleLogger implements Logger {
-  info(message: string, context?: object): void {
-    console.log(message, context);
-  }
-  error(message: string, context?: object): void {
-    console.error(message, context);
-  }
-}
-
-// Service depends on interface
-class UserService {
-  constructor(
-    private readonly logger: Logger,
-    private readonly repository: UserRepository
-  ) {}
-
-  async createUser(input: CreateUserInput): Promise<Result<User, Error>> {
-    this.logger.info('Creating user', { email: input.email });
-    // ...
-  }
-}
-
-// Composition root
-const logger = new ConsoleLogger();
-const repository = new PostgresUserRepository(db);
-const userService = new UserService(logger, repository);
-```
-
----
-
-## Generic Patterns
-
-### Generic Classes
-
-```typescript
-class Cache<T> {
-  private store = new Map<string, { value: T; expiry: number }>();
-
-  set(key: string, value: T, ttlMs: number): void {
-    this.store.set(key, {
-      value,
-      expiry: Date.now() + ttlMs,
-    });
-  }
-
-  get(key: string): T | undefined {
-    const entry = this.store.get(key);
-    if (!entry) return undefined;
-    if (Date.now() > entry.expiry) {
-      this.store.delete(key);
-      return undefined;
-    }
-    return entry.value;
-  }
-
-  has(key: string): boolean {
-    const entry = this.store.get(key);
-    if (!entry) return false;
-    if (Date.now() > entry.expiry) {
-      this.store.delete(key);
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage
-const userCache = new Cache<User>();
-userCache.set('user-1', user, 60000);
-```
-
-### Generic Repository Pattern
-
-```typescript
-interface Repository<T, ID = string> {
-  findById(id: ID): Promise<T | null>;
-  findAll(): Promise<T[]>;
-  findMany(query: Partial<T>): Promise<T[]>;
-  save(entity: T): Promise<T>;
-  update(id: ID, changes: Partial<T>): Promise<T>;
-  delete(id: ID): Promise<void>;
-  exists(id: ID): Promise<boolean>;
-  count(query?: Partial<T>): Promise<number>;
-}
-
-// With constraints
-interface Identifiable {
-  id: string;
-}
-
-interface Timestamped {
-  createdAt: Date;
-  updatedAt: Date;
-}
-
-interface CRUDRepository<T extends Identifiable & Timestamped> {
-  findById(id: string): Promise<T | null>;
-  save(entity: Omit<T, 'id' | 'createdAt' | 'updatedAt'>): Promise<T>;
-  update(id: string, changes: Partial<Omit<T, 'id' | 'createdAt'>>): Promise<T>;
-}
-```
-
-### Builder Pattern with Types
-
-```typescript
-class QueryBuilder<T> {
-  private conditions: Array<(item: T) => boolean> = [];
-  private sortFn?: (a: T, b: T) => number;
-  private limitCount?: number;
-
-  where<K extends keyof T>(key: K, value: T[K]): this {
-    this.conditions.push((item) => item[key] === value);
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  whereIn<K extends keyof T>(key: K, values: T[K][]): this {
-    this.conditions.push((item) => values.includes(item[key]));
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  orderBy<K extends keyof T>(key: K, direction: 'asc' | 'desc' = 'asc'): this {
-    this.sortFn = (a, b) => {
-      const aVal = a[key];
-      const bVal = b[key];
-      if (aVal < bVal) return direction === 'asc' ? -1 : 1;
-      if (aVal > bVal) return direction === 'asc' ? 1 : -1;
-      return 0;
-    };
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  limit(count: number): this {
-    this.limitCount = count;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  execute(items: T[]): T[] {
-    let result = items.filter((item) =>
-      this.conditions.every((condition) => condition(item))
-    );
-    if (this.sortFn) {
-      result = [...result].sort(this.sortFn);
-    }
-    if (this.limitCount !== undefined) {
-      result = result.slice(0, this.limitCount);
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage
-const activeAdmins = new QueryBuilder<User>()
-  .where('status', 'active')
-  .where('role', 'admin')
-  .orderBy('createdAt', 'desc')
-  .limit(10)
-  .execute(users);
-```
-
----
-
-## Discriminated Unions
-
-### State Machines
-
-```typescript
-type RequestState<T> =
-  | { status: 'idle' }
-  | { status: 'loading' }
-  | { status: 'success'; data: T }
-  | { status: 'error'; error: Error };
-
-function renderRequest<T>(state: RequestState<T>): string {
-  switch (state.status) {
-    case 'idle':
-      return 'Ready to fetch';
-    case 'loading':
-      return 'Loading...';
-    case 'success':
-      return `Data: ${JSON.stringify(state.data)}`;
-    case 'error':
-      return `Error: ${state.error.message}`;
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Event Types
-
-```typescript
-type AppEvent =
-  | { type: 'USER_LOGIN'; userId: string }
-  | { type: 'USER_LOGOUT'; userId: string }
-  | { type: 'PAGE_VIEW'; path: string }
-  | { type: 'CLICK'; elementId: string };
-
-function handleEvent(event: AppEvent): void {
-  switch (event.type) {
-    case 'USER_LOGIN':
-      console.log(`User ${event.userId} logged in`);
-      break;
-    case 'USER_LOGOUT':
-      console.log(`User ${event.userId} logged out`);
-      break;
-    case 'PAGE_VIEW':
-      console.log(`Page viewed: ${event.path}`);
-      break;
-    case 'CLICK':
-      console.log(`Element clicked: ${event.elementId}`);
-      break;
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Form State
-
-```typescript
-type FormState<T> =
-  | { status: 'pristine'; values: T }
-  | { status: 'dirty'; values: T; touched: Set<keyof T> }
-  | { status: 'submitting'; values: T }
-  | { status: 'submitted'; values: T; result: unknown }
-  | { status: 'error'; values: T; errors: Partial<Record<keyof T, string>> };
-```